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JRC107366

EUR 28725 EN

PDF | ISBN 978-92-79-71653-9 | ISSN 1831-9424 | doi:10.2760/034229
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Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2017

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How to cite this report: Keramidas, K., Kitous, A., Global Energy and Climate Outlook 2017: Greenhouse gas emissions and energy balances - Supplementary material to "Global Energy and Climate Outlook 2017: How climate policies improve air quality". EUR 28725 EN, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, 2017, ISBN 978-92-79-71653-9, doi:10.2760/034229, JRC107366

All images © European Union 2017, except: cover image © Gumbao, #150012767, Fotolia.com

Global Energy and Climate Outlook 2017: Greenhouse gas emissions and energy balances

Supplementary material to "Global Energy and Climate Outlook 2017: How climate policies improve air quality"

Acknowledgements

This report was prepared by the Economics of Climate Change, Energy and Transport unit of the Directorate Climate, Energy and Transport of the Joint Research Centre (JRC) of the European Commission.

Authors

Alban Kitous

Kimon Keramidas

The energy and greenhouse gases emissions modelling benefited from the contributions of Jacques Després, Peter Russ and Andreas Schmitz.

Abstract

This document complements the Global Energy and Climate Outlook 2017 Report. It provides the detailed GHG and energy balances for the Reference, INDC and B2C scenarios described in the main report. The results displayed in this report have been produced with the global energy & GHG model POLES-JRC.

1 Introduction

This document complements the main Global Energy and Climate Outlook (GECO) 2017 report (Kitous et al, 2017). It provides the detailed GHG and energy balances for the following three scenarios described in the main report:

• the Reference scenario,

• the INDC scenario,

• the B2°C scenario.

The results displayed in the main report and in the supplementary material have been produced with the global energy and GHG model POLES-JRC (Keramidas et al, 2017).

2 Energy and GHG balances

The tables provide for each country or region:

• the main economic indicators: population, income per capita, share of sectoral value added;

• the international energy prices;

• emissions per greenhouse gas (GHG) and per sector;

• a reduced energy balance: primary energy production, net trade of energy, primary energy demand by fuel;

• power generation: inputs¹, production, capacities;

• final energy consumption per sector and per fuel.

3 Scenarios

The following scenarios are presented in this document:

• Reference scenario: It includes adopted energy and climate policies worldwide for 2020; thereafter, CO2 and other GHG emissions are driven by income growth, energy prices and expected technological development with no supplementary incentivizing for low-carbon technologies.

▪ Although the GECO2017 Reference scenario integrates national climate and energy policies, it is not a replication of official national scenarios. This also applies to the particular case of the EU28².

• INDC scenario: All INDCs put forward by countries are implemented in this scenario, including all conditional contributions. Countries where the Reference already lead to GHG emissions at or lower than their INDC stick to the Reference level. Beyond 2030 it is assumed that the world GHG intensity of GDP decreases at the same rate as for 2020-2030. This achieved through an increase of regional carbon values (including for countries that previously had no climate policies) and progressive convergence of countries at a speed that depends on their per capita income.

• Below 2°C scenario (B2°C): This scenario assumes a global GHG trajectory over 2010-2100 compatible with a likely chance of temperature rise staying below 2°C above pre-industrial levels. It assumes in particular further intensification of energy and climate policies already from 2018, captured in the modelling through increasing carbon value, and a progressive convergence of the countries' carbon values after 2030 depending on their per capita income.

4 Geographical coverage

In addition to the world aggregate, 37 countries and regions are reported:

Table 1: Energy and GHG balances provided

Europe | CIS | America | Africa | Middle East | Asia | Pacific
EU28 | Russia | Argentina | Egypt | Iran | China | Australia
EFTA | Ukraine | Brazil | Algeria & Libya | Saudi Arabia | India | Japan
Rest CIS | Canada | Turkey | Indonesia | Korea (Rep.)
Chile | Morocco & Tunisia | Mediterranean Middle-East | Malaysia | New Zealand
Rest Balkans |  | Mexico | Thailand
USA | South Africa | Rest Persian Gulf | Vietnam | Rest Pacific
| Rest Central America | Rest Sub-Saharan Africa |  | Rest South Asia
Rest South-East Asia
Rest South America |

A country mapping of regions is provided further in the section Country and regional codes.

Energy consumption and related GHG emissions of international maritime and aviation bunkers are reported in the world aggregate, but not in the individual country and region balances.

5 Sectors definitions

Energy demand sectors

Primary Energy Demand: total energy demand, sum of Energy for Power Generation, Other Energy Transformation & Losses and Total Final Consumption

Energy for Power Generation: covers energy for electricity and heat production

Other Energy Transformation & Losses: energy own use and losses of the energy transformation industry, excluding power and heat generation. Covers fossil fuel and uranium extraction, refining, transport and distribution (including gasworks); coal-, gas-and biomass-to-liquids production; hydrogen production; coke ovens. Also includes transfers and statistical differences.

Total Final Consumption: sum of energy consumption in Industry, Buildings, Agriculture, Transport

Industry: manufacturing industry, construction, mining; does not include energy transformation activities, includes non-energy uses of energy fuels. Consists of energy-intensive industries – Steel (iron and steel production; includes blast furnaces and coke final consumption), Non-Metallic Minerals and Chemicals (consumption for energy uses of chemicals and petrochemicals industry); Other Industry (energy uses in other manufacturing industry, construction, mining); and Non-Energy Use (non-energy uses of energy fuels in rubber and plastics and chemical feedstocks production).

Buildings: Residential and Services

Agriculture: energy consumed in agriculture, forestry and fishing activities

Transport: passenger and freight transport (including public transport and transport services); does not include transport of energy goods and related losses. Country and regional balances refer to domestic consumption, international air and maritime bunkers bunkers are included only in the global balance

Other Transport: waterways, maritime

Emissions

Total GHG: all anthropogenic greenhouse gases emissions; cover the energy sector, industry, agriculture, land use, land use change and forestry (including sinks)

Total GHG (excl. sinks): all emissions excluding LULUCF sinks

Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture): all emissions excluding LULUCF

CO₂: emissions from energy and industrial processes

CH₄: emissions from energy, industry and agriculture

N₂O: emissions from energy, industry and agriculture

F gases: SF₆, HFCs, PFCs from energy and industry

Total GHG from Energy and Industry: all emissions excluding agriculture and LULUCF

CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb.: CO₂ only related to energy combustion (excluding process emissions); sectoral emissions refer to the sectors definition of energy demand (see above)

CO₂ captured (CCS): CO₂ captured and stored coming from power generation (coal, gas or biomass combustion), liquids production (coal, gas or solid biomass conversion), hydrogen production (coal, gas or biomass combustion) and industry (coal or biomass combustion)

Emissions from the different gases are converted into CO₂-equivalent values, using the 100-year global warming potentials of the IPCC Second Assessment Report (see Table 4 of the Technical Summary of IPCC (1996)).

6 Data

Table 2 below lists the data used in the modelling:historical data; and exogenous inputs used in the projections

Modelled outputs are signalled as "POLES-JRC model".

Table 2: POLES-JRC model historical data and projections

Series | Historical data | GECO Projections
Population | UN, Eurostat | UN (medium fertility)
GDP, growth | World Bank | EC, IMF, OECD
Other activity drivers | Value added | World Bank | POLES-JRC model
Mobility, vehicles, households, tons of steel.. | Sectoral databases
Energy resources | Oil, gas, coal | BGR, USGS, WEC, sectoral information
Uranium | NEA
Biomass | GLOBIOM model
Hydro | Enerdata
Wind, solar | NREL, DLR
Energy balances | Reserves, production | BP, Enerdata
Demand by sector and fuel, transformation (including. power), losses | Enerdata, IEA
Power plants | Platts |
Energy prices | International prices, prices to consumer | Enerdata, IEA | POLES-JRC model
GHG emission s | Energy CO₂ | Derived from POLES-JRC energy balances | POLES-JRC model
Other GHG Annex 1 | UNFCCC | POLES-JRC model, GLOBIOM model (IIASA 2016)
Other GHG Non-Annex 1 (excl. LULUCF) | EDGAR (EC JRC) | POLES-JRC model, GLOBIOM model
LULUCF Non-Annex 1 | National inventories, FAO | POLES-JRC model, GLOBIOM model
Air pollutants emissions | GAINS model (IIASA 2017), EDGAR, IPCC, national sources | GAINS model, national sources
Technology costs | POLES-JRC learning curves based on literature, including but not limited to: EC JRC, WEC, IEA, TECHPOL database*

*: developed in several European research projects: SAPIENT, SAPIENTIA, CASCADE MINTS

7 GECO2017_Reference scenario

GECO2017 Reference | SUMMARY GHG & ENERGY BALANCE
World | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 5 308 | 6 126 | 6 930 | 7 762 | 8 509 | 9 174 | 9 750 | 1.4% | 1.2% | 1.1% | 0.9% | 0.8% | 0.6%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 7 | 8 | 10 | 12 | 15 | 20 | 24 | 1.5% | 2.2% | 2.1% | 2.6% | 2.4% | 1.9%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 12 | 14 | 1.3% | 1.3% | 1.4% | 1.8% | 1.8% | 1.6%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 8 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | -3.2% | -0.1% | 0.6% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.1%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 32 | 30 | 30 | 29 | 28 | 25 | 23 | -0.7% | 0.1% | -0.4% | -0.4% | -0.8% | -1.0%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 60 | 65 | 64 | 65 | 67 | 69 | 71 | 0.7% | -0.1% | 0.1% | 0.2% | 0.3% | 0.3%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 9 | 20 | 20 | 22 | 24 | 27 | -5.9% | 7.9% | -0.1% | 0.8% | 1.2% | 1.0%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 76 | 86 | 100 | 128 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.5% | 1.2% | 1.5% | 2.5%
Gas | 19 | 23 | 33 | 44 | 47 | 62 | 85 | 2.3% | 3.4% | 3.0% | 0.8% | 2.6% | 3.3%
GHG emissions (MtCO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 33 102 | 35 509 | 44 517 | 50 530 | 57 632 | 64 217 | 66 665 | 0.7% | 2.3% | 1.3% | 1.3% | 1.1% | 0.4%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 35 498 | 38 554 | 47 398 | 52 866 | 59 611 | 65 993 | 68 855 | 0.8% | 2.1% | 1.1% | 1.2% | 1.0% | 0.4%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 31 128 | 33 812 | 43 478 | 49 287 | 56 038 | 61 984 | 64 830 | 0.8% | 2.5% | 1.3% | 1.3% | 1.0% | 0.4%
CO₂ | 22 096 | 24 818 | 32 862 | 37 678 | 43 379 | 48 232 | 50 352 | 1.2% | 2.8% | 1.4% | 1.4% | 1.1% | 0.4%
CH₄ | 5 981 | 6 044 | 7 182 | 7 741 | 8 382 | 9 063 | 9 505 | 0.1% | 1.7% | 0.8% | 0.8% | 0.8% | 0.5%
N₂O | 2 747 | 2 564 | 2 868 | 3 118 | 3 372 | 3 590 | 3 733 | -0.7% | 1.1% | 0.8% | 0.8% | 0.6% | 0.4%
F gases | 304 | 386 | 566 | 750 | 905 | 1 099 | 1 241 | 2.4% | 3.9% | 2.9% | 1.9% | 2.0% | 1.2%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 26 182 | 29 010 | 38 131 | 43 497 | 49 773 | 55 354 | 57 929 | 1.0% | 2.8% | 1.3% | 1.4% | 1.1% | 0.5%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 20 665 | 23 112 | 30 232 | 34 236 | 39 136 | 43 484 | 45 437 | 1.1% | 2.7% | 1.3% | 1.3% | 1.1% | 0.4%
Power generation/District heating | 6 774 | 8 433 | 11 587 | 12 989 | 15 990 | 18 462 | 19 966 | 2.2% | 3.2% | 1.1% | 2.1% | 1.4% | 0.8%
Industry | 3 768 | 3 706 | 5 664 | 6 128 | 6 673 | 6 902 | 6 481 | -0.2% | 4.3% | 0.8% | 0.9% | 0.3% | -0.6%
Buildings | 2 942 | 2 753 | 2 984 | 2 994 | 3 220 | 3 379 | 3 357 | -0.7% | 0.8% | 0.0% | 0.7% | 0.5% | -0.1%
Agriculture | 424 | 363 | 424 | 474 | 517 | 558 | 592 | -1.5% | 1.6% | 1.1% | 0.9% | 0.8% | 0.6%
Transport | 4 663 | 5 774 | 6 947 | 8 441 | 9 101 | 9 882 | 10 343 | 2.2% | 1.9% | 2.0% | 0.8% | 0.8% | 0.5%
Other | 2 093 | 2 083 | 2 626 | 3 209 | 3 634 | 4 302 | 4 697 | 0.0% | 2.3% | 2.0% | 1.3% | 1.7% | 0.9%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 11 | 62 | 242 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 11.5% | 19.2% | 14.6%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 9 | 51 | 193 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 11.6% | 19.3% | 14.2%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 10 | 38 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 20.0% | 24.0% | 14.6%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 11 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 4.8% | 4.5% | 24.4%
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 8 717 | 10 015 | 12 948 | 15 032 | 17 586 | 19 962 | 21 393 | 1.4% | 2.6% | 1.5% | 1.6% | 1.3% | 0.7%
Coal | 2 133 | 2 314 | 3 649 | 3 887 | 4 445 | 4 855 | 5 114 | 0.8% | 4.7% | 0.6% | 1.4% | 0.9% | 0.5%
Oil | 3 280 | 3 706 | 4 189 | 4 921 | 5 105 | 5 322 | 5 357 | 1.2% | 1.2% | 1.6% | 0.4% | 0.4% | 0.1%
Natural gas | 1 687 | 2 068 | 2 737 | 3 277 | 4 272 | 5 205 | 5 586 | 2.1% | 2.8% | 1.8% | 2.7% | 2.0% | 0.7%
Biomass | 862 | 958 | 1 235 | 1 441 | 1 733 | 1 972 | 2 213 | 1.1% | 2.6% | 1.6% | 1.9% | 1.3% | 1.2%
Nuclear¹ | 533 | 686 | 728 | 779 | 934 | 1 138 | 1 266 | 2.6% | 0.6% | 0.7% | 1.8% | 2.0% | 1.1%
Hydro | 188 | 232 | 303 | 383 | 423 | 438 | 451 | 2.1% | 2.7% | 2.4% | 1.0% | 0.4% | 0.3%
Other renewables | 34 | 52 | 106 | 343 | 675 | 1 032 | 1 405 | 4.6% | 7.3% | 12.4% | 7.0% | 4.3% | 3.1%
International Bunkers | 240 | 324 | 425 | 579 | 717 | 812 | 894 | 3.0% | 2.8% | 3.1% | 2.2% | 1.3% | 1.0%
Maritime Bunkers | 154 | 206 | 273 | 383 | 467 | 495 | 514 | 2.9% | 2.9% | 3.4% | 2.0% | 0.6% | 0.4%
Oil | 151 | 202 | 266 | 369 | 440 | 463 | 478 | 2.9% | 2.8% | 3.3% | 1.8% | 0.5% | 0.3%
Aviation Bunkers | 86 | 117 | 152 | 197 | 250 | 317 | 381 | 3.2% | 2.6% | 2.6% | 2.5% | 2.4% | 1.8%
Oil | 86 | 117 | 152 | 196 | 248 | 312 | 372 | 3.2% | 2.6% | 2.6% | 2.4% | 2.3% | 1.8%
Regional Energy Demand (excl. bunkers) | 8 480 | 9 695 | 12 530 | 14 467 | 16 896 | 19 183 | 20 535 | 1.3% | 2.6% | 1.4% | 1.6% | 1.3% | 0.7%
Coal | 2 133 | 2 314 | 3 649 | 3 887 | 4 445 | 4 855 | 5 114 | 0.8% | 4.7% | 0.6% | 1.4% | 0.9% | 0.5%
Oil | 3 043 | 3 386 | 3 771 | 4 357 | 4 418 | 4 548 | 4 507 | 1.1% | 1.1% | 1.5% | 0.1% | 0.3% | -0.1%
Natural gas | 1 687 | 2 068 | 2 737 | 3 277 | 4 272 | 5 205 | 5 586 | 2.1% | 2.8% | 1.8% | 2.7% | 2.0% | 0.7%
Biomass | 862 | 958 | 1 235 | 1 440 | 1 730 | 1 967 | 2 205 | 1.1% | 2.6% | 1.6% | 1.9% | 1.3% | 1.1%
Nuclear¹ | 533 | 686 | 728 | 779 | 934 | 1 138 | 1 266 | 2.6% | 0.6% | 0.7% | 1.8% | 2.0% | 1.1%
Hydro | 188 | 232 | 303 | 383 | 423 | 438 | 451 | 2.1% | 2.7% | 2.4% | 1.0% | 0.4% | 0.3%
Other renewables | 34 | 52 | 106 | 343 | 675 | 1 032 | 1 405 | 4.6% | 7.3% | 12.4% | 7.0% | 4.3% | 3.1%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 8 717 | 10 015 | 12 948 | 15 032 | 17 586 | 19 962 | 21 393 | 1.4% | 2.6% | 1.5% | 1.6% | 1.3% | 0.7%
Energy for Power Generation | 2 775 | 3 466 | 4 640 | 5 478 | 6 978 | 8 436 | 9 547 | 2.2% | 3.0% | 1.7% | 2.4% | 1.9% | 1.2%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 763 | 763 | 1 162 | 1 375 | 1 672 | 2 013 | 2 255 | 0.0% | 4.3% | 1.7% | 2.0% | 1.9% | 1.1%
Final consumption (incl. bunkers) | 6 356 | 7 139 | 9 027 | 10 553 | 12 055 | 13 413 | 14 186 | 1.2% | 2.4% | 1.6% | 1.3% | 1.1% | 0.6%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 810 | 888 | 1 385 | 1 561 | 1 701 | 1 707 | 1 558 | 0.9% | 4.5% | 1.2% | 0.9% | 0.0% | -0.9%
Other Industry | 1 109 | 1 086 | 1 358 | 1 674 | 2 088 | 2 449 | 2 628 | -0.2% | 2.3% | 2.1% | 2.2% | 1.6% | 0.7%
Non-Energy Use | 486 | 627 | 786 | 954 | 1 071 | 1 162 | 1 183 | 2.6% | 2.3% | 2.0% | 1.2% | 0.8% | 0.2%
Residential | 1 626 | 1 796 | 2 053 | 2 181 | 2 342 | 2 458 | 2 512 | 1.0% | 1.3% | 0.6% | 0.7% | 0.5% | 0.2%
Services | 593 | 634 | 830 | 976 | 1 248 | 1 569 | 1 875 | 0.7% | 2.7% | 1.6% | 2.5% | 2.3% | 1.8%
Agriculture | 168 | 148 | 179 | 210 | 238 | 265 | 290 | -1.3% | 1.9% | 1.6% | 1.3% | 1.1% | 0.9%
Road | 1 134 | 1 443 | 1 818 | 2 167 | 2 346 | 2 630 | 2 841 | 2.4% | 2.3% | 1.8% | 0.8% | 1.1% | 0.8%
Rail | 59 | 47 | 52 | 61 | 70 | 78 | 86 | -2.2% | 0.9% | 1.6% | 1.3% | 1.2% | 0.9%
Aviation | 182 | 226 | 252 | 331 | 421 | 526 | 619 | 2.2% | 1.1% | 2.8% | 2.4% | 2.2% | 1.7%
Other Transport |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 2 024 | 2 500 | 3 508 | 3 982 | 4 964 | 5 850 | 6 448 | 2.1% | 3.4% | 1.3% | 2.2% | 1.7% | 1.0%
Coal | 1 155 | 1 508 | 2 114 | 2 308 | 2 876 | 3 276 | 3 588 | 2.7% | 3.4% | 0.9% | 2.2% | 1.3% | 0.9%
Oil | 334 | 290 | 247 | 318 | 296 | 270 | 268 | -1.4% | -1.6% | 2.6% | -0.7% | -0.9% | -0.1%
Gas | 479 | 646 | 1 022 | 1 195 | 1 542 | 1 968 | 2 149 | 3.0% | 4.7% | 1.6% | 2.6% | 2.5% | 0.9%
Biomass & Waste | 53 | 52 | 120 | 151 | 232 | 313 | 418 | -0.3% | 8.7% | 2.4% | 4.4% | 3.1% | 2.9%
Other | 3 | 4 | 6 | 9 | 18 | 22 | 24 | 3.6% | 2.8% | 4.7% | 6.8% | 2.0% | 1.0%
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 11 844 | 15 472 | 21 504 | 27 486 | 36 290 | 45 382 | 52 959 | 2.7% | 3.3% | 2.5% | 2.8% | 2.3% | 1.6%
Coal | 4 423 | 5 999 | 8 661 | 9 888 | 12 580 | 14 571 | 16 221 | 3.1% | 3.7% | 1.3% | 2.4% | 1.5% | 1.1%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 41 | 212 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 17.9%
Oil | 1 292 | 1 178 | 931 | 1 360 | 1 274 | 1 192 | 1 203 | -0.9% | -2.3% | 3.9% | -0.7% | -0.7% | 0.1%
Gas | 1 761 | 2 753 | 4 806 | 5 879 | 8 021 | 10 573 | 11 781 | 4.6% | 5.7% | 2.0% | 3.2% | 2.8% | 1.1%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 19 | 94 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 17.7%
Biomass & Waste | 123 | 169 | 380 | 515 | 846 | 1 256 | 1 852 | 3.2% | 8.4% | 3.1% | 5.1% | 4.0% | 4.0%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 2 013 | 2 591 | 2 756 | 2 981 | 3 621 | 4 510 | 5 104 | 2.6% | 0.6% | 0.8% | 2.0% | 2.2% | 1.2%
Hydro | 2 191 | 2 698 | 3 528 | 4 459 | 4 915 | 5 092 | 5 246 | 2.1% | 2.7% | 2.4% | 1.0% | 0.4% | 0.3%
Wind | 4 | 31 | 341 | 1 664 | 3 292 | 5 396 | 7 601 | 23.2% | 27.0% | 17.2% | 7.1% | 5.1% | 3.5%
Solar | 0 | 1 | 33 | 583 | 1 438 | 2 395 | 3 480 | 25.1% | 42.3% | 33.1% | 9.5% | 5.2% | 3.8%
Other | 36 | 52 | 69 | 157 | 303 | 396 | 472 | 3.6% | 2.8% | 8.6% | 6.8% | 2.7% | 1.8%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 2 730 | 3 553 | 5 140 | 7 260 | 9 454 | 11 878 | 13 907 | 2.7% | 3.8% | 3.5% | 2.7% | 2.3% | 1.6%
Coal | 890 | 1 140 | 1 687 | 2 101 | 2 424 | 2 879 | 3 234 | 2.5% | 4.0% | 2.2% | 1.4% | 1.7% | 1.2%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 30 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 16.8%
Oil | 448 | 496 | 412 | 456 | 451 | 451 | 494 | 1.0% | -1.8% | 1.0% | -0.1% | 0.0% | 0.9%
Gas | 503 | 712 | 1 313 | 1 589 | 1 960 | 2 335 | 2 412 | 3.5% | 6.3% | 1.9% | 2.1% | 1.8% | 0.3%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 14 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 18.4%
Biomass & Waste | 27 | 45 | 99 | 149 | 198 | 255 | 322 | 5.3% | 8.2% | 4.2% | 2.9% | 2.5% | 2.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 53.0%
Nuclear | 290 | 352 | 375 | 408 | 492 | 609 | 683 | 2.0% | 0.6% | 0.9% | 1.9% | 2.2% | 1.2%
Hydro | 564 | 782 | 1 020 | 1 310 | 1 428 | 1 476 | 1 519 | 3.3% | 2.7% | 2.5% | 0.9% | 0.3% | 0.3%
Wind | 2 | 17 | 184 | 756 | 1 390 | 2 135 | 2 831 | 23.8% | 27.0% | 15.2% | 6.3% | 4.4% | 2.9%
Solar | 0 | 1 | 40 | 457 | 1 042 | 1 656 | 2 322 | 10.0% | 41.8% | 27.6% | 8.6% | 4.7% | 3.4%
Other | 6 | 8 | 10 | 33 | 68 | 82 | 89 | 3.6% | 2.2% | 12.4% | 7.5% | 1.9% | 0.8%
Total Final Consumption (Mtoe) | 6 356 | 7 139 | 9 027 | 10 553 | 12 055 | 13 413 | 14 186 | 1.2% | 2.4% | 1.6% | 1.3% | 1.1% | 0.6%
Coal | 850 | 660 | 1 205 | 1 224 | 1 192 | 1 137 | 1 020 | -2.5% | 6.2% | 0.2% | -0.3% | -0.5% | -1.1%
Oil | 2 639 | 3 169 | 3 660 | 4 308 | 4 514 | 4 757 | 4 809 | 1.8% | 1.5% | 1.6% | 0.5% | 0.5% | 0.1%
Gas | 895 | 1 073 | 1 275 | 1 525 | 2 028 | 2 382 | 2 516 | 1.8% | 1.7% | 1.8% | 2.9% | 1.6% | 0.5%
Electricity | 831 | 1 086 | 1 531 | 1 956 | 2 581 | 3 224 | 3 760 | 2.7% | 3.5% | 2.5% | 2.8% | 2.2% | 1.6%
Heat | 339 | 256 | 294 | 320 | 374 | 437 | 507 | -2.8% | 1.4% | 0.9% | 1.6% | 1.6% | 1.5%
Biomass & Other | 802 | 896 | 1 063 | 1 220 | 1 366 | 1 477 | 1 574 | 1.1% | 1.7% | 1.4% | 1.1% | 0.8% | 0.6%
Share of Renewables ² (%) | 17% | 18% | 18% | 20% | 21% | 23% | 25% | 0.3% | -0.1% | 1.1% | 0.7% | 0.6% | 0.9%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 2 405 | 2 601 | 3 530 | 4 190 | 4 860 | 5 318 | 5 369 | 0.8% | 3.1% | 1.7% | 1.5% | 0.9% | 0.1%
Coal | 590 | 540 | 1 048 | 1 078 | 1 064 | 1 022 | 919 | -0.9% | 6.9% | 0.3% | -0.1% | -0.4% | -1.1%
Oil | 687 | 800 | 912 | 1 043 | 1 063 | 1 060 | 988 | 1.5% | 1.3% | 1.3% | 0.2% | 0.0% | -0.7%
Gas | 452 | 532 | 621 | 845 | 1 147 | 1 359 | 1 414 | 1.7% | 1.6% | 3.1% | 3.1% | 1.7% | 0.4%
Electricity | 381 | 460 | 637 | 853 | 1 147 | 1 387 | 1 516 | 1.9% | 3.3% | 3.0% | 3.0% | 1.9% | 0.9%
Heat | 163 | 105 | 126 | 133 | 151 | 159 | 162 | -4.3% | 1.8% | 0.6% | 1.3% | 0.5% | 0.2%
Biomass & Other | 132 | 163 | 185 | 238 | 287 | 332 | 370 | 2.1% | 1.3% | 2.5% | 1.9% | 1.4% | 1.1%
Buildings | 2 218 | 2 430 | 2 883 | 3 157 | 3 590 | 4 026 | 4 386 | 0.9% | 1.7% | 0.9% | 1.3% | 1.2% | 0.9%
Coal | 233 | 108 | 140 | 130 | 113 | 102 | 89 | -7.4% | 2.7% | -0.8% | -1.4% | -1.0% | -1.4%
Oil | 316 | 342 | 310 | 321 | 306 | 301 | 291 | 0.8% | -1.0% | 0.3% | -0.5% | -0.2% | -0.3%
Gas | 434 | 531 | 618 | 626 | 771 | 865 | 891 | 2.1% | 1.5% | 0.1% | 2.1% | 1.2% | 0.3%
Electricity | 403 | 581 | 834 | 1 017 | 1 270 | 1 585 | 1 905 | 3.7% | 3.7% | 2.0% | 2.2% | 2.2% | 1.9%
Heat | 176 | 151 | 168 | 187 | 223 | 278 | 345 | -1.5% | 1.1% | 1.1% | 1.8% | 2.2% | 2.2%
Biomass & Other | 657 | 717 | 813 | 877 | 907 | 896 | 866 | 0.9% | 1.3% | 0.8% | 0.3% | -0.1% | -0.3%
Agriculture | 168 | 148 | 179 | 210 | 238 | 265 | 290 | -1.3% | 1.9% | 1.6% | 1.3% | 1.1% | 0.9%
Coal | 14 | 8 | 13 | 14 | 13 | 12 | 11 | -6.1% | 5.5% | 0.9% | -1.1% | -1.0% | -1.0%
Oil | 110 | 101 | 112 | 125 | 140 | 154 | 166 | -0.9% | 1.1% | 1.2% | 1.1% | 1.0% | 0.7%
Gas | 7 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 10 | -2.6% | 2.9% | 1.2% | 0.7% | 0.6% | 0.5%
Electricity | 30 | 29 | 39 | 54 | 66 | 79 | 92 | -0.4% | 3.2% | 3.2% | 2.2% | 1.8% | 1.5%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 6 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | -1.7% | 3.9% | 0.9% | 1.3% | 1.2% | 1.1%
Transport (incl. bunkers) | 1 565 | 1 960 | 2 436 | 2 996 | 3 367 | 3 805 | 4 141 | 2.3% | 2.2% | 2.1% | 1.2% | 1.2% | 0.9%
Coal | 13 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | -10.1% | -2.7% | -2.8% | -2.0% | -1.9% | -1.9%
Oil | 1 526 | 1 926 | 2 326 | 2 819 | 3 004 | 3 242 | 3 364 | 2.4% | 1.9% | 1.9% | 0.6% | 0.8% | 0.4%
Gas | 2 | 3 | 28 | 46 | 100 | 149 | 201 | 5.3% | 24.2% | 5.1% | 8.2% | 4.0% | 3.0%
Electricity | 17 | 16 | 21 | 32 | 98 | 172 | 248 | -0.7% | 2.5% | 4.4% | 12.0% | 5.8% | 3.7%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 8 | 11 | 58 | 98 | 163 | 240 | 327 | 3.7% | 18.1% | 5.4% | 5.3% | 3.9% | 3.2%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses³ | 763 | 763 | 1 162 | 1 375 | 1 672 | 2 013 | 2 255 | 0.0% | 4.3% | 1.7% | 2.0% | 1.9% | 1.1%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

³ includes statistical differences

EU28 | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 476 | 487 | 503 | 513 | 519 | 524 | 525 | 0.2% | 0.3% | 0.2% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.0%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 20 | 25 | 28 | 30 | 34 | 39 | 45 | 1.9% | 1.2% | 0.8% | 1.4% | 1.4% | 1.4%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 22 | 27 | 30 | 32 | 37 | 42 | 49 | 2.0% | 1.1% | 0.7% | 1.3% | 1.4% | 1.5%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 4 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | -3.8% | -3.6% | -0.4% | -0.5% | -0.5% | -0.5%
Share Value Added - Industry¹ (%) | 32 | 28 | 25 | 24 | 23 | 22 | 21 | -1.3% | -1.1% | -0.4% | -0.4% | -0.5% | -0.6%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 64 | 69 | 73 | 74 | 75 | 76 | 78 | 0.8% | 0.5% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.2% | 0.2%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 23 | 14 | 19 | 16 | 17 | 20 | 23 | -5.3% | 3.6% | -1.9% | 0.8% | 1.7% | 1.5%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 76 | 86 | 100 | 128 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.5% | 1.2% | 1.5% | 2.5%
Gas | 18 | 21 | 30 | 46 | 52 | 64 | 85 | 1.4% | 3.8% | 4.3% | 1.3% | 2.0% | 2.9%
GHG emissions (MtCO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 5 196 | 4 697 | 4 328 | 3 497 | 3 213 | 3 011 | 2 719 | -1.0% | -0.8% | -2.1% | -0.8% | -0.6% | -1.0%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 5 495 | 5 028 | 4 664 | 3 761 | 3 442 | 3 196 | 2 909 | -0.9% | -0.7% | -2.1% | -0.9% | -0.7% | -0.9%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 5 466 | 5 012 | 4 651 | 3 746 | 3 414 | 3 123 | 2 817 | -0.9% | -0.7% | -2.1% | -0.9% | -0.9% | -1.0%
CO₂ | 4 252 | 3 997 | 3 780 | 3 040 | 2 814 | 2 533 | 2 251 | -0.6% | -0.6% | -2.2% | -0.8% | -1.0% | -1.2%
CH₄ | 601 | 495 | 409 | 332 | 290 | 281 | 256 | -1.9% | -1.9% | -2.1% | -1.3% | -0.3% | -0.9%
N₂O | 557 | 455 | 373 | 305 | 288 | 284 | 284 | -2.0% | -2.0% | -2.0% | -0.6% | -0.1% | 0.0%
F gases | 56 | 65 | 90 | 70 | 22 | 24 | 26 | 1.5% | 3.3% | -2.5% | -10.8% | 0.9% | 0.5%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 4 849 | 4 491 | 4 176 | 3 302 | 2 971 | 2 677 | 2 367 | -0.8% | -0.7% | -2.3% | -1.1% | -1.0% | -1.2%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 4 006 | 3 759 | 3 572 | 2 848 | 2 630 | 2 358 | 2 090 | -0.6% | -0.5% | -2.2% | -0.8% | -1.1% | -1.2%
Power generation/District heating | 1 427 | 1 283 | 1 235 | 860 | 735 | 620 | 530 | -1.1% | -0.4% | -3.5% | -1.6% | -1.7% | -1.6%
Industry | 745 | 602 | 453 | 363 | 318 | 255 | 204 | -2.1% | -2.8% | -2.2% | -1.3% | -2.2% | -2.2%
Buildings | 724 | 652 | 660 | 497 | 498 | 438 | 372 | -1.1% | 0.1% | -2.8% | 0.0% | -1.3% | -1.6%
Agriculture | 84 | 72 | 59 | 58 | 59 | 62 | 65 | -1.5% | -2.0% | -0.2% | 0.3% | 0.5% | 0.5%
Transport | 764 | 900 | 925 | 851 | 809 | 796 | 753 | 1.7% | 0.3% | -0.8% | -0.5% | -0.2% | -0.6%
Other | 262 | 251 | 241 | 219 | 210 | 187 | 166 | -0.4% | -0.4% | -0.9% | -0.4% | -1.2% | -1.2%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 7 | 47 | 199 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 8.3% | 20.9% | 15.6%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 6 | 40 | 161 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 8.5% | 20.8% | 15.0%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 29 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 13.1% | 29.6% | 16.9%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 9 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 3.9% | 5.4% | 26.2%
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 885 | 939 | 843 | 801 | 850 | 828 | 814 | 0.6% | -1.1% | -0.5% | 0.6% | -0.3% | -0.2%
Coal | 313 | 219 | 168 | 116 | 99 | 82 | 74 | -3.5% | -2.6% | -3.6% | -1.6% | -1.8% | -1.1%
Oil | 134 | 174 | 100 | 93 | 78 | 56 | 42 | 2.7% | -5.4% | -0.7% | -1.7% | -3.2% | -3.0%
Natural gas | 154 | 192 | 146 | 104 | 117 | 111 | 107 | 2.2% | -2.7% | -3.3% | 1.2% | -0.6% | -0.3%
Biomass | 44 | 63 | 130 | 164 | 193 | 203 | 218 | 3.7% | 7.5% | 2.3% | 1.6% | 0.5% | 0.7%
Nuclear¹ | 210 | 250 | 242 | 223 | 224 | 209 | 174 | 1.7% | -0.3% | -0.8% | 0.0% | -0.7% | -1.8%
Hydro | 27 | 33 | 35 | 33 | 33 | 32 | 31 | 2.3% | 0.5% | -0.5% | 0.0% | -0.3% | -0.3%
Other renewables | 3 | 6 | 21 | 68 | 106 | 135 | 168 | 8.0% | 12.6% | 12.4% | 4.5% | 2.5% | 2.2%
Net Imports | 760 | 762 | 893 | 756 | 745 | 738 | 727 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 135 | 104 | 114 | 102 | 72 | 46 | 57 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | 480 | 451 | 472 | 397 | 385 | 388 | 369 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | 141 | 204 | 302 | 237 | 263 | 266 | 253 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 2 | 19 | 23 | 34 | 43 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 6 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 4 | 2 | 1 | 0 | - 1 | - 1 | - 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 1 645 | 1 701 | 1 736 | 1 557 | 1 595 | 1 566 | 1 541 | 0.3% | 0.2% | -1.1% | 0.2% | -0.2% | -0.2%
Coal | 447 | 324 | 282 | 218 | 171 | 128 | 131 | -3.2% | -1.4% | -2.6% | -2.4% | -2.8% | 0.2%
Oil | 614 | 626 | 572 | 490 | 463 | 444 | 411 | 0.2% | -0.9% | -1.5% | -0.6% | -0.4% | -0.8%
Natural gas | 295 | 396 | 447 | 341 | 380 | 377 | 360 | 3.0% | 1.2% | -2.7% | 1.1% | -0.1% | -0.5%
Biomass | 44 | 63 | 133 | 183 | 216 | 237 | 261 | 3.7% | 7.7% | 3.3% | 1.7% | 0.9% | 1.0%
Nuclear¹ | 210 | 250 | 242 | 223 | 224 | 209 | 174 | 1.7% | -0.3% | -0.8% | 0.0% | -0.7% | -1.8%
Hydro | 27 | 33 | 35 | 33 | 33 | 32 | 31 | 2.3% | 0.5% | -0.5% | 0.0% | -0.3% | -0.3%
Other renewables | 3 | 6 | 21 | 68 | 106 | 135 | 168 | 8.0% | 12.6% | 12.4% | 4.5% | 2.5% | 2.2%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 1 645 | 1 701 | 1 736 | 1 557 | 1 595 | 1 566 | 1 541 | 0.3% | 0.2% | -1.1% | 0.2% | -0.2% | -0.2%
Energy for Power Generation | 636 | 674 | 721 | 647 | 681 | 692 | 722 | 0.6% | 0.7% | -1.1% | 0.5% | 0.2% | 0.4%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 99 | 94 | 110 | 103 | 108 | 105 | 105 | -0.5% | 1.6% | -0.7% | 0.5% | -0.3% | 0.1%
Final consumption | 1 152 | 1 197 | 1 217 | 1 114 | 1 159 | 1 146 | 1 124 | 0.4% | 0.2% | -0.9% | 0.4% | -0.1% | -0.2%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 190 | 165 | 139 | 125 | 121 | 111 | 103 | -1.4% | -1.7% | -1.0% | -0.4% | -0.8% | -0.8%
Other Industry | 175 | 163 | 145 | 139 | 141 | 141 | 139 | -0.8% | -1.1% | -0.5% | 0.1% | 0.0% | -0.2%
Non-Energy Use | 100 | 113 | 108 | 106 | 120 | 121 | 117 | 1.2% | -0.4% | -0.2% | 1.2% | 0.1% | -0.3%
Residential | 276 | 289 | 312 | 264 | 279 | 263 | 247 | 0.5% | 0.8% | -1.6% | 0.5% | -0.6% | -0.6%
Services | 118 | 133 | 166 | 152 | 176 | 187 | 200 | 1.3% | 2.2% | -0.9% | 1.5% | 0.6% | 0.6%
Agriculture | 33 | 29 | 26 | 25 | 27 | 28 | 30 | -1.4% | -1.1% | -0.1% | 0.5% | 0.6% | 0.6%
Road | 237 | 281 | 299 | 282 | 274 | 272 | 265 | 1.7% | 0.6% | -0.6% | -0.3% | -0.1% | -0.3%
Rail | 10 | 10 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 0.1% | -1.7% | -0.2% | 0.8% | 0.3% | 0.3%
Aviation | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 2.3% | -0.4% | -0.4% | 0.7% | 0.9% | 0.5%
Other Transport | 7 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | -1.0% | -0.8% | -1.1% | 1.2% | 0.5% | 0.2%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 396 | 385 | 423 | 323 | 320 | 318 | 351 | -0.3% | 0.9% | -2.6% | -0.1% | -0.1% | 1.0%
Coal | 285 | 234 | 209 | 156 | 118 | 91 | 102 | -2.0% | -1.1% | -2.8% | -2.8% | -2.6% | 1.2%
Oil | 55 | 41 | 23 | 11 | 8 | 6 | 6 | -2.9% | -5.5% | -6.9% | -3.8% | -2.6% | -0.1%
Gas | 50 | 94 | 141 | 86 | 103 | 117 | 120 | 6.6% | 4.1% | -4.8% | 1.8% | 1.3% | 0.2%
Biomass & Waste | 6 | 15 | 49 | 68 | 90 | 102 | 121 | 9.8% | 12.9% | 3.4% | 2.7% | 1.3% | 1.7%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 4.0% | 1.6% | 6.9% | 4.2% | 0.8% | 2.3%
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 2 594 | 3 031 | 3 356 | 3 296 | 3 636 | 3 866 | 4 190 | 1.6% | 1.0% | -0.2% | 1.0% | 0.6% | 0.8%
Coal | 1 050 | 966 | 862 | 663 | 534 | 447 | 518 | -0.8% | -1.1% | -2.6% | -2.1% | -1.8% | 1.5%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 38 | 193 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 17.6%
Oil | 224 | 181 | 87 | 50 | 33 | 26 | 26 | -2.1% | -7.1% | -5.4% | -3.9% | -2.5% | 0.1%
Gas | 193 | 480 | 763 | 475 | 575 | 654 | 678 | 9.5% | 4.8% | -4.6% | 1.9% | 1.3% | 0.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 16 | 84 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 18.2%
Biomass & Waste | 20 | 46 | 143 | 234 | 320 | 372 | 457 | 8.9% | 12.0% | 5.1% | 3.1% | 1.5% | 2.1%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 56.7%
Nuclear | 795 | 945 | 917 | 847 | 856 | 806 | 693 | 1.7% | -0.3% | -0.8% | 0.1% | -0.6% | -1.5%
Hydro | 309 | 386 | 407 | 387 | 385 | 373 | 363 | 2.3% | 0.5% | -0.5% | 0.0% | -0.3% | -0.3%
Wind | 1 | 22 | 149 | 409 | 563 | 726 | 949 | 39.8% | 21.0% | 10.6% | 3.2% | 2.6% | 2.7%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 23 | 173 | 263 | 323 | 357 | 33.0% | n.s. | 22.5% | 4.3% | 2.1% | 1.0%
Other | 3 | 5 | 6 | 58 | 106 | 140 | 149 | 4.0% | 1.6% | 26.4% | 6.1% | 2.8% | 0.6%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 635 | 719 | 919 | 1 150 | 1 351 | 1 422 | 1 430 | 1.3% | 2.5% | 2.3% | 1.6% | 0.5% | 0.1%
Coal | 223 | 201 | 192 | 166 | 133 | 108 | 101 | -1.0% | -0.4% | -1.4% | -2.2% | -2.0% | -0.7%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 27 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 16.3%
Oil | 95 | 81 | 65 | 39 | 30 | 23 | 21 | -1.5% | -2.2% | -5.1% | -2.5% | -2.6% | -1.1%
Gas | 65 | 129 | 218 | 243 | 299 | 307 | 262 | 7.1% | 5.4% | 1.1% | 2.1% | 0.3% | -1.6%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 12 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 18.7%
Biomass & Waste | 10 | 17 | 48 | 68 | 88 | 97 | 97 | 5.9% | 10.9% | 3.6% | 2.6% | 1.0% | -0.1%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 48.9%
Nuclear | 126 | 137 | 131 | 120 | 119 | 110 | 92 | 0.9% | -0.4% | -0.9% | -0.1% | -0.8% | -1.7%
Hydro | 116 | 140 | 148 | 155 | 155 | 152 | 148 | 1.9% | 0.5% | 0.5% | 0.0% | -0.2% | -0.2%
Wind | 0 | 12 | 85 | 193 | 261 | 300 | 360 | 40.0% | 21.4% | 8.5% | 3.1% | 1.4% | 1.8%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 31 | 148 | 227 | 280 | 309 | 36.9% | n.s. | 17.1% | 4.4% | 2.1% | 1.0%
Other | 0 | 1 | 1 | 18 | 38 | 44 | 42 | 2.0% | 2.4% | 37.3% | 7.8% | 1.4% | -0.6%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 1 152 | 1 197 | 1 217 | 1 114 | 1 159 | 1 146 | 1 124 | 0.4% | 0.2% | -0.9% | 0.4% | -0.1% | -0.2%
Coal | 141 | 73 | 57 | 46 | 38 | 24 | 15 | -6.3% | -2.5% | -2.1% | -2.0% | -4.4% | -4.6%
Oil | 503 | 540 | 505 | 446 | 425 | 410 | 379 | 0.7% | -0.7% | -1.2% | -0.5% | -0.4% | -0.8%
Gas | 229 | 273 | 279 | 230 | 252 | 237 | 219 | 1.8% | 0.2% | -1.9% | 0.9% | -0.6% | -0.8%
Electricity | 186 | 218 | 244 | 239 | 263 | 280 | 302 | 1.6% | 1.2% | -0.2% | 0.9% | 0.6% | 0.8%
Heat | 55 | 45 | 55 | 50 | 68 | 73 | 79 | -1.9% | 1.9% | -0.9% | 3.1% | 0.8% | 0.8%
Biomass & Other | 38 | 48 | 78 | 103 | 113 | 122 | 128 | 2.3% | 4.9% | 2.9% | 1.0% | 0.7% | 0.5%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 6% | 8% | 12% | 21% | 25% | 30% | 34% | 2.5% | 4.7% | 5.4% | 1.9% | 1.6% | 1.4%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 466 | 441 | 393 | 370 | 381 | 373 | 358 | -0.5% | -1.1% | -0.6% | 0.3% | -0.2% | -0.4%
Coal | 93 | 60 | 44 | 37 | 32 | 20 | 12 | -4.2% | -3.1% | -1.7% | -1.5% | -4.6% | -4.9%
Oil | 139 | 144 | 127 | 113 | 122 | 121 | 110 | 0.3% | -1.3% | -1.1% | 0.7% | -0.1% | -0.9%
Gas | 114 | 118 | 97 | 84 | 79 | 73 | 72 | 0.4% | -1.9% | -1.4% | -0.7% | -0.8% | -0.2%
Electricity | 85 | 91 | 89 | 87 | 91 | 96 | 101 | 0.7% | -0.3% | -0.2% | 0.4% | 0.5% | 0.5%
Heat | 21 | 11 | 15 | 16 | 23 | 22 | 21 | -6.5% | 3.6% | 0.3% | 3.7% | -0.3% | -0.3%
Biomass & Other | 14 | 17 | 22 | 33 | 36 | 42 | 42 | 1.9% | 2.6% | 4.3% | 0.8% | 1.6% | 0.1%
Buildings | 394 | 423 | 478 | 417 | 455 | 450 | 446 | 0.7% | 1.2% | -1.4% | 0.9% | -0.1% | -0.1%
Coal | 46 | 12 | 12 | 8 | 5 | 4 | 3 | -12.8% | 0.0% | -3.7% | -4.4% | -3.1% | -3.1%
Oil | 89 | 80 | 63 | 44 | 31 | 23 | 17 | -1.1% | -2.4% | -3.5% | -3.6% | -3.0% | -2.7%
Gas | 110 | 150 | 177 | 139 | 163 | 150 | 131 | 3.2% | 1.6% | -2.4% | 1.6% | -0.8% | -1.4%
Electricity | 90 | 116 | 146 | 141 | 159 | 168 | 182 | 2.5% | 2.3% | -0.3% | 1.2% | 0.6% | 0.8%
Heat | 34 | 35 | 40 | 34 | 45 | 51 | 58 | 0.2% | 1.3% | -1.4% | 2.8% | 1.2% | 1.2%
Biomass & Other | 24 | 30 | 41 | 49 | 53 | 54 | 55 | 2.3% | 3.2% | 2.0% | 0.7% | 0.2% | 0.3%
Agriculture | 33 | 29 | 26 | 25 | 27 | 28 | 30 | -1.4% | -1.1% | -0.1% | 0.5% | 0.6% | 0.6%
Coal | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | -4.9% | 0.8% | -2.4% | -4.4% | -3.1% | -3.1%
Oil | 21 | 18 | 14 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | -1.2% | -2.3% | -0.1% | 0.6% | 0.6% | 0.6%
Gas | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | -1.6% | -1.0% | 0.3% | 0.5% | 0.4% | 0.4%
Electricity | 5 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | -1.7% | 1.3% | 0.2% | 1.0% | 1.0% | 1.0%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2.4% | 4.4% | 0.1% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0%
Transport | 259 | 305 | 320 | 302 | 295 | 295 | 289 | 1.6% | 0.5% | -0.6% | -0.2% | 0.0% | -0.2%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -26.4% | 1.7% | -3.5% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0%
Oil | 254 | 297 | 300 | 275 | 258 | 251 | 235 | 1.6% | 0.1% | -0.9% | -0.6% | -0.3% | -0.6%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 7 | 10 | 12 | 5.3% | 12.9% | 6.6% | 11.2% | 4.4% | 1.9%
Electricity | 5 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 13 | 1.3% | -1.4% | 1.7% | 2.9% | 1.6% | 3.3%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 1 | 14 | 19 | 23 | 24 | 28 | n.s. | 34.1% | 3.3% | 1.9% | 0.7% | 1.6%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 99 | 94 | 110 | 103 | 108 | 105 | 105 | -0.5% | 1.6% | -0.7% | 0.5% | -0.3% | 0.1%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

