@article{JRC4016,
	address = {},
	year = {1984},
	author = {Wallen J and Wightman A and Penning W},
	abstract = {CADMIUM HAS WIDESPREAD USE IN INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS, INCLUDING BATTERIES,         PIGMENTS, PLASTIC STABILIZERS, ELECTROPLATING MATERIAL AND ALLOYS.              THE MANUFACTURING PROCESSES RESULT IN ITS DISCHARGE TO THE ENVIRONMENT          VIA THE AIR AND AQUATIC SYSTEMS, CAUSING CONCERN FOR THE POTENTIAL IM-          PACT ON ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN HEALTH.                                            ONCE RELEASED INTO THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT, CADMIUM EXISTS IN EITHER            THE DISSOLVED OR THE PARTICULATE FORM (I.E. ADSORBED ON SOLID SURFACES,         INCORPORATED INTO ORGANISMS, CHEMICALLY BOUND TO ORGANIC MATTER OR              AS A SOLID PRECIPITATE).  THE DEGREE OF CONTAMINATION IS REFLECTED IN           AN INCREASED LEVEL OF THE METAL IN THE SOLID COMPONENT OF SEDIMENT-             WATER SYSTEMS.  THE EXACT FORM, AS IONS, COMPLEXES OR CHELATES, COLLOIDS        OR ADSORBED TO ORGANIC AND INORGANIC SUBSTRATES, DICTATES NOT ONLY ITS          TOXICITY, BUT ALSO ITS AVAILABILITY TO AN UPTAKE BY AQUATIC BIOTA.              AQUATIC SYSTEMS ARE PARTICULARLY SENSITIVE TO THE INFLUENCE OF POLLU-           TANTS, MAINLY DUE TO THE STRUCTURE OF THEIR FOOD CHAINS.  COMPARED              TO TERRESTRIAL SYSTEMS, A RELATIVELY SMALL BIOMASS OCCUPIES A COMPLEX           NETWORK OF TROPHIC LEVELS.  PARTITIONING OF CADMIUM BETWEEN THE VARIOUS         COMPARTMENTS OF THE FOOD WEB INCREASES THE LIKELIHOOD OF BIOACCUMULATION        BY SOME ORGANISMS.  IT MAY ENTER THROUGH TRANSLOCATION FROM THE SUB-            STRATE BY ROOTS OF MACROPHYTES OR AT A HIGHER TROPHIC LEVEL THROUGH UP-         TAKE IN FOOD, DIRECT ABSORPTION FROM THE WATER OR BY INGESTION OF PAR-          TICULATE MATERIAL DURING SUCH PROCESSES AS FILTER-FEEDING.  ONCE IT IS          ABSORBED, THE PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS ARE MODIFIED NOT ONLY BY EXTERNAL           CONDITIONS, BUT ALSO BY THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE SPECIES CONCERNED.            THE LIFE-STAGE OF THE ORGANISM, ITS GENETIC HISTORY, ITS ABILITY TO             TOLERATE INCREASED TISSUE LEVELS OR TO METABOLIZE AND EXCRETE THE METAL         EFFICIENTLY, ALL CONTRIBUTE TO A WIDE VARIATION IN THE LETHAL AND SUB-          LETHAL EFFECTS WHICH EXPOSURE TO CADMIUM MAY INDUCE.                            THE ABILITY OF ORGANISMS TO ACCUMULATE HEAVY METALS ALSO HAS PRACTICAL          APPLICATION.  BY MONITORING INCREASED BIOLOGICAL LEVELS IN SELECTED             "INDICATOR SPECIES",  THESE MAY BE USED AS SENSITIVE INDICES OF THE DEGREE      OF CONTAMINATION IN A POLLUTED ECOSYSTEM AND THE FLUCTUATIONS TO WHICH          IT MAY BE SUBJECTED.  LIFE-CYCLE TOXICITY TESTS MAY ALSO HAVE PREDICTIVE        VALUE IN SETTING SAFE LIMITS FOR EFFLUENT RELEASED INTO THE ENVIRONMENT.        THE INTERACTION OF SEVERAL POLLUTANTS IS ALSO OF GREAT IMPORTANCE IN            ASSESSING THEIR BIOLOGICAL IMPACT.  SIMULTANEOUS EXPOSURE TO DIFFERENT          METALS AND NATURAL SOURCES OF STRESS MAY HAVE SEVERE EFFECTS ON THE             BIOTA.  CADMIUM IS NORMALLY FOUND IN ASSOCIATION WITH OTHER HEAVY METALS,       NOTABLY ZINC, AND THE PHENOMENA OF ANTAGONISM AND SYNERGISM MODIFY THE          TOXICITY OF THE ELEMENTS PRESENT.  THE DISPLACEMENT OF ZINC BY CADMIUM          IN ENZYME SYSTEMS MAY RESULT IN THE DISTRUPTION OF NORMAL METABOLISM.           SOME ORGANISMS REDUCE THIS EFFECT BY THE INDUCTION OF METALLOTHIONEINS          CYTOPLASM.                                                                      
		},
	title = {Environmental Effects of Cadmium in Freshwater. A Bibliography},
	type = {},
	url = {},
	volume = {},
	number = {23},
	journal = {Freshwater Biological Association},
	pages = {},
	issn = {},
	publisher = {},
	doi = {}
}