@article{JRC125615,
	number = {KJ-NA-30746-EN-N (online),KJ-NA-30746-EN-C (print)},
	address = {Luxembourg (Luxembourg)},
	issn = {1831-9424 (online),1018-5593 (print)},
	year = {2021},
	author = {Huisman J and Bobba S},
	isbn = {978-92-76-39084-8 (online),978-92-76-39442-6 (print)},
	publisher = {Publications Office of the European Union},
	abstract = {This study provides the technical background to consider the setting of a collection target for batteries powering light means of transport (LMT), in the light of the evolution of their market share. This work contributes to the preparation of the implementation of the draft Battery regulation proposed in December 2020, especially concerning collection provisions for waste portable batteries. 
		The assessment of a possible definition of batteries in LMT products, their potential market evolution and various options for modernising the collection targets for waste portable and LMT batteries aims to support decisions in the ongoing legislative process. Due to the complexity of the topic and in order to disentangle various factors mutually affecting both the definition of LMT and the collection target, a structured reasoning is hereby proposed supporting the decision process, substantiated by a parallel quantitative assessment.
		Regarding the definition of LMT products and their categorisation, 4 consecutive questions are formulated and then answered in the form of decision options with documentation related to: 
		i)	The need for a dedicated collection category;
		ii)	The basis for possible definitions, e.g. related to function, weight and/or capacity; 
		iii)	Definition of limit values and;
		iv)	Whether revision and update procedures would be required. 
		A similar approach is taken following a second set of 4 consecutive questions related to:
		v)	The need for an alternative collection target basis;
		vi)	Alternative target bases, e.g. related to placed-on-market and/or waste generation potential; 
		vii)	Possible target levels, e.g. 65% of placed-on-market in 2025, 70% in 2030, and;
		viii)	The need for a future revision or not. 
		Based on the evaluation of various options and forecasting of various market scenarios, it is concluded that due to increasing sales of rechargeable and LMT batteries, plus potentially more durable primary batteries as well, there will be a growing discrepancy between the placed on the market (POM) volumes and the waste volume becoming available later. This means that the currently proposed POM based collection target, based on 3 preceding years of sales, will not be ‘steadily ambitious’, but disproportionally high for the years 2025 and 2030 when the newer target levels are respectively set at 65% and 70%. Reversely, in later years it will become disproportionally low. In short: the more dynamic the future market of LMT and portable batteries, the more reason to consider an available for collection (AfC) based target that more accurately reflects actual waste battery volumes.
		By combining the most logic and preferred outcomes of each of the 8 key questions mentioned above, the following 3 combinations are derived, representing different ambition levels for substantiation of an alternative collection target definition, as presented here:  
		 
		
		•	The ‘base combination’ applies in case no additional category would be created for LMT batteries. In this case, it is recommended to classify as portable batteries all those batteries used in non-type approved LMT products, like small personal light electric vehicles (including monowheels, hoverboards, unicycles, e-scooters, e-bikes including those with  throttles (L1e-A), plus those batteries used in LMT products in the categories L1eB and higher (including speed-pedelecs and 2-wheeled e-mopeds), with a weight below 8 kg. Subsequently, all larger batteries used in 3-wheeled e-mopeds and heavier would be classified as EV batteries. For the collection target itself, keeping the o