EFTA | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 11 | 12 | 13 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 0.7% | 0.9% | 1.2% | 0.9% | 0.7% | 0.5%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 34 | 39 | 42 | 44 | 48 | 53 | 58 | 1.5% | 0.7% | 0.5% | 0.9% | 0.9% | 1.0%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 48 | 56 | 61 | 64 | 70 | 77 | 85 | 1.5% | 0.9% | 0.4% | 0.9% | 0.9% | 1.0%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -4.8% | -2.7% | 0.1% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0%
Share Value Added - Industry¹ (%) | 32 | 33 | 32 | 29 | 27 | 25 | 22 | 0.3% | -0.4% | -0.8% | -0.8% | -0.8% | -1.0%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 65 | 65 | 67 | 70 | 72 | 74 | 76 | 0.0% | 0.2% | 0.4% | 0.3% | 0.3% | 0.3%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 12 | 18 | 13 | 14 | 17 | 19 | -3.4% | 3.6% | -2.9% | 0.9% | 1.7% | 1.3%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 76 | 86 | 100 | 128 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.5% | 1.2% | 1.5% | 2.5%
Gas | 18 | 21 | 30 | 46 | 52 | 64 | 85 | 1.4% | 3.8% | 4.3% | 1.3% | 2.0% | 2.9%
GHG emissions (MtCO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 90 | 79 | 77 | 90 | 79 | 68 | 55 | -1.4% | -0.2% | 1.6% | -1.3% | -1.5% | -2.2%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 103 | 104 | 106 | 116 | 105 | 100 | 88 | 0.1% | 0.2% | 0.9% | -0.9% | -0.5% | -1.3%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 101 | 102 | 104 | 114 | 104 | 99 | 87 | 0.0% | 0.2% | 1.0% | -0.9% | -0.5% | -1.3%
CO₂ | 75 | 79 | 84 | 96 | 89 | 83 | 72 | 0.5% | 0.7% | 1.3% | -0.8% | -0.7% | -1.5%
CH₄ | 10 | 9 | 9 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | -0.5% | -0.8% | -1.6% | -0.9% | 0.0% | -0.2%
N₂O | 11 | 10 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | -0.4% | -2.1% | 0.2% | -0.6% | 0.2% | -0.2%
F gases | 6 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -5.7% | -2.2% | -1.7% | -9.2% | 0.2% | -0.6%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 89 | 90 | 93 | 103 | 93 | 87 | 75 | 0.1% | 0.3% | 1.1% | -1.0% | -0.7% | -1.5%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 67 | 70 | 77 | 89 | 80 | 74 | 63 | 0.5% | 0.9% | 1.4% | -1.0% | -0.8% | -1.6%
Power generation/District heating | 1 | 1 | 3 | 7 | 9 | 10 | 6 | -2.5% | 13.3% | 11.4% | 2.3% | 0.9% | -5.7%
Industry | 10 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 8 | -0.4% | 0.0% | -1.2% | 0.4% | -0.2% | -0.9%
Buildings | 20 | 18 | 18 | 12 | 9 | 7 | 6 | -1.1% | 0.2% | -4.4% | -2.4% | -2.5% | -2.4%
Agriculture | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2.1% | -0.7% | -2.5% | -0.7% | -2.0% | -3.5%
Transport | 25 | 28 | 31 | 32 | 28 | 24 | 20 | 1.1% | 1.0% | 0.5% | -1.4% | -1.6% | -1.8%
Other | 8 | 11 | 13 | 26 | 23 | 22 | 22 | 3.0% | 1.5% | 7.3% | -1.5% | -0.2% | 0.1%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 9 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 17.0% | 19.2% | 16.5%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 6 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 16.8% | 19.5% | 15.6%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 38.6% | 14.8%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 16.0% | 3.7% | 27.9%
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 127 | 230 | 221 | 193 | 158 | 115 | 94 | 6.2% | -0.4% | -1.4% | -1.9% | -3.2% | -2.0%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 9.0% | 12.1% | 1.1% | 4.4% | 1.2% | 0.4%
Oil | 83 | 162 | 102 | 85 | 55 | 25 | 13 | 6.9% | -4.5% | -1.8% | -4.2% | -7.6% | -6.5%
Natural gas | 21 | 41 | 89 | 74 | 60 | 42 | 34 | 6.8% | 8.0% | -1.8% | -2.1% | -3.3% | -2.2%
Biomass | 2 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 2.4% | 1.9% | -0.7% | 6.0% | -1.0% | -1.4%
Nuclear¹ | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 10 | 12 | 10 | 1.1% | 0.0% | 0.1% | 4.0% | 1.5% | -1.5%
Hydro | 13 | 16 | 14 | 16 | 16 | 17 | 17 | 1.8% | -1.1% | 1.2% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.1%
Other renewables | 0 | 1 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 13 | 16.1% | 13.1% | 3.4% | 4.3% | 2.1% | 2.1%
Net Imports | - 80 | - 177 | - 156 | - 123 | - 85 | - 39 | - 19 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | - 62 | - 141 | - 79 | - 62 | - 35 | - 8 | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | - 18 | - 34 | - 78 | - 59 | - 47 | - 30 | - 21 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | - 1 | - 2 | - 1 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | - 2 | - 2 | 1 | - 2 | - 2 | - 2 | - 2 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 46 | 54 | 66 | 69 | 73 | 75 | 75 | 1.5% | 2.0% | 0.6% | 0.5% | 0.3% | 0.0%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 0.0% | -2.5% | 4.1% | 7.5% | 2.8% | 0.7%
Oil | 21 | 21 | 24 | 23 | 20 | 17 | 14 | 0.0% | 1.5% | -0.3% | -1.6% | -1.6% | -1.7%
Natural gas | 4 | 7 | 11 | 15 | 13 | 12 | 13 | 6.2% | 5.0% | 3.2% | -1.5% | -0.2% | 0.6%
Biomass | 2 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 2.4% | 1.9% | -3.2% | 4.1% | 1.3% | 1.1%
Nuclear¹ | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 10 | 12 | 10 | 1.1% | 0.0% | 0.1% | 4.0% | 1.5% | -1.5%
Hydro | 13 | 16 | 14 | 16 | 16 | 17 | 17 | 1.8% | -1.1% | 1.2% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.1%
Other renewables | 0 | 1 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 13 | 16.1% | 13.1% | 3.4% | 4.3% | 2.1% | 2.1%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 46 | 54 | 66 | 69 | 73 | 75 | 75 | 1.5% | 2.0% | 0.6% | 0.5% | 0.3% | 0.0%
Energy for Power Generation | 21 | 25 | 28 | 32 | 39 | 43 | 45 | 2.0% | 0.9% | 1.4% | 2.0% | 1.0% | 0.4%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 2 | 3 | 11 | 14 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 4.6% | 15.0% | 1.9% | -0.8% | 0.2% | 0.4%
Final consumption | 37 | 41 | 45 | 43 | 44 | 44 | 45 | 1.0% | 0.9% | -0.5% | 0.3% | 0.2% | 0.1%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 1.6% | -0.6% | -0.3% | 0.0% | -0.4% | -0.4%
Other Industry | 6 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 1.2% | 0.3% | 0.6% | 1.0% | 0.6% | 0.4%
Non-Energy Use | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1.3% | 0.2% | 0.8% | -0.2% | -0.4% | -0.6%
Residential | 10 | 10 | 11 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | -0.1% | 1.4% | -1.7% | 0.3% | 0.4% | 0.4%
Services | 5 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 1.0% | 1.9% | -1.5% | 0.8% | 0.9% | 1.0%
Agriculture | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3.4% | -0.6% | -1.3% | 1.0% | 0.9% | 0.8%
Road | 8 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 1.4% | 0.9% | 0.4% | -0.7% | -0.8% | -1.1%
Rail | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.3% | 1.4% | 0.2% | 1.1% | 1.0% | 0.8%
Aviation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5.3% | 1.4% | 2.6% | 1.8% | 1.4% | 1.0%
Other Transport | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.9% | 1.3% | -1.5% | 0.6% | -0.2% | -0.8%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 1 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 2.8% | 7.6% | 2.8% | 1.8% | 1.1% | 1.4%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | -5.0% | 1.6% | 32.3% | 14.0% | 3.7% | 1.0%
Oil | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -9.4% | -7.2% | 31.7% | -4.0% | -4.7% | -10.5%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2.2% | 16.9% | 7.1% | -5.6% | -1.1% | 2.2%
Biomass & Waste | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3.8% | 3.4% | -10.9% | 7.7% | 0.6% | 3.8%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 16.0% | 12.9% | 1.0% | 3.4% | 0.0% | -1.0%
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 182 | 218 | 208 | 248 | 280 | 311 | 342 | 1.8% | -0.5% | 1.8% | 1.2% | 1.1% | 0.9%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 8 | 11 | 12 | -5.1% | 3.8% | 33.7% | 14.6% | 4.0% | 1.1%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 7 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 18.6%
Oil | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | -4.9% | -8.2% | 31.5% | -3.8% | -4.6% | -10.4%
Gas | 0 | 1 | 6 | 9 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 12.5% | 18.6% | 4.4% | -5.1% | 0.2% | 2.8%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 13.4%
Biomass & Waste | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 6.9% | 3.5% | -6.8% | 9.1% | 1.6% | 5.0%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 24 | 26 | 26 | 27 | 40 | 48 | 41 | 1.1% | 0.0% | 0.2% | 4.2% | 1.6% | -1.5%
Hydro | 157 | 187 | 168 | 189 | 191 | 194 | 196 | 1.8% | -1.1% | 1.2% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.1%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 1 | 11 | 19 | 33 | 59 | n.s. | 39.0% | 28.2% | 5.7% | 5.7% | 5.9%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 5 | 9 | 13 | 25.5% | 20.1% | 33.8% | 6.2% | 5.4% | 4.5%
Other | 0 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 16.0% | 12.9% | 1.0% | 3.5% | 0.3% | -0.2%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 45 | 49 | 55 | 74 | 93 | 108 | 119 | 1.0% | 1.1% | 3.0% | 2.3% | 1.5% | 0.9%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 1.4% | 3.4% | 20.3% | 11.7% | 4.8% | 2.9%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 20.3%
Oil | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | -5.3% | 1.9% | 14.7% | 2.8% | 1.5% | 1.9%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 2 | 9 | 15 | 17 | 17 | 10.2% | 20.2% | 17.5% | 5.4% | 1.4% | 0.2%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 21.9%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 7.1% | -3.1% | 12.5% | 6.4% | 2.4% | 3.5%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 0.8% | 0.2% | 2.2% | 4.0% | 1.4% | -1.8%
Hydro | 41 | 45 | 48 | 49 | 50 | 50 | 51 | 1.0% | 0.7% | 0.2% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.1%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 9 | 14 | 18 | n.s. | 40.6% | 25.3% | 6.5% | 5.3% | 2.4%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 6 | 9 | 13 | 25.9% | 19.9% | 37.2% | 6.0% | 5.1% | 3.5%
Other | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 14.4% | 12.8% | 8.5% | 4.5% | 1.3% | 0.7%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 37 | 41 | 45 | 43 | 44 | 44 | 45 | 1.0% | 0.9% | -0.5% | 0.3% | 0.2% | 0.1%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.2% | -3.1% | 0.2% | 2.0% | 0.7% | -0.4%
Oil | 19 | 19 | 20 | 17 | 14 | 11 | 9 | 0.0% | 0.3% | -1.3% | -2.0% | -2.2% | -2.4%
Gas | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 7.0% | 2.2% | 0.2% | 1.7% | 0.8% | 0.1%
Electricity | 13 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 19 | 22 | 24 | 1.4% | 1.1% | 0.4% | 1.3% | 1.2% | 1.0%
Heat | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2.6% | 4.9% | 0.0% | 2.7% | 2.1% | 1.2%
Biomass & Other | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1.9% | 1.7% | -1.4% | 2.0% | 1.2% | 1.0%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 41% | 45% | 39% | 46% | 52% | 57% | 65% | 0.8% | -1.4% | 1.8% | 1.0% | 1.0% | 1.3%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 12 | 14 | 14 | 15 | 15 | 16 | 16 | 1.3% | 0.0% | 0.4% | 0.5% | 0.2% | 0.0%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.2% | -3.2% | 0.3% | 2.0% | 0.7% | -0.4%
Oil | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | -1.2% | 0.0% | -1.3% | -1.6% | -2.0% | -2.0%
Gas | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 11.9% | 1.7% | 0.9% | 0.7% | 0.4% | -0.4%
Electricity | 6 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 1.3% | 0.3% | 1.3% | 1.0% | 0.7% | 0.5%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7.9% | 2.6% | 0.3% | -0.2% | -0.3% | -0.2%
Biomass & Other | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5.7% | -1.7% | -1.0% | 1.4% | 0.7% | 1.3%
Buildings | 15 | 15 | 18 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 0.3% | 1.6% | -1.7% | 0.5% | 0.6% | 0.7%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -5.6% | -1.2% | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 6 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | -1.8% | -0.5% | -5.7% | -3.7% | -3.7% | -3.3%
Gas | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 3.7% | 3.1% | -1.0% | 0.0% | -0.9% | -1.5%
Electricity | 7 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 1.3% | 1.8% | -0.3% | 1.2% | 1.2% | 1.2%
Heat | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 1.7% | 5.3% | 0.0% | 3.1% | 2.3% | 1.3%
Biomass & Other | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -0.9% | 3.3% | -2.7% | -0.1% | -0.9% | -0.3%
Agriculture | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3.4% | -0.6% | -1.3% | 1.0% | 0.9% | 0.8%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1.9% | -0.3% | -2.6% | -0.7% | -2.0% | -3.5%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7.3% | -9.1% | 0.5% | -0.5% | -1.4% | -2.5%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 6.5% | 0.4% | 0.9% | 2.2% | 2.3% | 2.2%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 41.3% | -3.4% | 6.3% | 10.9% | 6.6% | 4.4%
Transport | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 1.4% | 1.0% | 0.3% | -0.5% | -0.6% | -0.8%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 8 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 9 | 7 | 6 | 1.5% | 0.8% | 0.1% | -1.8% | -2.1% | -2.4%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | 18.1% | 18.8% | 5.1% | 2.7%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0.1% | 1.7% | 1.5% | 8.5% | 3.9% | 2.2%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | 6.4% | 8.8% | 4.2% | 1.3%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 2 | 3 | 11 | 14 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 4.6% | 15.0% | 1.9% | -0.8% | 0.2% | 0.4%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Rest Balkans | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 24 | 23 | 23 | 22 | 21 | 20 | 19 | -0.5% | -0.3% | -0.2% | -0.3% | -0.6% | -0.7%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 5 | 4 | 7 | 8 | 11 | 15 | 20 | -0.9% | 4.1% | 1.9% | 3.1% | 3.6% | 2.8%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 0 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 14.0% | 4.6% | 1.9% | 3.1% | 3.6% | 2.8%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 22 | 15 | 12 | 10 | 9 | 8 | 7 | -3.6% | -2.6% | -1.2% | -1.7% | -1.4% | -0.8%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 31 | 24 | 27 | 27 | 26 | 25 | 24 | -2.6% | 1.3% | 0.1% | -0.3% | -0.4% | -0.5%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 47 | 61 | 61 | 62 | 65 | 67 | 69 | 2.6% | 0.0% | 0.2% | 0.4% | 0.3% | 0.3%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 12 | 18 | 13 | 14 | 17 | 19 | -3.4% | 3.6% | -2.9% | 0.9% | 1.7% | 1.3%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 76 | 86 | 100 | 128 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.5% | 1.2% | 1.5% | 2.5%
Gas | 18 | 21 | 30 | 46 | 52 | 64 | 85 | 1.4% | 3.8% | 4.3% | 1.3% | 2.0% | 2.9%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 129 | 75 | 118 | 120 | 135 | 136 | 137 | -5.3% | 4.6% | 0.2% | 1.1% | 0.1% | 0.1%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 129 | 94 | 119 | 121 | 135 | 138 | 139 | -3.1% | 2.3% | 0.2% | 1.0% | 0.3% | 0.1%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 129 | 92 | 118 | 116 | 126 | 133 | 132 | -3.3% | 2.5% | -0.2% | 0.8% | 0.6% | -0.1%
CO₂ | 101 | 71 | 88 | 82 | 86 | 87 | 80 | -3.4% | 2.1% | -0.7% | 0.5% | 0.1% | -0.8%
CH₄ | 17 | 12 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 12 | -3.5% | -0.7% | -0.1% | 0.6% | 0.5% | 0.1%
N₂O | 9 | 6 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 12 | -4.4% | 5.4% | 0.5% | 0.8% | 0.6% | 0.1%
F gases | 1 | 3 | 9 | 12 | 16 | 22 | 26 | 8.5% | 11.5% | 2.8% | 2.9% | 3.0% | 2.0%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 113 | 81 | 104 | 100 | 109 | 116 | 113 | -3.3% | 2.6% | -0.4% | 0.8% | 0.6% | -0.2%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 97 | 69 | 84 | 78 | 82 | 82 | 75 | -3.3% | 2.0% | -0.8% | 0.5% | 0.1% | -0.9%
Power generation/District heating | 52 | 47 | 52 | 48 | 51 | 49 | 42 | -1.0% | 1.0% | -0.8% | 0.6% | -0.3% | -1.6%
Industry | 16 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | -6.8% | 1.1% | -1.7% | 0.4% | 0.5% | -0.1%
Buildings | 14 | 5 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | -10.3% | 1.5% | -3.5% | -1.0% | -0.5% | -1.4%
Agriculture | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9.7% | -4.7% | 4.1% | 0.9% | 1.1% | 0.9%
Transport | 8 | 6 | 13 | 13 | 12 | 12 | 12 | -2.4% | 7.2% | -0.3% | -0.5% | 0.2% | -0.2%
Other | 6 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 9 | 9 | -9.6% | 6.7% | 2.1% | 2.2% | 2.3% | 0.7%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 20 | 18 | 21 | 13 | 15 | 17 | 19 | -1.0% | 1.5% | -4.5% | 1.2% | 1.2% | 1.1%
Coal | 14 | 13 | 14 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | -1.1% | 1.2% | -11.6% | 1.6% | 0.5% | 0.0%
Oil | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | -5.0% | 2.2% | 3.9% | -1.4% | -2.0% | -3.0%
Natural gas | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -1.4% | -6.4% | 5.3% | 4.0% | 1.3% | 0.5%
Biomass | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | -0.2% | 2.1% | 6.3% | 0.5% | 1.3% | 0.9%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 7.2% | 9.9%
Hydro | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3.7% | 3.9% | -1.6% | 1.7% | 1.6% | 1.5%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | n.s. | 19.5% | 31.3% | 16.1% | 10.9% | 6.9%
Net Imports | 12 | 5 | 10 | 15 | 16 | 18 | 16 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 2 | 0 | 1 | 10 | 10 | 8 | 7 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | 7 | 4 | 7 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 4 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | - 2 | - 1 | - 1 | - 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 32 | 24 | 31 | 29 | 32 | 35 | 35 | -3.1% | 2.7% | -0.7% | 1.0% | 1.0% | 0.1%
Coal | 16 | 13 | 15 | 14 | 15 | 13 | 12 | -2.2% | 1.6% | -0.7% | 0.3% | -1.0% | -0.9%
Oil | 9 | 5 | 9 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | -6.4% | 5.8% | -1.7% | -0.7% | 0.1% | -0.7%
Natural gas | 4 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 6 | 5 | -6.8% | 1.8% | -1.7% | 5.9% | 5.7% | -1.1%
Biomass | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | -0.2% | 2.3% | 0.6% | 2.9% | 2.3% | 1.4%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 7.2% | 9.9%
Hydro | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3.7% | 3.9% | -1.6% | 1.7% | 1.6% | 1.5%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | n.s. | 19.5% | 31.3% | 16.1% | 10.9% | 6.9%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 32 | 24 | 31 | 29 | 32 | 35 | 35 | -3.1% | 2.7% | -0.7% | 1.0% | 1.0% | 0.1%
Energy for Power Generation | 15 | 14 | 16 | 15 | 17 | 19 | 19 | -0.6% | 1.5% | -0.9% | 1.3% | 1.1% | 0.0%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | -5.3% | 5.9% | 4.1% | 2.3% | 2.1% | 0.6%
Final consumption | 21 | 13 | 19 | 18 | 19 | 22 | 23 | -4.4% | 3.6% | -0.7% | 0.9% | 1.2% | 0.6%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 0 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 5.2% | 14.3% | -2.8% | 0.0% | -0.2% | -0.9%
Other Industry | 7 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | -8.3% | -3.4% | 1.1% | 2.2% | 2.2% | 1.3%
Non-Energy Use | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -13.4% | 10.4% | -5.5% | 1.3% | 1.6% | 0.7%
Residential | 4 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 1.0% | 1.8% | -0.4% | 0.8% | 1.0% | 0.3%
Services | 4 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | -9.8% | 2.6% | -1.0% | 1.7% | 2.3% | 1.5%
Agriculture | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11.2% | -3.1% | 2.8% | 1.1% | 1.2% | 1.0%
Road | 3 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | -1.1% | 6.9% | 0.0% | 0.3% | 0.9% | 0.4%
Rail | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.1% | 18.1% | -3.0% | 0.6% | 0.9% | 0.5%
Aviation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 3.1% | 3.4% | 2.2%
Other Transport | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | 4.8% | 8.0% | 1.8% | 1.9% | 0.9%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 13 | 12 | 13 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 12 | -1.1% | 1.0% | -0.9% | 0.9% | 0.4% | -1.4%
Coal | 12 | 11 | 13 | 12 | 12 | 10 | 9 | -0.4% | 1.0% | -0.6% | 0.0% | -1.5% | -1.5%
Oil | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -12.5% | -2.9% | -24.4% | 31.7% | 8.1% | -1.5%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 2 | -7.4% | 7.7% | -12.7% | 31.9% | 11.1% | -2.4%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 13.6% | 10.3% | 6.5%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 65 | 59 | 79 | 76 | 94 | 115 | 129 | -0.9% | 3.0% | -0.4% | 2.1% | 2.1% | 1.1%
Coal | 44 | 35 | 45 | 46 | 50 | 47 | 42 | -2.3% | 2.6% | 0.2% | 0.9% | -0.6% | -1.2%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | -11.9% | -12.4% | -13.5% | 31.8% | 8.1% | -1.3%
Gas | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 11 | 10 | -11.4% | 0.3% | -3.8% | 29.3% | 11.8% | -1.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 16.1% | 11.5% | 7.1%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Hydro | 16 | 23 | 34 | 29 | 34 | 40 | 46 | 3.7% | 3.9% | -1.6% | 1.7% | 1.6% | 1.5%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 10 | 19 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 16.8% | 11.4% | 6.4%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 8 | n.s. | n.s. | 51.8% | 19.3% | 12.4% | 8.7%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 19.3% | 14.5%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 26 | 13 | 16 | 20 | 23 | 30 | 39 | -6.7% | 2.6% | 1.8% | 1.5% | 2.6% | 2.8%
Coal | 25 | 8 | 8 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 13 | -10.5% | 0.4% | 2.3% | 0.4% | 1.2% | 0.6%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | -0.6% | 2.4% | -2.6% | -3.5% | 2.5% | 2.7%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | -1.1% | 31.4% | -1.5% | 0.2% | -1.2% | 1.2%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 12.6% | 11.1% | 7.6%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Hydro | 0 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 9 | n.s. | 0.9% | 2.3% | 1.7% | 1.6% | 1.5%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 7 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 16.1% | 10.6% | 5.8%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 6 | n.s. | n.s. | 52.1% | 19.6% | 12.6% | 9.0%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 13.9%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 21 | 13 | 19 | 18 | 19 | 22 | 23 | -4.4% | 3.6% | -0.7% | 0.9% | 1.2% | 0.6%
Coal | 4 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | -7.0% | 1.2% | -1.8% | 0.0% | -0.1% | -0.1%
Oil | 8 | 4 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 6 | -6.1% | 6.3% | -1.2% | -1.0% | -0.3% | -0.6%
Gas | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | -7.6% | 0.0% | -3.2% | 4.6% | 3.0% | 0.7%
Electricity | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 9 | -0.8% | 2.5% | 0.8% | 2.0% | 2.0% | 1.2%
Heat | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | -1.9% | 5.2% | -1.4% | 2.2% | 1.9% | 1.5%
Biomass & Other | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | -0.2% | 2.2% | -0.1% | 1.8% | 1.9% | 1.1%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 15% | 26% | 26% | 25% | 30% | 35% | 44% | 5.2% | 0.2% | -0.4% | 1.7% | 1.8% | 2.1%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 9 | 4 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 7 | -7.9% | 3.7% | -1.7% | 1.2% | 1.3% | 0.6%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -2.4% | 1.3% | -0.4% | 0.8% | 0.5% | 0.3%
Oil | 4 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -15.1% | 7.7% | -3.5% | -1.2% | -0.9% | -1.4%
Gas | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -2.4% | -0.6% | -6.3% | 3.2% | 2.7% | 0.6%
Electricity | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | -7.8% | 5.3% | 1.1% | 2.4% | 2.0% | 1.1%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -6.1% | 9.0% | -5.7% | -0.2% | -0.3% | -0.2%
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | -3.4% | 8.9% | 3.5% | 4.7% | 3.2%
Buildings | 9 | 6 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | -3.1% | 2.0% | -0.5% | 1.1% | 1.4% | 0.7%
Coal | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -12.7% | 2.1% | -5.0% | -2.9% | -3.2% | -3.4%
Oil | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -1.0% | 1.1% | -3.6% | -2.6% | -1.7% | -1.6%
Gas | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -14.8% | 1.1% | 0.1% | 3.6% | 2.2% | -0.3%
Electricity | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 3.1% | 1.5% | 0.6% | 1.3% | 1.7% | 1.0%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.0% | 3.7% | 0.3% | 2.8% | 2.4% | 1.7%
Biomass & Other | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | -1.2% | 2.8% | -1.0% | 0.7% | 0.9% | 0.2%
Agriculture | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11.2% | -3.1% | 2.8% | 1.1% | 1.2% | 1.0%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.3% | -29.6% | -5.0% | -2.0% | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 16.2% | -2.0% | 3.3% | 1.0% | 1.1% | 0.9%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | 12.6% | 0.8% | 0.9% | 0.7%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5.0% | 6.0% | -1.5% | 1.8% | 1.9% | 1.7%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | -13.8% | -7.8% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0%
Transport | 3 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | -1.0% | 7.3% | -0.1% | 0.4% | 0.9% | 0.4%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 3 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | -0.9% | 7.3% | -0.4% | -0.9% | -0.2% | -0.5%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | 19.2% | 18.8% | 5.4% | 2.2%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | -5.5% | 3.9% | 6.9% | 15.2% | 5.5% | 2.7%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 15.3% | 5.3% | 3.1%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | -5.3% | 5.9% | 4.1% | 2.3% | 2.1% | 0.6%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Russia | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 148 | 146 | 143 | 143 | 139 | 133 | 129 | -0.1% | -0.2% | 0.0% | -0.3% | -0.4% | -0.3%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 13 | 9 | 14 | 16 | 20 | 24 | 25 | -3.8% | 5.1% | 1.3% | 2.3% | 1.8% | 0.4%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 6 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 11 | -3.8% | 5.1% | 1.1% | 2.3% | 1.8% | 0.4%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 17 | 6 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | -9.0% | -5.0% | 1.7% | -0.6% | -0.4% | -0.1%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 48 | 38 | 35 | 32 | 31 | 30 | 30 | -2.4% | -0.9% | -0.7% | -0.4% | -0.4% | -0.1%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 35 | 56 | 61 | 63 | 65 | 66 | 66 | 4.8% | 1.0% | 0.3% | 0.2% | 0.2% | 0.0%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 12 | 18 | 13 | 14 | 17 | 17 | -3.4% | 3.6% | -3.2% | 1.2% | 1.5% | 0.1%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 76 | 86 | 100 | 128 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.5% | 1.2% | 1.5% | 2.5%
Gas | 18 | 21 | 30 | 46 | 52 | 64 | 85 | 1.4% | 3.8% | 4.3% | 1.3% | 2.0% | 2.9%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 3 428 | 1 649 | 1 612 | 1 743 | 1 958 | 2 180 | 2 283 | -7.1% | -0.2% | 0.8% | 1.2% | 1.1% | 0.5%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 3 428 | 2 108 | 2 230 | 2 178 | 2 190 | 2 249 | 2 339 | -4.7% | 0.6% | -0.2% | 0.1% | 0.3% | 0.4%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 3 300 | 2 092 | 2 218 | 2 172 | 2 190 | 2 249 | 2 205 | -4.5% | 0.6% | -0.2% | 0.1% | 0.3% | -0.2%
CO₂ | 2 418 | 1 497 | 1 563 | 1 520 | 1 508 | 1 522 | 1 455 | -4.7% | 0.4% | -0.3% | -0.1% | 0.1% | -0.4%
CH₄ | 593 | 435 | 491 | 469 | 489 | 524 | 547 | -3.1% | 1.2% | -0.5% | 0.4% | 0.7% | 0.4%
N₂O | 248 | 131 | 150 | 165 | 172 | 180 | 180 | -6.2% | 1.3% | 1.0% | 0.4% | 0.5% | 0.0%
F gases | 41 | 29 | 14 | 18 | 21 | 23 | 23 | -3.5% | -6.8% | 2.3% | 1.5% | 0.9% | -0.1%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 2 978 | 1 938 | 2 077 | 2 018 | 2 023 | 2 070 | 2 020 | -4.2% | 0.7% | -0.3% | 0.0% | 0.2% | -0.2%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 2 285 | 1 420 | 1 458 | 1 427 | 1 417 | 1 433 | 1 377 | -4.6% | 0.3% | -0.2% | -0.1% | 0.1% | -0.4%
Power generation/District heating | 795 | 586 | 623 | 604 | 610 | 625 | 625 | -3.0% | 0.6% | -0.3% | 0.1% | 0.2% | 0.0%
Industry | 227 | 157 | 140 | 150 | 153 | 149 | 133 | -3.6% | -1.1% | 0.7% | 0.2% | -0.3% | -1.1%
Buildings | 336 | 170 | 137 | 107 | 105 | 114 | 106 | -6.6% | -2.1% | -2.5% | -0.2% | 0.8% | -0.7%
Agriculture | 49 | 21 | 14 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 15 | -8.3% | -4.1% | -0.4% | 0.8% | 0.6% | 0.2%
Transport | 252 | 112 | 157 | 185 | 190 | 190 | 166 | -7.8% | 3.4% | 1.7% | 0.3% | 0.0% | -1.3%
Other | 626 | 375 | 386 | 369 | 344 | 341 | 332 | -5.0% | 0.3% | -0.5% | -0.7% | -0.1% | -0.3%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 1 234 | 944 | 1 229 | 1 301 | 1 559 | 1 876 | 2 259 | -2.6% | 2.7% | 0.6% | 1.8% | 1.9% | 1.9%
Coal | 164 | 130 | 169 | 155 | 224 | 378 | 696 | -2.3% | 2.7% | -0.8% | 3.7% | 5.4% | 6.3%
Oil | 526 | 325 | 510 | 538 | 572 | 560 | 509 | -4.7% | 4.6% | 0.5% | 0.6% | -0.2% | -0.9%
Natural gas | 491 | 436 | 486 | 523 | 652 | 803 | 919 | -1.2% | 1.1% | 0.7% | 2.2% | 2.1% | 1.4%
Biomass | 8 | 5 | 4 | 16 | 35 | 39 | 41 | -5.5% | -0.9% | 13.8% | 8.3% | 1.3% | 0.3%
Nuclear¹ | 31 | 35 | 45 | 51 | 58 | 73 | 68 | 1.0% | 2.7% | 1.3% | 1.2% | 2.4% | -0.8%
Hydro | 14 | 14 | 14 | 16 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 0.0% | 0.2% | 0.8% | 0.4% | 0.5% | 0.6%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 8 | 7.6% | 24.1% | 12.2% | 6.3% | 7.0% | 5.0%
Net Imports | - 353 | - 324 | - 539 | - 610 | - 851 | -1 143 | -1 561 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 11 | - 10 | - 68 | - 33 | - 83 | - 223 | - 529 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | - 265 | - 199 | - 370 | - 366 | - 410 | - 409 | - 382 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | - 103 | - 117 | - 103 | - 209 | - 356 | - 513 | - 655 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 4 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 6 | 10 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | - 1 | - 2 | - 3 | - 3 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | - 1 | - 1 | - 2 | - 2 | - 2 | - 2 | - 2 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 880 | 619 | 690 | 691 | 708 | 733 | 698 | -3.5% | 1.1% | 0.0% | 0.2% | 0.4% | -0.5%
Coal | 175 | 120 | 101 | 122 | 141 | 155 | 167 | -3.7% | -1.7% | 1.9% | 1.5% | 0.9% | 0.8%
Oil | 261 | 126 | 140 | 172 | 162 | 151 | 128 | -7.0% | 1.1% | 2.1% | -0.6% | -0.7% | -1.7%
Natural gas | 388 | 319 | 384 | 315 | 296 | 290 | 264 | -1.9% | 1.9% | -2.0% | -0.6% | -0.2% | -1.0%
Biomass | 12 | 7 | 7 | 16 | 36 | 46 | 50 | -5.6% | 0.0% | 8.7% | 8.5% | 2.6% | 1.0%
Nuclear¹ | 31 | 35 | 45 | 51 | 58 | 73 | 68 | 1.0% | 2.7% | 1.3% | 1.2% | 2.4% | -0.8%
Hydro | 14 | 14 | 14 | 16 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 0.0% | 0.2% | 0.8% | 0.4% | 0.5% | 0.6%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 8 | 7.6% | 24.1% | 12.2% | 6.3% | 7.0% | 5.0%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 880 | 619 | 690 | 691 | 708 | 733 | 698 | -3.5% | 1.1% | 0.0% | 0.2% | 0.4% | -0.5%
Energy for Power Generation | 325 | 252 | 286 | 282 | 288 | 307 | 299 | -2.5% | 1.2% | -0.1% | 0.2% | 0.7% | -0.2%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 224 | 154 | 154 | 148 | 147 | 149 | 146 | -3.6% | 0.0% | -0.4% | 0.0% | 0.1% | -0.2%
Final consumption | 603 | 400 | 425 | 426 | 447 | 462 | 438 | -4.0% | 0.6% | 0.0% | 0.5% | 0.3% | -0.5%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 102 | 78 | 91 | 93 | 97 | 94 | 86 | -2.7% | 1.6% | 0.2% | 0.4% | -0.3% | -0.9%
Other Industry | 128 | 65 | 52 | 56 | 57 | 58 | 57 | -6.5% | -2.2% | 0.6% | 0.3% | 0.2% | -0.3%
Non-Energy Use | 40 | 36 | 66 | 74 | 79 | 81 | 76 | -1.0% | 6.2% | 1.2% | 0.7% | 0.2% | -0.7%
Residential | 168 | 140 | 111 | 97 | 95 | 100 | 97 | -1.8% | -2.3% | -1.4% | -0.2% | 0.5% | -0.2%
Services | 62 | 25 | 37 | 34 | 41 | 46 | 45 | -8.7% | 3.9% | -0.7% | 1.7% | 1.3% | -0.3%
Agriculture | 22 | 9 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | -8.3% | -4.4% | -0.2% | 1.0% | 0.8% | 0.4%
Road | 52 | 34 | 48 | 51 | 55 | 58 | 54 | -4.1% | 3.4% | 0.5% | 0.8% | 0.5% | -0.6%
Rail | 12 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | -7.6% | 2.1% | 0.8% | 0.2% | 0.0% | -0.5%
Aviation | 9 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 7 | -6.9% | 1.5% | 1.5% | 1.6% | 1.1% | -0.5%
Other Transport | 7 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | -14.7% | -1.4% | 6.7% | 1.1% | 0.1% | -1.3%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 279 | 204 | 226 | 214 | 211 | 211 | 205 | -3.1% | 1.0% | -0.5% | -0.1% | 0.0% | -0.3%
Coal | 63 | 63 | 59 | 66 | 77 | 86 | 94 | 0.0% | -0.6% | 1.0% | 1.6% | 1.1% | 1.0%
Oil | 46 | 12 | 4 | 9 | 5 | 3 | 2 | -12.6% | -10.2% | 8.7% | -5.6% | -4.2% | -3.6%
Gas | 170 | 127 | 160 | 134 | 123 | 116 | 103 | -2.9% | 2.4% | -1.8% | -0.9% | -0.5% | -1.2%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 29.4% | 1.7% | 9.1% | 1.9% | 0.0% | -1.6%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7.6% | 24.2% | 8.3% | 5.5% | 1.0% | 2.1%
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 1 082 | 878 | 1 038 | 1 093 | 1 259 | 1 428 | 1 438 | -2.1% | 1.7% | 0.5% | 1.4% | 1.3% | 0.1%
Coal | 157 | 176 | 166 | 202 | 270 | 329 | 373 | 1.1% | -0.6% | 2.0% | 3.0% | 2.0% | 1.3%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 129 | 33 | 9 | 41 | 23 | 15 | 11 | -12.7% | -11.9% | 16.1% | -5.6% | -4.3% | -3.5%
Gas | 512 | 370 | 521 | 450 | 522 | 551 | 508 | -3.2% | 3.5% | -1.4% | 1.5% | 0.5% | -0.8%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 3 | 3 | 15 | 19 | 20 | 20 | 52.6% | 0.9% | 18.7% | 2.4% | 0.1% | 0.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 118 | 131 | 170 | 196 | 222 | 289 | 271 | 1.0% | 2.7% | 1.4% | 1.3% | 2.7% | -0.6%
Hydro | 166 | 165 | 168 | 183 | 191 | 200 | 213 | 0.0% | 0.2% | 0.8% | 0.4% | 0.5% | 0.6%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 7 | 16 | 26 | n.s. | 7.2% | n.s. | 5.4% | 8.9% | 5.1%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 6 | 12 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 15.3% | 9.5% | 7.1%
Other | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 7.6% | 24.2% | 8.3% | 5.7% | 1.7% | 3.4%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 144 | 211 | 231 | 231 | 245 | 287 | 306 | 3.9% | 0.9% | 0.0% | 0.6% | 1.6% | 0.7%
Coal | 42 | 42 | 42 | 38 | 42 | 53 | 59 | 0.0% | 0.0% | -1.1% | 1.1% | 2.2% | 1.2%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 16 | 16 | 16 | 13 | 9 | 6 | 5 | 0.0% | 0.0% | -1.8% | -4.4% | -2.8% | -2.1%
Gas | 86 | 88 | 104 | 100 | 106 | 122 | 127 | 0.3% | 1.7% | -0.4% | 0.6% | 1.4% | 0.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 36.8% | 0.0% | 13.4% | 2.1% | 0.1% | 0.6%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 20 | 23 | 25 | 28 | 36 | 33 | n.s. | 1.3% | 1.0% | 1.1% | 2.5% | -0.7%
Hydro | 0 | 44 | 45 | 49 | 51 | 53 | 57 | n.s. | 0.2% | 0.8% | 0.4% | 0.5% | 0.6%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 4 | 9 | 13 | n.s. | 19.6% | n.s. | 4.9% | 7.6% | 3.8%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 9 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 10.7% | 6.6% | 6.0%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | 14.6% | 6.8% | 5.5% | 1.4% | 2.9%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 603 | 400 | 425 | 426 | 447 | 462 | 438 | -4.0% | 0.6% | 0.0% | 0.5% | 0.3% | -0.5%
Coal | 68 | 29 | 28 | 33 | 35 | 34 | 31 | -8.3% | -0.2% | 1.6% | 0.6% | -0.4% | -0.8%
Oil | 145 | 91 | 109 | 125 | 122 | 117 | 101 | -4.6% | 1.9% | 1.4% | -0.2% | -0.4% | -1.4%
Gas | 110 | 90 | 110 | 97 | 106 | 115 | 108 | -2.0% | 2.0% | -1.3% | 0.9% | 0.8% | -0.6%
Electricity | 68 | 50 | 60 | 63 | 73 | 83 | 83 | -2.9% | 1.8% | 0.5% | 1.4% | 1.3% | 0.1%
Heat | 203 | 137 | 115 | 102 | 99 | 98 | 96 | -3.9% | -1.8% | -1.2% | -0.2% | -0.1% | -0.2%
Biomass & Other | 8 | 3 | 2 | 6 | 12 | 16 | 18 | -9.3% | -2.5% | 9.5% | 7.0% | 3.2% | 1.5%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 6% | 8% | 7% | 8% | 9% | 11% | 13% | 2.1% | -0.9% | 1.5% | 1.6% | 1.4% | 1.9%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 270 | 179 | 210 | 223 | 233 | 234 | 218 | -4.0% | 1.6% | 0.6% | 0.5% | 0.0% | -0.7%
Coal | 28 | 19 | 24 | 30 | 33 | 32 | 30 | -3.9% | 2.6% | 2.3% | 0.8% | -0.2% | -0.7%
Oil | 44 | 36 | 43 | 52 | 51 | 48 | 43 | -2.0% | 1.9% | 2.0% | -0.3% | -0.5% | -1.2%
Gas | 52 | 43 | 66 | 67 | 71 | 72 | 64 | -1.9% | 4.5% | 0.1% | 0.6% | 0.1% | -1.1%
Electricity | 41 | 27 | 28 | 30 | 34 | 39 | 39 | -4.2% | 0.5% | 0.6% | 1.4% | 1.2% | 0.1%
Heat | 105 | 55 | 48 | 42 | 40 | 39 | 37 | -6.4% | -1.4% | -1.3% | -0.3% | -0.4% | -0.4%
Biomass & Other | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 5 | n.s. | -2.9% | 13.1% | 9.0% | 1.6% | 0.8%
Buildings | 231 | 166 | 148 | 131 | 136 | 146 | 142 | -3.3% | -1.1% | -1.2% | 0.4% | 0.7% | -0.3%
Coal | 40 | 10 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | -13.1% | -8.8% | -4.0% | -2.3% | -2.6% | -2.9%
Oil | 14 | 7 | 6 | 9 | 7 | 5 | 4 | -7.0% | -0.6% | 3.9% | -3.2% | -2.3% | -2.6%
Gas | 57 | 47 | 43 | 29 | 32 | 39 | 38 | -1.9% | -0.8% | -4.1% | 1.2% | 1.9% | -0.3%
Electricity | 15 | 18 | 26 | 27 | 30 | 34 | 33 | 1.7% | 3.8% | 0.3% | 1.2% | 1.1% | -0.2%
Heat | 98 | 82 | 67 | 60 | 59 | 59 | 59 | -1.7% | -2.0% | -1.1% | -0.2% | 0.0% | -0.1%
Biomass & Other | 7 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 8 | -10.8% | -2.6% | 8.4% | 4.1% | 2.4% | 0.7%
Agriculture | 22 | 9 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | -8.3% | -4.4% | -0.2% | 1.0% | 0.8% | 0.4%
Coal | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -7.1% | -11.5% | -3.4% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0%
Oil | 14 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | -8.7% | -4.2% | -0.4% | 0.9% | 0.7% | 0.2%
Gas | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -0.8% | 0.9% | 0.6% | 0.7% | 0.5% | 0.0%
Electricity | 6 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | -7.7% | -6.2% | 0.1% | 1.7% | 1.5% | 1.0%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -15.8% | 1.1% | 0.4% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0%
Transport | 80 | 46 | 61 | 66 | 72 | 75 | 71 | -5.4% | 3.0% | 0.8% | 0.8% | 0.5% | -0.6%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 73 | 42 | 56 | 60 | 60 | 59 | 50 | -5.3% | 2.8% | 0.6% | 0.1% | -0.2% | -1.7%
Gas | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 6 | -23.1% | 3.4% | 11.9% | 19.7% | 5.9% | 4.5%
Electricity | 6 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 9 | 10 | -5.5% | 4.5% | 1.1% | 2.6% | 1.9% | 0.9%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 6 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 23.3% | 7.7% | 3.5%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 224 | 154 | 154 | 148 | 147 | 149 | 146 | -3.6% | 0.0% | -0.4% | 0.0% | 0.1% | -0.2%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Ukraine | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 51 | 49 | 46 | 44 | 41 | 38 | 35 | -0.5% | -0.7% | -0.4% | -0.7% | -0.8% | -0.7%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 8 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 10 | 15 | 21 | -7.5% | 5.0% | 1.0% | 4.2% | 3.9% | 3.5%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 3 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 7 | -7.5% | 5.0% | 0.7% | 4.2% | 3.9% | 3.5%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 26 | 17 | 8 | 12 | 10 | 8 | 7 | -4.0% | -7.0% | 4.0% | -2.5% | -1.6% | -1.0%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 45 | 36 | 31 | 26 | 25 | 24 | 23 | -2.0% | -1.5% | -1.9% | -0.2% | -0.4% | -0.5%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 30 | 47 | 60 | 62 | 65 | 67 | 69 | 4.6% | 2.6% | 0.2% | 0.5% | 0.3% | 0.3%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 12 | 18 | 13 | 14 | 17 | 17 | -3.4% | 3.6% | -3.2% | 1.2% | 1.5% | 0.1%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 76 | 86 | 100 | 128 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.5% | 1.2% | 1.5% | 2.5%
Gas | 18 | 21 | 30 | 46 | 52 | 64 | 85 | 1.4% | 3.8% | 4.3% | 1.3% | 2.0% | 2.9%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 804 | 345 | 311 | 261 | 302 | 309 | 353 | -8.1% | -1.1% | -1.7% | 1.5% | 0.3% | 1.3%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 873 | 396 | 349 | 286 | 323 | 327 | 369 | -7.6% | -1.3% | -2.0% | 1.2% | 0.1% | 1.2%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 873 | 396 | 349 | 286 | 323 | 327 | 369 | -7.6% | -1.3% | -2.0% | 1.2% | 0.1% | 1.2%
CO₂ | 652 | 277 | 253 | 200 | 240 | 246 | 292 | -8.2% | -0.9% | -2.3% | 1.8% | 0.2% | 1.7%
CH₄ | 162 | 93 | 66 | 53 | 48 | 44 | 39 | -5.4% | -3.3% | -2.2% | -1.0% | -0.8% | -1.1%
N₂O | 59 | 26 | 29 | 32 | 35 | 36 | 36 | -7.7% | 0.9% | 1.0% | 0.8% | 0.3% | 0.0%
F gases | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | -5.6% | 17.0% | 3.0% | 4.2% | 3.4% | 2.7%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 770 | 359 | 314 | 248 | 283 | 285 | 327 | -7.3% | -1.3% | -2.3% | 1.3% | 0.1% | 1.4%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 613 | 258 | 234 | 182 | 221 | 226 | 272 | -8.3% | -1.0% | -2.5% | 1.9% | 0.2% | 1.9%
Power generation/District heating | 209 | 77 | 93 | 81 | 113 | 114 | 159 | -9.5% | 1.9% | -1.4% | 3.4% | 0.1% | 3.4%
Industry | 127 | 47 | 31 | 25 | 28 | 29 | 29 | -9.5% | -3.9% | -2.2% | 1.0% | 0.4% | 0.0%
Buildings | 56 | 44 | 37 | 21 | 19 | 17 | 15 | -2.5% | -1.8% | -5.5% | -1.0% | -1.2% | -1.2%
Agriculture | 23 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 6 | -17.2% | 2.4% | 0.0% | 1.1% | 1.1% | 1.1%
Transport | 53 | 17 | 30 | 25 | 27 | 28 | 28 | -10.6% | 5.5% | -1.8% | 0.6% | 0.5% | -0.1%
Other | 144 | 69 | 38 | 26 | 29 | 33 | 36 | -7.1% | -5.8% | -3.8% | 1.3% | 1.0% | 0.9%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 105 | 71 | 80 | 76 | 74 | 81 | 72 | -3.8% | 1.1% | -0.4% | -0.2% | 0.8% | -1.2%
Coal | 57 | 32 | 34 | 30 | 24 | 22 | 14 | -5.5% | 0.6% | -1.3% | -2.3% | -1.0% | -4.1%
Oil | 6 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | -3.2% | -0.2% | -2.6% | 1.8% | 1.4% | 0.5%
Natural gas | 21 | 13 | 15 | 17 | 18 | 18 | 17 | -4.5% | 1.4% | 0.8% | 0.8% | 0.0% | -0.3%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | -2.2% | 18.6% | -1.5% | 3.2% | 3.5% | 2.9%
Nuclear¹ | 20 | 20 | 24 | 23 | 23 | 28 | 25 | 0.2% | 1.4% | -0.2% | 0.0% | 2.0% | -1.4%
Hydro | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.7% | 1.4% | -0.1% | -0.1% | 0.0% | 0.0%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 6 | 7 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 12.3% | 6.5% | 2.7%
Net Imports | 148 | 58 | 53 | 21 | 36 | 40 | 60 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 18 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 17 | 19 | 34 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | 62 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 10 | 11 | 11 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | 71 | 49 | 40 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 13 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | - 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 253 | 130 | 133 | 97 | 110 | 121 | 132 | -6.4% | 0.2% | -3.1% | 1.3% | 0.9% | 0.9%
Coal | 75 | 34 | 39 | 33 | 41 | 40 | 49 | -7.5% | 1.2% | -1.6% | 2.3% | -0.3% | 1.9%
Oil | 67 | 12 | 13 | 11 | 13 | 15 | 16 | -15.9% | 1.0% | -1.4% | 1.4% | 1.2% | 0.5%
Natural gas | 92 | 62 | 55 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 31 | -3.8% | -1.2% | -7.2% | 0.2% | 0.4% | 1.0%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | -2.2% | 18.9% | -0.8% | 5.3% | 3.7% | 2.7%
Nuclear¹ | 20 | 20 | 24 | 23 | 23 | 28 | 25 | 0.2% | 1.4% | -0.2% | 0.0% | 2.0% | -1.4%
Hydro | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.7% | 1.4% | -0.1% | -0.1% | 0.0% | 0.0%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 6 | 7 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 12.3% | 6.5% | 2.7%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 253 | 130 | 133 | 97 | 110 | 121 | 132 | -6.4% | 0.2% | -3.1% | 1.3% | 0.9% | 0.9%
Energy for Power Generation | 81 | 44 | 51 | 48 | 60 | 70 | 82 | -5.9% | 1.4% | -0.6% | 2.3% | 1.5% | 1.5%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 60 | 34 | 30 | 12 | 12 | 13 | 14 | -5.4% | -1.3% | -8.8% | 0.2% | 0.6% | 0.8%
Final consumption | 160 | 74 | 75 | 55 | 61 | 66 | 70 | -7.4% | 0.2% | -3.1% | 1.1% | 0.8% | 0.6%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 27 | 13 | 22 | 16 | 17 | 16 | 14 | -7.0% | 5.5% | -3.2% | 0.3% | -0.5% | -1.1%
Other Industry | 61 | 24 | 8 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 11 | -8.8% | -10.9% | -3.7% | 2.9% | 2.3% | 1.9%
Non-Energy Use | 6 | 1 | 6 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 5 | -15.4% | 16.4% | -6.0% | 2.3% | 2.0% | 1.4%
Residential | 32 | 24 | 24 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 17 | -2.8% | -0.1% | -4.1% | 0.2% | 0.1% | 0.2%
Services | 3 | 2 | 5 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 9 | -0.7% | 6.6% | -0.4% | 3.1% | 2.4% | 2.1%
Agriculture | 9 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | -16.6% | 1.2% | -0.1% | 1.2% | 1.2% | 1.2%
Road | 18 | 6 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 10 | -9.6% | 2.9% | -1.3% | 1.2% | 1.2% | 0.7%
Rail | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -6.9% | -0.5% | -1.7% | 1.7% | 1.4% | 1.1%
Aviation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Other Transport | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | -7.1% | 2.6% | 1.8% | 1.3%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 60 | 23 | 26 | 23 | 33 | 35 | 49 | -9.3% | 1.5% | -1.3% | 3.7% | 0.7% | 3.2%
Coal | 35 | 14 | 19 | 16 | 22 | 21 | 30 | -8.5% | 3.0% | -1.9% | 3.2% | -0.6% | 3.7%
Oil | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | -30.9% | 0.3% | 2.0% | 6.7% | 4.7% | 2.8%
Gas | 12 | 8 | 6 | 7 | 10 | 12 | 15 | -4.2% | -2.5% | 0.5% | 4.1% | 2.1% | 2.4%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | -40.3% | n.s. | 9.0% | 3.7%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 299 | 171 | 189 | 189 | 267 | 337 | 409 | -5.4% | 1.0% | 0.0% | 3.5% | 2.4% | 2.0%
Coal | 114 | 52 | 70 | 57 | 86 | 88 | 132 | -7.6% | 3.0% | -2.0% | 4.2% | 0.2% | 4.1%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 48 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 6 | 7 | -30.9% | -3.6% | 8.0% | 6.9% | 4.7% | 2.8%
Gas | 50 | 30 | 16 | 19 | 40 | 58 | 78 | -5.0% | -6.3% | 2.1% | 7.6% | 3.8% | 3.0%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 6 | 9 | n.s. | n.s. | -27.0% | n.s. | 9.0% | 3.7%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 76 | 77 | 89 | 88 | 88 | 109 | 97 | 0.2% | 1.4% | -0.2% | 0.0% | 2.2% | -1.1%
Hydro | 11 | 11 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 0.7% | 1.4% | -0.1% | -0.1% | 0.0% | 0.0%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 26 | 49 | 68 | n.s. | 23.6% | n.s. | 13.7% | 6.4% | 3.3%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 8 | 8 | 5 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 7.6% | 0.8% | -5.4%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 18.4% | 14.4%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 42 | 52 | 54 | 46 | 65 | 84 | 92 | 2.2% | 0.3% | -1.6% | 3.6% | 2.6% | 1.0%
Coal | 23 | 22 | 22 | 12 | 16 | 21 | 26 | -0.2% | -0.1% | -5.5% | 2.8% | 2.5% | 2.0%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 7 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | -18.2% | 0.0% | -9.1% | 10.1% | 5.8% | 3.6%
Gas | 12 | 14 | 12 | 8 | 12 | 17 | 20 | 0.8% | -1.0% | -4.7% | 5.0% | 3.1% | 2.0%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | 32.9% | 9.8% | -1.6% | -3.2%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 11 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 16 | 14 | n.s. | 1.6% | -0.1% | -0.2% | 2.0% | -1.3%
Hydro | 0 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | n.s. | 1.5% | 0.3% | -0.1% | 0.0% | 0.0%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 8 | 15 | 20 | n.s. | n.s. | 39.4% | 12.0% | 5.9% | 2.9%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 6 | 7 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 6.9% | 0.3% | -5.4%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 13.9%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 160 | 74 | 75 | 55 | 61 | 66 | 70 | -7.4% | 0.2% | -3.1% | 1.1% | 0.8% | 0.6%
Coal | 35 | 15 | 13 | 12 | 13 | 12 | 11 | -8.4% | -1.3% | -1.0% | 0.9% | -0.2% | -0.9%
Oil | 43 | 11 | 13 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | -13.0% | 1.7% | -1.4% | 1.2% | 0.9% | 0.3%
Gas | 33 | 26 | 25 | 12 | 11 | 11 | 10 | -2.6% | -0.2% | -6.8% | -0.8% | -0.7% | -0.5%
Electricity | 18 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 16 | 21 | 25 | -5.8% | 1.7% | 0.0% | 3.6% | 2.4% | 2.0%
Heat | 31 | 13 | 12 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | -8.0% | -0.6% | -5.9% | 0.1% | 0.7% | 0.3%
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | -2.2% | 14.7% | 4.8% | 0.4% | 0.7% | 1.9%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 2% | 3% | 4% | 7% | 10% | 14% | 16% | 2.8% | 4.7% | 4.5% | 3.8% | 3.3% | 1.7%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 95 | 39 | 36 | 25 | 28 | 29 | 30 | -8.6% | -0.8% | -3.7% | 1.2% | 0.6% | 0.3%
Coal | 27 | 12 | 12 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 11 | -7.9% | 0.2% | -0.6% | 0.9% | -0.2% | -0.9%
Oil | 15 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | -16.8% | -0.4% | -2.4% | 3.0% | 2.4% | 1.5%
Gas | 23 | 12 | 11 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | -6.5% | -1.2% | -9.1% | -0.3% | -0.1% | -0.3%
Electricity | 13 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 9 | -8.4% | 0.9% | -2.0% | 2.8% | 2.2% | 1.7%
Heat | 16 | 7 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | -8.0% | -3.6% | -6.2% | -0.2% | -0.3% | -0.2%
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | -0.7% | 7.1% | 2.3% | 3.0%
Buildings | 35 | 27 | 28 | 20 | 22 | 24 | 26 | -2.6% | 0.7% | -3.4% | 0.9% | 0.8% | 0.8%
Coal | 7 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -9.0% | -13.1% | -8.1% | -1.0% | -1.3% | -1.6%
Oil | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -13.8% | -7.5% | 4.9% | 7.2% | 2.3% | 1.1%
Gas | 10 | 14 | 14 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 3.2% | 0.5% | -5.5% | -1.5% | -1.6% | -1.5%
Electricity | 1 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 9 | 11 | 14 | 8.5% | 3.7% | 2.2% | 4.1% | 2.4% | 2.1%
Heat | 14 | 6 | 8 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | -8.1% | 2.1% | -5.6% | 0.2% | 1.3% | 0.6%
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -2.2% | 14.0% | 3.9% | -1.3% | -2.3% | -0.8%
Agriculture | 9 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | -16.6% | 1.2% | -0.1% | 1.2% | 1.2% | 1.2%
Coal | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | -9.7% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0%
Oil | 6 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | -15.7% | 1.5% | 0.3% | 1.1% | 1.1% | 1.1%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | -2.4% | 0.9% | 0.9% | 0.9%
Electricity | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -15.9% | -4.2% | -0.5% | 1.9% | 1.9% | 1.9%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | -1.4% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0%
Transport | 21 | 7 | 10 | 8 | 9 | 11 | 11 | -9.9% | 2.6% | -1.4% | 1.3% | 1.2% | 0.7%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | -15.8% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0%
Oil | 20 | 7 | 9 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | -10.3% | 2.7% | -1.6% | 0.4% | 0.3% | -0.5%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | 0.7% | 18.6% | 6.8% | 5.5%
Electricity | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | -4.7% | 0.1% | -0.6% | 4.4% | 3.2% | 2.3%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 8.2% | 7.1% | 4.8%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 60 | 34 | 30 | 12 | 12 | 13 | 14 | -5.4% | -1.3% | -8.8% | 0.2% | 0.6% | 0.8%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Rest CIS | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 77 | 81 | 88 | 98 | 105 | 110 | 114 | 0.5% | 0.8% | 1.1% | 0.7% | 0.5% | 0.3%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 5 | 3 | 6 | 10 | 15 | 22 | 27 | -4.0% | 7.5% | 4.3% | 4.6% | 3.4% | 2.4%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 2 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 10 | -4.1% | 7.4% | 4.3% | 4.6% | 3.4% | 2.4%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 20 | 20 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 6 | -0.4% | -7.3% | -0.9% | -1.8% | -0.9% | -0.5%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 26 | 35 | 44 | 35 | 33 | 31 | 30 | 3.0% | 2.1% | -2.2% | -0.4% | -0.6% | -0.5%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 53 | 45 | 47 | 57 | 60 | 62 | 64 | -1.7% | 0.5% | 1.9% | 0.5% | 0.4% | 0.3%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 12 | 18 | 13 | 14 | 17 | 17 | -3.4% | 3.6% | -3.2% | 1.2% | 1.5% | 0.1%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 76 | 86 | 100 | 128 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.5% | 1.2% | 1.5% | 2.5%
Gas | 18 | 21 | 30 | 46 | 52 | 64 | 85 | 1.4% | 3.8% | 4.3% | 1.3% | 2.0% | 2.9%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 926 | 546 | 739 | 899 | 1 016 | 1 199 | 1 295 | -5.1% | 3.1% | 2.0% | 1.2% | 1.7% | 0.8%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 955 | 588 | 798 | 953 | 1 063 | 1 239 | 1 330 | -4.7% | 3.1% | 1.8% | 1.1% | 1.5% | 0.7%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 955 | 586 | 788 | 943 | 1 054 | 1 230 | 1 322 | -4.8% | 3.0% | 1.8% | 1.1% | 1.6% | 0.7%
CO₂ | 709 | 407 | 536 | 697 | 807 | 962 | 1 045 | -5.4% | 2.8% | 2.7% | 1.5% | 1.8% | 0.8%
CH₄ | 174 | 133 | 193 | 181 | 178 | 194 | 203 | -2.6% | 3.8% | -0.6% | -0.2% | 0.9% | 0.4%
N₂O | 69 | 45 | 56 | 59 | 63 | 66 | 66 | -4.2% | 2.3% | 0.5% | 0.6% | 0.5% | 0.1%
F gases | 3 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 9 | -9.0% | 10.0% | 4.9% | 1.4% | 2.4% | 1.9%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 829 | 503 | 678 | 831 | 938 | 1 110 | 1 201 | -4.9% | 3.0% | 2.1% | 1.2% | 1.7% | 0.8%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 674 | 374 | 489 | 642 | 744 | 889 | 968 | -5.7% | 2.7% | 2.8% | 1.5% | 1.8% | 0.9%
Power generation/District heating | 248 | 152 | 165 | 228 | 278 | 339 | 374 | -4.8% | 0.8% | 3.3% | 2.0% | 2.0% | 1.0%
Industry | 128 | 51 | 81 | 117 | 120 | 135 | 139 | -8.8% | 4.7% | 3.7% | 0.3% | 1.1% | 0.3%
Buildings | 159 | 83 | 104 | 129 | 145 | 177 | 194 | -6.3% | 2.3% | 2.1% | 1.2% | 2.0% | 0.9%
Agriculture | 13 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 11 | -4.2% | -0.4% | 1.8% | 1.0% | 0.6% | 0.3%
Transport | 56 | 27 | 41 | 50 | 53 | 57 | 58 | -6.9% | 4.1% | 1.9% | 0.7% | 0.8% | 0.1%
Other | 70 | 53 | 90 | 109 | 136 | 170 | 192 | -2.9% | 5.5% | 2.0% | 2.3% | 2.2% | 1.2%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 8 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 9.2% | 23.2% | 13.4%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 16.5% | 13.9% | 18.1%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | -14.5% | n.s. | 9.2%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | -0.5% | 0.7% | 0.8%
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 214 | 194 | 308 | 434 | 582 | 729 | 824 | -1.0% | 4.7% | 3.5% | 3.0% | 2.3% | 1.2%
Coal | 52 | 36 | 51 | 69 | 87 | 151 | 196 | -3.6% | 3.6% | 2.9% | 2.4% | 5.7% | 2.7%
Oil | 47 | 66 | 148 | 192 | 226 | 219 | 204 | 3.4% | 8.4% | 2.6% | 1.7% | -0.3% | -0.7%
Natural gas | 109 | 86 | 101 | 164 | 256 | 341 | 396 | -2.4% | 1.6% | 4.9% | 4.6% | 2.9% | 1.5%
Biomass | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 5.3% | 1.6% | 7.0% | 2.9% | 1.9% | 2.0%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 8 | n.s. | 2.2% | 3.3% | 11.7% | 6.2% | 5.0%
Hydro | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | -0.6% | 2.3% | -0.4% | 0.5% | 0.0% | 0.1%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 8 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 34.7% | 12.4% | 9.2%
Net Imports | 35 | - 45 | - 120 | - 181 | - 276 | - 352 | - 399 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 0 | - 14 | - 14 | - 21 | - 38 | - 95 | - 132 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | 46 | - 30 | - 113 | - 138 | - 172 | - 162 | - 148 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | - 13 | - 2 | 7 | - 24 | - 72 | - 108 | - 137 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 7 | 12 | 18 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 248 | 150 | 188 | 252 | 306 | 377 | 425 | -4.9% | 2.3% | 3.0% | 2.0% | 2.1% | 1.2%
Coal | 52 | 23 | 37 | 48 | 49 | 56 | 64 | -8.0% | 5.2% | 2.5% | 0.2% | 1.3% | 1.3%
Oil | 93 | 36 | 35 | 54 | 54 | 58 | 56 | -9.1% | -0.3% | 4.5% | 0.1% | 0.6% | -0.3%
Natural gas | 96 | 84 | 108 | 140 | 183 | 233 | 259 | -1.4% | 2.6% | 2.6% | 2.8% | 2.4% | 1.1%
Biomass | 1 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 11 | 17 | 24 | 6.6% | 3.0% | 9.1% | 7.6% | 4.6% | 3.5%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 8 | n.s. | 2.2% | 3.3% | 11.7% | 6.2% | 5.0%
Hydro | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | -0.6% | 2.3% | -0.4% | 0.5% | 0.0% | 0.1%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 8 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 34.7% | 12.4% | 9.2%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 248 | 150 | 188 | 252 | 306 | 377 | 425 | -4.9% | 2.3% | 3.0% | 2.0% | 2.1% | 1.2%
Energy for Power Generation | 84 | 56 | 63 | 85 | 108 | 135 | 156 | -4.0% | 1.1% | 3.0% | 2.4% | 2.3% | 1.5%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 27 | 22 | 36 | 49 | 61 | 77 | 86 | -2.1% | 5.2% | 3.1% | 2.3% | 2.2% | 1.2%
Final consumption | 189 | 100 | 121 | 158 | 187 | 228 | 258 | -6.2% | 1.9% | 2.7% | 1.7% | 2.0% | 1.2%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 8 | 5 | 13 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | -3.6% | 8.9% | 1.4% | 0.5% | 1.0% | 0.3%
Other Industry | 51 | 23 | 26 | 38 | 45 | 56 | 63 | -7.8% | 1.2% | 3.9% | 1.9% | 2.2% | 1.2%
Non-Energy Use | 15 | 7 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 12 | 14 | -7.6% | -1.8% | 3.0% | 2.8% | 2.2% | 1.1%
Residential | 14 | 27 | 31 | 35 | 39 | 45 | 50 | 7.0% | 1.1% | 1.5% | 0.9% | 1.6% | 1.1%
Services | 72 | 22 | 25 | 37 | 47 | 62 | 74 | -11.1% | 1.4% | 3.8% | 2.5% | 2.8% | 1.7%
Agriculture | 8 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 9 | 10 | -5.1% | -0.4% | 2.2% | 2.2% | 1.9% | 1.6%
Road | 18 | 9 | 14 | 18 | 20 | 23 | 25 | -6.5% | 4.5% | 2.1% | 1.3% | 1.4% | 0.9%
Rail | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | -7.3% | 1.2% | 0.8% | 2.1% | 1.4% | 0.8%
Aviation | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -1.0% | -1.0% | 2.2% | 5.0% | 3.7% | 0.8%
Other Transport | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -7.8% | 4.9% | 0.5% | 4.1% | 2.5% | 1.2%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 80 | 51 | 57 | 79 | 99 | 121 | 135 | -4.3% | 1.0% | 3.3% | 2.3% | 2.1% | 1.1%
Coal | 28 | 16 | 19 | 27 | 32 | 38 | 44 | -5.5% | 2.0% | 3.6% | 1.4% | 1.7% | 1.7%
Oil | 19 | 7 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 2 | -9.8% | -19.6% | 18.3% | -4.6% | 3.3% | -3.7%
Gas | 32 | 29 | 37 | 45 | 62 | 76 | 82 | -1.2% | 2.5% | 2.2% | 3.1% | 2.2% | 0.7%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 6 | n.s. | n.s. | 31.9% | 6.2% | 3.8% | 4.3%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 295 | 201 | 256 | 362 | 505 | 674 | 821 | -3.8% | 2.4% | 3.5% | 3.4% | 2.9% | 2.0%
Coal | 73 | 38 | 69 | 99 | 126 | 164 | 204 | -6.3% | 6.1% | 3.7% | 2.4% | 2.7% | 2.2%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 27.3%
Oil | 53 | 23 | 2 | 19 | 12 | 16 | 11 | -8.1% | -19.9% | 22.3% | -4.6% | 3.3% | -3.7%
Gas | 116 | 88 | 119 | 178 | 279 | 369 | 417 | -2.7% | 3.0% | 4.1% | 4.6% | 2.8% | 1.2%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 19.4%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 8 | 16 | 27 | n.s. | n.s. | 40.6% | 10.9% | 7.3% | 5.6%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 11 | 20 | 34 | n.s. | 2.2% | 3.4% | 12.3% | 6.4% | 5.1%
Hydro | 52 | 49 | 62 | 60 | 62 | 63 | 63 | -0.6% | 2.3% | -0.4% | 0.5% | 0.0% | 0.1%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 19 | 49 | n.s. | n.s. | 39.8% | 34.7% | 14.4% | 9.8%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 6 | 15 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 25.3% | 12.9% | 9.2%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 16.0% | 13.0%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 50 | 66 | 69 | 68 | 93 | 126 | 167 | 2.8% | 0.4% | -0.2% | 3.2% | 3.0% | 2.9%
Coal | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 20 | 26 | 33 | -0.2% | 0.3% | 0.3% | 2.6% | 2.5% | 2.5%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 27.4%
Oil | 14 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 5 | 4 | 4 | -6.2% | -0.5% | 0.4% | -4.1% | -1.0% | 0.1%
Gas | 22 | 29 | 30 | 27 | 45 | 62 | 75 | 2.9% | 0.3% | -0.8% | 5.1% | 3.1% | 2.1%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 19.6%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | 2.9% | 5.6% | 6.5% | 5.7%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | n.s. | 0.0% | 2.1% | 12.0% | 6.2% | 4.9%
Hydro | 0 | 15 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 18 | n.s. | 1.0% | -0.2% | 0.5% | 0.0% | 0.1%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 8 | 18 | n.s. | n.s. | 34.5% | 33.8% | 13.7% | 9.0%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 10 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 25.6% | 13.0% | 9.3%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 12.5%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 189 | 100 | 121 | 158 | 187 | 228 | 258 | -6.2% | 1.9% | 2.7% | 1.7% | 2.0% | 1.2%
Coal | 23 | 7 | 17 | 19 | 15 | 14 | 13 | -11.6% | 9.6% | 0.8% | -2.3% | -0.6% | -0.9%
Oil | 60 | 24 | 30 | 40 | 42 | 45 | 45 | -8.8% | 2.2% | 3.1% | 0.5% | 0.6% | 0.0%
Gas | 53 | 40 | 41 | 57 | 74 | 97 | 110 | -2.9% | 0.4% | 3.3% | 2.7% | 2.7% | 1.2%
Electricity | 23 | 13 | 16 | 24 | 34 | 45 | 55 | -5.0% | 2.0% | 3.9% | 3.4% | 2.9% | 2.0%
Heat | 29 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 17 | -6.4% | 0.0% | -0.3% | 0.2% | 0.3% | 0.7%
Biomass & Other | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 7 | 12 | 18 | 5.2% | 0.7% | 7.7% | 7.8% | 5.6% | 4.5%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 5% | 7% | 7% | 6% | 8% | 10% | 13% | 4.3% | -0.5% | -1.2% | 2.5% | 2.2% | 2.7%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 74 | 35 | 44 | 60 | 71 | 86 | 95 | -7.2% | 2.4% | 3.1% | 1.7% | 1.9% | 1.0%
Coal | 19 | 6 | 12 | 14 | 12 | 12 | 11 | -10.8% | 7.3% | 1.9% | -2.1% | 0.0% | -0.5%
Oil | 22 | 7 | 6 | 11 | 12 | 14 | 15 | -11.1% | -0.7% | 5.5% | 1.3% | 1.2% | 0.5%
Gas | 12 | 11 | 13 | 20 | 27 | 34 | 37 | -0.9% | 1.3% | 4.5% | 3.0% | 2.3% | 1.0%
Electricity | 13 | 6 | 8 | 11 | 15 | 20 | 24 | -8.1% | 3.4% | 3.1% | 3.5% | 3.0% | 1.9%
Heat | 8 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | -3.8% | -0.2% | -2.7% | -0.2% | -0.3% | -0.2%
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | n.s. | -2.0% | 23.3% | 12.2% | 6.8% | 4.1%
Buildings | 86 | 49 | 56 | 72 | 86 | 108 | 124 | -5.4% | 1.2% | 2.6% | 1.7% | 2.3% | 1.4%
Coal | 5 | 1 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | -14.9% | 18.3% | -2.2% | -3.2% | -3.5% | -3.8%
Oil | 16 | 4 | 6 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 8 | -12.1% | 3.9% | 3.5% | -0.7% | -0.3% | -0.4%
Gas | 39 | 28 | 28 | 36 | 46 | 61 | 70 | -3.3% | -0.1% | 2.7% | 2.4% | 2.9% | 1.3%
Electricity | 4 | 5 | 6 | 10 | 13 | 18 | 22 | 1.8% | 1.0% | 5.6% | 2.9% | 2.8% | 2.0%
Heat | 21 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 13 | -7.6% | 0.2% | 0.8% | 0.4% | 0.6% | 1.0%
Biomass & Other | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 7 | 11 | 4.7% | 0.3% | 6.3% | 5.3% | 4.5% | 4.5%
Agriculture | 8 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 9 | 10 | -5.1% | -0.4% | 2.2% | 2.2% | 1.9% | 1.6%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -26.7% | 43.6% | -0.8% | -1.2% | -1.2% | -1.2%
Oil | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | -1.8% | -1.8% | 2.0% | 1.1% | 0.8% | 0.4%
Gas | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -17.0% | 3.6% | 2.3% | 1.2% | 0.8% | 0.4%
Electricity | 4 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | -5.6% | -0.4% | 2.6% | 3.0% | 2.6% | 2.2%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 8.3% | 18.2% | 3.3% | 10.7% | 5.4% | 3.7%
Transport | 21 | 11 | 16 | 20 | 23 | 26 | 29 | -6.4% | 4.0% | 2.0% | 1.5% | 1.5% | 0.9%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -9.9% | 3.8% | 4.4% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0%
Oil | 20 | 10 | 15 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 19 | -6.2% | 3.8% | 1.9% | 0.4% | 0.5% | -0.2%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | -7.0% | 12.3% | 3.7% | 8.2% | 4.7% | 3.5%
Electricity | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | -10.3% | 6.1% | 1.6% | 8.1% | 4.2% | 2.5%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | 28.9% | 21.1% | 8.2% | 5.0%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 27 | 22 | 36 | 49 | 61 | 77 | 86 | -2.1% | 5.2% | 3.1% | 2.3% | 2.2% | 1.2%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Argentina | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 33 | 37 | 41 | 46 | 49 | 53 | 55 | 1.2% | 1.1% | 1.0% | 0.8% | 0.7% | 0.5%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 7 | 10 | 13 | 15 | 19 | 23 | 28 | 3.3% | 2.7% | 1.4% | 2.2% | 1.9% | 1.7%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 4 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 10 | 12 | 15 | 3.3% | 2.7% | 1.4% | 2.2% | 1.9% | 1.7%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 8 | 5 | 8 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | -4.6% | 5.3% | -3.5% | -0.6% | -0.4% | -0.3%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 36 | 28 | 30 | 27 | 26 | 25 | 24 | -2.4% | 0.6% | -0.9% | -0.4% | -0.4% | -0.4%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 56 | 67 | 62 | 67 | 68 | 69 | 71 | 1.8% | -0.8% | 0.8% | 0.2% | 0.2% | 0.2%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 12 | 8 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 18 | 21 | -4.2% | 5.6% | 0.8% | 0.8% | 1.8% | 1.5%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 76 | 86 | 100 | 128 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.5% | 1.2% | 1.5% | 2.5%
Gas | 17 | 26 | 22 | 25 | 41 | 57 | 83 | 4.7% | -1.9% | 1.4% | 5.1% | 3.5% | 3.8%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 318 | 356 | 383 | 380 | 402 | 414 | 439 | 1.1% | 0.8% | -0.1% | 0.6% | 0.3% | 0.6%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 359 | 404 | 426 | 410 | 426 | 436 | 460 | 1.2% | 0.5% | -0.4% | 0.4% | 0.2% | 0.5%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 242 | 285 | 321 | 327 | 359 | 379 | 414 | 1.6% | 1.2% | 0.2% | 1.0% | 0.5% | 0.9%
CO₂ | 107 | 150 | 185 | 185 | 206 | 216 | 242 | 3.5% | 2.1% | 0.0% | 1.1% | 0.5% | 1.2%
CH₄ | 98 | 97 | 85 | 88 | 95 | 101 | 105 | -0.2% | -1.2% | 0.3% | 0.8% | 0.6% | 0.4%
N₂O | 35 | 38 | 50 | 54 | 58 | 62 | 65 | 0.9% | 2.9% | 0.6% | 0.8% | 0.6% | 0.5%
F gases | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -19.9% | 9.2% | 1.2% | 2.4% | 2.1% | 1.9%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 133 | 179 | 213 | 212 | 238 | 252 | 280 | 3.0% | 1.8% | 0.0% | 1.2% | 0.6% | 1.1%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 101 | 143 | 176 | 176 | 195 | 204 | 229 | 3.5% | 2.1% | -0.1% | 1.0% | 0.5% | 1.2%
Power generation/District heating | 19 | 30 | 45 | 43 | 58 | 66 | 88 | 4.6% | 4.2% | -0.4% | 3.0% | 1.4% | 2.9%
Industry | 15 | 25 | 29 | 29 | 33 | 36 | 39 | 5.3% | 1.5% | 0.0% | 1.1% | 0.9% | 0.7%
Buildings | 18 | 20 | 27 | 27 | 24 | 22 | 19 | 1.0% | 3.0% | -0.1% | -0.8% | -1.3% | -1.4%
Agriculture | 5 | 8 | 11 | 10 | 11 | 13 | 14 | 5.1% | 3.3% | -0.7% | 1.3% | 1.1% | 1.0%
Transport | 29 | 41 | 44 | 48 | 47 | 44 | 42 | 3.7% | 0.5% | 0.9% | -0.2% | -0.7% | -0.4%
Other | 15 | 18 | 21 | 19 | 21 | 23 | 28 | 1.9% | 1.3% | -1.2% | 1.4% | 0.9% | 1.6%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 46 | 79 | 80 | 71 | 77 | 89 | 102 | 5.6% | 0.1% | -1.1% | 0.8% | 1.5% | 1.4%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.6% | -12.3% | 9.9% | 7.2% | 5.8% | 3.6%
Oil | 26 | 41 | 37 | 34 | 48 | 54 | 59 | 4.7% | -1.2% | -0.8% | 3.6% | 1.3% | 0.8%
Natural gas | 15 | 31 | 33 | 22 | 8 | 3 | 3 | 7.6% | 0.7% | -3.9% | -9.3% | -8.9% | -1.3%
Biomass | 2 | 3 | 5 | 8 | 11 | 14 | 17 | 6.4% | 6.4% | 4.0% | 3.3% | 2.6% | 2.3%
Nuclear¹ | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 9 | 12 | -1.6% | 1.5% | 3.2% | 5.8% | 6.6% | 3.0%
Hydro | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4.7% | 1.6% | -0.3% | 1.1% | 1.1% | 1.0%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 7 | n.s. | -3.3% | n.s. | 2.7% | 9.2% | 3.0%
Net Imports | - 2 | - 18 | 0 | 11 | 18 | 17 | 19 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 12 | 20 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | - 7 | - 18 | - 5 | - 7 | - 21 | - 31 | - 36 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | 4 | 0 | 5 | 17 | 35 | 38 | 37 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | - 2 | - 3 | - 3 | - 4 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | - 1 | - 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 44 | 61 | 80 | 82 | 95 | 107 | 121 | 3.4% | 2.7% | 0.2% | 1.5% | 1.2% | 1.3%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 6 | 13 | 21 | -6.3% | 7.1% | 7.1% | 10.3% | 8.6% | 5.0%
Oil | 19 | 23 | 31 | 27 | 27 | 24 | 23 | 2.0% | 3.0% | -1.4% | -0.1% | -1.3% | -0.2%
Natural gas | 19 | 30 | 38 | 39 | 44 | 41 | 40 | 4.9% | 2.2% | 0.3% | 1.1% | -0.6% | -0.3%
Biomass | 2 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 11 | 14 | 6.4% | 6.4% | 0.7% | 3.7% | 3.1% | 2.4%
Nuclear¹ | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 9 | 12 | -1.6% | 1.5% | 3.2% | 5.8% | 6.6% | 3.0%
Hydro | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4.7% | 1.6% | -0.3% | 1.1% | 1.1% | 1.0%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 7 | n.s. | -3.3% | n.s. | 2.7% | 9.2% | 3.0%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 44 | 61 | 80 | 82 | 95 | 107 | 121 | 3.4% | 2.7% | 0.2% | 1.5% | 1.2% | 1.3%
Energy for Power Generation | 11 | 16 | 23 | 24 | 32 | 41 | 52 | 4.2% | 3.4% | 0.3% | 3.1% | 2.5% | 2.4%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 6 | 5 | 11 | 9 | 11 | 13 | 14 | -2.0% | 8.8% | -2.3% | 2.0% | 1.4% | 1.2%
Final consumption | 31 | 47 | 56 | 62 | 69 | 75 | 83 | 4.3% | 1.8% | 1.0% | 1.0% | 1.0% | 0.9%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 1 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 13.4% | 1.7% | 1.4% | -1.5% | -0.4% | -0.4%
Other Industry | 8 | 12 | 14 | 14 | 17 | 21 | 24 | 4.2% | 0.8% | 0.2% | 2.3% | 1.7% | 1.6%
Non-Energy Use | 2 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 9.2% | 0.8% | 3.0% | 1.7% | 1.3% | 1.1%
Residential | 6 | 9 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 3.9% | 3.0% | 0.9% | -0.1% | 0.2% | 0.4%
Services | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 0.2% | 4.2% | 0.6% | 2.4% | 1.9% | 1.6%
Agriculture | 2 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5.3% | 3.5% | -0.5% | 1.2% | 1.1% | 1.0%
Road | 9 | 12 | 14 | 16 | 17 | 17 | 18 | 3.4% | 1.3% | 1.3% | 0.5% | 0.3% | 0.4%
Rail | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5.2% | 2.5% | 0.3% | 2.1% | 1.7% | 1.4%
Aviation | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -3.3% | -3.0% | 2.5% | 3.6% | 2.9% | 2.3%
Other Transport | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 24.0% | 14.7% | 0.7% | 2.7% | 1.9% | 1.4%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 7 | 12 | 18 | 17 | 22 | 23 | 29 | 5.2% | 3.9% | -0.9% | 2.9% | 0.6% | 2.3%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 9 | 15 | 3.8% | 5.1% | 7.9% | 8.7% | 8.8% | 5.0%
Oil | 2 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 1 | -6.1% | 15.6% | -0.2% | -2.9% | -13.8% | 0.7%
Gas | 5 | 11 | 13 | 10 | 14 | 12 | 11 | 7.4% | 1.7% | -1.9% | 3.2% | -1.7% | -0.6%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 6.6% | 13.5% | -2.0% | 5.6% | 4.7% | 4.4%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 51 | 89 | 126 | 143 | 192 | 249 | 312 | 5.7% | 3.5% | 1.3% | 3.0% | 2.7% | 2.3%
Coal | 1 | 2 | 3 | 6 | 18 | 45 | 76 | 11.4% | 4.7% | 8.6% | 10.6% | 9.8% | 5.5%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 5 | 3 | 17 | 16 | 12 | 3 | 3 | -5.4% | 19.2% | -0.4% | -2.7% | -13.5% | 0.9%
Gas | 20 | 49 | 63 | 56 | 78 | 67 | 63 | 9.4% | 2.6% | -1.2% | 3.4% | -1.6% | -0.6%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 7 | 12 | 20.2% | 12.5% | -2.1% | 7.5% | 6.5% | 5.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 7 | 6 | 7 | 10 | 18 | 35 | 47 | -1.6% | 1.5% | 3.4% | 6.1% | 6.9% | 3.0%
Hydro | 18 | 29 | 34 | 33 | 37 | 41 | 45 | 4.7% | 1.6% | -0.3% | 1.1% | 1.1% | 1.0%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 24 | 49 | 57 | n.s. | -3.3% | n.s. | 2.1% | 7.3% | 1.5%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 8 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 21.4% | 12.0% | 8.5%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 27.0% | 16.0% | 12.9%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 17 | 23 | 32 | 43 | 48 | 68 | 81 | 2.9% | 3.6% | 2.9% | 1.1% | 3.5% | 1.8%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 7 | 11 | -1.9% | 0.0% | 5.1% | 8.2% | 10.1% | 5.6%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | -3.8% | 4.9% | 2.5% | -3.0% | 0.8% | 1.4%
Gas | 7 | 11 | 17 | 19 | 19 | 20 | 18 | 4.8% | 4.8% | 1.2% | -0.3% | 0.7% | -1.1%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 19.6% | 12.8% | -1.2% | 2.2% | 6.5% | 5.3%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 5.6% | 5.9% | 6.7% | 2.8%
Hydro | 7 | 9 | 11 | 11 | 13 | 14 | 16 | 3.0% | 2.1% | 0.4% | 1.1% | 1.0% | 1.0%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 8 | 15 | 17 | n.s. | 13.6% | n.s. | 2.0% | 6.8% | 1.0%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 8 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 22.1% | 12.3% | 9.0%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 15.4% | 12.3%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 31 | 47 | 56 | 62 | 69 | 75 | 83 | 4.3% | 1.8% | 1.0% | 1.0% | 1.0% | 0.9%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 0.1% | 1.0% | 2.9% | 8.2% | 4.6% | 2.8%
Oil | 16 | 22 | 25 | 24 | 25 | 24 | 24 | 3.6% | 1.1% | -0.1% | 0.3% | -0.4% | -0.2%
Gas | 10 | 15 | 19 | 22 | 22 | 21 | 21 | 4.4% | 2.6% | 1.5% | -0.2% | -0.1% | -0.2%
Electricity | 4 | 6 | 10 | 11 | 15 | 19 | 23 | 6.4% | 4.1% | 1.4% | 2.7% | 2.5% | 2.2%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 39.2% | 6.6%
Biomass & Other | 1 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 6.4% | -3.2% | 4.7% | 5.0% | 3.4% | 2.6%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 10% | 12% | 9% | 13% | 17% | 25% | 29% | 1.5% | -2.1% | 3.4% | 2.9% | 3.8% | 1.6%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 11 | 19 | 21 | 24 | 28 | 32 | 36 | 6.0% | 1.0% | 1.0% | 1.7% | 1.4% | 1.3%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 0.1% | 1.0% | 2.9% | 8.2% | 4.6% | 2.8%
Oil | 3 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 9.3% | 0.6% | -0.3% | 0.3% | -0.5% | -0.5%
Gas | 4 | 7 | 8 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 4.3% | 2.1% | 2.1% | 0.8% | 0.9% | 0.5%
Electricity | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 4.8% | 3.3% | 0.8% | 2.8% | 2.6% | 2.4%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 7.0% | -8.1% | 0.9% | 4.7% | 3.1% | 3.3%
Buildings | 9 | 12 | 16 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 22 | 2.9% | 3.3% | 0.9% | 0.5% | 0.7% | 0.8%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -3.5% | 4.1% | -3.8% | -1.1% | -1.4% | -1.1%
Gas | 5 | 7 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 2.8% | 2.7% | 0.8% | -0.7% | -1.2% | -1.5%
Electricity | 2 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 8.1% | 4.7% | 1.9% | 1.6% | 1.6% | 1.6%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 39.2% | 6.6%
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2.8% | -3.7% | 6.6% | 8.6% | 3.6% | 2.8%
Agriculture | 2 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5.3% | 3.5% | -0.5% | 1.2% | 1.1% | 1.0%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5.1% | 3.3% | -0.7% | 1.3% | 1.1% | 1.0%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.5% | 5.2% | 0.5% | 2.1% | 1.9% | 1.8%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | 10.4% | 2.8% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0%
Transport | 10 | 13 | 15 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 3.1% | 1.3% | 1.4% | 0.6% | 0.5% | 0.5%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 9 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 12 | 12 | 2.1% | 0.4% | 0.8% | 0.1% | -0.7% | -0.5%
Gas | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 22.7% | 4.7% | 1.9% | -2.4% | -0.9% | 0.6%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5.2% | 2.5% | 3.9% | 28.2% | 7.4% | 3.4%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | 8.7% | 3.9% | 3.7% | 2.2%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 6 | 5 | 11 | 9 | 11 | 13 | 14 | -2.0% | 8.8% | -2.3% | 2.0% | 1.4% | 1.2%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Brazil | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 150 | 176 | 199 | 216 | 229 | 236 | 238 | 1.6% | 1.2% | 0.8% | 0.6% | 0.3% | 0.1%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 7 | 8 | 10 | 10 | 12 | 15 | 18 | 1.0% | 2.4% | -0.4% | 2.0% | 2.4% | 2.0%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 4 | 4 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 10 | 1.0% | 2.4% | -0.2% | 2.0% | 2.4% | 2.0%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 8 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | -3.8% | -1.3% | 0.8% | -0.9% | -0.9% | -0.6%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 39 | 27 | 27 | 22 | 22 | 20 | 19 | -3.6% | 0.3% | -2.1% | -0.3% | -0.6% | -0.7%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 53 | 68 | 68 | 72 | 74 | 75 | 77 | 2.5% | 0.0% | 0.7% | 0.1% | 0.2% | 0.2%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 12 | 8 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 18 | 21 | -4.2% | 5.6% | 0.8% | 0.8% | 1.8% | 1.5%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 76 | 86 | 100 | 128 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.5% | 1.2% | 1.5% | 2.5%
Gas | 17 | 26 | 22 | 25 | 41 | 57 | 83 | 4.7% | -1.9% | 1.4% | 5.1% | 3.5% | 3.8%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 1 381 | 2 080 | 1 279 | 1 209 | 1 236 | 1 282 | 1 327 | 4.2% | -4.7% | -0.6% | 0.2% | 0.4% | 0.3%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 1 381 | 2 080 | 1 279 | 1 209 | 1 236 | 1 307 | 1 383 | 4.2% | -4.7% | -0.6% | 0.2% | 0.6% | 0.6%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 620 | 816 | 962 | 1 050 | 1 137 | 1 264 | 1 362 | 2.8% | 1.7% | 0.9% | 0.8% | 1.1% | 0.7%
CO₂ | 214 | 334 | 423 | 465 | 506 | 599 | 674 | 4.6% | 2.4% | 1.0% | 0.9% | 1.7% | 1.2%
CH₄ | 285 | 338 | 357 | 383 | 410 | 429 | 442 | 1.7% | 0.6% | 0.7% | 0.7% | 0.5% | 0.3%
N₂O | 118 | 142 | 175 | 195 | 212 | 224 | 232 | 1.9% | 2.1% | 1.1% | 0.8% | 0.6% | 0.4%
F gases | 4 | 2 | 6 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 14 | -5.9% | 12.0% | 0.6% | 2.6% | 2.5% | 1.7%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 267 | 398 | 498 | 549 | 594 | 693 | 770 | 4.1% | 2.3% | 1.0% | 0.8% | 1.5% | 1.1%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 186 | 295 | 379 | 415 | 446 | 530 | 599 | 4.7% | 2.6% | 0.9% | 0.7% | 1.7% | 1.2%
Power generation/District heating | 10 | 27 | 40 | 30 | 21 | 46 | 92 | 10.5% | 4.0% | -2.8% | -3.7% | 8.5% | 7.1%
Industry | 52 | 85 | 100 | 111 | 139 | 174 | 199 | 5.0% | 1.6% | 1.1% | 2.2% | 2.3% | 1.4%
Buildings | 20 | 25 | 23 | 19 | 15 | 14 | 12 | 2.2% | -0.6% | -2.2% | -2.1% | -1.2% | -0.9%
Agriculture | 10 | 14 | 19 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 23 | 3.5% | 2.5% | 0.0% | 0.7% | 0.7% | 0.6%
Transport | 80 | 124 | 171 | 200 | 213 | 230 | 221 | 4.5% | 3.3% | 1.6% | 0.6% | 0.8% | -0.4%
Other | 13 | 19 | 26 | 36 | 39 | 45 | 52 | 3.3% | 3.4% | 3.4% | 0.7% | 1.4% | 1.6%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 94 | 143 | 241 | 410 | 454 | 509 | 603 | 4.2% | 5.4% | 5.5% | 1.0% | 1.1% | 1.7%
Coal | 1 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6.9% | -2.1% | 2.2% | -0.5% | 3.6% | 3.9%
Oil | 32 | 63 | 106 | 209 | 195 | 185 | 195 | 6.9% | 5.3% | 7.0% | -0.7% | -0.5% | 0.5%
Natural gas | 3 | 6 | 12 | 18 | 24 | 32 | 57 | 9.3% | 6.9% | 4.3% | 2.9% | 2.9% | 5.8%
Biomass | 40 | 43 | 82 | 131 | 167 | 204 | 251 | 0.8% | 6.6% | 4.8% | 2.5% | 2.0% | 2.1%
Nuclear¹ | 1 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 11 | 15 | 10.5% | 9.2% | 1.6% | 2.0% | 7.0% | 3.1%
Hydro | 18 | 26 | 35 | 37 | 42 | 40 | 41 | 3.9% | 2.9% | 0.7% | 1.3% | -0.5% | 0.1%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 1 | 8 | 17 | 33 | 40 | n.s. | 33.7% | 30.1% | 8.3% | 6.6% | 2.0%
Net Imports | 36 | 41 | 24 | - 125 | - 128 | - 120 | - 165 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 7 | 10 | 12 | 14 | 15 | 23 | 35 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | 26 | 25 | - 1 | - 98 | - 77 | - 57 | - 68 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | 1 | 2 | 11 | 7 | 4 | 4 | - 14 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | - 50 | - 71 | - 87 | - 109 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 1 | 0 | - 1 | 0 | - 1 | - 6 | - 12 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 2 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 131 | 184 | 265 | 285 | 327 | 389 | 439 | 3.5% | 3.7% | 0.7% | 1.4% | 1.8% | 1.2%
Coal | 8 | 13 | 14 | 17 | 18 | 27 | 41 | 5.1% | 1.0% | 1.7% | 0.3% | 4.2% | 4.3%
Oil | 58 | 88 | 105 | 110 | 118 | 128 | 127 | 4.2% | 1.7% | 0.5% | 0.7% | 0.8% | -0.1%
Natural gas | 3 | 8 | 23 | 25 | 28 | 36 | 43 | 9.2% | 11.4% | 0.7% | 1.2% | 2.6% | 1.8%
Biomass | 40 | 43 | 82 | 81 | 96 | 117 | 142 | 0.8% | 6.6% | -0.1% | 1.7% | 2.0% | 2.0%
Nuclear¹ | 1 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 11 | 15 | 10.5% | 9.2% | 1.6% | 2.0% | 7.0% | 3.1%
Hydro | 18 | 26 | 35 | 37 | 42 | 40 | 41 | 3.9% | 2.9% | 0.7% | 1.3% | -0.5% | 0.1%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 1 | 8 | 17 | 33 | 40 | n.s. | 33.7% | 30.1% | 8.3% | 6.6% | 2.0%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 131 | 184 | 265 | 285 | 327 | 389 | 439 | 3.5% | 3.7% | 0.7% | 1.4% | 1.8% | 1.2%
Energy for Power Generation | 22 | 37 | 58 | 64 | 76 | 103 | 135 | 5.5% | 4.6% | 0.9% | 1.7% | 3.1% | 2.7%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 20 | 24 | 44 | 51 | 65 | 80 | 92 | 1.9% | 6.4% | 1.5% | 2.4% | 2.1% | 1.3%
Final consumption | 113 | 156 | 215 | 230 | 262 | 302 | 324 | 3.3% | 3.2% | 0.7% | 1.3% | 1.4% | 0.7%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 21 | 28 | 32 | 33 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 2.9% | 1.6% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.3% | 0.2%
Other Industry | 21 | 32 | 51 | 53 | 68 | 84 | 97 | 4.0% | 4.9% | 0.4% | 2.5% | 2.1% | 1.4%
Non-Energy Use | 9 | 14 | 17 | 15 | 17 | 20 | 21 | 3.7% | 2.2% | -1.2% | 1.5% | 1.4% | 0.6%
Residential | 18 | 21 | 24 | 23 | 24 | 26 | 29 | 1.4% | 1.4% | -0.4% | 0.4% | 1.1% | 0.8%
Services | 5 | 8 | 11 | 13 | 16 | 21 | 27 | 5.2% | 2.7% | 2.1% | 2.1% | 2.8% | 2.2%
Agriculture | 6 | 7 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 2.0% | 3.1% | 0.8% | 0.7% | 0.7% | 0.7%
Road | 29 | 43 | 65 | 76 | 85 | 94 | 93 | 3.9% | 4.2% | 1.7% | 1.1% | 1.0% | -0.1%
Rail | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -2.0% | 7.6% | 0.5% | 0.7% | 0.9% | 0.8%
Aviation | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 5.1% | 0.2% | 0.3% | 2.3% | 2.8% | 1.8%
Other Transport | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | -1.6% | 4.1% | -1.5% | 2.2% | 2.0% | 1.2%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 4 | 9 | 19 | 15 | 11 | 20 | 40 | 10.4% | 7.4% | -2.6% | -3.1% | 6.2% | 7.4%
Coal | 1 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 9 | 19 | 8.3% | -0.2% | 3.5% | -1.5% | 9.6% | 7.2%
Oil | 1 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11.7% | -0.4% | -17.0% | -45.6% | 25.4% | 36.6%
Gas | 0 | 1 | 7 | 5 | 2 | 4 | 7 | 28.1% | 22.8% | -3.6% | -6.2% | 4.7% | 6.4%
Biomass & Waste | 1 | 2 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 14 | 7.7% | 14.0% | -0.9% | -1.3% | 3.4% | 8.0%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 223 | 349 | 515 | 592 | 741 | 952 | 1 159 | 4.6% | 4.0% | 1.4% | 2.3% | 2.5% | 2.0%
Coal | 5 | 11 | 11 | 19 | 18 | 49 | 99 | 8.8% | 0.3% | 5.6% | -0.7% | 10.4% | 7.3%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 5 | 15 | 16 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 11.9% | 0.6% | -16.6% | -45.6% | 25.4% | 36.8%
Gas | 0 | 4 | 36 | 25 | 14 | 22 | 41 | 28.7% | 24.5% | -3.7% | -5.6% | 4.6% | 6.5%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Waste | 4 | 8 | 31 | 26 | 23 | 32 | 68 | 7.4% | 14.9% | -1.8% | -1.5% | 3.4% | 8.0%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 2 | 6 | 15 | 17 | 21 | 43 | 59 | 10.5% | 9.2% | 1.7% | 2.1% | 7.3% | 3.2%
Hydro | 207 | 304 | 403 | 431 | 493 | 468 | 471 | 3.9% | 2.9% | 0.7% | 1.3% | -0.5% | 0.1%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 2 | 67 | 140 | 246 | 289 | n.s. | n.s. | 41.0% | 7.6% | 5.8% | 1.6%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 32 | 92 | 126 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 25.0% | 11.0% | 3.2%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | 25.7% | 25.6% | 16.9% | 13.0%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 54 | 74 | 112 | 199 | 276 | 367 | 408 | 3.3% | 4.2% | 5.9% | 3.3% | 2.9% | 1.1%
Coal | 1 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 8 | 18 | 25 | 2.7% | -2.0% | 12.6% | 4.8% | 7.7% | 3.6%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 4 | 6 | 8 | 21 | 25 | 27 | 31 | 3.5% | 2.9% | 9.8% | 1.8% | 1.0% | 1.2%
Gas | 0 | 1 | 11 | 17 | 23 | 29 | 24 | 12.0% | 23.2% | 4.0% | 3.3% | 2.4% | -2.1%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Waste | 1 | 2 | 8 | 20 | 23 | 24 | 22 | 5.1% | 16.0% | 9.6% | 1.7% | 0.3% | -0.8%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 6 | 8 | 11.8% | 0.0% | 2.1% | 2.0% | 7.0% | 2.9%
Hydro | 46 | 61 | 81 | 106 | 121 | 115 | 116 | 3.0% | 2.8% | 2.8% | 1.3% | -0.5% | 0.1%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 1 | 27 | 53 | 87 | 97 | n.s. | 46.8% | 40.0% | 7.0% | 5.2% | 1.1%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 21 | 61 | 86 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 25.5% | 11.4% | 3.5%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 24.9% | 16.3% | 12.5%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 113 | 156 | 215 | 230 | 262 | 302 | 324 | 3.3% | 3.2% | 0.7% | 1.3% | 1.4% | 0.7%
Coal | 6 | 9 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 16 | 20 | 3.9% | 2.4% | 0.8% | 1.0% | 2.1% | 2.0%
Oil | 53 | 80 | 94 | 102 | 110 | 120 | 119 | 4.2% | 1.6% | 0.8% | 0.8% | 0.9% | -0.1%
Gas | 2 | 5 | 13 | 13 | 19 | 25 | 27 | 7.2% | 10.0% | 0.6% | 3.7% | 2.6% | 1.0%
Electricity | 18 | 28 | 38 | 42 | 53 | 68 | 83 | 4.3% | 3.1% | 1.2% | 2.3% | 2.6% | 2.0%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 | n.s. | 28.4% | 16.1% | 4.1% | 3.9% | 1.4%
Biomass & Other | 34 | 35 | 60 | 58 | 65 | 69 | 71 | 0.4% | 5.4% | -0.2% | 1.0% | 0.6% | 0.3%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 48% | 41% | 46% | 47% | 53% | 55% | 57% | -1.5% | 1.1% | 0.2% | 1.1% | 0.4% | 0.3%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 52 | 73 | 100 | 101 | 119 | 138 | 152 | 3.5% | 3.3% | 0.1% | 1.6% | 1.5% | 1.0%
Coal | 6 | 9 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 16 | 20 | 3.9% | 2.4% | 0.8% | 1.0% | 2.1% | 2.0%
Oil | 17 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 32 | 38 | 40 | 4.6% | 0.3% | -0.2% | 1.8% | 1.6% | 0.7%
Gas | 2 | 4 | 10 | 11 | 16 | 20 | 21 | 7.0% | 8.8% | 1.1% | 3.5% | 2.4% | 0.5%
Electricity | 10 | 13 | 17 | 17 | 22 | 28 | 33 | 2.7% | 3.3% | -0.3% | 2.7% | 2.4% | 1.6%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 17 | 20 | 34 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 38 | 2.0% | 5.3% | -0.2% | 0.3% | 0.3% | 0.5%
Buildings | 23 | 29 | 34 | 36 | 40 | 48 | 55 | 2.3% | 1.8% | 0.5% | 1.1% | 1.8% | 1.5%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 6 | 8 | 7 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 2.2% | -0.9% | -2.5% | -3.7% | -2.4% | -1.9%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1.9% | 7.3% | 2.8% | 8.5% | 2.3% | 0.9%
Electricity | 8 | 14 | 19 | 23 | 27 | 34 | 41 | 5.9% | 3.0% | 2.0% | 1.7% | 2.4% | 1.9%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 | n.s. | 28.4% | 16.1% | 4.1% | 3.9% | 1.4%
Biomass & Other | 9 | 7 | 8 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | -2.1% | 1.1% | -3.5% | -0.1% | 0.2% | 0.6%
Agriculture | 6 | 7 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 2.0% | 3.1% | 0.8% | 0.7% | 0.7% | 0.7%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 3 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 3.5% | 2.5% | 0.0% | 0.7% | 0.7% | 0.6%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Electricity | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 6.8% | 3.2% | 4.9% | 1.3% | 1.3% | 1.2%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | -2.8% | 4.4% | -0.5% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0%
Transport | 33 | 47 | 70 | 82 | 92 | 103 | 103 | 3.7% | 4.0% | 1.6% | 1.2% | 1.1% | 0.0%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 27 | 41 | 54 | 64 | 68 | 73 | 69 | 4.5% | 2.7% | 1.7% | 0.6% | 0.7% | -0.5%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 4 | n.s. | 21.9% | -3.2% | 1.6% | 4.4% | 4.5%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 6 | 0.5% | 2.9% | 3.0% | 19.6% | 11.0% | 5.9%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 6 | 6 | 15 | 17 | 22 | 25 | 25 | -0.3% | 9.3% | 1.3% | 2.6% | 1.3% | 0.1%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 20 | 24 | 44 | 51 | 65 | 80 | 92 | 1.9% | 6.4% | 1.5% | 2.4% | 2.1% | 1.3%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Canada | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 28 | 31 | 34 | 38 | 40 | 42 | 44 | 1.0% | 1.1% | 1.0% | 0.7% | 0.5% | 0.4%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 27 | 33 | 35 | 38 | 43 | 50 | 58 | 1.9% | 0.8% | 0.9% | 1.2% | 1.4% | 1.5%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 28 | 33 | 36 | 40 | 45 | 52 | 60 | 1.8% | 0.8% | 1.0% | 1.2% | 1.4% | 1.5%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | -1.7% | -0.7% | 2.0% | -0.4% | -0.4% | -0.3%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 34 | 32 | 29 | 28 | 26 | 23 | 19 | -0.8% | -1.1% | -0.2% | -0.9% | -1.2% | -1.6%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 64 | 67 | 70 | 70 | 73 | 76 | 79 | 0.5% | 0.5% | 0.0% | 0.4% | 0.4% | 0.4%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 12 | 8 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 18 | -4.2% | 5.6% | 0.4% | 0.6% | 0.9% | 1.2%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 76 | 86 | 100 | 128 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.5% | 1.2% | 1.5% | 2.5%
Gas | 17 | 26 | 22 | 25 | 41 | 57 | 83 | 4.7% | -1.9% | 1.4% | 5.1% | 3.5% | 3.8%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 511 | 661 | 760 | 767 | 633 | 662 | 626 | 2.6% | 1.4% | 0.1% | -1.9% | 0.5% | -0.6%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 606 | 728 | 760 | 773 | 723 | 780 | 760 | 1.8% | 0.4% | 0.2% | -0.7% | 0.8% | -0.2%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 587 | 716 | 701 | 701 | 642 | 662 | 652 | 2.0% | -0.2% | 0.0% | -0.9% | 0.3% | -0.1%
CO₂ | 446 | 551 | 543 | 559 | 512 | 522 | 513 | 2.1% | -0.1% | 0.3% | -0.9% | 0.2% | -0.2%
CH₄ | 72 | 95 | 89 | 75 | 69 | 79 | 77 | 2.8% | -0.7% | -1.7% | -0.8% | 1.3% | -0.2%
N₂O | 59 | 60 | 60 | 58 | 55 | 55 | 56 | 0.2% | 0.1% | -0.4% | -0.6% | 0.0% | 0.2%
F gases | 11 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 5 | 6 | 6 | -0.4% | -1.2% | 0.1% | -5.3% | 0.4% | -0.2%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 541 | 660 | 646 | 647 | 586 | 602 | 588 | 2.0% | -0.2% | 0.0% | -1.0% | 0.3% | -0.2%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 420 | 517 | 514 | 527 | 483 | 494 | 486 | 2.1% | -0.1% | 0.3% | -0.9% | 0.2% | -0.2%
Power generation/District heating | 97 | 134 | 109 | 61 | 47 | 40 | 47 | 3.3% | -2.1% | -5.5% | -2.7% | -1.4% | 1.5%
Industry | 76 | 82 | 63 | 75 | 64 | 59 | 55 | 0.8% | -2.6% | 1.8% | -1.7% | -0.7% | -0.7%
Buildings | 74 | 85 | 72 | 76 | 71 | 68 | 67 | 1.5% | -1.7% | 0.6% | -0.7% | -0.4% | -0.2%
Agriculture | 8 | 10 | 15 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 3.1% | 3.6% | 1.4% | 0.1% | 0.0% | 0.1%
Transport | 115 | 136 | 158 | 162 | 143 | 128 | 111 | 1.7% | 1.5% | 0.3% | -1.2% | -1.1% | -1.4%
Other | 51 | 69 | 98 | 135 | 142 | 181 | 189 | 3.1% | 3.6% | 3.3% | 0.5% | 2.5% | 0.4%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 5 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 26.9% | 12.0% | 7.1%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 5 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 32.9% | 12.7% | 7.4%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 20.7% | 6.8% | 2.6%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 4.1% | 0.7% | 2.3%
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 276 | 382 | 398 | 594 | 760 | 979 | 910 | 3.3% | 0.4% | 4.1% | 2.5% | 2.6% | -0.7%
Coal | 37 | 37 | 34 | 23 | 89 | 124 | 37 | 0.2% | -0.8% | -3.8% | 14.3% | 3.4% | -11.4%
Oil | 96 | 133 | 162 | 266 | 322 | 461 | 459 | 3.3% | 2.0% | 5.1% | 1.9% | 3.6% | 0.0%
Natural gas | 90 | 150 | 132 | 207 | 207 | 218 | 226 | 5.2% | -1.3% | 4.6% | 0.0% | 0.5% | 0.4%
Biomass | 8 | 12 | 14 | 32 | 55 | 66 | 66 | 3.8% | 2.0% | 8.2% | 5.7% | 1.9% | -0.1%
Nuclear¹ | 19 | 19 | 24 | 28 | 42 | 56 | 59 | 0.0% | 2.2% | 1.4% | 4.3% | 2.9% | 0.5%
Hydro | 26 | 31 | 30 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 37 | 1.9% | -0.2% | 1.1% | 0.4% | 0.3% | 0.3%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 10 | 17 | 26 | n.s. | 42.2% | 20.4% | 7.1% | 5.3% | 4.5%
Net Imports | - 64 | - 130 | - 145 | - 328 | - 479 | - 667 | - 588 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | - 12 | - 6 | - 12 | - 10 | - 71 | - 96 | - 3 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | - 16 | - 46 | - 78 | - 190 | - 259 | - 407 | - 417 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | - 36 | - 76 | - 53 | - 111 | - 123 | - 136 | - 146 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | - 13 | - 20 | - 21 | - 16 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - 1 | - 1 | - 2 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | - 3 | - 2 | - 5 | - 5 | - 5 | - 5 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 212 | 252 | 253 | 266 | 281 | 312 | 322 | 1.7% | 0.0% | 0.5% | 0.6% | 1.0% | 0.3%
Coal | 24 | 31 | 22 | 14 | 17 | 28 | 34 | 2.5% | -3.4% | -4.6% | 2.3% | 4.9% | 2.1%
Oil | 80 | 87 | 85 | 75 | 63 | 54 | 43 | 0.8% | -0.3% | -1.1% | -1.7% | -1.7% | -2.3%
Natural gas | 55 | 74 | 79 | 96 | 84 | 82 | 80 | 3.1% | 0.6% | 2.0% | -1.4% | -0.3% | -0.2%
Biomass | 8 | 12 | 14 | 19 | 35 | 45 | 49 | 3.7% | 1.9% | 3.0% | 6.2% | 2.7% | 0.8%
Nuclear¹ | 19 | 19 | 24 | 28 | 42 | 56 | 59 | 0.0% | 2.2% | 1.4% | 4.3% | 2.9% | 0.5%
Hydro | 26 | 31 | 30 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 37 | 1.9% | -0.2% | 1.1% | 0.4% | 0.3% | 0.3%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 10 | 17 | 26 | n.s. | 42.2% | 20.4% | 7.1% | 5.3% | 4.5%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 212 | 252 | 253 | 266 | 281 | 312 | 322 | 1.7% | 0.0% | 0.5% | 0.6% | 1.0% | 0.3%
Energy for Power Generation | 72 | 89 | 89 | 88 | 106 | 124 | 139 | 2.2% | 0.0% | -0.1% | 1.8% | 1.6% | 1.2%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 20 | 19 | 17 | 18 | 26 | 45 | 47 | -0.5% | -1.1% | 0.7% | 3.6% | 5.6% | 0.5%
Final consumption | 157 | 185 | 189 | 204 | 205 | 210 | 214 | 1.7% | 0.2% | 0.8% | 0.0% | 0.3% | 0.2%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 11 | 12 | 11 | 12 | 10 | 9 | 8 | 0.9% | -1.0% | 1.0% | -2.2% | -1.3% | -1.1%
Other Industry | 37 | 44 | 33 | 39 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 1.7% | -2.9% | 1.8% | 0.2% | 0.1% | 0.0%
Non-Energy Use | 15 | 20 | 23 | 25 | 24 | 24 | 23 | 2.9% | 1.7% | 0.6% | -0.3% | -0.1% | -0.3%
Residential | 29 | 31 | 33 | 35 | 36 | 39 | 41 | 0.7% | 0.7% | 0.4% | 0.5% | 0.6% | 0.6%
Services | 22 | 27 | 25 | 26 | 30 | 36 | 43 | 2.2% | -0.7% | 0.4% | 1.5% | 1.7% | 1.8%
Agriculture | 3 | 4 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 2.6% | 2.8% | 1.5% | 0.9% | 0.8% | 0.8%
Road | 33 | 39 | 49 | 51 | 48 | 46 | 41 | 1.7% | 2.2% | 0.5% | -0.7% | -0.4% | -1.1%
Rail | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | -0.7% | 0.2% | 1.0% | -0.1% | 0.0% | 0.0%
Aviation | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 2.4% | -0.7% | 2.8% | 0.2% | 0.4% | 0.2%
Other Transport | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0.1% | 6.6% | -3.6% | 0.8% | 0.5% | 0.4%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 27 | 39 | 34 | 22 | 18 | 15 | 17 | 3.9% | -1.3% | -4.5% | -1.7% | -2.3% | 1.5%
Coal | 20 | 27 | 19 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 2.9% | -3.3% | -6.9% | 0.1% | 0.2% | 1.7%
Oil | 4 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -1.9% | -4.3% | -28.7% | -31.5% | n.s. | n.s.
Gas | 2 | 7 | 11 | 10 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 14.7% | 4.4% | -0.9% | -9.1% | -12.3% | 1.4%
Biomass & Waste | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 7.8% | 0.7% | 0.0% | 9.2% | -2.6% | 1.2%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 482 | 605 | 599 | 651 | 764 | 891 | 1 024 | 2.3% | -0.1% | 0.8% | 1.6% | 1.5% | 1.4%
Coal | 82 | 118 | 80 | 35 | 38 | 42 | 52 | 3.6% | -3.8% | -8.0% | 0.9% | 1.2% | 2.1%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 23.7%
Oil | 16 | 15 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -1.1% | -6.1% | -28.1% | -30.9% | n.s. | n.s.
Gas | 10 | 33 | 52 | 51 | 23 | 7 | 8 | 13.2% | 4.4% | 0.0% | -7.8% | -11.4% | 1.0%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 8.3%
Biomass & Waste | 4 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 22 | 18 | 21 | 7.2% | 1.4% | -0.2% | 9.6% | -2.0% | 1.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 73 | 73 | 91 | 105 | 164 | 224 | 237 | 0.0% | 2.2% | 1.5% | 4.6% | 3.2% | 0.6%
Hydro | 297 | 359 | 351 | 393 | 408 | 421 | 433 | 1.9% | -0.2% | 1.1% | 0.4% | 0.3% | 0.3%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 9 | 57 | 108 | 174 | 258 | n.s. | 41.9% | 20.7% | 6.6% | 4.9% | 4.0%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 15 | n.s. | 27.7% | 18.3% | 10.0% | 10.8% | 12.8%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 25.2% | 15.7% | 12.8%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 103 | 111 | 131 | 170 | 206 | 251 | 297 | 0.7% | 1.7% | 2.6% | 2.0% | 2.0% | 1.7%
Coal | 19 | 18 | 14 | 9 | 8 | 13 | 17 | -0.8% | -2.3% | -4.5% | -1.0% | 4.7% | 2.9%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 24.2%
Oil | 7 | 8 | 7 | 20 | 21 | 21 | 24 | 0.5% | -0.9% | 10.8% | 0.4% | 0.1% | 1.5%
Gas | 4 | 7 | 13 | 17 | 21 | 24 | 26 | 5.9% | 7.0% | 2.9% | 2.2% | 1.2% | 0.7%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 12.3%
Biomass & Waste | 1 | 1 | 5 | 4 | 7 | 11 | 13 | 2.2% | 15.1% | -1.5% | 6.1% | 4.2% | 1.7%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 13 | 10 | 13 | 14 | 21 | 29 | 30 | -2.2% | 2.3% | 0.7% | 4.5% | 3.2% | 0.5%
Hydro | 59 | 67 | 75 | 81 | 84 | 86 | 89 | 1.3% | 1.1% | 0.7% | 0.4% | 0.3% | 0.3%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 4 | 24 | 42 | 63 | 86 | n.s. | 39.9% | 19.4% | 5.9% | 4.1% | 3.2%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 12 | n.s. | 44.3% | 21.4% | 3.1% | 6.6% | 9.7%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 24.5% | 15.2% | 12.3%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 157 | 185 | 189 | 204 | 205 | 210 | 214 | 1.7% | 0.2% | 0.8% | 0.0% | 0.3% | 0.2%
Coal | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 0.8% | -1.4% | -0.1% | 0.3% | 2.5% | 2.3%
Oil | 69 | 80 | 92 | 94 | 83 | 74 | 64 | 1.6% | 1.4% | 0.2% | -1.2% | -1.2% | -1.5%
Gas | 40 | 49 | 40 | 49 | 45 | 44 | 43 | 1.9% | -2.0% | 2.2% | -0.9% | -0.3% | -0.2%
Electricity | 36 | 41 | 41 | 42 | 50 | 59 | 69 | 1.4% | 0.0% | 0.3% | 1.8% | 1.7% | 1.5%
Heat | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2.5% | -5.9% | 5.8% | 5.6% | 5.1% | 4.3%
Biomass & Other | 7 | 10 | 11 | 14 | 21 | 27 | 29 | 3.1% | 1.6% | 2.5% | 4.0% | 2.3% | 0.9%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 22% | 24% | 25% | 29% | 37% | 44% | 50% | 0.6% | 0.4% | 1.5% | 2.7% | 1.7% | 1.3%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 63 | 76 | 67 | 76 | 74 | 73 | 71 | 1.8% | -1.2% | 1.3% | -0.3% | -0.2% | -0.2%
Coal | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 0.9% | -1.4% | -0.1% | 0.3% | 2.6% | 2.3%
Oil | 18 | 22 | 27 | 26 | 23 | 20 | 17 | 2.0% | 1.9% | -0.2% | -1.3% | -1.5% | -1.6%
Gas | 20 | 23 | 16 | 22 | 20 | 19 | 18 | 1.5% | -3.9% | 3.6% | -1.2% | -0.4% | -0.8%
Electricity | 14 | 17 | 15 | 16 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 1.9% | -1.5% | 0.3% | 1.2% | 0.8% | 0.5%
Heat | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2.5% | -6.6% | 4.7% | -0.2% | -0.3% | -0.2%
Biomass & Other | 6 | 8 | 6 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 3.1% | -3.1% | 3.1% | 1.5% | 0.4% | 0.3%
Buildings | 50 | 58 | 58 | 61 | 67 | 75 | 84 | 1.4% | 0.1% | 0.4% | 0.9% | 1.1% | 1.2%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -3.1% | -1.1% | -9.4% | -3.2% | -3.5% | -3.8%
Oil | 9 | 9 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 0.0% | -5.0% | -0.4% | 0.5% | 0.6% | 0.5%
Gas | 20 | 25 | 24 | 26 | 23 | 21 | 20 | 2.3% | -0.5% | 0.9% | -1.1% | -0.8% | -0.4%
Electricity | 20 | 23 | 25 | 25 | 30 | 36 | 43 | 1.0% | 0.9% | 0.2% | 1.6% | 1.8% | 1.8%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4.4% | 17.3% | 13.9% | 18.1% | 8.3% | 5.7%
Biomass & Other | 1 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 8 | 10 | 12 | 2.1% | 9.4% | 0.2% | 5.4% | 2.9% | 1.6%
Agriculture | 3 | 4 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 2.6% | 2.8% | 1.5% | 0.9% | 0.8% | 0.8%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 3.3% | 4.2% | 1.1% | 0.1% | 0.0% | 0.0%
Gas | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1.6% | -0.3% | 4.2% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.1%
Electricity | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1.1% | -0.2% | 1.0% | 2.5% | 2.3% | 2.1%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 21.6% | 6.3% | 3.8%
Transport | 40 | 47 | 57 | 61 | 57 | 56 | 51 | 1.6% | 2.0% | 0.5% | -0.6% | -0.3% | -0.9%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 40 | 47 | 56 | 58 | 50 | 44 | 36 | 1.6% | 1.9% | 0.3% | -1.5% | -1.3% | -1.8%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 3.6% | -2.2% | 23.2% | 16.3% | 5.5% | 4.8%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 26.1% | 6.8% | 3.4%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 6 | n.s. | 24.2% | 6.1% | 7.0% | 4.3% | 0.0%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 20 | 19 | 17 | 18 | 26 | 45 | 47 | -0.5% | -1.1% | 0.7% | 3.6% | 5.6% | 0.5%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Chile | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 13 | 15 | 17 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 1.4% | 1.2% | 1.0% | 0.7% | 0.4% | 0.2%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 7 | 11 | 15 | 18 | 22 | 26 | 30 | 4.9% | 2.7% | 2.2% | 2.1% | 1.5% | 1.3%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 4 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 13 | 15 | 18 | 4.9% | 2.7% | 2.2% | 2.1% | 1.5% | 1.3%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 9 | 6 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | -3.8% | -5.2% | 0.9% | -0.5% | -0.3% | -0.2%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 41 | 32 | 40 | 32 | 31 | 30 | 29 | -2.5% | 2.1% | -2.0% | -0.4% | -0.4% | -0.4%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 50 | 62 | 57 | 64 | 65 | 66 | 68 | 2.2% | -0.8% | 1.1% | 0.2% | 0.2% | 0.2%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 12 | 8 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 18 | 21 | -4.2% | 5.6% | 0.8% | 0.8% | 1.8% | 1.5%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 76 | 86 | 100 | 128 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.5% | 1.2% | 1.5% | 2.5%
Gas | 17 | 26 | 22 | 25 | 41 | 57 | 83 | 4.7% | -1.9% | 1.4% | 5.1% | 3.5% | 3.8%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 55 | 66 | 96 | 115 | 132 | 143 | 147 | 1.9% | 3.7% | 1.8% | 1.4% | 0.8% | 0.3%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 55 | 79 | 111 | 127 | 148 | 163 | 174 | 3.7% | 3.5% | 1.4% | 1.5% | 1.0% | 0.7%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 50 | 79 | 103 | 127 | 148 | 163 | 174 | 4.7% | 2.7% | 2.1% | 1.5% | 1.0% | 0.7%
CO₂ | 33 | 55 | 77 | 96 | 113 | 126 | 135 | 5.2% | 3.4% | 2.3% | 1.7% | 1.0% | 0.7%
CH₄ | 12 | 17 | 18 | 22 | 24 | 26 | 27 | 3.6% | 0.6% | 1.8% | 1.0% | 0.8% | 0.4%
N₂O | 5 | 7 | 8 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 3.0% | 1.8% | 1.7% | 0.7% | 0.5% | 0.4%
F gases | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -8.4% | 1.9% | 0.2% | 1.4% | 0.6% | 0.2%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 40 | 67 | 89 | 111 | 130 | 144 | 155 | 5.2% | 2.9% | 2.2% | 1.6% | 1.0% | 0.7%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 30 | 50 | 71 | 88 | 104 | 115 | 124 | 5.3% | 3.5% | 2.2% | 1.7% | 1.0% | 0.7%
Power generation/District heating | 8 | 14 | 25 | 36 | 47 | 53 | 63 | 5.2% | 6.4% | 3.6% | 2.7% | 1.2% | 1.7%
Industry | 7 | 11 | 14 | 16 | 18 | 22 | 22 | 4.9% | 2.3% | 1.6% | 0.7% | 2.0% | 0.2%
Buildings | 3 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 3.7% | 1.7% | -0.6% | -0.8% | 0.2% | -1.0%
Agriculture | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3.7% | 4.6% | -1.6% | 1.2% | 0.9% | 0.8%
Transport | 9 | 17 | 19 | 24 | 26 | 26 | 25 | 6.7% | 0.9% | 2.4% | 1.0% | 0.0% | -0.6%
Other | 2 | 3 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 2.7% | 8.3% | -0.9% | 2.1% | 1.6% | 0.7%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 7 | 8 | 9 | 14 | 20 | 26 | 33 | 1.1% | 0.8% | 4.3% | 3.7% | 3.0% | 2.3%
Coal | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | -15.4% | 0.5% | 23.3% | 2.7% | 2.0% | 1.9%
Oil | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -9.3% | 4.2% | -5.0% | 3.9% | 3.5% | 2.8%
Natural gas | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 8 | 1.2% | -0.3% | -0.5% | 8.9% | 4.8% | 3.6%
Biomass | 3 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 12 | 14 | 4.6% | 0.5% | 4.3% | 3.0% | 2.4% | 1.5%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 9.0% | 11.7%
Hydro | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 7.6% | 1.6% | 0.7% | 1.0% | 1.1% | 0.9%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | 37.2% | 6.2% | 6.5% | 4.2%
Net Imports | 6 | 17 | 22 | 25 | 27 | 27 | 25 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 1 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 8 | 10 | 13 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | 5 | 10 | 14 | 17 | 16 | 15 | 13 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | 0 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | - 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 14 | 25 | 31 | 38 | 47 | 54 | 58 | 6.1% | 2.1% | 2.3% | 2.0% | 1.4% | 0.8%
Coal | 2 | 3 | 4 | 7 | 11 | 13 | 17 | 2.3% | 3.8% | 5.2% | 3.7% | 2.4% | 2.3%
Oil | 6 | 10 | 15 | 17 | 16 | 15 | 14 | 4.9% | 3.7% | 1.4% | -0.4% | -0.7% | -0.7%
Natural gas | 1 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 15.9% | -1.5% | -2.0% | 4.9% | 2.2% | -1.2%
Biomass | 3 | 4 | 5 | 8 | 10 | 13 | 14 | 4.6% | 0.5% | 5.0% | 3.3% | 2.0% | 1.3%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 9.0% | 11.7%
Hydro | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 7.6% | 1.6% | 0.7% | 1.0% | 1.1% | 0.9%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | 37.2% | 6.2% | 6.5% | 4.2%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 14 | 25 | 31 | 38 | 47 | 54 | 58 | 6.1% | 2.1% | 2.3% | 2.0% | 1.4% | 0.8%
Energy for Power Generation | 3 | 6 | 10 | 15 | 20 | 24 | 27 | 7.2% | 4.7% | 4.3% | 2.9% | 1.9% | 1.4%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 5.9% | 2.3% | -1.2% | 5.7% | 3.9% | 2.4%
Final consumption | 11 | 21 | 24 | 29 | 34 | 38 | 40 | 6.2% | 1.5% | 1.8% | 1.6% | 1.2% | 0.7%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4.1% | -0.3% | 5.4% | 0.3% | 1.0% | -0.3%
Other Industry | 3 | 6 | 8 | 11 | 13 | 16 | 18 | 7.1% | 2.8% | 2.7% | 2.3% | 1.8% | 1.1%
Non-Energy Use | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 10.1% | -8.2% | -3.8% | 0.7% | 1.3% | 0.3%
Residential | 3 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 4.5% | 0.9% | -0.2% | 0.3% | 0.5% | 0.3%
Services | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2.7% | 8.2% | 1.3% | 2.1% | 1.8% | 1.2%
Agriculture | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4.3% | 4.2% | -1.3% | 1.3% | 1.0% | 0.8%
Road | 3 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 6.8% | 2.2% | 2.7% | 1.6% | 0.7% | 0.2%
Rail | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.2% | 8.1% | 1.3% | 1.1% | 0.7% | 0.5%
Aviation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 7.4% | 4.8% | 1.7% | 1.2% | 0.5% | 0.1%
Other Transport | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2.0% | 2.2% | 0.9% | 2.9% | 1.3% | 0.7%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 2 | 5 | 8 | 12 | 16 | 19 | 21 | 7.1% | 5.6% | 4.4% | 3.0% | 1.6% | 1.1%
Coal | 2 | 2 | 4 | 7 | 10 | 11 | 14 | 2.4% | 6.5% | 5.6% | 3.5% | 1.6% | 2.1%
Oil | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -0.4% | 14.4% | 0.6% | -3.4% | -3.3% | 3.7%
Gas | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 38.7% | 0.6% | -2.8% | 4.4% | 1.0% | -5.7%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 13.5% | 1.0% | 18.8% | 4.5% | 3.2% | 0.3%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 18 | 40 | 60 | 83 | 111 | 139 | 167 | 8.5% | 4.2% | 3.2% | 2.9% | 2.3% | 1.8%
Coal | 7 | 8 | 17 | 30 | 44 | 54 | 69 | 2.6% | 7.1% | 6.0% | 3.8% | 2.0% | 2.5%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 2 | 2 | 8 | 8 | 6 | 4 | 6 | -0.4% | 17.4% | -0.2% | -3.4% | -3.3% | 3.9%
Gas | 0 | 10 | 11 | 7 | 11 | 12 | 7 | 49.4% | 0.2% | -4.0% | 4.3% | 1.1% | -5.9%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 1 | 2 | 7 | 12 | 18 | 19 | 13.4% | 9.1% | 12.6% | 5.2% | 3.7% | 0.7%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Hydro | 9 | 19 | 22 | 23 | 26 | 29 | 32 | 7.6% | 1.6% | 0.7% | 1.0% | 1.1% | 0.9%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 10 | 19 | 28 | n.s. | n.s. | 31.1% | 6.9% | 7.2% | 3.6%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 7 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 3.9% | 5.0% | 6.4%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 24.9% | 16.9% | 12.6%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 5 | 10 | 16 | 26 | 33 | 44 | 49 | 8.0% | 4.9% | 4.7% | 2.5% | 2.8% | 1.0%
Coal | 1 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 11 | 12 | 6.5% | 0.9% | 7.1% | 4.0% | 4.1% | 1.0%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 1 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | -0.9% | 13.9% | 1.4% | 0.3% | -0.2% | -0.2%
Gas | 0 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 43.0% | 4.8% | -2.5% | 0.6% | -1.8% | -8.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4.3% | 12.3% | 7.5% | -0.8% | 4.1% | -0.3%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Hydro | 2 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 5.8% | 2.8% | 2.1% | 1.1% | 1.1% | 0.9%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 6 | 10 | 13 | n.s. | n.s. | 33.0% | 6.5% | 6.3% | 2.8%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 7 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 4.4% | 2.4% | 2.6%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 16.3% | 12.1%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 11 | 21 | 24 | 29 | 34 | 38 | 40 | 6.2% | 1.5% | 1.8% | 1.6% | 1.2% | 0.7%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1.0% | -5.6% | 8.9% | 3.0% | 5.3% | 1.7%
Oil | 5 | 9 | 12 | 14 | 14 | 13 | 12 | 5.3% | 2.8% | 1.6% | -0.1% | -0.5% | -1.1%
Gas | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 13.4% | -3.3% | -3.3% | 5.1% | 2.9% | 0.8%
Electricity | 1 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 13 | 9.0% | 4.1% | 2.9% | 2.9% | 2.3% | 1.8%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 5.7% | 4.9% | 4.4%
Biomass & Other | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 4.1% | 0.4% | 2.3% | 2.4% | 1.0% | 1.3%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 33% | 31% | 26% | 30% | 34% | 38% | 43% | -0.7% | -1.4% | 1.1% | 1.4% | 1.2% | 1.3%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 4 | 9 | 10 | 12 | 15 | 18 | 20 | 7.5% | 0.6% | 2.4% | 2.0% | 1.7% | 1.0%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1.7% | -5.5% | 8.9% | 3.0% | 5.3% | 1.7%
Oil | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3.5% | 4.6% | 1.2% | -1.0% | -0.6% | -1.7%
Gas | 1 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 14.9% | -4.8% | -6.2% | 3.5% | 2.7% | 0.7%
Electricity | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9.7% | 3.4% | 3.3% | 2.9% | 2.3% | 1.8%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | -0.2% | -0.3% | -0.2%
Biomass & Other | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 5.3% | -0.3% | 8.1% | 3.3% | 0.4% | 1.2%
Buildings | 4 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 4.3% | 2.0% | 0.2% | 0.7% | 0.9% | 0.6%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -15.5% | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3.6% | 1.1% | -1.2% | -2.8% | -1.4% | -1.9%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5.4% | 4.5% | 1.5% | 3.3% | 2.3% | -0.1%
Electricity | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 7.8% | 5.6% | 1.9% | 1.5% | 1.3% | 1.2%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 5.8% | 4.9% | 4.4%
Biomass & Other | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3.7% | 0.7% | -0.9% | 0.6% | 0.4% | 0.3%
Agriculture | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4.3% | 4.2% | -1.3% | 1.3% | 1.0% | 0.8%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -13.4% | -8.8% | -4.5% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0%
Oil | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8.3% | 5.0% | -1.6% | 1.2% | 0.9% | 0.8%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5.7% | -6.8% | 7.3% | 2.0% | 1.7% | 1.6%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Transport | 3 | 6 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 6.4% | 2.3% | 2.5% | 1.6% | 0.7% | 0.3%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 3 | 6 | 7 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 6.4% | 2.3% | 2.3% | 0.5% | -0.4% | -0.9%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3.5% | 8.5% | 21.5% | 17.0% | 4.3% | 1.9%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0.4% | 7.0% | 3.7% | 21.9% | 7.5% | 3.8%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 21.9% | 8.0% | 4.9%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 5.9% | 2.3% | -1.2% | 5.7% | 3.9% | 2.4%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Mexico | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 86 | 103 | 119 | 135 | 148 | 158 | 164 | 1.8% | 1.4% | 1.3% | 0.9% | 0.6% | 0.4%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 10 | 12 | 12 | 14 | 18 | 23 | 29 | 1.7% | 0.3% | 1.4% | 2.2% | 2.5% | 2.4%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 7 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 11 | 15 | 18 | 1.7% | 0.3% | 1.3% | 2.2% | 2.5% | 2.4%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 8 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | -7.7% | -0.2% | 0.4% | -0.9% | -0.8% | -0.6%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 28 | 35 | 35 | 32 | 32 | 30 | 28 | 2.1% | 0.1% | -0.8% | -0.3% | -0.5% | -0.6%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 64 | 62 | 61 | 64 | 65 | 67 | 69 | -0.3% | 0.0% | 0.4% | 0.2% | 0.3% | 0.3%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 12 | 8 | 13 | 12 | 12 | 15 | 18 | -4.2% | 5.6% | -0.7% | -0.1% | 2.2% | 1.9%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 76 | 86 | 100 | 128 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.5% | 1.2% | 1.5% | 2.5%
Gas | 17 | 26 | 22 | 25 | 41 | 57 | 83 | 4.7% | -1.9% | 1.4% | 5.1% | 3.5% | 3.8%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 485 | 589 | 718 | 734 | 753 | 806 | 802 | 2.0% | 2.0% | 0.2% | 0.3% | 0.7% | 0.0%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 498 | 613 | 731 | 734 | 779 | 856 | 882 | 2.1% | 1.8% | 0.1% | 0.6% | 0.9% | 0.3%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 445 | 561 | 694 | 723 | 774 | 832 | 862 | 2.3% | 2.2% | 0.4% | 0.7% | 0.7% | 0.4%
CO₂ | 284 | 381 | 452 | 507 | 567 | 620 | 646 | 3.0% | 1.7% | 1.2% | 1.1% | 0.9% | 0.4%
CH₄ | 103 | 118 | 166 | 136 | 128 | 126 | 126 | 1.3% | 3.4% | -2.0% | -0.6% | -0.1% | 0.0%
N₂O | 56 | 58 | 69 | 72 | 76 | 80 | 84 | 0.3% | 1.7% | 0.4% | 0.5% | 0.6% | 0.4%
F gases | 1 | 3 | 8 | 8 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 7.9% | 10.1% | -0.1% | -6.6% | 2.9% | 2.4%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 352 | 474 | 602 | 623 | 670 | 719 | 744 | 3.0% | 2.4% | 0.3% | 0.7% | 0.7% | 0.3%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 262 | 346 | 412 | 460 | 513 | 559 | 579 | 2.8% | 1.8% | 1.1% | 1.1% | 0.9% | 0.4%
Power generation/District heating | 63 | 112 | 122 | 157 | 200 | 230 | 244 | 5.9% | 0.9% | 2.6% | 2.4% | 1.4% | 0.6%
Industry | 55 | 52 | 47 | 60 | 61 | 64 | 68 | -0.6% | -1.0% | 2.5% | 0.0% | 0.6% | 0.6%
Buildings | 24 | 31 | 28 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 25 | 2.5% | -1.1% | -0.5% | 0.0% | 0.1% | -0.5%
Agriculture | 5 | 7 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 2.6% | 2.6% | 0.7% | 0.4% | 0.4% | 0.3%
Transport | 83 | 104 | 148 | 143 | 142 | 149 | 153 | 2.3% | 3.6% | -0.4% | 0.0% | 0.5% | 0.3%
Other | 31 | 39 | 57 | 64 | 75 | 79 | 78 | 2.5% | 3.9% | 1.1% | 1.6% | 0.6% | -0.1%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 12 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 44.4% | 14.0% | 8.5%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 11 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 43.5% | 15.6% | 8.9%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 4.1% | 2.7%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 23.5% | 0.5% | 3.0%
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 196 | 230 | 221 | 186 | 184 | 177 | 198 | 1.6% | -0.4% | -1.7% | -0.1% | -0.4% | 1.1%
Coal | 3 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 9 | 14 | 20 | 6.8% | 1.7% | -0.1% | 3.4% | 5.2% | 3.5%
Oil | 155 | 174 | 148 | 115 | 91 | 52 | 35 | 1.1% | -1.5% | -2.5% | -2.3% | -5.4% | -3.8%
Natural gas | 23 | 32 | 48 | 43 | 42 | 38 | 34 | 3.4% | 4.2% | -0.9% | -0.4% | -1.0% | -1.0%
Biomass | 9 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 14 | 22 | 30 | 0.4% | -0.7% | -0.9% | 5.9% | 5.0% | 3.3%
Nuclear¹ | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 7 | 15 | 28 | 10.8% | -3.3% | 6.9% | 8.2% | 8.6% | 6.1%
Hydro | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3.5% | 1.1% | -1.1% | 0.2% | 0.0% | 0.0%
Other renewables | 4 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 19 | 32 | 47 | 1.5% | 1.5% | 2.6% | 9.7% | 5.2% | 3.9%
Net Imports | - 81 | - 84 | - 45 | 13 | 57 | 111 | 133 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 9 | 18 | 26 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | - 82 | - 83 | - 54 | - 22 | - 1 | 34 | 50 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | 1 | - 3 | 6 | 28 | 47 | 54 | 48 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 8 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 115 | 145 | 176 | 198 | 241 | 288 | 331 | 2.4% | 2.0% | 1.2% | 2.0% | 1.8% | 1.4%
Coal | 4 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 18 | 33 | 47 | 6.6% | 3.3% | 1.9% | 4.5% | 6.2% | 3.7%
Oil | 72 | 90 | 95 | 93 | 90 | 86 | 85 | 2.2% | 0.5% | -0.2% | -0.3% | -0.4% | -0.1%
Natural gas | 23 | 29 | 53 | 71 | 89 | 92 | 82 | 2.3% | 6.3% | 3.0% | 2.2% | 0.4% | -1.1%
Biomass | 9 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 16 | 26 | 38 | 0.4% | -0.7% | 0.6% | 5.9% | 5.3% | 3.8%
Nuclear¹ | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 7 | 15 | 28 | 10.8% | -3.3% | 6.9% | 8.2% | 8.6% | 6.1%
Hydro | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3.5% | 1.1% | -1.1% | 0.2% | 0.0% | 0.0%
Other renewables | 4 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 19 | 32 | 47 | 1.5% | 1.5% | 2.6% | 9.7% | 5.2% | 3.9%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 115 | 145 | 176 | 198 | 241 | 288 | 331 | 2.4% | 2.0% | 1.2% | 2.0% | 1.8% | 1.4%
Energy for Power Generation | 28 | 48 | 56 | 73 | 104 | 135 | 166 | 5.5% | 1.5% | 2.7% | 3.6% | 2.6% | 2.1%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 11 | 13 | 25 | 29 | 37 | 45 | 51 | 1.2% | 7.0% | 1.6% | 2.4% | 1.9% | 1.3%
Final consumption | 84 | 99 | 114 | 122 | 140 | 165 | 191 | 1.6% | 1.4% | 0.7% | 1.4% | 1.7% | 1.5%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 15 | 14 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 14 | 15 | -0.5% | -1.6% | 0.6% | 0.1% | 0.8% | 0.9%
Other Industry | 12 | 14 | 16 | 25 | 31 | 38 | 46 | 2.1% | 1.0% | 4.6% | 2.2% | 2.2% | 1.9%
Non-Energy Use | 9 | 10 | 8 | 6 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 0.8% | -1.9% | -2.4% | 1.4% | 2.1% | 1.6%
Residential | 16 | 18 | 18 | 17 | 19 | 21 | 23 | 1.4% | -0.1% | -0.5% | 1.0% | 1.1% | 1.0%
Services | 2 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 9 | 12 | 16 | 4.7% | 3.1% | 3.2% | 3.6% | 2.9% | 2.6%
Agriculture | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 2.4% | 2.2% | 1.2% | 1.4% | 1.4% | 1.3%
Road | 27 | 34 | 50 | 49 | 54 | 63 | 71 | 2.3% | 4.0% | -0.3% | 1.0% | 1.5% | 1.2%
Rail | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -1.0% | 0.5% | 1.0% | 1.3% | 1.7% | 1.6%
Aviation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | 1.1% | -8.4% | 3.4% | 3.5% | 2.8%
Other Transport | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 11.4% | -5.6% | 0.1% | 2.0% | 1.8% | 1.2%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 21 | 38 | 45 | 59 | 75 | 85 | 89 | 6.1% | 1.8% | 2.8% | 2.4% | 1.2% | 0.5%
Coal | 2 | 5 | 8 | 8 | 13 | 25 | 35 | 10.0% | 5.3% | 0.5% | 4.7% | 6.6% | 3.5%
Oil | 15 | 23 | 10 | 12 | 13 | 9 | 9 | 4.3% | -7.9% | 2.1% | 0.7% | -3.5% | -0.7%
Gas | 3 | 9 | 25 | 36 | 45 | 44 | 34 | 9.7% | 11.3% | 3.7% | 2.1% | -0.3% | -2.4%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 9 | n.s. | 4.1% | 3.6% | 3.7% | 8.1% | 5.5%
Other | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1.4% | 1.2% | -1.1% | 9.5% | 3.0% | 1.4%
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 116 | 204 | 271 | 365 | 529 | 714 | 914 | 5.8% | 2.9% | 3.0% | 3.8% | 3.1% | 2.5%
Coal | 8 | 19 | 33 | 35 | 58 | 119 | 176 | 9.6% | 5.3% | 0.7% | 5.3% | 7.4% | 4.0%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 25.0%
Oil | 62 | 94 | 44 | 53 | 58 | 41 | 39 | 4.3% | -7.4% | 2.0% | 0.8% | -3.3% | -0.6%
Gas | 14 | 41 | 141 | 196 | 257 | 253 | 197 | 11.1% | 13.0% | 3.3% | 2.8% | -0.2% | -2.5%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 9.5%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 8 | 23 | 43 | n.s. | 4.9% | -0.6% | 12.9% | 10.5% | 6.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 3 | 8 | 6 | 12 | 26 | 62 | 113 | 10.8% | -3.3% | 7.0% | 8.6% | 8.8% | 6.2%
Hydro | 23 | 33 | 37 | 33 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 3.5% | 1.1% | -1.1% | 0.2% | 0.0% | 0.0%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 1 | 26 | 62 | 133 | 221 | 34.2% | 51.9% | 35.7% | 9.0% | 7.9% | 5.2%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 9 | 28 | 66 | 19.9% | 8.0% | 37.8% | 20.8% | 12.0% | 8.9%
Other | 5 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 15 | 20 | 25 | 1.4% | 1.2% | -1.1% | 9.6% | 3.2% | 2.0%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 27 | 42 | 62 | 78 | 113 | 167 | 220 | 4.6% | 3.9% | 2.3% | 3.7% | 4.0% | 2.8%
Coal | 1 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 8 | 17 | 25 | 15.6% | 1.7% | 0.1% | 3.0% | 7.2% | 4.1%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 25.2%
Oil | 12 | 16 | 14 | 11 | 11 | 8 | 8 | 2.9% | -1.4% | -1.8% | -0.2% | -2.9% | -0.2%
Gas | 5 | 9 | 28 | 34 | 44 | 51 | 38 | 7.1% | 11.7% | 2.2% | 2.5% | 1.5% | -2.9%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 10.0%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 6 | n.s. | 1.2% | -1.0% | 10.8% | 10.6% | 6.5%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 8 | 14 | 7.7% | 0.0% | 0.4% | 8.6% | 8.8% | 6.2%
Hydro | 8 | 10 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 2.1% | 1.8% | 0.5% | 0.2% | 0.0% | 0.0%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 1 | 10 | 22 | 44 | 69 | n.s. | n.s. | 34.3% | 8.4% | 7.2% | 4.6%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 8 | 21 | 44 | 19.9% | 8.0% | 47.5% | 18.6% | 9.9% | 7.9%
Other | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2.0% | 1.2% | -1.5% | 10.0% | 2.8% | 1.7%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 84 | 99 | 114 | 122 | 140 | 165 | 191 | 1.6% | 1.4% | 0.7% | 1.4% | 1.7% | 1.5%
Coal | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 1.2% | -0.1% | 6.1% | 2.5% | 2.5% | 2.5%
Oil | 51 | 62 | 74 | 70 | 66 | 67 | 66 | 1.9% | 1.8% | -0.6% | -0.5% | 0.1% | -0.1%
Gas | 14 | 13 | 13 | 16 | 20 | 24 | 27 | -0.9% | -0.2% | 2.5% | 2.2% | 1.9% | 0.9%
Electricity | 9 | 14 | 18 | 25 | 37 | 50 | 64 | 4.9% | 2.5% | 3.6% | 3.8% | 3.1% | 2.5%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 9.6% | 10.4% | 4.2% | 11.6% | 9.6% | 8.2%
Biomass & Other | 9 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 11 | 17 | 24 | -0.4% | -1.2% | -0.5% | 5.3% | 4.3% | 3.2%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 14% | 12% | 10% | 10% | 17% | 26% | 35% | -1.3% | -2.0% | 0.3% | 5.1% | 4.2% | 3.1%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 36 | 38 | 36 | 44 | 51 | 62 | 72 | 0.7% | -0.6% | 2.0% | 1.5% | 1.9% | 1.6%
Coal | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 1.2% | -0.1% | 6.1% | 2.5% | 2.5% | 2.5%
Oil | 14 | 14 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 0.1% | -2.2% | -0.4% | -0.1% | 0.4% | 0.2%
Gas | 13 | 12 | 12 | 14 | 13 | 14 | 14 | -0.9% | -0.4% | 1.5% | -0.3% | 0.5% | 0.1%
Electricity | 5 | 9 | 10 | 14 | 19 | 25 | 32 | 6.4% | 1.5% | 3.7% | 3.1% | 2.8% | 2.4%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | 10.4% | 5.9% | -0.2% | -0.3% | -0.2%
Biomass & Other | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 7 | -3.4% | -2.9% | 5.0% | 7.2% | 4.6% | 3.4%
Buildings | 18 | 22 | 23 | 23 | 28 | 33 | 39 | 1.8% | 0.5% | 0.4% | 1.8% | 1.8% | 1.6%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 7 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 2.8% | -1.5% | -1.4% | -1.9% | -1.5% | -1.5%
Gas | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 5 | -1.6% | 3.4% | 6.8% | 6.6% | 3.0% | 0.7%
Electricity | 3 | 5 | 7 | 10 | 13 | 17 | 21 | 3.2% | 4.5% | 3.1% | 3.0% | 2.6% | 2.4%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 9.6% | 10.4% | 4.1% | 12.0% | 9.8% | 8.2%
Biomass & Other | 7 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 0.3% | -0.9% | -2.7% | 0.9% | 0.5% | -0.1%
Agriculture | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 2.4% | 2.2% | 1.2% | 1.4% | 1.4% | 1.3%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2.6% | 2.6% | 0.7% | 0.4% | 0.4% | 0.3%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Electricity | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1.7% | 0.9% | 2.6% | 2.6% | 2.5% | 2.3%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 22.7% | 6.6% | 4.0%
Transport | 29 | 36 | 52 | 51 | 56 | 65 | 74 | 2.4% | 3.7% | -0.2% | 1.0% | 1.5% | 1.2%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 28 | 36 | 52 | 49 | 47 | 47 | 47 | 2.4% | 3.7% | -0.5% | -0.5% | 0.2% | 0.0%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 6 | 7 | n.s. | 7.8% | 51.3% | 16.8% | 5.0% | 2.8%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 6 | 8 | 3.2% | 0.8% | 14.9% | 22.5% | 6.2% | 3.8%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 6 | 10 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 20.8% | 8.7% | 5.2%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 11 | 13 | 25 | 29 | 37 | 45 | 51 | 1.2% | 7.0% | 1.6% | 2.4% | 1.9% | 1.3%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

United States | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 253 | 283 | 310 | 334 | 356 | 374 | 389 | 1.1% | 0.9% | 0.7% | 0.6% | 0.5% | 0.4%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 33 | 41 | 44 | 50 | 56 | 64 | 71 | 2.3% | 0.7% | 1.4% | 1.1% | 1.2% | 1.1%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 33 | 41 | 44 | 50 | 56 | 64 | 71 | 2.3% | 0.7% | 1.4% | 1.1% | 1.2% | 1.1%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -1.5% | -0.1% | 1.0% | -0.5% | -0.5% | -0.4%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 24 | 23 | 20 | 20 | 19 | 18 | 16 | -0.3% | -1.3% | -0.2% | -0.6% | -0.7% | -0.8%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 75 | 76 | 78 | 79 | 80 | 81 | 83 | 0.1% | 0.4% | 0.0% | 0.2% | 0.2% | 0.2%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 12 | 8 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 18 | -4.2% | 5.6% | 0.4% | 0.6% | 0.9% | 1.2%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 76 | 86 | 100 | 128 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.5% | 1.2% | 1.5% | 2.5%
Gas | 17 | 26 | 22 | 25 | 41 | 57 | 83 | 4.7% | -1.9% | 1.4% | 5.1% | 3.5% | 3.8%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 5 233 | 6 146 | 5 691 | 5 514 | 5 190 | 5 349 | 5 411 | 1.6% | -0.8% | -0.3% | -0.6% | 0.3% | 0.1%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 6 056 | 6 830 | 6 649 | 6 361 | 5 849 | 5 819 | 5 998 | 1.2% | -0.3% | -0.4% | -0.8% | -0.1% | 0.3%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 6 056 | 6 829 | 6 649 | 6 361 | 5 849 | 5 819 | 5 998 | 1.2% | -0.3% | -0.4% | -0.8% | -0.1% | 0.3%
CO₂ | 4 938 | 5 721 | 5 515 | 5 194 | 4 663 | 4 589 | 4 704 | 1.5% | -0.4% | -0.6% | -1.1% | -0.2% | 0.2%
CH₄ | 633 | 588 | 581 | 566 | 546 | 552 | 581 | -0.7% | -0.1% | -0.3% | -0.3% | 0.1% | 0.5%
N₂O | 395 | 384 | 404 | 421 | 433 | 445 | 455 | -0.3% | 0.5% | 0.4% | 0.3% | 0.3% | 0.2%
F gases | 90 | 136 | 150 | 181 | 207 | 234 | 258 | 4.2% | 1.0% | 1.9% | 1.4% | 1.2% | 1.0%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 5 582 | 6 355 | 6 115 | 5 800 | 5 260 | 5 206 | 5 363 | 1.3% | -0.4% | -0.5% | -1.0% | -0.1% | 0.3%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 4 809 | 5 587 | 5 390 | 5 058 | 4 528 | 4 458 | 4 580 | 1.5% | -0.4% | -0.6% | -1.1% | -0.2% | 0.3%
Power generation/District heating | 1 866 | 2 372 | 2 332 | 1 923 | 1 862 | 1 986 | 2 220 | 2.4% | -0.2% | -1.9% | -0.3% | 0.6% | 1.1%
Industry | 581 | 524 | 428 | 460 | 425 | 402 | 378 | -1.0% | -2.0% | 0.7% | -0.8% | -0.5% | -0.6%
Buildings | 544 | 602 | 545 | 515 | 454 | 409 | 363 | 1.0% | -1.0% | -0.6% | -1.2% | -1.0% | -1.2%
Agriculture | 46 | 45 | 53 | 57 | 60 | 63 | 66 | -0.2% | 1.8% | 0.7% | 0.5% | 0.5% | 0.5%
Transport | 1 424 | 1 713 | 1 677 | 1 698 | 1 350 | 1 224 | 1 168 | 1.9% | -0.2% | 0.1% | -2.3% | -1.0% | -0.5%
Other | 349 | 331 | 354 | 405 | 377 | 374 | 384 | -0.5% | 0.7% | 1.4% | -0.7% | -0.1% | 0.3%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 1 623 | 1 692 | 1 777 | 2 080 | 2 071 | 2 268 | 2 713 | 0.4% | 0.5% | 1.6% | 0.0% | 0.9% | 1.8%
Coal | 488 | 542 | 540 | 424 | 508 | 817 | 1 285 | 1.1% | -0.1% | -2.4% | 1.8% | 4.9% | 4.6%
Oil | 433 | 376 | 355 | 628 | 554 | 433 | 349 | -1.4% | -0.6% | 5.9% | -1.2% | -2.4% | -2.1%
Natural gas | 420 | 448 | 499 | 618 | 494 | 424 | 399 | 0.7% | 1.1% | 2.2% | -2.2% | -1.5% | -0.6%
Biomass | 82 | 76 | 112 | 113 | 130 | 151 | 188 | -0.8% | 3.9% | 0.1% | 1.4% | 1.5% | 2.2%
Nuclear¹ | 162 | 211 | 222 | 212 | 215 | 200 | 199 | 2.7% | 0.5% | -0.5% | 0.1% | -0.7% | 0.0%
Hydro | 25 | 24 | 25 | 24 | 24 | 25 | 25 | -0.3% | 0.2% | -0.2% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.0%
Other renewables | 14 | 15 | 25 | 62 | 147 | 218 | 268 | 0.3% | 5.6% | 9.4% | 9.1% | 4.0% | 2.1%
Net Imports | 329 | 590 | 472 | 231 | 207 | 61 | - 289 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | - 32 | - 9 | - 37 | - 81 | - 132 | - 358 | - 710 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | 340 | 496 | 450 | 164 | 111 | 173 | 223 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | 21 | 100 | 58 | 112 | 117 | 91 | 14 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 26 | 98 | 149 | 189 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | - 1 | 4 | 8 | 2 | - 10 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 1 953 | 2 282 | 2 249 | 2 311 | 2 279 | 2 329 | 2 424 | 1.6% | -0.1% | 0.3% | -0.1% | 0.2% | 0.4%
Coal | 456 | 534 | 503 | 343 | 376 | 460 | 575 | 1.6% | -0.6% | -3.8% | 0.9% | 2.0% | 2.3%
Oil | 772 | 871 | 805 | 792 | 666 | 607 | 572 | 1.2% | -0.8% | -0.2% | -1.7% | -0.9% | -0.6%
Natural gas | 441 | 548 | 556 | 730 | 611 | 514 | 413 | 2.2% | 0.2% | 2.8% | -1.8% | -1.7% | -2.2%
Biomass | 82 | 76 | 112 | 139 | 227 | 300 | 377 | -0.8% | 3.9% | 2.2% | 5.1% | 2.8% | 2.3%
Nuclear¹ | 162 | 211 | 222 | 212 | 215 | 200 | 199 | 2.7% | 0.5% | -0.5% | 0.1% | -0.7% | 0.0%
Hydro | 25 | 24 | 25 | 24 | 24 | 25 | 25 | -0.3% | 0.2% | -0.2% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.0%
Other renewables | 14 | 15 | 25 | 62 | 147 | 218 | 268 | 0.3% | 5.6% | 9.4% | 9.1% | 4.0% | 2.1%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 1 953 | 2 282 | 2 249 | 2 311 | 2 279 | 2 329 | 2 424 | 1.6% | -0.1% | 0.3% | -0.1% | 0.2% | 0.4%
Energy for Power Generation | 754 | 931 | 958 | 920 | 979 | 1 064 | 1 169 | 2.1% | 0.3% | -0.4% | 0.6% | 0.8% | 1.0%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 127 | 124 | 160 | 250 | 284 | 299 | 316 | -0.2% | 2.6% | 4.5% | 1.3% | 0.5% | 0.5%
Final consumption | 1 300 | 1 538 | 1 489 | 1 528 | 1 471 | 1 490 | 1 532 | 1.7% | -0.3% | 0.3% | -0.4% | 0.1% | 0.3%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 127 | 152 | 97 | 97 | 88 | 83 | 79 | 1.8% | -4.4% | 0.0% | -1.0% | -0.7% | -0.5%
Other Industry | 181 | 185 | 169 | 193 | 191 | 190 | 190 | 0.2% | -0.9% | 1.3% | -0.1% | -0.1% | 0.0%
Non-Energy Use | 119 | 153 | 135 | 122 | 125 | 127 | 128 | 2.5% | -1.2% | -1.0% | 0.2% | 0.2% | 0.1%
Residential | 224 | 265 | 268 | 262 | 261 | 269 | 278 | 1.7% | 0.1% | -0.2% | 0.0% | 0.3% | 0.3%
Services | 157 | 193 | 217 | 234 | 254 | 285 | 317 | 2.1% | 1.2% | 0.8% | 0.8% | 1.1% | 1.1%
Agriculture | 14 | 14 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | -0.2% | 2.2% | 0.9% | 0.5% | 0.5% | 0.5%
Road | 397 | 493 | 522 | 520 | 441 | 421 | 420 | 2.2% | 0.6% | 0.0% | -1.6% | -0.5% | 0.0%
Rail | 11 | 10 | 9 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | -0.5% | -1.3% | 4.0% | 0.6% | 0.6% | 0.5%
Aviation | 64 | 68 | 49 | 58 | 65 | 68 | 69 | 0.7% | -3.2% | 1.7% | 1.1% | 0.5% | 0.1%
Other Transport | 6 | 4 | 4 | 9 | 11 | 12 | 13 | -4.3% | 0.5% | 7.9% | 1.5% | 1.1% | 0.8%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 554 | 681 | 686 | 623 | 593 | 622 | 677 | 2.1% | 0.1% | -1.0% | -0.5% | 0.5% | 0.9%
Coal | 392 | 492 | 469 | 302 | 317 | 377 | 468 | 2.3% | -0.5% | -4.3% | 0.5% | 1.8% | 2.2%
Oil | 27 | 30 | 11 | 15 | 17 | 14 | 15 | 0.8% | -9.5% | 3.4% | 1.3% | -1.7% | 0.3%
Gas | 93 | 137 | 185 | 287 | 234 | 187 | 132 | 3.9% | 3.1% | 4.5% | -2.0% | -2.2% | -3.4%
Biomass & Waste | 40 | 21 | 20 | 16 | 21 | 37 | 56 | -6.0% | -0.5% | -2.4% | 2.6% | 6.0% | 4.4%
Other | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 6 | 6 | -0.9% | 1.9% | 2.7% | 8.8% | 2.7% | -0.2%
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 3 210 | 4 052 | 4 378 | 4 580 | 5 091 | 5 722 | 6 394 | 2.4% | 0.8% | 0.5% | 1.1% | 1.2% | 1.1%
Coal | 1 700 | 2 129 | 1 994 | 1 303 | 1 379 | 1 650 | 2 059 | 2.3% | -0.7% | -4.2% | 0.6% | 1.8% | 2.2%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 131 | 118 | 48 | 63 | 74 | 64 | 67 | -1.0% | -8.6% | 2.8% | 1.6% | -1.4% | 0.4%
Gas | 382 | 634 | 1 018 | 1 595 | 1 338 | 1 094 | 758 | 5.2% | 4.8% | 4.6% | -1.7% | -2.0% | -3.6%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Waste | 79 | 72 | 75 | 58 | 85 | 167 | 275 | -0.9% | 0.5% | -2.6% | 3.9% | 6.9% | 5.1%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 612 | 798 | 839 | 802 | 814 | 781 | 798 | 2.7% | 0.5% | -0.5% | 0.1% | -0.4% | 0.2%
Hydro | 289 | 280 | 286 | 280 | 284 | 286 | 287 | -0.3% | 0.2% | -0.2% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.0%
Wind | 3 | 6 | 95 | 372 | 819 | 1 116 | 1 309 | 6.3% | 32.6% | 14.6% | 8.2% | 3.1% | 1.6%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 4 | 84 | 243 | 493 | 766 | 14.3% | 36.7% | 35.0% | 11.3% | 7.3% | 4.5%
Other | 16 | 15 | 18 | 23 | 54 | 72 | 76 | -0.9% | 1.9% | 2.7% | 8.9% | 3.0% | 0.6%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 739 | 859 | 1 040 | 1 074 | 1 276 | 1 498 | 1 616 | 1.5% | 1.9% | 0.3% | 1.7% | 1.6% | 0.8%
Coal | 271 | 321 | 319 | 221 | 212 | 273 | 337 | 1.7% | -0.1% | -3.6% | -0.5% | 2.6% | 2.1%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 82 | 130 | 56 | 32 | 34 | 33 | 31 | 4.7% | -8.1% | -5.4% | 0.5% | -0.2% | -0.5%
Gas | 176 | 190 | 407 | 448 | 444 | 381 | 211 | 0.8% | 7.9% | 1.0% | -0.1% | -1.5% | -5.7%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Waste | 11 | 15 | 12 | 9 | 12 | 23 | 38 | 3.2% | -2.6% | -3.2% | 3.3% | 7.0% | 5.0%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 102 | 98 | 101 | 98 | 100 | 96 | 98 | -0.4% | 0.3% | -0.3% | 0.1% | -0.4% | 0.2%
Hydro | 92 | 99 | 101 | 102 | 104 | 104 | 104 | 0.7% | 0.2% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.0%
Wind | 2 | 2 | 39 | 116 | 232 | 305 | 351 | 4.5% | 32.3% | 11.5% | 7.1% | 2.8% | 1.4%
Solar | 0 | 1 | 3 | 43 | 132 | 274 | 434 | 2.3% | 18.9% | 30.5% | 11.8% | 7.6% | 4.7%
Other | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 0.5% | -1.5% | 2.3% | 8.5% | 2.7% | 2.1%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 1 300 | 1 538 | 1 489 | 1 528 | 1 471 | 1 490 | 1 532 | 1.7% | -0.3% | 0.3% | -0.4% | 0.1% | 0.3%
Coal | 58 | 39 | 31 | 27 | 37 | 48 | 58 | -3.8% | -2.4% | -1.2% | 3.2% | 2.7% | 1.8%
Oil | 683 | 793 | 761 | 729 | 607 | 555 | 524 | 1.5% | -0.4% | -0.4% | -1.8% | -0.9% | -0.6%
Gas | 288 | 345 | 295 | 325 | 279 | 246 | 216 | 1.8% | -1.6% | 1.0% | -1.5% | -1.3% | -1.3%
Electricity | 226 | 301 | 326 | 340 | 379 | 426 | 477 | 2.9% | 0.8% | 0.4% | 1.1% | 1.2% | 1.1%
Heat | 2 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 16 | 26 | 38 | 11.3% | 1.3% | 1.3% | 5.5% | 5.1% | 3.7%
Biomass & Other | 43 | 52 | 69 | 98 | 153 | 188 | 218 | 2.1% | 2.8% | 3.5% | 4.6% | 2.1% | 1.5%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 6% | 6% | 8% | 12% | 23% | 31% | 37% | -0.4% | 2.9% | 4.1% | 7.0% | 3.1% | 1.8%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 427 | 490 | 402 | 412 | 405 | 399 | 396 | 1.4% | -2.0% | 0.3% | -0.2% | -0.1% | -0.1%
Coal | 53 | 37 | 29 | 26 | 36 | 47 | 57 | -3.6% | -2.3% | -1.2% | 3.3% | 2.8% | 1.9%
Oil | 147 | 160 | 150 | 124 | 120 | 110 | 99 | 0.8% | -0.6% | -1.9% | -0.3% | -0.9% | -1.1%
Gas | 124 | 155 | 111 | 144 | 119 | 103 | 90 | 2.3% | -3.3% | 2.7% | -1.9% | -1.4% | -1.4%
Electricity | 75 | 98 | 74 | 76 | 79 | 80 | 79 | 2.8% | -2.7% | 0.2% | 0.5% | 0.1% | -0.1%
Heat | 0 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | n.s. | 2.2% | -0.2% | -0.2% | -0.3% | -0.2%
Biomass & Other | 29 | 36 | 32 | 37 | 45 | 54 | 67 | 2.2% | -1.1% | 1.5% | 2.0% | 1.9% | 2.0%
Buildings | 381 | 458 | 485 | 496 | 515 | 553 | 596 | 1.8% | 0.6% | 0.2% | 0.4% | 0.7% | 0.7%
Coal | 5 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -7.0% | -3.8% | -2.3% | -0.8% | -1.1% | -1.4%
Oil | 45 | 48 | 36 | 33 | 40 | 44 | 44 | 0.5% | -2.8% | -0.9% | 2.0% | 0.9% | 0.1%
Gas | 164 | 189 | 182 | 174 | 138 | 114 | 94 | 1.5% | -0.4% | -0.4% | -2.3% | -1.9% | -1.9%
Electricity | 152 | 202 | 251 | 262 | 278 | 311 | 350 | 2.9% | 2.2% | 0.4% | 0.6% | 1.1% | 1.2%
Heat | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 11 | 21 | 33 | 1.7% | -0.2% | 3.7% | 10.1% | 7.0% | 4.5%
Biomass & Other | 14 | 13 | 12 | 22 | 46 | 62 | 73 | -0.3% | -0.7% | 6.0% | 7.8% | 2.9% | 1.8%
Agriculture | 14 | 14 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | -0.2% | 2.2% | 0.9% | 0.5% | 0.5% | 0.5%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 14 | 14 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | -0.2% | 1.1% | 0.9% | 0.5% | 0.5% | 0.5%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | -1.4% | 0.5% | 0.5% | 0.5%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | 8.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0%
Transport | 477 | 576 | 584 | 601 | 531 | 516 | 518 | 1.9% | 0.1% | 0.3% | -1.2% | -0.3% | 0.0%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 477 | 572 | 559 | 555 | 429 | 383 | 362 | 1.8% | -0.2% | -0.1% | -2.5% | -1.1% | -0.6%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 20 | 27 | 30 | n.s. | 10.2% | 23.1% | 14.3% | 3.0% | 1.1%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 21 | 35 | 48 | 0.7% | 3.6% | 17.4% | 22.8% | 5.3% | 3.2%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 3 | 24 | 38 | 60 | 71 | 78 | n.s. | 22.5% | 4.5% | 4.8% | 1.7% | 0.9%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 127 | 124 | 160 | 250 | 284 | 299 | 316 | -0.2% | 2.6% | 4.5% | 1.3% | 0.5% | 0.5%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Rest Central America | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 63 | 74 | 84 | 93 | 102 | 109 | 113 | 1.6% | 1.3% | 1.1% | 0.9% | 0.6% | 0.4%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 13 | 3.2% | 2.7% | 2.4% | 2.8% | 2.9% | 2.8%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 3 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 9 | 11 | 1.7% | 1.7% | 1.9% | 2.8% | 2.9% | 2.8%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 8 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 4 | -3.9% | 0.4% | 1.5% | -2.1% | -1.6% | -1.2%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 37 | 40 | 42 | 27 | 26 | 25 | 25 | 0.9% | 0.4% | -4.4% | -0.2% | -0.2% | -0.3%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 55 | 55 | 53 | 67 | 69 | 70 | 71 | -0.1% | -0.4% | 2.4% | 0.2% | 0.2% | 0.2%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 12 | 8 | 13 | 12 | 12 | 15 | 18 | -4.2% | 5.6% | -0.7% | -0.1% | 2.2% | 1.9%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 76 | 86 | 100 | 128 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.5% | 1.2% | 1.5% | 2.5%
Gas | 17 | 26 | 22 | 25 | 41 | 57 | 83 | 4.7% | -1.9% | 1.4% | 5.1% | 3.5% | 3.8%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 282 | 293 | 322 | 366 | 388 | 422 | 447 | 0.4% | 1.0% | 1.3% | 0.6% | 0.8% | 0.6%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 295 | 328 | 349 | 366 | 388 | 422 | 459 | 1.1% | 0.6% | 0.5% | 0.6% | 0.8% | 0.8%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 168 | 202 | 253 | 285 | 334 | 391 | 441 | 1.8% | 2.3% | 1.2% | 1.6% | 1.6% | 1.2%
CO₂ | 95 | 126 | 163 | 187 | 221 | 263 | 302 | 2.9% | 2.6% | 1.4% | 1.7% | 1.8% | 1.4%
CH₄ | 48 | 51 | 64 | 70 | 80 | 89 | 97 | 0.6% | 2.3% | 0.8% | 1.4% | 1.1% | 0.8%
N₂O | 25 | 24 | 24 | 27 | 32 | 36 | 39 | -0.7% | 0.2% | 1.3% | 1.4% | 1.2% | 1.0%
F gases | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | n.s. | 16.9% | -0.8% | 4.0% | 3.7% | 3.3%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 117 | 153 | 203 | 229 | 271 | 321 | 366 | 2.7% | 2.9% | 1.2% | 1.7% | 1.7% | 1.3%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 85 | 111 | 138 | 164 | 192 | 229 | 261 | 2.7% | 2.2% | 1.8% | 1.6% | 1.7% | 1.3%
Power generation/District heating | 23 | 37 | 51 | 57 | 61 | 75 | 88 | 4.7% | 3.4% | 1.0% | 0.6% | 2.1% | 1.6%
Industry | 22 | 23 | 25 | 34 | 43 | 53 | 62 | 0.4% | 0.8% | 3.1% | 2.6% | 2.0% | 1.6%
Buildings | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 11 | 13 | 13 | 0.8% | -0.2% | 0.7% | 1.9% | 1.5% | 0.3%
Agriculture | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -1.6% | -4.4% | 0.1% | 1.2% | 1.3% | 1.2%
Transport | 20 | 31 | 40 | 44 | 50 | 55 | 58 | 4.6% | 2.4% | 1.1% | 1.2% | 0.9% | 0.6%
Other | 10 | 10 | 13 | 20 | 26 | 32 | 39 | -0.1% | 2.6% | 4.5% | 3.0% | 2.1% | 1.9%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 33 | 42 | 70 | 63 | 56 | 67 | 85 | 2.6% | 5.1% | -1.0% | -1.2% | 1.8% | 2.4%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 9 | 10 | 11 | 8 | 11 | 14 | 17 | 1.9% | 0.1% | -2.3% | 2.9% | 2.4% | 1.8%
Natural gas | 4 | 13 | 38 | 24 | 4 | 4 | 7 | 11.7% | 11.0% | -4.6% | -17.1% | 1.6% | 4.7%
Biomass | 18 | 16 | 16 | 24 | 24 | 27 | 32 | -1.5% | 0.5% | 3.7% | 0.1% | 1.4% | 1.7%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 11.6% | 15.3%
Hydro | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2.8% | 3.4% | 0.5% | 0.6% | 0.3% | 0.2%
Other renewables | 1 | 2 | 3 | 6 | 15 | 19 | 27 | 9.2% | 6.1% | 6.3% | 10.7% | 2.3% | 3.4%
Net Imports | 18 | 20 | 10 | 31 | 66 | 80 | 91 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 9 | 19 | 29 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | 17 | 24 | 26 | 32 | 29 | 26 | 25 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | 0 | - 4 | - 18 | 2 | 32 | 38 | 39 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | - 6 | - 4 | - 3 | - 3 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 51 | 62 | 80 | 95 | 122 | 147 | 176 | 2.0% | 2.5% | 1.7% | 2.6% | 1.9% | 1.8%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 9 | 19 | 29 | 5.8% | 13.5% | 10.5% | 9.9% | 7.5% | 4.3%
Oil | 26 | 34 | 37 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 42 | 2.8% | 0.8% | 0.9% | -0.1% | 0.0% | 0.5%
Natural gas | 5 | 9 | 20 | 26 | 35 | 42 | 45 | 6.6% | 8.2% | 2.7% | 3.1% | 1.8% | 0.8%
Biomass | 18 | 16 | 16 | 17 | 20 | 24 | 29 | -1.5% | 0.5% | 0.4% | 1.6% | 1.8% | 2.0%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 11.6% | 15.3%
Hydro | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2.8% | 3.4% | 0.5% | 0.6% | 0.3% | 0.2%
Other renewables | 1 | 2 | 3 | 6 | 15 | 19 | 27 | 9.2% | 6.1% | 6.3% | 10.7% | 2.3% | 3.4%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 51 | 62 | 80 | 95 | 122 | 147 | 176 | 2.0% | 2.5% | 1.7% | 2.6% | 1.9% | 1.8%
Energy for Power Generation | 11 | 16 | 24 | 28 | 41 | 48 | 60 | 4.3% | 4.0% | 1.4% | 3.9% | 1.8% | 2.2%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 6 | 6 | 6 | 8 | 11 | 15 | 19 | -0.4% | -0.4% | 4.0% | 3.2% | 3.0% | 2.4%
Final consumption | 38 | 46 | 57 | 68 | 84 | 103 | 125 | 1.7% | 2.2% | 1.8% | 2.2% | 2.1% | 1.9%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 6.4% | 4.9% | 1.0% | 5.0% | 4.5% | 3.1%
Other Industry | 14 | 12 | 11 | 16 | 20 | 25 | 31 | -0.9% | -0.9% | 3.3% | 2.4% | 2.3% | 2.1%
Non-Energy Use | 3 | 6 | 11 | 14 | 19 | 24 | 30 | 7.3% | 6.6% | 2.2% | 3.1% | 2.6% | 2.3%
Residential | 11 | 13 | 16 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 22 | 1.4% | 2.5% | 0.9% | 0.7% | 0.8% | 0.7%
Services | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 8 | 10 | 1.8% | 4.2% | 2.5% | 3.5% | 3.2% | 2.8%
Agriculture | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -1.3% | -1.6% | 1.2% | 1.4% | 1.5% | 1.5%
Road | 8 | 11 | 13 | 15 | 18 | 21 | 25 | 3.9% | 1.6% | 1.2% | 1.9% | 1.8% | 1.6%
Rail | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -8.6% | 10.0% | 4.7% | 2.1% | 1.9% | 1.6%
Aviation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4.7% | 9.3% | 1.5% | 4.0% | 3.8% | 3.2%
Other Transport | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | -8.9% | -1.5% | 0.0% | 3.3% | 2.8% | 2.4%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 9 | 13 | 19 | 20 | 23 | 27 | 31 | 4.0% | 3.7% | 0.4% | 1.4% | 1.6% | 1.4%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 10 | 15 | 33.6% | 14.9% | 9.3% | 9.1% | 8.4% | 4.0%
Oil | 7 | 10 | 13 | 13 | 10 | 6 | 4 | 4.3% | 2.4% | 0.1% | -2.7% | -4.3% | -3.5%
Gas | 1 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 6 | 5.6% | 6.8% | 1.1% | 2.9% | 2.2% | -0.4%
Biomass & Waste | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | -1.9% | 5.7% | -5.9% | 8.7% | 1.5% | 3.4%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9.1% | 5.5% | 4.6% | 10.0% | 0.2% | 2.0%
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 43 | 68 | 95 | 118 | 158 | 222 | 305 | 4.8% | 3.3% | 2.2% | 3.0% | 3.4% | 3.2%
Coal | 0 | 1 | 3 | 8 | 21 | 51 | 78 | 33.5% | 14.7% | 10.2% | 10.2% | 9.1% | 4.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 24 | 40 | 47 | 56 | 42 | 27 | 19 | 5.4% | 1.8% | 1.6% | -2.7% | -4.3% | -3.3%
Gas | 4 | 7 | 14 | 17 | 23 | 30 | 31 | 6.6% | 7.4% | 1.9% | 3.3% | 2.7% | 0.2%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Waste | 2 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 8 | 17 | -0.1% | 4.7% | -7.2% | 9.3% | 7.9% | 8.1%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Hydro | 13 | 17 | 23 | 24 | 26 | 27 | 27 | 2.8% | 3.4% | 0.5% | 0.6% | 0.3% | 0.2%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 19 | 41 | 75 | n.s. | 12.3% | 24.1% | 13.9% | 8.2% | 6.3%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 10 | 25 | 39 | n.s. | -15.9% | n.s. | 23.9% | 9.4% | 4.7%
Other | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 13 | 14 | 17 | 9.1% | 5.5% | 4.6% | 10.0% | 0.3% | 2.4%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 13 | 18 | 25 | 30 | 40 | 59 | 81 | 3.6% | 2.9% | 1.9% | 3.0% | 4.0% | 3.3%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 7 | 11 | 5.6% | 1.1% | 10.6% | 8.5% | 8.7% | 5.0%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 8 | 11 | 15 | 15 | 12 | 10 | 8 | 3.6% | 2.7% | 0.1% | -1.9% | -1.5% | -2.5%
Gas | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 4.3% | 3.6% | 2.7% | 0.9% | 1.4% | 1.7%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 6.1% | 5.1% | 1.2% | -1.8% | 3.2% | 8.2%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Hydro | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 2.3% | 2.9% | 1.2% | 0.6% | 0.3% | 0.2%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 6 | 12 | 22 | n.s. | 14.9% | 21.3% | 13.0% | 7.7% | 5.9%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 6 | 15 | 23 | n.s. | -15.9% | n.s. | 24.2% | 9.5% | 4.7%
Other | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 9.3% | 2.4% | 4.3% | 8.9% | 1.4% | 1.6%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 38 | 46 | 57 | 68 | 84 | 103 | 125 | 1.7% | 2.2% | 1.8% | 2.2% | 2.1% | 1.9%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 7 | 11 | -1.0% | 12.3% | 9.7% | 10.3% | 6.7% | 4.3%
Oil | 17 | 21 | 23 | 25 | 28 | 32 | 35 | 2.1% | 0.9% | 1.0% | 1.1% | 1.2% | 1.1%
Gas | 3 | 6 | 12 | 17 | 23 | 27 | 30 | 8.1% | 7.0% | 3.0% | 3.2% | 1.7% | 1.1%
Electricity | 3 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 11 | 16 | 22 | 4.6% | 3.7% | 2.2% | 3.1% | 3.5% | 3.2%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 8.7% | 2.8% | 3.4%
Biomass & Other | 15 | 14 | 14 | 16 | 16 | 19 | 23 | -1.2% | 0.4% | 0.9% | 0.6% | 1.7% | 1.8%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 45% | 36% | 35% | 33% | 35% | 39% | 44% | -2.1% | -0.4% | -0.5% | 0.6% | 1.1% | 1.3%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 17 | 19 | 24 | 31 | 41 | 52 | 66 | 1.2% | 2.2% | 2.7% | 2.8% | 2.5% | 2.3%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 7 | 11 | -1.0% | 12.3% | 9.7% | 10.3% | 6.7% | 4.3%
Oil | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 10 | 12 | 16 | 0.2% | -0.8% | 2.1% | 2.2% | 2.3% | 2.2%
Gas | 3 | 6 | 12 | 16 | 20 | 22 | 24 | 8.0% | 7.2% | 2.5% | 2.3% | 1.2% | 0.9%
Electricity | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 4.5% | 2.7% | 2.9% | 3.7% | 3.5% | 3.3%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 6 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 6 | -3.7% | -6.2% | 2.8% | 1.0% | 3.9% | 3.5%
Buildings | 13 | 15 | 19 | 21 | 24 | 28 | 32 | 1.5% | 2.7% | 1.2% | 1.2% | 1.4% | 1.3%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0.4% | 0.0% | -1.4% | -1.6% | -1.0% | -0.8%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 11.9% | -2.6% | 19.6% | 9.4% | 4.0% | 1.1%
Electricity | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 11 | 4.8% | 4.1% | 1.8% | 1.8% | 2.6% | 2.6%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 8.7% | 2.8% | 3.4%
Biomass & Other | 8 | 9 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 0.8% | 3.1% | 0.4% | 0.0% | 0.3% | 0.3%
Agriculture | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -1.3% | -1.6% | 1.2% | 1.4% | 1.5% | 1.5%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -1.6% | -4.4% | 0.1% | 1.2% | 1.3% | 1.2%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -1.4% | 10.5% | 2.3% | 2.1% | 2.1% | 2.0%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3.1% | -2.7% | 4.5% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0%
Transport | 8 | 12 | 14 | 15 | 19 | 23 | 27 | 3.2% | 1.6% | 1.2% | 2.0% | 1.9% | 1.7%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 7 | 11 | 13 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 4.3% | 2.2% | 0.9% | 0.8% | 0.7% | 0.4%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 17.6% | 5.3% | 3.2%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | -0.7% | 10.0% | 7.5% | 31.4% | 9.7% | 5.2%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | -4.9% | -12.0% | 4.4% | 10.8% | 7.6% | 5.8%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 6 | 6 | 6 | 8 | 11 | 15 | 19 | -0.4% | -0.4% | 4.0% | 3.2% | 3.0% | 2.4%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Rest South America | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 102 | 122 | 140 | 158 | 173 | 184 | 192 | 1.8% | 1.4% | 1.2% | 0.9% | 0.6% | 0.4%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 6 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 16 | 22 | 30 | 0.9% | 2.6% | 2.8% | 3.4% | 3.4% | 3.2%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 3 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 10 | 14 | 0.8% | 2.5% | 2.8% | 3.4% | 3.4% | 3.2%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 12 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 6 | -3.8% | -0.7% | 0.4% | -1.2% | -0.9% | -0.6%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 43 | 37 | 42 | 34 | 32 | 30 | 28 | -1.5% | 1.3% | -2.2% | -0.4% | -0.6% | -0.8%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 45 | 55 | 50 | 59 | 61 | 64 | 66 | 2.0% | -0.8% | 1.5% | 0.4% | 0.4% | 0.4%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 12 | 8 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 18 | 21 | -4.2% | 5.6% | 0.8% | 0.8% | 1.8% | 1.5%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 76 | 86 | 100 | 128 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.5% | 1.2% | 1.5% | 2.5%
Gas | 17 | 26 | 22 | 25 | 41 | 57 | 83 | 4.7% | -1.9% | 1.4% | 5.1% | 3.5% | 3.8%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 872 | 914 | 1 122 | 1 085 | 1 110 | 1 167 | 1 206 | 0.5% | 2.1% | -0.3% | 0.2% | 0.5% | 0.3%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 891 | 985 | 1 183 | 1 085 | 1 110 | 1 167 | 1 219 | 1.0% | 1.8% | -0.9% | 0.2% | 0.5% | 0.4%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 414 | 504 | 661 | 719 | 830 | 969 | 1 089 | 2.0% | 2.7% | 0.8% | 1.5% | 1.6% | 1.2%
CO₂ | 206 | 265 | 378 | 421 | 506 | 617 | 721 | 2.6% | 3.6% | 1.1% | 1.9% | 2.0% | 1.6%
CH₄ | 152 | 182 | 210 | 221 | 240 | 260 | 269 | 1.8% | 1.4% | 0.5% | 0.8% | 0.8% | 0.4%
N₂O | 53 | 55 | 70 | 73 | 79 | 85 | 89 | 0.4% | 2.3% | 0.5% | 0.8% | 0.6% | 0.5%
F gases | 4 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 10 | -8.2% | 8.2% | 1.5% | 3.6% | 3.5% | 2.9%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 266 | 338 | 463 | 515 | 614 | 742 | 853 | 2.4% | 3.2% | 1.1% | 1.8% | 1.9% | 1.4%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 188 | 238 | 348 | 389 | 464 | 567 | 664 | 2.4% | 3.9% | 1.1% | 1.8% | 2.0% | 1.6%
Power generation/District heating | 29 | 31 | 62 | 61 | 88 | 133 | 180 | 0.7% | 7.0% | -0.1% | 3.7% | 4.2% | 3.1%
Industry | 44 | 56 | 84 | 91 | 112 | 137 | 162 | 2.5% | 4.1% | 0.8% | 2.0% | 2.1% | 1.6%
Buildings | 17 | 19 | 22 | 25 | 28 | 33 | 34 | 1.6% | 1.1% | 1.6% | 1.1% | 1.4% | 0.4%
Agriculture | 2 | 5 | 6 | 9 | 11 | 12 | 14 | 7.3% | 2.9% | 3.8% | 1.7% | 1.6% | 1.5%
Transport | 65 | 80 | 119 | 146 | 159 | 162 | 160 | 2.1% | 4.1% | 2.1% | 0.9% | 0.2% | -0.2%
Other | 31 | 46 | 55 | 56 | 66 | 90 | 114 | 4.0% | 1.8% | 0.1% | 1.7% | 3.1% | 2.4%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 218 | 317 | 362 | 455 | 646 | 725 | 775 | 3.8% | 1.3% | 2.3% | 3.6% | 1.2% | 0.7%
Coal | 15 | 31 | 51 | 72 | 179 | 116 | 34 | 7.6% | 5.1% | 3.6% | 9.6% | -4.3% | -11.6%
Oil | 155 | 229 | 227 | 254 | 260 | 347 | 417 | 3.9% | -0.1% | 1.1% | 0.2% | 2.9% | 1.9%
Natural gas | 25 | 31 | 53 | 72 | 120 | 136 | 150 | 2.3% | 5.4% | 3.3% | 5.2% | 1.3% | 0.9%
Biomass | 13 | 11 | 13 | 33 | 57 | 83 | 116 | -2.2% | 2.1% | 9.7% | 5.7% | 3.8% | 3.3%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 7 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 30.2% | 14.6% | 8.2%
Hydro | 10 | 16 | 18 | 21 | 24 | 26 | 29 | 4.6% | 1.5% | 1.6% | 1.2% | 0.9% | 1.0%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 13 | 24 | n.s. | -11.4% | 54.4% | 15.6% | 10.0% | 5.9%
Net Imports | - 129 | - 206 | - 208 | - 281 | - 427 | - 447 | - 431 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | - 11 | - 28 | - 46 | - 64 | - 160 | - 71 | 33 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | - 111 | - 173 | - 143 | - 164 | - 170 | - 260 | - 333 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | - 4 | - 1 | - 15 | - 33 | - 68 | - 78 | - 84 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | - 15 | - 25 | - 32 | - 41 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - 1 | - 1 | - 3 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | - 2 | - 4 | - 4 | - 4 | - 4 | - 4 | - 4 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 89 | 111 | 154 | 174 | 219 | 278 | 344 | 2.3% | 3.3% | 1.2% | 2.3% | 2.4% | 2.1%
Coal | 4 | 3 | 4 | 8 | 20 | 45 | 67 | -0.9% | 2.4% | 5.8% | 10.1% | 8.6% | 4.1%
Oil | 44 | 55 | 84 | 90 | 90 | 86 | 84 | 2.3% | 4.3% | 0.7% | 0.0% | -0.4% | -0.2%
Natural gas | 20 | 30 | 38 | 39 | 52 | 58 | 65 | 4.0% | 2.2% | 0.4% | 2.8% | 1.2% | 1.1%
Biomass | 13 | 11 | 13 | 18 | 32 | 51 | 75 | -2.2% | 2.1% | 3.2% | 6.0% | 4.8% | 3.9%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 7 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 30.2% | 14.6% | 8.2%
Hydro | 10 | 16 | 18 | 21 | 24 | 26 | 29 | 4.6% | 1.5% | 1.6% | 1.2% | 0.9% | 1.0%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 13 | 24 | n.s. | -11.4% | 54.4% | 15.6% | 10.0% | 5.9%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 89 | 111 | 154 | 174 | 219 | 278 | 344 | 2.3% | 3.3% | 1.2% | 2.3% | 2.4% | 2.1%
Energy for Power Generation | 21 | 27 | 42 | 46 | 64 | 90 | 124 | 2.8% | 4.3% | 0.9% | 3.4% | 3.5% | 3.2%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 9 | 14 | 18 | 20 | 29 | 45 | 62 | 3.9% | 3.0% | 1.0% | 3.7% | 4.3% | 3.4%
Final consumption | 67 | 82 | 111 | 131 | 162 | 198 | 237 | 2.0% | 3.1% | 1.7% | 2.1% | 2.0% | 1.8%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 9 | 12 | 17 | 16 | 19 | 23 | 27 | 3.0% | 3.3% | -0.5% | 1.7% | 1.9% | 1.7%
Other Industry | 13 | 15 | 24 | 31 | 42 | 56 | 72 | 1.6% | 4.7% | 2.7% | 3.1% | 2.9% | 2.5%
Non-Energy Use | 2 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 10.1% | -4.8% | -0.7% | 1.7% | 1.8% | 1.6%
Residential | 16 | 16 | 18 | 20 | 22 | 25 | 28 | -0.3% | 1.6% | 0.7% | 1.1% | 1.3% | 1.1%
Services | 3 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 12 | 17 | 24 | 3.6% | 4.0% | 3.1% | 3.9% | 3.8% | 3.2%
Agriculture | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 2.4% | 2.4% | 2.7% | 1.5% | 1.5% | 1.5%
Road | 22 | 27 | 39 | 48 | 57 | 65 | 72 | 2.2% | 3.7% | 2.2% | 1.7% | 1.3% | 1.0%
Rail | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -2.7% | 1.3% | 4.8% | 1.6% | 1.6% | 1.5%
Aviation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | -0.8% | 1.1% | 3.9% | 4.5% | 3.6% | 0.9%
Other Transport | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | -5.5% | 2.7% | 3.6% | 4.0% | 3.3% | 2.7%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 11 | 12 | 24 | 23 | 34 | 48 | 65 | 0.9% | 7.2% | -0.1% | 3.9% | 3.5% | 3.0%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 9 | 25 | 37 | -4.2% | 7.9% | 5.5% | 14.2% | 10.7% | 4.0%
Oil | 3 | 4 | 9 | 10 | 7 | 2 | 2 | 1.9% | 7.8% | 0.7% | -3.4% | -9.5% | -1.7%
Gas | 6 | 7 | 12 | 9 | 13 | 10 | 11 | 0.9% | 6.2% | -2.7% | 3.6% | -2.3% | 0.4%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 10 | 14 | 1.7% | 17.7% | 6.3% | 9.2% | 6.8% | 3.8%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 154 | 226 | 303 | 363 | 498 | 706 | 954 | 3.9% | 3.0% | 1.8% | 3.2% | 3.5% | 3.1%
Coal | 4 | 3 | 5 | 11 | 45 | 131 | 199 | -3.7% | 6.9% | 8.0% | 15.5% | 11.2% | 4.3%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 13 | 16 | 32 | 41 | 30 | 11 | 10 | 2.2% | 7.5% | 2.5% | -3.3% | -9.2% | -1.6%
Gas | 21 | 25 | 50 | 43 | 66 | 57 | 60 | 1.8% | 7.0% | -1.5% | 4.4% | -1.5% | 0.7%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Waste | 1 | 1 | 4 | 8 | 21 | 45 | 69 | 3.6% | 19.1% | 6.4% | 10.5% | 7.7% | 4.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 12 | 27 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 30.4% | 14.8% | 8.2%
Hydro | 116 | 182 | 212 | 247 | 277 | 303 | 333 | 4.6% | 1.5% | 1.6% | 1.2% | 0.9% | 1.0%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 32 | 78 | 126 | n.s. | n.s. | 54.8% | 13.8% | 9.3% | 4.9%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 24 | 68 | 126 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 19.4% | 11.1% | 6.3%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | 26.1% | 25.5% | 18.9% | 15.0%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 43 | 55 | 65 | 96 | 135 | 220 | 318 | 2.5% | 1.8% | 4.0% | 3.5% | 5.0% | 3.7%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 6 | 20 | 35 | 4.7% | -0.2% | 7.0% | 14.4% | 12.1% | 5.7%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 6 | 9 | 8 | 15 | 15 | 18 | 24 | 3.3% | -0.6% | 6.1% | 0.5% | 1.7% | 2.7%
Gas | 8 | 10 | 16 | 26 | 26 | 32 | 37 | 1.8% | 5.3% | 4.9% | 0.0% | 2.2% | 1.6%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 7 | 13 | 1.9% | 14.0% | 10.0% | 7.5% | 8.6% | 5.9%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 30.1% | 14.5% | 8.0%
Hydro | 28 | 36 | 40 | 44 | 50 | 54 | 60 | 2.4% | 1.1% | 1.1% | 1.2% | 0.9% | 1.0%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 20 | 45 | 66 | n.s. | n.s. | 58.5% | 12.8% | 8.2% | 3.9%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 14 | 42 | 79 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 19.9% | 11.5% | 6.6%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 24.8% | 18.4% | 14.5%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 67 | 82 | 111 | 131 | 162 | 198 | 237 | 2.0% | 3.1% | 1.7% | 2.1% | 2.0% | 1.8%
Coal | 2 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 9 | 15 | 20 | 2.6% | -2.2% | 6.9% | 6.9% | 4.8% | 3.4%
Oil | 36 | 46 | 60 | 70 | 73 | 73 | 71 | 2.6% | 2.7% | 1.6% | 0.4% | 0.0% | -0.3%
Gas | 8 | 11 | 19 | 19 | 25 | 31 | 34 | 3.3% | 5.9% | 0.0% | 2.7% | 2.1% | 1.0%
Electricity | 8 | 12 | 17 | 23 | 32 | 47 | 65 | 3.4% | 4.0% | 2.7% | 3.6% | 3.9% | 3.3%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | -17.4% | 30.5% | 12.0% | 8.5% | 9.8%
Biomass & Other | 13 | 10 | 12 | 14 | 22 | 32 | 44 | -2.3% | 1.3% | 2.0% | 4.3% | 3.6% | 3.3%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 34% | 32% | 26% | 27% | 34% | 41% | 48% | -0.5% | -1.9% | 0.4% | 2.1% | 2.0% | 1.5%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 24 | 32 | 44 | 50 | 65 | 84 | 104 | 3.1% | 3.1% | 1.3% | 2.6% | 2.6% | 2.3%
Coal | 2 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 9 | 15 | 20 | 3.0% | -2.2% | 7.0% | 7.0% | 4.9% | 3.4%
Oil | 8 | 12 | 15 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 4.8% | 2.1% | 0.5% | 0.2% | 0.1% | -0.2%
Gas | 7 | 9 | 16 | 14 | 15 | 17 | 18 | 2.3% | 5.5% | -1.4% | 0.9% | 1.2% | 0.6%
Electricity | 4 | 5 | 7 | 10 | 14 | 21 | 30 | 2.2% | 3.9% | 3.7% | 3.7% | 4.0% | 3.4%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 3 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 10 | 15 | 20 | 1.0% | 2.1% | 4.4% | 5.3% | 3.6% | 3.5%
Buildings | 19 | 20 | 24 | 28 | 34 | 42 | 52 | 0.4% | 2.1% | 1.4% | 2.0% | 2.3% | 2.1%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -5.9% | -3.0% | 3.5% | -0.8% | -1.1% | -1.4%
Oil | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 0.4% | 0.3% | 0.0% | -2.3% | -0.6% | -0.4%
Gas | 1 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 7 | 9 | 10 | 10.0% | 4.1% | 5.1% | 5.1% | 2.8% | 0.9%
Electricity | 4 | 7 | 10 | 12 | 15 | 19 | 25 | 4.2% | 4.1% | 1.9% | 2.2% | 2.7% | 2.8%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | -17.4% | 30.5% | 12.0% | 8.5% | 9.8%
Biomass & Other | 9 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 11 | -3.4% | 0.7% | -0.4% | 1.7% | 1.9% | 1.5%
Agriculture | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 2.4% | 2.4% | 2.7% | 1.5% | 1.5% | 1.5%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 7.2% | 3.0% | 3.8% | 1.7% | 1.6% | 1.5%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | 2.1% | 1.5% | 1.4% | 1.3%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7.7% | 5.2% | 4.0% | 2.5% | 2.4% | 2.3%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -3.4% | 0.2% | -1.5% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0%
Transport | 23 | 27 | 39 | 49 | 59 | 67 | 74 | 2.0% | 3.7% | 2.2% | 1.8% | 1.3% | 1.0%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 22 | 27 | 38 | 46 | 49 | 49 | 47 | 1.9% | 3.4% | 2.0% | 0.6% | -0.1% | -0.4%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 28.3% | 23.7% | 2.2% | 8.0% | 4.1% | 2.5%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 6 | 9 | 0.7% | 1.3% | 11.3% | 39.6% | 9.3% | 4.5%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 7 | 11 | -22.0% | n.s. | 18.2% | 12.2% | 7.4% | 5.2%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 9 | 14 | 18 | 20 | 29 | 45 | 62 | 3.9% | 3.0% | 1.0% | 3.7% | 4.3% | 3.4%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Egypt | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 56 | 68 | 82 | 101 | 117 | 134 | 151 | 1.9% | 1.8% | 2.1% | 1.5% | 1.4% | 1.2%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 10 | 14 | 18 | 2.3% | 2.9% | 1.5% | 4.2% | 3.6% | 2.7%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 2.3% | 2.9% | 1.6% | 4.2% | 3.6% | 2.7%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 19 | 17 | 14 | 10 | 8 | 7 | 6 | -1.4% | -1.8% | -3.4% | -2.6% | -1.5% | -0.9%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 29 | 33 | 38 | 37 | 37 | 34 | 31 | 1.4% | 1.3% | -0.2% | -0.1% | -0.7% | -1.0%
Shareb Value Added - Services (%) | 52 | 50 | 49 | 53 | 56 | 59 | 63 | -0.3% | -0.3% | 0.9% | 0.5% | 0.6% | 0.6%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 12 | 18 | 13 | 14 | 17 | 20 | -3.4% | 3.6% | -3.0% | 0.7% | 2.3% | 1.3%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 76 | 86 | 100 | 128 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.5% | 1.2% | 1.5% | 2.5%
Gas | 18 | 21 | 30 | 46 | 52 | 64 | 85 | 1.4% | 3.8% | 4.3% | 1.3% | 2.0% | 2.9%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 138 | 172 | 273 | 314 | 408 | 537 | 662 | 2.2% | 4.8% | 1.4% | 2.7% | 2.8% | 2.1%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 138 | 172 | 274 | 314 | 409 | 537 | 662 | 2.2% | 4.7% | 1.4% | 2.7% | 2.8% | 2.1%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 138 | 172 | 274 | 314 | 409 | 537 | 662 | 2.2% | 4.7% | 1.4% | 2.7% | 2.8% | 2.1%
CO₂ | 92 | 116 | 197 | 228 | 308 | 418 | 526 | 2.3% | 5.5% | 1.5% | 3.0% | 3.1% | 2.3%
CH₄ | 25 | 36 | 48 | 51 | 59 | 70 | 82 | 3.7% | 3.0% | 0.5% | 1.4% | 1.8% | 1.6%
N₂O | 19 | 18 | 24 | 31 | 37 | 44 | 48 | -0.8% | 3.2% | 2.5% | 2.0% | 1.6% | 0.9%
F gases | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 3.5% | 2.8% | 0.8% | 1.8% | 1.7% | 1.4%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 120 | 147 | 245 | 277 | 367 | 492 | 614 | 2.1% | 5.3% | 1.2% | 2.9% | 3.0% | 2.2%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 81 | 99 | 171 | 193 | 258 | 353 | 448 | 2.1% | 5.6% | 1.2% | 2.9% | 3.2% | 2.4%
Power generation/District heating | 22 | 27 | 62 | 77 | 102 | 146 | 202 | 2.0% | 8.7% | 2.1% | 2.9% | 3.7% | 3.3%
Industry | 26 | 23 | 30 | 32 | 39 | 49 | 54 | -1.1% | 2.6% | 0.7% | 2.2% | 2.1% | 1.0%
Buildings | 11 | 12 | 18 | 18 | 25 | 34 | 42 | 1.6% | 3.7% | 0.2% | 3.2% | 3.3% | 2.0%
Agriculture | 0 | 0 | 7 | 8 | 10 | 12 | 14 | n.s. | 40.6% | 1.3% | 1.9% | 1.9% | 1.6%
Transport | 16 | 29 | 39 | 45 | 63 | 84 | 101 | 6.1% | 3.1% | 1.5% | 3.4% | 3.0% | 1.8%
Other | 6 | 8 | 16 | 14 | 19 | 27 | 36 | 2.1% | 7.1% | -1.4% | 3.5% | 3.6% | 2.9%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 54 | 55 | 88 | 89 | 114 | 156 | 208 | 0.2% | 4.8% | 0.1% | 2.5% | 3.2% | 2.9%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 45 | 35 | 34 | 26 | 21 | 18 | 18 | -2.4% | -0.2% | -2.8% | -2.3% | -1.5% | 0.0%
Natural gas | 7 | 17 | 51 | 58 | 86 | 126 | 173 | 9.9% | 11.3% | 1.3% | 4.1% | 3.9% | 3.2%
Biomass | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | -1.7% | 1.7% | -1.8% | 2.3% | 1.0% | 0.2%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 1.3% | 18.0%
Hydro | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3.3% | -0.5% | 1.0% | 0.8% | 0.2% | 0.2%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 4 | 9 | 14 | 14.1% | 16.7% | 33.0% | 4.5% | 8.1% | 5.1%
Net Imports | - 22 | - 14 | - 15 | - 1 | 6 | 10 | - 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 9 | 20 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | - 23 | - 12 | - 1 | 10 | 24 | 36 | 43 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | 0 | - 3 | - 15 | - 13 | - 22 | - 35 | - 65 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 32 | 41 | 73 | 88 | 119 | 165 | 207 | 2.4% | 6.0% | 1.9% | 3.1% | 3.3% | 2.3%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 9 | 20 | 2.4% | -6.2% | 14.1% | 7.5% | 10.2% | 8.5%
Oil | 22 | 23 | 34 | 37 | 44 | 53 | 61 | 0.3% | 3.9% | 0.8% | 1.9% | 1.9% | 1.3%
Natural gas | 7 | 14 | 36 | 44 | 65 | 91 | 108 | 7.9% | 9.5% | 2.2% | 3.8% | 3.5% | 1.7%
Biomass | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | -1.9% | 1.7% | -1.6% | 2.9% | 1.9% | 1.5%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 1.3% | 18.0%
Hydro | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3.3% | -0.5% | 1.0% | 0.8% | 0.2% | 0.2%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 4 | 9 | 14 | 14.1% | 16.7% | 33.0% | 4.5% | 8.1% | 5.1%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 32 | 41 | 73 | 88 | 119 | 165 | 207 | 2.4% | 6.0% | 1.9% | 3.1% | 3.3% | 2.3%
Energy for Power Generation | 9 | 12 | 26 | 35 | 46 | 67 | 89 | 3.1% | 8.0% | 3.0% | 2.8% | 3.8% | 3.0%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 2 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 11 | 15 | 0.6% | 5.6% | 1.2% | 4.5% | 4.4% | 2.9%
Final consumption | 24 | 32 | 53 | 63 | 87 | 119 | 147 | 2.8% | 5.3% | 1.7% | 3.3% | 3.2% | 2.2%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1.0% | -5.3% | 10.5% | -1.3% | -0.9% | -0.9%
Other Industry | 10 | 9 | 14 | 15 | 20 | 27 | 32 | -0.3% | 4.1% | 0.7% | 2.9% | 2.9% | 1.7%
Non-Energy Use | 2 | 3 | 7 | 8 | 12 | 17 | 20 | 4.0% | 7.7% | 1.8% | 4.1% | 3.2% | 1.9%
Residential | 6 | 7 | 12 | 14 | 19 | 25 | 32 | 2.8% | 4.9% | 2.0% | 2.6% | 3.1% | 2.3%
Services | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 8 | 12 | 11.3% | 6.9% | 3.5% | 4.1% | 5.2% | 4.0%
Agriculture | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 10.1% | 24.9% | 2.1% | 2.1% | 2.1% | 1.8%
Road | 5 | 8 | 14 | 16 | 24 | 33 | 41 | 4.9% | 5.1% | 1.8% | 3.7% | 3.4% | 2.2%
Rail | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 4.6% | 4.0% | 3.1%
Aviation | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 8.0% | 2.5% | 1.2% | 5.5% | 5.2% | 3.5%
Other Transport | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | -3.5% | -5.3% | 4.9% | 3.7% | 2.5%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 8 | 11 | 25 | 31 | 41 | 57 | 74 | 3.0% | 8.6% | 2.3% | 2.7% | 3.4% | 2.7%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 6 | 15 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 31.6% | 15.6% | 10.1%
Oil | 4 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 6 | -6.9% | 10.1% | -0.5% | 1.1% | -0.3% | 1.6%
Gas | 4 | 9 | 20 | 26 | 34 | 45 | 52 | 8.3% | 8.3% | 2.9% | 2.7% | 3.0% | 1.3%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 15.4%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 42 | 78 | 147 | 212 | 289 | 438 | 598 | 6.3% | 6.5% | 3.7% | 3.2% | 4.2% | 3.2%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 31 | 83 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 31.9% | 15.9% | 10.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 13 | 22 | 20 | 22 | 25 | 24 | 28 | 5.2% | -1.2% | 1.0% | 1.2% | -0.2% | 1.7%
Gas | 19 | 42 | 112 | 149 | 200 | 272 | 313 | 8.3% | 10.3% | 2.8% | 3.0% | 3.1% | 1.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 15.9%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Hydro | 10 | 14 | 13 | 14 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 3.3% | -0.5% | 1.0% | 0.8% | 0.2% | 0.2%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 1 | 26 | 39 | 86 | 129 | n.s. | 27.0% | 33.0% | 4.1% | 8.3% | 4.1%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 9 | 26 | n.s. | n.s. | 28.8% | 23.5% | 12.5% | 11.1%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 18.6% | 14.8%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 12 | 19 | 26 | 51 | 67 | 101 | 142 | 5.1% | 3.3% | 6.8% | 2.8% | 4.2% | 3.4%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 12 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 32.0% | 16.1% | 10.5%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 4 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 6 | 8 | 3.5% | -2.5% | 2.9% | 1.4% | -1.5% | 1.7%
Gas | 5 | 10 | 18 | 33 | 42 | 57 | 68 | 8.3% | 6.2% | 6.1% | 2.4% | 3.1% | 1.8%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 15.9%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Hydro | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 0.3% | 0.2% | 0.7% | 0.8% | 0.2% | 0.2%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 1 | 8 | 12 | 25 | 36 | n.s. | 40.0% | 31.0% | 3.8% | 7.7% | 3.7%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 5 | 15 | n.s. | n.s. | 28.9% | 23.7% | 12.6% | 11.1%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 18.0% | 14.3%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 24 | 32 | 53 | 63 | 87 | 119 | 147 | 2.8% | 5.3% | 1.7% | 3.3% | 3.2% | 2.2%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 1.0% | -5.3% | 12.2% | 2.7% | 4.1% | 3.3%
Oil | 16 | 20 | 30 | 32 | 39 | 47 | 54 | 2.2% | 3.8% | 0.7% | 2.0% | 2.1% | 1.3%
Gas | 2 | 4 | 11 | 14 | 24 | 36 | 44 | 5.0% | 10.7% | 2.4% | 5.7% | 4.0% | 2.1%
Electricity | 3 | 6 | 11 | 14 | 20 | 30 | 41 | 5.9% | 6.8% | 3.0% | 3.2% | 4.3% | 3.2%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 3.3% | 2.7% | 5.9%
Biomass & Other | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | -1.9% | 1.7% | -1.3% | 4.0% | 3.7% | 3.7%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 11% | 8% | 6% | 9% | 9% | 12% | 15% | -2.6% | -3.6% | 4.1% | 0.6% | 2.8% | 2.2%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 13 | 13 | 21 | 24 | 33 | 45 | 53 | 0.6% | 4.8% | 1.4% | 3.2% | 2.9% | 1.7%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 1.0% | -5.3% | 12.2% | 2.7% | 4.1% | 3.3%
Oil | 8 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 11 | 13 | -0.9% | 1.0% | 0.5% | 1.5% | 1.9% | 1.3%
Gas | 2 | 4 | 10 | 11 | 16 | 22 | 24 | 4.4% | 10.4% | 1.4% | 3.9% | 2.8% | 1.1%
Electricity | 1 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 9 | 12 | 3.8% | 5.2% | 0.9% | 3.9% | 4.4% | 3.0%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 38.4% | 5.6% | 0.2%
Buildings | 6 | 9 | 14 | 18 | 24 | 33 | 44 | 3.6% | 5.2% | 2.2% | 2.9% | 3.5% | 2.7%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 3 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1.1% | 3.1% | -1.9% | -2.8% | -2.0% | -1.9%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 6 | 11 | 15 | 16.9% | 9.7% | 9.7% | 11.5% | 5.8% | 3.0%
Electricity | 2 | 3 | 7 | 10 | 12 | 18 | 24 | 7.5% | 7.7% | 3.8% | 2.4% | 3.8% | 3.1%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 3.3% | 2.7% | 5.9%
Biomass & Other | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2.1% | 1.7% | -1.6% | 0.2% | -0.9% | 1.0%
Agriculture | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 10.1% | 24.9% | 2.1% | 2.1% | 2.1% | 1.8%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | n.s. | 40.6% | 1.3% | 1.9% | 1.9% | 1.6%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 6.9% | 6.9% | 5.5% | 2.8% | 2.7% | 2.4%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Transport | 5 | 10 | 15 | 17 | 25 | 36 | 45 | 6.0% | 4.5% | 1.6% | 3.8% | 3.5% | 2.3%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 5 | 10 | 15 | 17 | 23 | 30 | 34 | 6.0% | 4.3% | 1.5% | 3.1% | 2.7% | 1.5%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 5 | n.s. | n.s. | 4.2% | 10.5% | 7.3% | 4.8%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 27.7% | 10.7% | 5.5%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 25.8% | 12.0% | 7.2%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 2 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 11 | 15 | 0.6% | 5.6% | 1.2% | 4.5% | 4.4% | 2.9%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Algeria & Libya | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 30 | 37 | 42 | 50 | 56 | 60 | 65 | 1.9% | 1.5% | 1.6% | 1.1% | 0.8% | 0.7%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 5 | 7 | 6 | 8 | 12 | 16 | 21 | 2.9% | -0.7% | 2.6% | 3.9% | 3.1% | 2.3%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 3.7% | 2.6% | 0.8% | 3.9% | 3.1% | 2.3%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 8 | 5 | 7 | 10 | 8 | 7 | 7 | -3.9% | 2.6% | 4.1% | -1.9% | -1.1% | -0.6%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 33 | 34 | 62 | 45 | 43 | 39 | 35 | 0.5% | 6.0% | -3.1% | -0.5% | -0.9% | -1.0%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 59 | 60 | 32 | 45 | 49 | 53 | 58 | 0.2% | -6.2% | 3.6% | 0.8% | 0.9% | 0.8%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 12 | 18 | 13 | 14 | 17 | 20 | -3.4% | 3.6% | -3.0% | 0.7% | 2.3% | 1.3%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 76 | 86 | 100 | 128 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.5% | 1.2% | 1.5% | 2.5%
Gas | 18 | 21 | 30 | 46 | 52 | 64 | 85 | 1.4% | 3.8% | 4.3% | 1.3% | 2.0% | 2.9%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 169 | 198 | 253 | 350 | 458 | 560 | 641 | 1.6% | 2.5% | 3.3% | 2.7% | 2.0% | 1.4%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 169 | 199 | 254 | 351 | 459 | 560 | 643 | 1.6% | 2.5% | 3.3% | 2.7% | 2.0% | 1.4%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 167 | 197 | 252 | 348 | 457 | 557 | 641 | 1.7% | 2.5% | 3.3% | 2.7% | 2.0% | 1.4%
CO₂ | 113 | 134 | 179 | 283 | 383 | 478 | 559 | 1.7% | 3.0% | 4.7% | 3.1% | 2.2% | 1.6%
CH₄ | 48 | 57 | 64 | 54 | 59 | 63 | 65 | 1.7% | 1.2% | -1.7% | 0.9% | 0.6% | 0.3%
N₂O | 6 | 5 | 7 | 10 | 12 | 14 | 15 | -0.4% | 2.9% | 3.5% | 2.0% | 1.4% | 0.7%
F gases | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4.0% | 3.0% | 1.7% | 2.7% | 2.2% | 1.3%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 159 | 189 | 242 | 335 | 442 | 541 | 624 | 1.7% | 2.5% | 3.3% | 2.8% | 2.1% | 1.4%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 80 | 102 | 145 | 233 | 319 | 403 | 476 | 2.5% | 3.5% | 4.9% | 3.2% | 2.4% | 1.7%
Power generation/District heating | 18 | 32 | 47 | 65 | 102 | 141 | 183 | 5.8% | 4.1% | 3.3% | 4.5% | 3.4% | 2.6%
Industry | 8 | 10 | 15 | 22 | 25 | 27 | 26 | 2.0% | 4.2% | 4.3% | 1.3% | 0.4% | -0.3%
Buildings | 10 | 14 | 20 | 30 | 36 | 41 | 45 | 3.6% | 3.7% | 4.4% | 1.8% | 1.4% | 0.9%
Agriculture | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.9% | 17.6% | 6.6% | 1.7% | 1.4% | 1.2%
Transport | 18 | 23 | 46 | 81 | 106 | 127 | 137 | 2.6% | 7.1% | 5.8% | 2.8% | 1.8% | 0.8%
Other | 26 | 24 | 17 | 34 | 49 | 66 | 84 | -0.9% | -3.4% | 7.0% | 3.9% | 3.0% | 2.4%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 179 | 227 | 255 | 218 | 293 | 352 | 381 | 2.4% | 1.1% | -1.5% | 3.0% | 1.9% | 0.8%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 133 | 150 | 174 | 125 | 135 | 142 | 147 | 1.2% | 1.5% | -3.3% | 0.8% | 0.4% | 0.4%
Natural gas | 46 | 77 | 80 | 93 | 156 | 209 | 232 | 5.3% | 0.4% | 1.5% | 5.3% | 3.0% | 1.0%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3.6% | 1.1% | 11.3% | 6.6% | 2.7% | -2.1%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 5.5%
Hydro | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -8.8% | 12.4% | 6.4% | 0.4% | 0.3% | 0.5%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 12.1% | 14.8% | 12.1%
Net Imports | - 145 | - 185 | - 195 | - 123 | - 159 | - 180 | - 175 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | - 116 | - 129 | - 144 | - 78 | - 77 | - 76 | - 79 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | - 30 | - 56 | - 51 | - 45 | - 82 | - 106 | - 101 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 34 | 43 | 60 | 96 | 134 | 172 | 205 | 2.3% | 3.5% | 4.8% | 3.4% | 2.5% | 1.8%
Coal | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2.6% | -4.1% | 0.4% | 8.3% | 7.6% | 5.5%
Oil | 17 | 21 | 30 | 47 | 58 | 65 | 68 | 2.0% | 3.8% | 4.4% | 2.2% | 1.2% | 0.4%
Natural gas | 16 | 21 | 29 | 48 | 74 | 102 | 130 | 2.6% | 3.3% | 5.1% | 4.5% | 3.3% | 2.4%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3.6% | 1.1% | 9.2% | 9.2% | 5.8% | 2.3%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 5.5%
Hydro | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -8.8% | 12.4% | 6.4% | 0.4% | 0.3% | 0.5%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 12.1% | 14.8% | 12.1%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 34 | 43 | 60 | 96 | 134 | 172 | 205 | 2.3% | 3.5% | 4.8% | 3.4% | 2.5% | 1.8%
Energy for Power Generation | 7 | 12 | 19 | 26 | 41 | 58 | 76 | 5.8% | 4.5% | 3.3% | 4.7% | 3.5% | 2.8%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 11 | 9 | 7 | 12 | 20 | 27 | 35 | -1.9% | -2.6% | 6.3% | 4.7% | 3.4% | 2.5%
Final consumption | 18 | 24 | 40 | 65 | 87 | 108 | 123 | 3.0% | 5.0% | 5.0% | 3.0% | 2.2% | 1.3%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 4 | -1.6% | 12.1% | 6.7% | 0.7% | 0.0% | -0.5%
Other Industry | 3 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 12 | 3.3% | 2.0% | 3.8% | 3.0% | 2.0% | 1.1%
Non-Energy Use | 3 | 5 | 5 | 8 | 11 | 14 | 15 | 3.5% | 1.5% | 3.9% | 3.6% | 2.0% | 1.1%
Residential | 4 | 6 | 8 | 12 | 15 | 18 | 20 | 4.5% | 3.0% | 4.3% | 2.0% | 1.6% | 1.2%
Services | 0 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 11 | 14 | 4.3% | 17.7% | 4.6% | 4.8% | 3.7% | 2.8%
Agriculture | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.9% | 10.0% | 2.5% | 2.4% | 2.1% | 1.9%
Road | 7 | 8 | 16 | 28 | 38 | 49 | 55 | 2.2% | 6.5% | 5.9% | 3.2% | 2.4% | 1.3%
Rail | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.2% | 9.5% | 2.9% | 0.6% | 0.4% | 0.2%
Aviation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7.2% | 26.5% | 8.8% | 4.7% | 3.4% | 0.7%
Other Transport | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.9% | 9.8% | 4.5% | 4.2% | 2.7% | 1.6%
Algeria & Libya | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 7 | 12 | 19 | 26 | 41 | 57 | 75 | 5.9% | 4.5% | 3.3% | 4.7% | 3.5% | 2.7%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 29.9% | 14.0% | 8.1%
Oil | 3 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 5.1% | 0.5% | 2.8% | 1.9% | 0.3% | -0.6%
Gas | 4 | 7 | 14 | 19 | 33 | 48 | 65 | 6.3% | 6.5% | 3.5% | 5.4% | 4.0% | 3.0%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 16.9% | 10.0%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 27 | 43 | 81 | 130 | 223 | 339 | 455 | 4.6% | 6.5% | 4.8% | 5.6% | 4.3% | 3.0%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 10 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 30.2% | 14.3% | 8.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 11 | 13 | 18 | 27 | 33 | 35 | 34 | 1.5% | 3.6% | 4.0% | 1.9% | 0.6% | -0.3%
Gas | 16 | 30 | 62 | 102 | 187 | 295 | 399 | 6.4% | 7.6% | 5.0% | 6.3% | 4.7% | 3.1%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 17.1% | 10.5%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Hydro | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -8.8% | 12.4% | 6.4% | 0.4% | 0.3% | 0.5%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 7 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 20.6% | 14.1% | 10.5%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | 37.9% | 3.6% | 7.9% | 9.3%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 17.9% | 13.4%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 8 | 11 | 20 | 30 | 39 | 54 | 76 | 2.7% | 6.2% | 4.4% | 2.6% | 3.5% | 3.4%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 30.4% | 14.2% | 8.3%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 9 | -0.5% | -0.1% | 2.7% | 2.6% | 2.4% | 0.7%
Gas | 4 | 6 | 15 | 24 | 31 | 43 | 61 | 5.8% | 9.1% | 4.7% | 2.5% | 3.4% | 3.5%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 17.0% | 10.3%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Hydro | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.4% | 0.0% | -0.8% | 0.4% | 0.3% | 0.5%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 19.7% | 13.4% | 9.7%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | 48.1% | 1.5% | 5.5% | 8.1%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 12.9%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 18 | 24 | 40 | 65 | 87 | 108 | 123 | 3.0% | 5.0% | 5.0% | 3.0% | 2.2% | 1.3%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -3.2% | -0.9% | 1.1% | 5.7% | 3.6% | 1.2%
Oil | 12 | 15 | 23 | 38 | 47 | 54 | 58 | 2.3% | 4.9% | 4.9% | 2.3% | 1.4% | 0.6%
Gas | 4 | 7 | 11 | 18 | 25 | 30 | 34 | 4.6% | 4.6% | 5.6% | 3.1% | 2.0% | 1.2%
Electricity | 2 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 13 | 19 | 26 | 4.7% | 7.5% | 3.8% | 5.6% | 4.3% | 3.0%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 31.3% | 16.5%
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 3.6% | 1.1% | 14.4% | 6.7% | 6.1% | 4.0%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 1% | 1% | 1% | 1% | 1% | 2% | 3% | 0.0% | -3.6% | 2.1% | 4.1% | 5.2% | 4.4%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 7 | 9 | 12 | 19 | 25 | 29 | 32 | 2.9% | 3.0% | 4.4% | 2.8% | 1.7% | 0.9%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -3.2% | -0.9% | 1.1% | 5.7% | 3.6% | 1.2%
Oil | 2 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 2.6% | 2.8% | 3.3% | 2.9% | 1.4% | 0.7%
Gas | 3 | 5 | 6 | 10 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 3.7% | 3.1% | 4.8% | 2.0% | 1.1% | 0.4%
Electricity | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 2.7% | 4.0% | 6.3% | 5.1% | 3.5% | 2.2%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 0.4% | 3.0% | 2.5%
Buildings | 4 | 7 | 11 | 17 | 22 | 28 | 34 | 4.5% | 5.3% | 4.4% | 2.9% | 2.4% | 1.9%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 2.3% | 1.0% | 2.1% | -0.5% | -0.7% | -0.4%
Gas | 1 | 2 | 4 | 8 | 11 | 13 | 15 | 6.9% | 7.5% | 6.3% | 3.2% | 2.2% | 1.3%
Electricity | 1 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 10 | 14 | 6.6% | 9.0% | 2.9% | 4.7% | 3.7% | 2.9%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 31.3% | 16.5%
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3.6% | 1.1% | 13.0% | 2.3% | 2.8% | 2.1%
Agriculture | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.9% | 10.0% | 2.5% | 2.4% | 2.1% | 1.9%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.9% | 12.0% | 1.6% | 1.8% | 1.5% | 1.3%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | 11.8% | 1.6% | 1.3% | 1.1%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1.0% | 8.8% | 1.1% | 2.6% | 2.4% | 2.1%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Transport | 7 | 9 | 16 | 29 | 39 | 50 | 56 | 2.2% | 6.6% | 5.9% | 3.2% | 2.3% | 1.3%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 7 | 9 | 16 | 28 | 36 | 42 | 44 | 2.2% | 6.6% | 5.8% | 2.4% | 1.6% | 0.6%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 5 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 21.8% | 6.8% | 3.6%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 3.0% | 7.5% | 7.7% | 26.7% | 10.2% | 5.0%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 33.8% | 10.0% | 5.4%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 11 | 9 | 7 | 12 | 20 | 27 | 35 | -1.9% | -2.6% | 6.3% | 4.7% | 3.4% | 2.5%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Morocco & Tunisia | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 33 | 39 | 43 | 49 | 53 | 56 | 58 | 1.6% | 1.1% | 1.2% | 0.8% | 0.5% | 0.3%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 3 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 11 | 16 | 23 | 1.7% | 3.7% | 3.2% | 4.2% | 4.1% | 3.4%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 8 | 11 | 1.9% | 3.7% | 3.1% | 4.2% | 4.1% | 3.4%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 17 | 13 | 12 | 10 | 8 | 7 | 6 | -3.2% | -0.1% | -2.0% | -2.3% | -1.5% | -0.9%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 32 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 29 | 26 | 22 | -0.6% | -0.2% | 0.0% | -0.3% | -1.1% | -1.6%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 51 | 57 | 58 | 60 | 63 | 67 | 72 | 1.2% | 0.1% | 0.4% | 0.5% | 0.6% | 0.6%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 12 | 18 | 13 | 14 | 17 | 20 | -3.4% | 3.6% | -3.0% | 0.7% | 2.3% | 1.3%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 76 | 86 | 100 | 128 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.5% | 1.2% | 1.5% | 2.5%
Gas | 18 | 21 | 30 | 46 | 52 | 64 | 85 | 1.4% | 3.8% | 4.3% | 1.3% | 2.0% | 2.9%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 50 | 69 | 104 | 133 | 189 | 250 | 286 | 3.2% | 4.2% | 2.6% | 3.6% | 2.8% | 1.3%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 59 | 79 | 104 | 133 | 190 | 251 | 289 | 3.0% | 2.8% | 2.5% | 3.6% | 2.8% | 1.4%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 58 | 78 | 103 | 132 | 190 | 247 | 289 | 3.0% | 2.9% | 2.5% | 3.7% | 2.7% | 1.6%
CO₂ | 37 | 54 | 77 | 101 | 149 | 197 | 233 | 3.8% | 3.6% | 2.8% | 3.9% | 2.8% | 1.7%
CH₄ | 13 | 16 | 18 | 21 | 29 | 37 | 43 | 2.1% | 1.3% | 1.4% | 3.3% | 2.3% | 1.4%
N₂O | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 11 | 13 | 14 | -0.2% | 0.6% | 1.3% | 1.7% | 1.4% | 0.7%
F gases | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 45 | 64 | 89 | 117 | 173 | 229 | 270 | 3.5% | 3.4% | 2.7% | 4.0% | 2.8% | 1.7%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 32 | 47 | 67 | 89 | 131 | 174 | 208 | 4.0% | 3.7% | 2.8% | 4.0% | 2.9% | 1.8%
Power generation/District heating | 12 | 17 | 24 | 33 | 51 | 69 | 85 | 3.9% | 3.7% | 3.1% | 4.5% | 3.2% | 2.0%
Industry | 8 | 8 | 11 | 14 | 20 | 25 | 26 | 0.0% | 2.3% | 2.8% | 4.0% | 2.0% | 0.6%
Buildings | 3 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 16 | 24 | 30 | 5.8% | 2.9% | 2.5% | 6.5% | 4.2% | 2.2%
Agriculture | 2 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 6.6% | 4.7% | 2.1% | 1.7% | 1.7% | 1.5%
Transport | 6 | 12 | 17 | 24 | 31 | 38 | 44 | 6.4% | 3.8% | 3.2% | 2.6% | 2.3% | 1.4%
Other | 1 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 12 | 4.8% | 9.7% | 1.0% | 4.8% | 4.0% | 3.5%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 7 | 8 | 10 | 11 | 18 | 28 | 40 | 0.8% | 2.5% | 1.0% | 5.4% | 4.3% | 3.6%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -22.5% | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 9 | 12 | -2.2% | 0.6% | -0.9% | 4.7% | 4.1% | 3.1%
Natural gas | 0 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 8 | 12 | 18 | 17.5% | 6.0% | 3.2% | 6.3% | 4.8% | 4.1%
Biomass | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2.7% | 1.2% | -2.6% | 3.3% | -0.4% | -0.2%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 7.9% | 14.7%
Hydro | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -4.7% | 16.8% | -2.9% | 0.8% | 0.5% | 0.5%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 7 | n.s. | 29.8% | 25.6% | 7.6% | 7.8% | 4.9%
Net Imports | 5 | 11 | 17 | 25 | 33 | 39 | 41 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 1 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 9 | 16 | 20 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | 3 | 7 | 11 | 17 | 18 | 17 | 17 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | 1 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 3 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 12 | 18 | 27 | 35 | 51 | 67 | 80 | 3.9% | 4.0% | 2.8% | 3.8% | 2.8% | 1.8%
Coal | 1 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 9 | 16 | 20 | 8.4% | 0.2% | 4.4% | 8.1% | 5.2% | 2.6%
Oil | 8 | 10 | 16 | 20 | 24 | 26 | 29 | 2.4% | 4.1% | 2.7% | 1.5% | 1.1% | 0.9%
Natural gas | 1 | 3 | 6 | 7 | 13 | 18 | 21 | 8.2% | 7.4% | 2.6% | 5.9% | 3.3% | 1.8%
Biomass | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2.7% | 1.2% | -2.4% | 3.1% | -0.4% | -0.2%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 7.9% | 14.7%
Hydro | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -4.7% | 16.8% | -2.9% | 0.8% | 0.5% | 0.5%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 7 | n.s. | 29.8% | 25.6% | 7.6% | 7.8% | 4.9%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 12 | 18 | 27 | 35 | 51 | 67 | 80 | 3.9% | 4.0% | 2.8% | 3.8% | 2.8% | 1.8%
Energy for Power Generation | 4 | 5 | 8 | 12 | 18 | 25 | 32 | 3.7% | 4.4% | 3.4% | 4.3% | 3.4% | 2.5%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 4.3% | 13.5% | 3.6% | 4.5% | 2.3% | 2.1%
Final consumption | 9 | 14 | 20 | 26 | 38 | 50 | 59 | 4.2% | 3.6% | 2.6% | 3.7% | 2.8% | 1.8%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 0.1% | 20.9% | 4.2% | 3.3% | 2.1% | 0.8%
Other Industry | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 1.2% | -2.5% | 2.5% | 4.6% | 2.7% | 1.3%
Non-Energy Use | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8.5% | 4.7% | 3.4% | 1.6% | 0.4% | -0.8%
Residential | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 10 | 12 | 4.5% | 2.9% | 1.4% | 3.9% | 2.9% | 1.8%
Services | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 9 | 3.6% | 4.9% | 0.8% | 7.5% | 5.4% | 3.6%
Agriculture | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 6.5% | 4.9% | 2.3% | 1.8% | 1.8% | 1.6%
Road | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 11 | 14 | 17 | 6.1% | 3.6% | 3.3% | 3.2% | 2.7% | 1.7%
Rail | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5.7% | 3.4% | 2.0% | 1.0% | 1.0% | 0.7%
Aviation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | 6.5% | 5.5% | 4.7% | 1.7%
Other Transport | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 9.9% | 5.3% | 4.0% | 4.2% | 3.4% | 2.3%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 4 | 5 | 8 | 10 | 15 | 20 | 24 | 3.8% | 4.1% | 2.8% | 4.0% | 2.7% | 1.9%
Coal | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 8 | 12 | 15 | 10.9% | 2.7% | 3.4% | 7.0% | 4.9% | 2.3%
Oil | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | -5.9% | 1.7% | 6.4% | 0.4% | -1.5% | 1.8%
Gas | 1 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 9.2% | 6.2% | 0.7% | 2.5% | 0.9% | 0.9%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 15 | 23 | 40 | 61 | 98 | 151 | 206 | 4.3% | 5.4% | 4.3% | 4.9% | 4.4% | 3.2%
Coal | 2 | 9 | 11 | 16 | 34 | 57 | 75 | 14.8% | 2.2% | 3.9% | 7.7% | 5.4% | 2.8%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 8 | 5 | 6 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 12 | -5.8% | 2.4% | 6.3% | 0.6% | -1.2% | 1.9%
Gas | 4 | 9 | 19 | 20 | 27 | 30 | 33 | 9.6% | 7.2% | 0.9% | 2.7% | 1.2% | 1.1%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Hydro | 1 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | -4.7% | 16.8% | -2.9% | 0.8% | 0.5% | 0.5%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 1 | 10 | 20 | 40 | 62 | n.s. | 24.8% | 29.3% | 6.8% | 7.1% | 4.4%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 10 | 19 | n.s. | n.s. | 21.3% | 22.4% | 11.8% | 6.7%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 27.2% | 18.5% | 14.0%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 4 | 7 | 10 | 17 | 25 | 41 | 57 | 6.8% | 3.5% | 5.2% | 4.2% | 5.0% | 3.3%
Coal | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 10 | 12 | 12.1% | 2.1% | 4.4% | 6.9% | 5.8% | 2.2%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3.4% | -0.6% | 1.1% | 1.3% | 1.5% | 2.2%
Gas | 1 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 10.7% | 7.7% | 2.6% | 0.4% | 1.2% | 1.0%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Hydro | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4.3% | 1.4% | 1.8% | 0.8% | 0.5% | 0.5%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 7 | 14 | 20 | n.s. | 18.7% | 27.9% | 6.4% | 6.4% | 3.7%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 6 | 12 | n.s. | n.s. | 21.6% | 22.7% | 12.1% | 6.8%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 17.9% | 13.5%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 9 | 14 | 20 | 26 | 38 | 50 | 59 | 4.2% | 3.6% | 2.6% | 3.7% | 2.8% | 1.8%
Coal | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2.8% | -30.6% | 37.3% | 15.3% | 5.7% | 2.5%
Oil | 6 | 9 | 14 | 17 | 20 | 23 | 24 | 4.3% | 4.1% | 2.2% | 1.7% | 1.3% | 0.7%
Gas | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 7 | 11 | 14 | 6.1% | 6.1% | 8.2% | 10.0% | 5.0% | 2.3%
Electricity | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 11 | 15 | 5.2% | 5.5% | 3.7% | 4.6% | 4.3% | 3.1%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | 6.2% | -4.0% | -4.0% | 1.7%
Biomass & Other | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2.7% | 1.2% | -2.4% | 3.0% | 1.2% | 1.8%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 16% | 14% | 13% | 11% | 11% | 14% | 17% | -1.6% | -1.0% | -1.8% | 0.7% | 2.0% | 2.1%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 3 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 11 | 14 | 15 | 1.7% | 3.2% | 3.3% | 3.7% | 2.2% | 0.9%
Coal | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2.8% | -30.6% | 37.3% | 15.3% | 5.7% | 2.5%
Oil | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | -0.3% | 5.5% | 2.0% | 0.6% | -0.6% | -1.4%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 5.1% | 5.7% | 2.1% | 4.9% | 2.1% | -0.2%
Electricity | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 4.3% | 3.1% | 5.4% | 4.8% | 3.7% | 2.3%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | 1.5% | 3.6% | 3.9% | -0.8% | -2.3%
Buildings | 3 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 11 | 16 | 21 | 4.3% | 3.4% | 1.2% | 4.9% | 3.8% | 2.5%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 5.5% | 2.6% | -1.3% | 0.7% | 1.1% | 1.1%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 8 | 10 | 10.1% | 6.9% | 16.7% | 12.1% | 5.6% | 2.6%
Electricity | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 6.4% | 7.6% | 2.3% | 3.9% | 4.1% | 3.5%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | 6.2% | -4.0% | -4.0% | 1.7%
Biomass & Other | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2.3% | 1.2% | -3.1% | 0.6% | -0.1% | 0.7%
Agriculture | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 6.5% | 4.9% | 2.3% | 1.8% | 1.8% | 1.6%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 6.6% | 4.7% | 2.1% | 1.7% | 1.7% | 1.5%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | 13.9% | 1.5% | 1.5% | 1.3%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 6.1% | 6.9% | 3.7% | 2.5% | 2.5% | 2.3%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Transport | 2 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 13 | 16 | 20 | 6.3% | 3.8% | 3.3% | 3.2% | 2.7% | 1.8%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 2 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 14 | 15 | 6.4% | 3.8% | 3.1% | 2.3% | 2.0% | 1.1%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 21.4% | 7.9% | 4.4%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2.8% | -1.8% | 7.5% | 20.3% | 9.8% | 5.1%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 21.1% | 4.7% | 4.3%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 4.3% | 13.5% | 3.6% | 4.5% | 2.3% | 2.1%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

South Africa | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 37 | 45 | 52 | 57 | 60 | 63 | 66 | 2.0% | 1.4% | 0.9% | 0.6% | 0.5% | 0.4%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 8 | 7 | 9 | 10 | 13 | 18 | 21 | -0.2% | 2.1% | 0.9% | 2.6% | 3.0% | 1.8%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 8 | 11 | 13 | -0.2% | 2.0% | 0.8% | 2.6% | 3.0% | 1.8%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 5 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | -3.4% | -2.2% | -1.2% | -0.7% | -0.6% | -0.3%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 40 | 32 | 30 | 29 | 26 | 23 | 21 | -2.3% | -0.5% | -0.5% | -0.8% | -1.2% | -1.0%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 55 | 65 | 67 | 69 | 71 | 75 | 77 | 1.6% | 0.4% | 0.3% | 0.3% | 0.4% | 0.3%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 12 | 18 | 13 | 15 | 20 | 24 | -3.4% | 3.6% | -3.2% | 2.0% | 2.5% | 2.1%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 76 | 86 | 100 | 128 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.5% | 1.2% | 1.5% | 2.5%
Gas | 18 | 21 | 30 | 46 | 52 | 64 | 85 | 1.4% | 3.8% | 4.3% | 1.3% | 2.0% | 2.9%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 351 | 403 | 511 | 560 | 642 | 743 | 773 | 1.4% | 2.4% | 0.9% | 1.4% | 1.5% | 0.4%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 351 | 405 | 511 | 560 | 642 | 744 | 774 | 1.5% | 2.3% | 0.9% | 1.4% | 1.5% | 0.4%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 347 | 402 | 510 | 547 | 631 | 706 | 746 | 1.5% | 2.4% | 0.7% | 1.4% | 1.1% | 0.6%
CO₂ | 275 | 324 | 426 | 458 | 528 | 592 | 628 | 1.7% | 2.8% | 0.7% | 1.4% | 1.2% | 0.6%
CH₄ | 51 | 57 | 63 | 67 | 79 | 88 | 92 | 1.2% | 1.0% | 0.6% | 1.7% | 1.1% | 0.4%
N₂O | 20 | 19 | 18 | 19 | 21 | 22 | 23 | -0.4% | -0.4% | 0.7% | 0.8% | 0.5% | 0.3%
F gases | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 0.6% | 5.2% | 0.2% | 1.9% | 1.8% | 1.0%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 315 | 370 | 476 | 511 | 593 | 667 | 706 | 1.6% | 2.5% | 0.7% | 1.5% | 1.2% | 0.6%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 254 | 304 | 405 | 427 | 488 | 544 | 576 | 1.8% | 2.9% | 0.5% | 1.4% | 1.1% | 0.6%
Power generation/District heating | 142 | 188 | 242 | 201 | 244 | 283 | 310 | 2.8% | 2.6% | -1.8% | 2.0% | 1.5% | 0.9%
Industry | 32 | 28 | 42 | 35 | 35 | 32 | 28 | -1.3% | 4.2% | -1.7% | -0.1% | -0.7% | -1.4%
Buildings | 12 | 9 | 17 | 27 | 27 | 26 | 25 | -2.2% | 6.3% | 4.8% | -0.2% | -0.1% | -0.5%
Agriculture | 3 | 4 | 3 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 2.0% | -1.1% | 6.4% | 1.2% | 1.4% | 1.0%
Transport | 29 | 36 | 42 | 55 | 61 | 69 | 72 | 2.0% | 1.5% | 2.8% | 1.0% | 1.2% | 0.4%
Other | 36 | 40 | 60 | 102 | 115 | 125 | 133 | 1.1% | 4.1% | 5.4% | 1.2% | 0.9% | 0.6%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 108 | 153 | 166 | 167 | 262 | 351 | 397 | 3.6% | 0.8% | 0.1% | 4.6% | 3.0% | 1.2%
Coal | 91 | 128 | 145 | 145 | 234 | 318 | 363 | 3.5% | 1.3% | 0.0% | 4.9% | 3.1% | 1.3%
Oil | 5 | 10 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 6 | 3 | 7.2% | -8.0% | 4.2% | 1.3% | -2.7% | -7.4%
Natural gas | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | -0.8% | -1.0% | -5.8% | 6.6% | 1.0% | 2.1%
Biomass | 8 | 9 | 11 | 9 | 11 | 13 | 14 | 1.9% | 1.4% | -1.6% | 2.1% | 1.6% | 0.6%
Nuclear¹ | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 6 | 6 | 4.4% | -0.7% | 0.2% | 0.1% | 5.8% | 0.5%
Hydro | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3.3% | 2.6% | -0.9% | 1.5% | 1.7% | 1.7%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 9 | n.s. | n.s. | 37.5% | 7.7% | 5.7% | 3.6%
Net Imports | - 21 | - 47 | - 27 | - 31 | - 105 | - 172 | - 207 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | - 23 | - 46 | - 45 | - 50 | - 125 | - 199 | - 237 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | 3 | - 2 | 15 | 13 | 12 | 16 | 19 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | - 1 | 0 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 9 | 10 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 87 | 106 | 138 | 137 | 157 | 179 | 190 | 2.0% | 2.7% | -0.1% | 1.4% | 1.3% | 0.6%
Coal | 68 | 82 | 100 | 96 | 110 | 119 | 125 | 1.9% | 2.1% | -0.5% | 1.4% | 0.8% | 0.6%
Oil | 9 | 9 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 22 | 22 | 0.2% | 8.5% | 0.0% | 0.1% | 0.9% | 0.0%
Natural gas | 0 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 11 | 12 | 10.9% | 10.7% | 1.5% | 3.8% | 5.2% | 0.7%
Biomass | 8 | 9 | 11 | 12 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 1.9% | 1.4% | 0.8% | 1.5% | 1.0% | 0.4%
Nuclear¹ | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 6 | 6 | 4.4% | -0.7% | 0.2% | 0.1% | 5.8% | 0.5%
Hydro | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3.3% | 2.6% | -0.9% | 1.5% | 1.7% | 1.7%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 9 | n.s. | n.s. | 37.5% | 7.7% | 5.7% | 3.6%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 87 | 106 | 138 | 137 | 157 | 179 | 190 | 2.0% | 2.7% | -0.1% | 1.4% | 1.3% | 0.6%
Energy for Power Generation | 38 | 51 | 64 | 56 | 70 | 86 | 97 | 3.0% | 2.4% | -1.3% | 2.1% | 2.2% | 1.2%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 8 | 13 | 21 | 22 | 27 | 31 | 34 | 4.8% | 4.8% | 0.5% | 1.8% | 1.4% | 1.0%
Final consumption | 52 | 57 | 70 | 75 | 84 | 93 | 97 | 0.8% | 2.1% | 0.7% | 1.1% | 1.1% | 0.4%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 10 | 7 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 9 | -3.5% | 3.4% | -0.2% | 0.4% | -0.2% | -0.8%
Other Industry | 13 | 14 | 18 | 16 | 18 | 19 | 19 | 0.9% | 2.7% | -1.4% | 1.2% | 0.8% | 0.1%
Non-Energy Use | 4 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2.8% | -2.6% | -4.7% | 0.7% | 0.5% | -0.1%
Residential | 10 | 12 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 17 | 16 | 1.5% | 2.2% | 0.9% | 0.1% | 0.0% | -0.4%
Services | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 2.5% | 1.8% | 2.4% | 1.9% | 2.4% | 1.5%
Agriculture | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 1.7% | 0.3% | 4.5% | 1.5% | 1.6% | 1.2%
Road | 9 | 11 | 15 | 20 | 23 | 28 | 31 | 1.8% | 3.0% | 2.8% | 1.7% | 1.9% | 0.9%
Rail | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5.2% | -6.5% | 2.9% | 1.6% | 1.8% | 1.0%
Aviation | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 5.7% | 5.0% | 3.0% | 3.6% | 3.7% | 2.0%
Other Transport | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | 4.5% | 32.7% | 2.3% | 2.3% | 0.9%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 36 | 47 | 61 | 51 | 62 | 74 | 81 | 2.9% | 2.6% | -1.8% | 2.0% | 1.7% | 1.0%
Coal | 36 | 47 | 61 | 50 | 61 | 69 | 75 | 2.8% | 2.6% | -1.9% | 1.9% | 1.2% | 0.9%
Oil | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | 19.5% | 3.0% | 4.6% | 1.3%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 21.3% | 21.0% | 0.5%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | -0.7% | 11.6% | 4.4% | 8.7% | 6.9%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 167 | 211 | 260 | 241 | 321 | 425 | 498 | 2.3% | 2.1% | -0.7% | 2.9% | 2.8% | 1.6%
Coal | 156 | 193 | 242 | 204 | 259 | 306 | 344 | 2.2% | 2.3% | -1.7% | 2.4% | 1.7% | 1.2%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | 19.0% | 3.4% | 5.2% | 1.7%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 15 | 17 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 20.9% | 19.8% | 1.2%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 10 | n.s. | -0.7% | 11.6% | 6.4% | 11.5% | 7.9%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 8 | 13 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 23 | 25 | 4.4% | -0.7% | 0.2% | 0.1% | 6.2% | 0.7%
Hydro | 3 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 3.3% | 2.6% | -0.9% | 1.5% | 1.7% | 1.7%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 20 | 43 | 62 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 9.4% | 7.8% | 3.9%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 19 | 24 | 29 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 7.1% | 2.4% | 1.8%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 24.0% | 16.9% | 12.8%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 35 | 41 | 44 | 54 | 73 | 98 | 117 | 1.7% | 0.7% | 2.1% | 3.0% | 3.0% | 1.9%
Coal | 31 | 37 | 38 | 35 | 40 | 47 | 54 | 1.8% | 0.2% | -0.7% | 1.1% | 1.7% | 1.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 29.8% | 0.0% | -1.2% | 1.3% | 5.8% | 4.3%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 5 | n.s. | n.s. | 2.7% | 2.6% | 3.7% | 0.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | 0.0% | 11.8% | 2.0% | 11.2% | 7.9%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.2% | -0.1% | 6.0% | 0.5%
Hydro | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 0.3% | 0.1% | 0.8% | 1.5% | 1.7% | 1.7%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 9 | 18 | 24 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 8.7% | 7.0% | 3.1%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 16 | 20 | 24 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 7.4% | 2.6% | 1.9%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 16.3% | 12.3%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 52 | 57 | 70 | 75 | 84 | 93 | 97 | 0.8% | 2.1% | 0.7% | 1.1% | 1.1% | 0.4%
Coal | 17 | 16 | 16 | 15 | 15 | 14 | 12 | -0.9% | -0.1% | 0.0% | -0.2% | -1.1% | -1.5%
Oil | 15 | 16 | 23 | 28 | 29 | 31 | 31 | 0.7% | 3.6% | 2.1% | 0.3% | 0.7% | 0.0%
Gas | 0 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 5.6% | 15.2% | 0.5% | 3.6% | 2.6% | 0.8%
Electricity | 12 | 15 | 17 | 16 | 22 | 29 | 34 | 2.3% | 1.5% | -0.6% | 3.0% | 2.8% | 1.6%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | 11.6% | 3.0% | 8.6% | 7.2%
Biomass & Other | 8 | 9 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 12 | 1.8% | 1.5% | 0.3% | 0.9% | 0.4% | -0.4%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 16% | 17% | 16% | 17% | 19% | 21% | 24% | 0.8% | -0.8% | 0.8% | 1.0% | 1.1% | 1.2%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 27 | 27 | 32 | 28 | 31 | 32 | 32 | -0.2% | 2.0% | -1.4% | 0.9% | 0.5% | -0.2%
Coal | 15 | 14 | 12 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 7 | -0.4% | -1.5% | -2.5% | -0.1% | -1.5% | -1.9%
Oil | 4 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | -6.6% | 9.4% | -0.6% | -0.9% | -0.8% | -1.5%
Gas | 0 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 5.5% | 15.6% | -0.7% | 0.0% | 0.1% | -1.5%
Electricity | 7 | 8 | 10 | 10 | 12 | 15 | 16 | 1.6% | 2.2% | -0.8% | 2.6% | 2.0% | 0.9%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 1.3% | 1.6% | -1.1% | 2.2% | 1.9% | 0.9%
Buildings | 14 | 16 | 20 | 22 | 24 | 26 | 27 | 1.7% | 2.1% | 1.3% | 0.7% | 0.8% | 0.3%
Coal | 2 | 1 | 3 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | -4.6% | 8.3% | 5.7% | -0.3% | -0.6% | -0.9%
Oil | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5.0% | 1.6% | -0.6% | -2.9% | -1.3% | -1.1%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 8.2% | -4.5% | 26.0% | 12.2% | 5.8% | 2.1%
Electricity | 4 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 12 | 3.4% | 0.7% | -0.6% | 2.4% | 3.1% | 1.9%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | 11.6% | 3.0% | 8.6% | 7.2%
Biomass & Other | 6 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 6 | 1.9% | 1.4% | 0.4% | -0.2% | -1.2% | -2.4%
Agriculture | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 1.7% | 0.3% | 4.5% | 1.5% | 1.6% | 1.2%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3.3% | -0.3% | 22.6% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0%
Oil | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2.0% | -1.2% | 4.5% | 1.6% | 1.6% | 1.2%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.8% | 4.1% | 0.2% | 2.3% | 2.4% | 1.9%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Transport | 10 | 12 | 16 | 22 | 26 | 32 | 35 | 2.1% | 2.8% | 2.9% | 1.8% | 2.0% | 1.0%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 10 | 12 | 16 | 21 | 22 | 24 | 25 | 2.1% | 3.0% | 2.7% | 0.6% | 0.9% | 0.2%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 20.1% | 5.8% | 2.9%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 2.9% | -4.1% | 1.8% | 15.5% | 7.5% | 3.4%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 18.0% | 8.0% | 4.0%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 8 | 13 | 21 | 22 | 27 | 31 | 34 | 4.8% | 4.8% | 0.5% | 1.8% | 1.4% | 1.0%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Rest Sub-Saharan Africa | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 475 | 625 | 825 | 1 084 | 1 393 | 1 749 | 2 138 | 2.8% | 2.8% | 2.8% | 2.5% | 2.3% | 2.0%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 6 | -0.3% | 3.6% | 3.0% | 3.9% | 4.0% | 4.0%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | -0.5% | 3.5% | 2.9% | 3.9% | 4.0% | 4.0%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 32 | 27 | 23 | 17 | 11 | 8 | 6 | -1.7% | -1.6% | -2.8% | -4.4% | -3.1% | -2.1%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 29 | 33 | 29 | 27 | 29 | 30 | 29 | 1.3% | -1.2% | -0.7% | 0.6% | 0.2% | -0.2%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 39 | 40 | 47 | 55 | 60 | 62 | 64 | 0.2% | 1.8% | 1.5% | 0.8% | 0.4% | 0.3%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 12 | 18 | 13 | 15 | 20 | 24 | -3.4% | 3.6% | -3.2% | 2.0% | 2.5% | 2.1%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 76 | 86 | 100 | 128 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.5% | 1.2% | 1.5% | 2.5%
Gas | 18 | 21 | 30 | 46 | 52 | 64 | 85 | 1.4% | 3.8% | 4.3% | 1.3% | 2.0% | 2.9%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 1 701 | 1 841 | 1 878 | 2 481 | 3 524 | 4 627 | 5 559 | 0.8% | 0.2% | 2.8% | 3.6% | 2.8% | 1.9%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 1 701 | 1 841 | 1 878 | 2 481 | 3 524 | 4 627 | 5 559 | 0.8% | 0.2% | 2.8% | 3.6% | 2.8% | 1.9%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 629 | 759 | 884 | 1 249 | 1 701 | 2 410 | 3 342 | 1.9% | 1.5% | 3.5% | 3.1% | 3.5% | 3.3%
CO₂ | 160 | 208 | 241 | 452 | 768 | 1 238 | 1 857 | 2.7% | 1.5% | 6.5% | 5.4% | 4.9% | 4.1%
CH₄ | 310 | 394 | 454 | 591 | 702 | 908 | 1 178 | 2.4% | 1.4% | 2.7% | 1.7% | 2.6% | 2.6%
N₂O | 157 | 155 | 186 | 201 | 222 | 248 | 279 | -0.2% | 1.9% | 0.8% | 1.0% | 1.1% | 1.2%
F gases | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 8 | 16 | 28 | -0.2% | 3.7% | 5.9% | 6.5% | 6.5% | 6.0%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 329 | 399 | 459 | 801 | 1 222 | 1 900 | 2 804 | 1.9% | 1.4% | 5.7% | 4.3% | 4.5% | 4.0%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 99 | 130 | 192 | 365 | 587 | 926 | 1 391 | 2.8% | 4.0% | 6.6% | 4.9% | 4.7% | 4.2%
Power generation/District heating | 20 | 27 | 40 | 107 | 186 | 312 | 506 | 3.0% | 4.0% | 10.2% | 5.7% | 5.3% | 4.9%
Industry | 21 | 19 | 28 | 51 | 88 | 132 | 177 | -1.2% | 4.1% | 6.2% | 5.5% | 4.2% | 3.0%
Buildings | 12 | 17 | 24 | 39 | 54 | 75 | 102 | 3.6% | 3.4% | 4.8% | 3.4% | 3.2% | 3.2%
Agriculture | 2 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 9 | 10 | 6.2% | 0.4% | 3.8% | 1.7% | 1.9% | 2.0%
Transport | 38 | 52 | 83 | 140 | 211 | 325 | 479 | 3.2% | 4.7% | 5.4% | 4.2% | 4.4% | 4.0%
Other | 5 | 10 | 13 | 22 | 41 | 73 | 116 | 8.3% | 2.2% | 5.8% | 6.2% | 6.0% | 4.8%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 309 | 438 | 611 | 527 | 638 | 763 | 910 | 3.6% | 3.4% | -1.5% | 1.9% | 1.8% | 1.8%
Coal | 4 | 4 | 3 | 41 | 13 | 22 | 38 | -0.5% | -4.0% | 31.4% | -11.1% | 5.6% | 5.8%
Oil | 151 | 227 | 310 | 213 | 225 | 224 | 234 | 4.1% | 3.2% | -3.7% | 0.6% | -0.1% | 0.4%
Natural gas | 5 | 15 | 46 | 60 | 107 | 154 | 196 | 12.2% | 11.6% | 2.7% | 5.9% | 3.7% | 2.4%
Biomass | 144 | 186 | 243 | 195 | 264 | 319 | 371 | 2.6% | 2.7% | -2.2% | 3.1% | 1.9% | 1.5%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 23.6% | 18.6%
Hydro | 4 | 5 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 12 | 14 | 3.1% | 4.4% | 1.4% | 1.5% | 1.4% | 1.6%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 1 | 9 | 19 | 32 | 57 | 2.9% | 13.0% | 21.2% | 8.1% | 5.4% | 5.8%
Net Imports | - 127 | - 200 | - 287 | - 103 | - 92 | - 68 | - 14 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 1 | 0 | 1 | - 30 | 22 | 49 | 82 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | - 127 | - 192 | - 256 | - 116 | - 99 | - 52 | 7 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | - 1 | - 8 | - 32 | - 35 | - 58 | - 65 | - 63 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 80 | 48 | 6 | - 38 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | - 2 | - 7 | - 6 | - 2 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 181 | 237 | 323 | 424 | 546 | 695 | 896 | 2.7% | 3.1% | 2.7% | 2.6% | 2.4% | 2.6%
Coal | 5 | 4 | 3 | 11 | 35 | 70 | 120 | -1.9% | -1.3% | 12.4% | 12.1% | 7.3% | 5.4%
Oil | 25 | 34 | 54 | 97 | 126 | 172 | 241 | 3.3% | 4.7% | 6.0% | 2.7% | 3.1% | 3.4%
Natural gas | 4 | 8 | 14 | 25 | 49 | 88 | 132 | 7.2% | 6.1% | 6.1% | 7.1% | 6.0% | 4.1%
Biomass | 144 | 186 | 243 | 275 | 312 | 325 | 333 | 2.6% | 2.7% | 1.3% | 1.3% | 0.4% | 0.2%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 23.6% | 18.6%
Hydro | 4 | 5 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 12 | 14 | 3.1% | 4.4% | 1.4% | 1.5% | 1.4% | 1.6%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 1 | 9 | 19 | 32 | 57 | 2.9% | 13.0% | 21.2% | 8.1% | 5.4% | 5.8%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 181 | 237 | 323 | 424 | 546 | 695 | 896 | 2.7% | 3.1% | 2.7% | 2.6% | 2.4% | 2.6%
Energy for Power Generation | 11 | 15 | 24 | 54 | 90 | 145 | 236 | 3.5% | 4.8% | 8.5% | 5.2% | 4.9% | 5.0%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 2 | 4 | 6 | 11 | 27 | 43 | 68 | 8.1% | 4.3% | 6.3% | 9.6% | 5.0% | 4.5%
Final consumption | 174 | 225 | 304 | 379 | 467 | 575 | 714 | 2.6% | 3.1% | 2.2% | 2.1% | 2.1% | 2.2%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 9 | -3.9% | 0.1% | 7.8% | 4.6% | 4.4% | 4.0%
Other Industry | 14 | 17 | 28 | 40 | 58 | 80 | 109 | 2.4% | 5.1% | 3.6% | 3.7% | 3.4% | 3.1%
Non-Energy Use | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 8 | 14 | 23 | 0.8% | 3.8% | 8.8% | 6.7% | 6.1% | 5.4%
Residential | 137 | 175 | 228 | 257 | 281 | 293 | 295 | 2.5% | 2.7% | 1.2% | 0.9% | 0.4% | 0.1%
Services | 6 | 9 | 10 | 17 | 27 | 42 | 64 | 3.8% | 1.6% | 5.3% | 4.6% | 4.5% | 4.4%
Agriculture | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4.7% | 1.1% | 2.9% | 1.3% | 1.5% | 1.7%
Road | 12 | 18 | 31 | 52 | 82 | 129 | 196 | 4.0% | 5.4% | 5.5% | 4.6% | 4.6% | 4.3%
Rail | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | -5.6% | -0.8% | 4.1% | 1.8% | 2.4% | 2.7%
Aviation | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 6 | 12 | 4.3% | 8.2% | 6.8% | 7.1% | 7.2% | 6.7%
Other Transport | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | -1.2% | 2.2% | 6.3% | 5.5% | 5.1% | 4.8%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 7 | 9 | 15 | 36 | 60 | 101 | 165 | 3.7% | 4.6% | 9.4% | 5.2% | 5.2% | 5.1%
Coal | 2 | 2 | 1 | 6 | 24 | 51 | 89 | -1.2% | -3.0% | 15.9% | 14.6% | 7.7% | 5.7%
Oil | 2 | 3 | 6 | 18 | 16 | 14 | 19 | 4.2% | 5.6% | 11.8% | -1.0% | -1.3% | 2.9%
Gas | 2 | 4 | 7 | 10 | 16 | 27 | 39 | 7.1% | 6.1% | 4.4% | 4.2% | 5.6% | 3.8%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 7 | 17 | 4.1% | 6.2% | 4.5% | 12.3% | 9.7% | 9.4%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2.9% | 13.0% | 20.1% | 4.9% | -0.1% | 1.2%
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 66 | 90 | 147 | 277 | 486 | 872 | 1 493 | 3.1% | 5.1% | 6.5% | 5.8% | 6.0% | 5.5%
Coal | 6 | 5 | 5 | 26 | 116 | 256 | 464 | -1.1% | -1.7% | 19.1% | 15.9% | 8.3% | 6.1%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 8 | 12 | 20 | 79 | 73 | 66 | 89 | 3.7% | 5.5% | 14.5% | -0.9% | -1.0% | 3.0%
Gas | 7 | 12 | 29 | 47 | 78 | 142 | 210 | 5.3% | 8.9% | 4.8% | 5.3% | 6.1% | 4.0%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 11 | 31 | 81 | 3.8% | 5.1% | 7.1% | 17.0% | 11.0% | 10.2%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Hydro | 44 | 59 | 90 | 103 | 121 | 139 | 163 | 3.1% | 4.4% | 1.4% | 1.5% | 1.4% | 1.6%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 38 | 114 | 263 | 21.8% | 11.3% | n.s. | 19.6% | 11.5% | 8.7%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 34 | 108 | 203 | n.s. | 39.0% | 42.1% | 26.6% | 12.1% | 6.5%
Other | 0 | 0 | 1 | 9 | 15 | 15 | 20 | 2.9% | 13.0% | 20.1% | 5.0% | 0.4% | 2.7%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 23 | 27 | 41 | 71 | 132 | 248 | 421 | 1.6% | 4.2% | 5.6% | 6.4% | 6.6% | 5.4%
Coal | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 17 | 37 | 68 | -0.5% | 1.4% | 7.6% | 15.2% | 7.8% | 6.3%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 4 | 5 | 8 | 20 | 29 | 36 | 43 | 1.2% | 5.0% | 9.6% | 3.8% | 2.2% | 1.9%
Gas | 3 | 6 | 11 | 18 | 19 | 30 | 44 | 8.2% | 6.6% | 5.3% | 0.9% | 4.5% | 3.9%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 12 | 1.0% | 7.6% | 1.4% | 14.5% | 10.5% | 10.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Hydro | 15 | 15 | 20 | 23 | 27 | 31 | 36 | 0.3% | 3.0% | 1.3% | 1.5% | 1.4% | 1.6%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 16 | 45 | 95 | n.s. | 13.2% | n.s. | 18.5% | 10.7% | 7.9%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 20 | 64 | 120 | n.s. | 39.0% | 42.4% | 26.9% | 12.3% | 6.5%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4.1% | 12.0% | 18.5% | 4.9% | 1.9% | 2.5%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 174 | 225 | 304 | 379 | 467 | 575 | 714 | 2.6% | 3.1% | 2.2% | 2.1% | 2.1% | 2.2%
Coal | 3 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 10 | 16 | 24 | -2.6% | 0.2% | 9.0% | 7.2% | 5.4% | 3.9%
Oil | 21 | 29 | 46 | 75 | 106 | 154 | 217 | 3.1% | 4.8% | 5.0% | 3.5% | 3.7% | 3.5%
Gas | 1 | 2 | 4 | 9 | 22 | 40 | 62 | 5.3% | 6.1% | 9.7% | 9.4% | 6.3% | 4.4%
Electricity | 4 | 6 | 10 | 19 | 34 | 62 | 105 | 3.3% | 5.6% | 6.4% | 5.9% | 6.1% | 5.5%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | 4.0% | 40.4% | 21.3% | 17.5%
Biomass & Other | 144 | 186 | 242 | 271 | 295 | 303 | 304 | 2.6% | 2.7% | 1.1% | 0.9% | 0.3% | 0.0%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 84% | 84% | 81% | 73% | 66% | 57% | 51% | 0.0% | -0.3% | -1.1% | -1.0% | -1.3% | -1.2%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 16 | 20 | 31 | 46 | 69 | 100 | 140 | 1.7% | 4.8% | 4.1% | 4.0% | 3.8% | 3.5%
Coal | 2 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 9 | 15 | 23 | -3.6% | -1.5% | 12.5% | 8.7% | 5.9% | 4.2%
Oil | 5 | 4 | 6 | 10 | 14 | 18 | 24 | -0.4% | 3.9% | 4.4% | 3.5% | 2.8% | 2.7%
Gas | 1 | 1 | 4 | 7 | 13 | 21 | 29 | 2.3% | 9.2% | 7.1% | 6.3% | 5.0% | 3.3%
Electricity | 2 | 3 | 4 | 8 | 15 | 26 | 42 | 1.9% | 4.2% | 7.0% | 5.8% | 5.8% | 5.1%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 7 | 10 | 16 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 23 | 3.9% | 5.1% | 1.1% | 0.8% | 0.4% | 1.4%
Buildings | 143 | 184 | 239 | 275 | 308 | 334 | 359 | 2.6% | 2.6% | 1.4% | 1.1% | 0.8% | 0.7%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -2.8% | 6.2% | 1.2% | -0.3% | -0.6% | -0.9%
Oil | 3 | 5 | 7 | 10 | 11 | 13 | 15 | 3.3% | 4.0% | 3.8% | 0.9% | 1.1% | 1.9%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 7 | 14 | 23 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 15.4% | 7.1% | 4.8%
Electricity | 2 | 3 | 6 | 11 | 18 | 31 | 52 | 4.9% | 7.0% | 5.9% | 5.3% | 5.6% | 5.4%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | 4.0% | 40.4% | 21.3% | 17.5%
Biomass & Other | 137 | 175 | 225 | 251 | 271 | 276 | 266 | 2.5% | 2.5% | 1.1% | 0.8% | 0.2% | -0.4%
Agriculture | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4.7% | 1.1% | 2.9% | 1.3% | 1.5% | 1.7%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6.1% | 1.0% | 2.5% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0%
Oil | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 6.4% | 0.0% | 4.8% | 2.6% | 2.6% | 2.6%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3.2% | -0.6% | 4.7% | 3.3% | 3.3% | 3.3%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3.2% | 2.3% | 1.2% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0%
Transport | 13 | 19 | 32 | 55 | 86 | 137 | 210 | 3.8% | 5.3% | 5.5% | 4.7% | 4.7% | 4.4%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -21.2% | 1.4% | 2.7% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0%
Oil | 13 | 19 | 32 | 54 | 80 | 121 | 175 | 3.9% | 5.3% | 5.4% | 4.0% | 4.2% | 3.8%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 5 | 10 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 26.5% | 10.4% | 7.2%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 10 | n.s. | 4.7% | 32.7% | 41.8% | 13.5% | 8.3%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 6 | 14 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 22.6% | 6.9% | 8.5%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 2 | 4 | 6 | 11 | 27 | 43 | 68 | 8.1% | 4.3% | 6.3% | 9.6% | 5.0% | 4.5%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Iran | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 56 | 66 | 74 | 83 | 89 | 91 | 92 | 1.6% | 1.2% | 1.2% | 0.6% | 0.3% | 0.1%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 6 | 7 | 11 | 12 | 17 | 24 | 32 | 2.1% | 4.0% | 0.6% | 3.8% | 3.7% | 2.7%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 2.1% | 3.8% | 0.6% | 3.8% | 3.7% | 2.7%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 13 | 9 | 7 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 7 | -3.3% | -2.8% | 2.4% | -1.3% | -0.9% | -0.5%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 34 | 41 | 41 | 38 | 36 | 33 | 31 | 1.9% | 0.2% | -0.9% | -0.5% | -0.7% | -0.7%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 54 | 50 | 52 | 54 | 56 | 60 | 62 | -0.7% | 0.3% | 0.3% | 0.5% | 0.5% | 0.4%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 12 | 18 | 12 | 14 | 17 | 19 | -3.4% | 3.6% | -3.7% | 1.6% | 1.6% | 1.3%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 76 | 86 | 100 | 128 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.5% | 1.2% | 1.5% | 2.5%
Gas | 28 | 24 | 47 | 58 | 48 | 62 | 86 | -1.2% | 6.8% | 2.0% | -1.9% | 2.6% | 3.4%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 292 | 456 | 678 | 864 | 1 124 | 1 349 | 1 516 | 4.5% | 4.0% | 2.5% | 2.7% | 1.8% | 1.2%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 293 | 456 | 681 | 866 | 1 128 | 1 350 | 1 525 | 4.5% | 4.1% | 2.4% | 2.7% | 1.8% | 1.2%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 293 | 456 | 681 | 866 | 1 128 | 1 347 | 1 525 | 4.5% | 4.1% | 2.4% | 2.7% | 1.8% | 1.3%
CO₂ | 214 | 352 | 541 | 710 | 949 | 1 149 | 1 307 | 5.1% | 4.4% | 2.8% | 2.9% | 1.9% | 1.3%
CH₄ | 57 | 80 | 115 | 124 | 141 | 155 | 172 | 3.5% | 3.8% | 0.7% | 1.3% | 0.9% | 1.0%
N₂O | 19 | 23 | 23 | 29 | 34 | 39 | 42 | 1.6% | 0.2% | 2.3% | 1.6% | 1.3% | 0.8%
F gases | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | -1.5% | -1.6% | 2.5% | 3.3% | 2.6% | 1.4%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 260 | 418 | 641 | 815 | 1 071 | 1 285 | 1 461 | 4.8% | 4.4% | 2.4% | 2.8% | 1.8% | 1.3%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 184 | 316 | 485 | 644 | 864 | 1 048 | 1 196 | 5.6% | 4.4% | 2.9% | 3.0% | 1.9% | 1.3%
Power generation/District heating | 36 | 69 | 131 | 195 | 305 | 405 | 504 | 6.8% | 6.6% | 4.0% | 4.6% | 2.9% | 2.2%
Industry | 38 | 43 | 84 | 132 | 201 | 260 | 298 | 1.4% | 6.9% | 4.6% | 4.3% | 2.6% | 1.4%
Buildings | 43 | 92 | 122 | 133 | 142 | 137 | 131 | 8.0% | 2.8% | 0.9% | 0.6% | -0.3% | -0.4%
Agriculture | 12 | 11 | 14 | 11 | 13 | 15 | 16 | -0.8% | 1.8% | -2.0% | 1.5% | 1.4% | 1.0%
Transport | 39 | 75 | 101 | 115 | 125 | 135 | 134 | 6.6% | 3.1% | 1.4% | 0.8% | 0.7% | -0.1%
Other | 16 | 26 | 34 | 58 | 78 | 97 | 113 | 4.9% | 2.5% | 5.5% | 3.0% | 2.1% | 1.6%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 187 | 251 | 349 | 435 | 690 | 919 | 975 | 3.0% | 3.4% | 2.2% | 4.7% | 2.9% | 0.6%
Coal | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 8.0% | -0.4% | 0.2% | -0.9% | -1.7% | -2.1%
Oil | 164 | 200 | 221 | 223 | 273 | 325 | 402 | 2.0% | 1.0% | 0.1% | 2.0% | 1.8% | 2.1%
Natural gas | 22 | 49 | 126 | 207 | 410 | 585 | 561 | 8.5% | 9.9% | 5.1% | 7.1% | 3.6% | -0.4%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | -1.8% | 16.4% | 12.2% | 3.9% | 1.4% | -0.1%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 3.4% | 4.2% | 3.0%
Hydro | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | -5.0% | 10.1% | 5.4% | 0.6% | 0.4% | 0.4%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | 17.6% | 22.1% | 14.0% | 10.1% | 6.5%
Net Imports | - 117 | - 128 | - 141 | - 148 | - 297 | - 433 | - 417 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 7 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | - 113 | - 132 | - 138 | - 119 | - 143 | - 175 | - 231 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | - 4 | 3 | - 4 | - 28 | - 154 | - 262 | - 195 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | - 1 | 0 | 1 | 3 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | - 1 | - 1 | - 1 | - 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 70 | 123 | 208 | 287 | 394 | 487 | 558 | 5.8% | 5.4% | 3.3% | 3.2% | 2.1% | 1.4%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 7 | 10.8% | 0.2% | -1.8% | 5.8% | 7.2% | 5.0%
Oil | 51 | 69 | 83 | 104 | 129 | 150 | 171 | 2.9% | 1.9% | 2.3% | 2.3% | 1.5% | 1.3%
Natural gas | 17 | 53 | 122 | 179 | 256 | 323 | 366 | 11.7% | 8.8% | 3.9% | 3.6% | 2.3% | 1.3%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 6 | -1.8% | 16.4% | 8.5% | 6.9% | 4.5% | 3.3%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 3.4% | 4.2% | 3.0%
Hydro | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | -5.0% | 10.1% | 5.4% | 0.6% | 0.4% | 0.4%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | 17.6% | 22.1% | 14.0% | 10.1% | 6.5%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 70 | 123 | 208 | 287 | 394 | 487 | 558 | 5.8% | 5.4% | 3.3% | 3.2% | 2.1% | 1.4%
Energy for Power Generation | 14 | 27 | 52 | 78 | 123 | 167 | 208 | 7.2% | 6.8% | 4.1% | 4.6% | 3.1% | 2.2%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 6 | 9 | 15 | 23 | 33 | 42 | 49 | 5.1% | 4.5% | 4.7% | 3.5% | 2.5% | 1.6%
Final consumption | 55 | 95 | 157 | 213 | 285 | 348 | 391 | 5.6% | 5.2% | 3.1% | 2.9% | 2.0% | 1.2%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 1 | 3 | 9 | 14 | 25 | 32 | 36 | 17.6% | 12.1% | 4.7% | 5.5% | 2.5% | 1.2%
Other Industry | 14 | 16 | 30 | 48 | 70 | 90 | 105 | 1.7% | 6.4% | 4.9% | 3.7% | 2.6% | 1.6%
Non-Energy Use | 6 | 8 | 14 | 26 | 42 | 59 | 71 | 1.9% | 6.0% | 6.5% | 5.2% | 3.3% | 1.9%
Residential | 13 | 30 | 47 | 59 | 66 | 69 | 71 | 8.9% | 4.6% | 2.3% | 1.3% | 0.4% | 0.2%
Services | 4 | 9 | 11 | 13 | 19 | 25 | 30 | 7.4% | 2.3% | 1.5% | 3.5% | 2.9% | 2.0%
Agriculture | 4 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 13 | 0.4% | 4.0% | 1.3% | 2.0% | 1.9% | 1.6%
Road | 13 | 24 | 40 | 45 | 53 | 62 | 66 | 6.3% | 5.0% | 1.4% | 1.6% | 1.5% | 0.6%
Rail | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | 36.8% | 5.6% | 3.1% | 2.8% | 1.9%
Aviation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Other Transport | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | -30.1% | 4.7% | 3.5% | 2.7% | 1.4%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 13 | 27 | 51 | 75 | 119 | 161 | 200 | 7.5% | 6.7% | 3.9% | 4.7% | 3.1% | 2.2%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 22.3% | -3.1% | -6.6% | 28.4% | 12.8% | 7.4%
Oil | 6 | 7 | 13 | 23 | 32 | 31 | 38 | 1.5% | 6.1% | 5.7% | 3.6% | -0.5% | 2.0%
Gas | 7 | 19 | 38 | 52 | 85 | 127 | 157 | 11.2% | 7.0% | 3.2% | 5.1% | 4.1% | 2.1%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | 9.7% | 35.5% | 15.0% | 7.8%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 59 | 121 | 233 | 375 | 628 | 931 | 1 189 | 7.5% | 6.7% | 4.9% | 5.3% | 4.0% | 2.5%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 12 | 24 | 22.2% | -3.1% | -2.5% | 28.7% | 13.1% | 7.6%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 22 | 25 | 46 | 94 | 133 | 130 | 163 | 1.5% | 6.1% | 7.3% | 3.6% | -0.2% | 2.3%
Gas | 31 | 92 | 177 | 258 | 461 | 742 | 934 | 11.5% | 6.8% | 3.8% | 6.0% | 4.9% | 2.3%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 7 | n.s. | n.s. | 11.3% | 37.8% | 15.4% | 8.1%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 8 | 13 | 17 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 3.6% | 4.4% | 3.1%
Hydro | 6 | 4 | 10 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | -5.0% | 10.1% | 5.4% | 0.6% | 0.4% | 0.4%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 12 | 22 | n.s. | 16.0% | 23.5% | 13.7% | 9.6% | 6.2%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | 2.9% | 22.2% | 15.9% | 10.5%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 17.0% | 12.8%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 18 | 34 | 61 | 85 | 121 | 166 | 206 | 6.5% | 6.2% | 3.4% | 3.5% | 3.3% | 2.2%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 22.2% | n.s. | n.s. | 28.9% | 13.1% | 7.6%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 6 | 8 | 13 | 18 | 24 | 35 | 38 | 3.5% | 4.1% | 3.8% | 2.6% | 3.8% | 0.9%
Gas | 10 | 23 | 40 | 54 | 80 | 109 | 138 | 8.6% | 5.8% | 3.0% | 4.1% | 3.1% | 2.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | -2.6% | 38.0% | 15.4% | 8.1%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 3.4% | 4.2% | 2.9%
Hydro | 2 | 2 | 8 | 12 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 0.2% | 15.6% | 3.2% | 0.6% | 0.4% | 0.4%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 8 | n.s. | n.s. | 20.8% | 12.8% | 8.8% | 5.4%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | 3.0% | 22.1% | 15.9% | 10.5%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 12.3%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 55 | 95 | 157 | 213 | 285 | 348 | 391 | 5.6% | 5.2% | 3.1% | 2.9% | 2.0% | 1.2%
Coal | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 7.4% | -0.8% | 0.5% | 3.8% | 4.5% | 2.5%
Oil | 41 | 56 | 64 | 73 | 88 | 110 | 123 | 3.3% | 1.3% | 1.2% | 2.0% | 2.2% | 1.1%
Gas | 9 | 29 | 75 | 109 | 144 | 161 | 170 | 12.0% | 10.0% | 3.8% | 2.8% | 1.1% | 0.5%
Electricity | 4 | 8 | 16 | 27 | 45 | 67 | 86 | 6.7% | 7.0% | 5.3% | 5.4% | 4.0% | 2.5%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 3.0%
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 9 | -1.8% | 16.3% | 19.6% | 3.5% | 3.2% | 3.0%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 1% | 1% | 1% | 1% | 2% | 2% | 3% | -9.6% | 6.9% | 3.8% | 1.9% | 2.5% | 2.6%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 21 | 27 | 53 | 89 | 137 | 181 | 212 | 2.7% | 7.0% | 5.3% | 4.5% | 2.8% | 1.6%
Coal | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 7.2% | -0.7% | 0.5% | 3.8% | 4.5% | 2.5%
Oil | 12 | 12 | 16 | 19 | 33 | 53 | 67 | 0.3% | 2.6% | 1.9% | 5.6% | 4.6% | 2.5%
Gas | 7 | 11 | 31 | 59 | 88 | 105 | 115 | 4.6% | 11.2% | 6.9% | 4.0% | 1.8% | 0.9%
Electricity | 1 | 3 | 5 | 9 | 14 | 21 | 27 | 8.6% | 6.7% | 5.0% | 4.8% | 3.8% | 2.7%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 4.9% | 4.2% | 3.7%
Buildings | 17 | 39 | 58 | 72 | 85 | 94 | 100 | 8.6% | 4.1% | 2.2% | 1.7% | 1.0% | 0.7%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | -7.3% | -1.0% | -2.3% | -2.6% | -2.9%
Oil | 12 | 15 | 9 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 3.0% | -5.0% | -2.0% | -0.1% | 1.2% | 0.7%
Gas | 3 | 19 | 40 | 47 | 51 | 47 | 44 | 21.7% | 7.9% | 1.7% | 0.8% | -0.7% | -0.7%
Electricity | 3 | 5 | 8 | 14 | 23 | 35 | 44 | 5.3% | 6.5% | 5.1% | 5.2% | 4.1% | 2.3%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 3.0%
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | -1.8% | 16.3% | 18.4% | 1.0% | 0.1% | 0.6%
Agriculture | 4 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 13 | 0.4% | 4.0% | 1.3% | 2.0% | 1.9% | 1.6%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | -0.8% | 1.1% | -3.0% | 1.5% | 1.4% | 1.0%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | 6.6% | 1.5% | 1.4% | 1.0%
Electricity | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 9.4% | 10.2% | 5.9% | 2.5% | 2.4% | 2.0%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Transport | 13 | 25 | 40 | 46 | 54 | 62 | 66 | 6.6% | 4.7% | 1.4% | 1.6% | 1.5% | 0.6%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 13 | 25 | 35 | 43 | 44 | 45 | 43 | 6.6% | 3.4% | 2.1% | 0.3% | 0.3% | -0.6%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 5 | 2 | 5 | 8 | 10 | n.s. | n.s. | -6.9% | 8.5% | 4.4% | 2.6%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 6 | 8 | n.s. | 36.8% | 28.5% | 26.0% | 6.8% | 3.2%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 5 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 34.4% | 9.8% | 5.6%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 6 | 9 | 15 | 23 | 33 | 42 | 49 | 5.1% | 4.5% | 4.7% | 3.5% | 2.5% | 1.6%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Saudi Arabia | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 16 | 21 | 28 | 34 | 39 | 43 | 46 | 2.7% | 2.8% | 2.0% | 1.3% | 1.0% | 0.7%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 19 | 19 | 24 | 27 | 31 | 37 | 41 | 0.0% | 2.5% | 1.1% | 1.5% | 1.7% | 1.1%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 12 | 12 | 15 | 17 | 20 | 23 | 26 | 0.0% | 2.3% | 1.3% | 1.5% | 1.7% | 1.1%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 6 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | -1.5% | -7.1% | -0.5% | -0.2% | -0.2% | -0.1%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 49 | 54 | 58 | 46 | 44 | 42 | 40 | 1.0% | 0.8% | -2.4% | -0.4% | -0.5% | -0.4%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 45 | 41 | 39 | 52 | 54 | 56 | 58 | -1.0% | -0.5% | 2.8% | 0.4% | 0.4% | 0.3%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 12 | 18 | 12 | 14 | 17 | 19 | -3.4% | 3.6% | -3.7% | 1.6% | 1.6% | 1.3%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 76 | 86 | 100 | 128 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.5% | 1.2% | 1.5% | 2.5%
Gas | 28 | 24 | 47 | 58 | 48 | 62 | 86 | -1.2% | 6.8% | 2.0% | -1.9% | 2.6% | 3.4%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 211 | 316 | 545 | 739 | 800 | 905 | 959 | 4.1% | 5.6% | 3.1% | 0.8% | 1.2% | 0.6%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 211 | 316 | 545 | 740 | 800 | 906 | 960 | 4.1% | 5.6% | 3.1% | 0.8% | 1.2% | 0.6%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 211 | 316 | 545 | 739 | 800 | 904 | 960 | 4.1% | 5.6% | 3.1% | 0.8% | 1.2% | 0.6%
CO₂ | 171 | 266 | 477 | 642 | 702 | 794 | 845 | 4.5% | 6.0% | 3.0% | 0.9% | 1.2% | 0.6%
CH₄ | 31 | 43 | 60 | 87 | 88 | 99 | 103 | 3.5% | 3.4% | 3.8% | 0.0% | 1.2% | 0.5%
N₂O | 6 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 0.2% | 1.7% | 2.4% | 0.5% | 0.7% | 0.1%
F gases | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -26.3% | 11.7% | -0.1% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.0%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 206 | 311 | 541 | 734 | 794 | 897 | 953 | 4.2% | 5.7% | 3.1% | 0.8% | 1.2% | 0.6%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 156 | 240 | 429 | 571 | 616 | 694 | 738 | 4.4% | 6.0% | 2.9% | 0.8% | 1.2% | 0.6%
Power generation/District heating | 59 | 104 | 181 | 251 | 254 | 276 | 294 | 5.9% | 5.7% | 3.4% | 0.1% | 0.8% | 0.6%
Industry | 28 | 53 | 112 | 146 | 167 | 189 | 201 | 6.5% | 7.8% | 2.7% | 1.4% | 1.3% | 0.6%
Buildings | 3 | 4 | 5 | 8 | 13 | 19 | 23 | 3.0% | 2.8% | 4.0% | 5.3% | 3.9% | 1.9%
Agriculture | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Transport | 49 | 61 | 106 | 143 | 155 | 178 | 182 | 2.1% | 5.8% | 3.0% | 0.9% | 1.3% | 0.3%
Other | 17 | 19 | 25 | 24 | 27 | 32 | 37 | 1.2% | 2.6% | -0.5% | 1.3% | 1.9% | 1.4%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 380 | 491 | 559 | 785 | 919 | 1 090 | 1 155 | 2.6% | 1.3% | 3.5% | 1.6% | 1.7% | 0.6%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 352 | 450 | 486 | 686 | 737 | 825 | 866 | 2.5% | 0.8% | 3.5% | 0.7% | 1.1% | 0.5%
Natural gas | 28 | 41 | 72 | 98 | 179 | 262 | 286 | 3.9% | 5.8% | 3.1% | 6.2% | 3.9% | 0.9%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -9.3% | 2.9% | n.s. | 2.8% | 2.4% | 0.9%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Hydro | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 13.7% | 0.3% | 0.1%
Net Imports | - 318 | - 393 | - 373 | - 551 | - 656 | - 785 | - 825 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 6 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | - 309 | - 383 | - 361 | - 541 | - 598 | - 690 | - 738 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | - 8 | - 10 | - 13 | - 10 | - 59 | - 100 | - 95 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 62 | 98 | 186 | 234 | 263 | 305 | 330 | 4.6% | 6.6% | 2.4% | 1.2% | 1.5% | 0.8%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 6 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 16.0% | 9.6% | 5.1%
Oil | 43 | 67 | 126 | 144 | 138 | 135 | 127 | 4.6% | 6.5% | 1.4% | -0.4% | -0.2% | -0.6%
Natural gas | 19 | 31 | 60 | 88 | 120 | 162 | 191 | 4.7% | 6.9% | 4.0% | 3.1% | 3.0% | 1.7%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | -9.5% | 2.9% | n.s. | 5.9% | 6.5% | 4.4%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Hydro | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 13.7% | 0.3% | 0.1%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 62 | 98 | 186 | 234 | 263 | 305 | 330 | 4.6% | 6.6% | 2.4% | 1.2% | 1.5% | 0.8%
Energy for Power Generation | 22 | 37 | 65 | 92 | 98 | 110 | 120 | 5.6% | 5.7% | 3.6% | 0.6% | 1.2% | 0.8%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 6 | 5 | 17 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 10 | -0.4% | 12.3% | -13.7% | 3.3% | 3.9% | 2.5%
Final consumption | 39 | 64 | 121 | 164 | 191 | 226 | 247 | 4.9% | 6.6% | 3.1% | 1.5% | 1.7% | 0.9%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | 5.6% | 2.0% | 2.6% | 1.5%
Other Industry | 11 | 20 | 42 | 56 | 66 | 76 | 82 | 6.3% | 7.7% | 2.9% | 1.6% | 1.4% | 0.8%
Non-Energy Use | 7 | 14 | 25 | 34 | 40 | 47 | 51 | 7.1% | 5.7% | 3.1% | 1.6% | 1.6% | 0.9%
Residential | 3 | 6 | 11 | 15 | 18 | 22 | 25 | 5.9% | 6.1% | 3.5% | 1.4% | 2.1% | 1.3%
Services | 1 | 2 | 5 | 8 | 10 | 13 | 16 | 5.3% | 8.2% | 4.2% | 2.4% | 2.8% | 1.8%
Agriculture | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9.2% | 4.8% | 3.0% | 2.1% | 2.0% | 1.7%
Road | 16 | 20 | 35 | 46 | 53 | 63 | 67 | 2.2% | 5.8% | 3.0% | 1.3% | 1.8% | 0.7%
Rail | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Aviation | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2.0% | 0.5% | 2.9% | 0.0% | 0.5% | 0.0%
Other Transport | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 22 | 37 | 65 | 92 | 96 | 108 | 118 | 5.6% | 5.7% | 3.5% | 0.4% | 1.2% | 0.9%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 23.5% | 11.0% | 6.0%
Oil | 9 | 19 | 35 | 44 | 37 | 26 | 20 | 7.7% | 6.0% | 2.4% | -1.8% | -3.3% | -2.8%
Gas | 12 | 18 | 30 | 47 | 58 | 79 | 93 | 3.7% | 5.3% | 4.6% | 2.0% | 3.2% | 1.6%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 10.7% | 10.1% | 6.5%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 69 | 126 | 240 | 364 | 426 | 539 | 633 | 6.2% | 6.6% | 4.2% | 1.6% | 2.4% | 1.6%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 11 | 20 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 23.8% | 11.3% | 6.2%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 34 | 68 | 129 | 180 | 151 | 114 | 90 | 7.2% | 6.6% | 3.4% | -1.7% | -2.8% | -2.3%
Gas | 35 | 58 | 111 | 176 | 246 | 385 | 491 | 5.1% | 6.7% | 4.7% | 3.4% | 4.6% | 2.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 7 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 11.8% | 11.1% | 7.0%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Hydro | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 22 | 22 | 21 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 13.1% | 0.0% | -0.6%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 23.0% | 1.6% | 3.5%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 17.2% | 13.2%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 24 | 31 | 60 | 93 | 94 | 101 | 130 | 2.6% | 6.8% | 4.5% | 0.1% | 0.8% | 2.5%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 23.9% | 11.4% | 6.3%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 13 | 18 | 33 | 50 | 41 | 34 | 41 | 3.2% | 6.4% | 4.4% | -2.1% | -1.9% | 1.9%
Gas | 11 | 13 | 27 | 40 | 41 | 55 | 74 | 1.9% | 7.2% | 3.9% | 0.4% | 2.9% | 3.1%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 11.8% | 11.1% | 7.0%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Hydro | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 10 | 10 | 9 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 12.8% | 0.0% | -0.7%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 23.1% | 1.7% | 3.5%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 12.6%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 39 | 64 | 121 | 164 | 191 | 226 | 247 | 4.9% | 6.6% | 3.1% | 1.5% | 1.7% | 0.9%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 10.5% | 7.3% | 3.2%
Oil | 29 | 43 | 76 | 100 | 101 | 109 | 108 | 4.3% | 5.7% | 2.7% | 0.2% | 0.7% | -0.1%
Gas | 6 | 12 | 27 | 38 | 58 | 76 | 90 | 6.4% | 9.0% | 3.3% | 4.3% | 2.8% | 1.6%
Electricity | 5 | 9 | 17 | 26 | 30 | 39 | 45 | 6.1% | 7.4% | 4.0% | 1.6% | 2.4% | 1.6%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 23.0% | 9.4%
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | -9.6% | 2.9% | 55.5% | 6.5% | 7.5% | 5.0%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 0% | 0% | 0% | 1% | 2% | 2% | 2% | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 9.2% | 0.9% | 1.3%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 18 | 34 | 69 | 93 | 109 | 127 | 138 | 6.6% | 7.2% | 3.0% | 1.6% | 1.5% | 0.8%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 10.5% | 7.3% | 3.2%
Oil | 11 | 22 | 39 | 51 | 50 | 52 | 51 | 6.9% | 6.0% | 2.6% | -0.1% | 0.3% | -0.2%
Gas | 6 | 12 | 27 | 37 | 52 | 66 | 75 | 6.4% | 9.0% | 3.0% | 3.5% | 2.4% | 1.4%
Electricity | 1 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 9 | 4.2% | 8.7% | 6.7% | 2.5% | 2.7% | 1.8%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 0.1% | 3.4% | 2.9%
Buildings | 5 | 8 | 16 | 23 | 28 | 35 | 41 | 5.7% | 6.8% | 3.7% | 1.7% | 2.4% | 1.5%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3.0% | 2.8% | 1.5% | -1.2% | 0.3% | 0.1%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 6 | 7 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 16.2% | 5.9% | 2.6%
Electricity | 4 | 7 | 15 | 21 | 23 | 27 | 31 | 6.3% | 7.3% | 3.5% | 0.9% | 1.8% | 1.3%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 23.0% | 9.4%
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | -9.6% | 2.9% | 33.9% | 9.8% | 6.1% | 3.2%
Agriculture | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9.2% | 4.8% | 3.0% | 2.1% | 2.0% | 1.7%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9.2% | 4.8% | 3.0% | 2.1% | 2.0% | 1.7%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Transport | 16 | 20 | 35 | 47 | 54 | 64 | 68 | 2.2% | 5.6% | 3.0% | 1.2% | 1.7% | 0.6%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 16 | 20 | 35 | 47 | 49 | 55 | 55 | 2.2% | 5.6% | 2.9% | 0.5% | 1.1% | 0.0%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 5 | 7 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 24.7% | 6.6% | 3.4%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 32.0% | 8.4% | 4.3%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 41.6% | 12.6% | 7.0%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 6 | 5 | 17 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 10 | -0.4% | 12.3% | -13.7% | 3.3% | 3.9% | 2.5%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Turkey | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 54 | 63 | 72 | 82 | 88 | 93 | 96 | 1.6% | 1.3% | 1.3% | 0.6% | 0.6% | 0.3%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 8 | 10 | 13 | 16 | 21 | 26 | 31 | 2.0% | 2.5% | 2.4% | 2.8% | 2.2% | 1.6%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 5 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 13 | 16 | 19 | 2.0% | 2.5% | 2.5% | 2.8% | 2.2% | 1.6%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 18 | 11 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 7 | -4.6% | -1.8% | -1.3% | -0.7% | -0.5% | -0.3%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 32 | 31 | 26 | 26 | 25 | 24 | 23 | -0.3% | -1.7% | -0.1% | -0.5% | -0.5% | -0.4%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 50 | 57 | 64 | 66 | 68 | 69 | 70 | 1.4% | 1.1% | 0.2% | 0.3% | 0.2% | 0.2%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 12 | 18 | 13 | 14 | 17 | 19 | -3.4% | 3.6% | -2.9% | 0.9% | 1.7% | 1.3%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 76 | 86 | 100 | 128 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.5% | 1.2% | 1.5% | 2.5%
Gas | 18 | 21 | 30 | 46 | 52 | 64 | 85 | 1.4% | 3.8% | 4.3% | 1.3% | 2.0% | 2.9%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 137 | 238 | 309 | 420 | 530 | 665 | 743 | 5.6% | 2.6% | 3.1% | 2.4% | 2.3% | 1.1%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 181 | 288 | 367 | 462 | 569 | 705 | 788 | 4.7% | 2.4% | 2.3% | 2.1% | 2.2% | 1.1%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 181 | 288 | 367 | 462 | 565 | 705 | 788 | 4.7% | 2.4% | 2.3% | 2.0% | 2.2% | 1.1%
CO₂ | 135 | 216 | 291 | 375 | 472 | 604 | 683 | 4.8% | 3.0% | 2.6% | 2.3% | 2.5% | 1.2%
CH₄ | 34 | 53 | 57 | 65 | 68 | 72 | 74 | 4.7% | 0.7% | 1.3% | 0.5% | 0.5% | 0.3%
N₂O | 12 | 17 | 14 | 17 | 19 | 21 | 24 | 3.4% | -1.9% | 1.6% | 1.3% | 1.2% | 1.1%
F gases | 1 | 2 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 10.6% | 11.4% | 2.0% | 1.0% | 1.0% | 0.6%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 151 | 260 | 340 | 427 | 526 | 662 | 742 | 5.6% | 2.7% | 2.3% | 2.1% | 2.3% | 1.1%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 118 | 195 | 254 | 328 | 415 | 539 | 614 | 5.1% | 2.7% | 2.6% | 2.4% | 2.7% | 1.3%
Power generation/District heating | 31 | 68 | 96 | 116 | 179 | 266 | 331 | 8.1% | 3.6% | 1.8% | 4.5% | 4.0% | 2.2%
Industry | 28 | 52 | 44 | 41 | 45 | 55 | 55 | 6.5% | -1.7% | -0.7% | 0.9% | 2.1% | 0.0%
Buildings | 23 | 27 | 49 | 48 | 45 | 47 | 42 | 1.6% | 6.2% | -0.1% | -0.6% | 0.3% | -1.0%
Agriculture | 6 | 8 | 14 | 14 | 16 | 18 | 20 | 3.4% | 5.4% | -0.2% | 1.4% | 1.2% | 0.9%
Transport | 26 | 34 | 43 | 79 | 87 | 91 | 87 | 2.6% | 2.3% | 6.3% | 1.0% | 0.4% | -0.4%
Other | 4 | 6 | 8 | 30 | 42 | 63 | 79 | 3.2% | 3.3% | 13.8% | 3.6% | 4.1% | 2.3%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 23 | 26 | 31 | 51 | 72 | 93 | 110 | 1.0% | 2.0% | 4.9% | 3.6% | 2.5% | 1.8%
Coal | 10 | 13 | 18 | 15 | 18 | 22 | 27 | 2.4% | 3.3% | -1.8% | 1.7% | 2.4% | 1.7%
Oil | 4 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 8 | -2.9% | -1.0% | 1.5% | 4.6% | 3.0% | 2.1%
Natural gas | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 11.6% | 0.7% | 3.2% | 8.1% | 6.1% | 5.3%
Biomass | 7 | 7 | 5 | 15 | 20 | 23 | 27 | -1.0% | -3.5% | 13.0% | 2.6% | 1.6% | 1.4%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 27.6% | 14.6% | 8.3%
Hydro | 2 | 3 | 4 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 2.9% | 5.3% | 4.2% | 1.9% | 0.8% | 0.5%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 1 | 10 | 20 | 27 | 31 | 13.1% | 14.3% | 22.9% | 7.2% | 3.2% | 1.3%
Net Imports | 26 | 50 | 73 | 84 | 104 | 131 | 142 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 4 | 10 | 14 | 21 | 38 | 62 | 78 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | 19 | 28 | 28 | 35 | 36 | 36 | 32 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | 3 | 12 | 31 | 36 | 37 | 39 | 36 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | - 8 | - 7 | - 7 | - 5 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 50 | 76 | 104 | 135 | 176 | 224 | 253 | 4.4% | 3.2% | 2.7% | 2.7% | 2.4% | 1.2%
Coal | 15 | 23 | 32 | 36 | 55 | 84 | 105 | 4.6% | 3.5% | 1.2% | 4.3% | 4.3% | 2.2%
Oil | 23 | 31 | 30 | 38 | 41 | 42 | 39 | 3.0% | -0.3% | 2.3% | 0.7% | 0.3% | -0.7%
Natural gas | 3 | 13 | 31 | 37 | 38 | 42 | 42 | 16.0% | 9.5% | 1.5% | 0.5% | 0.8% | -0.1%
Biomass | 7 | 7 | 5 | 7 | 13 | 17 | 22 | -1.0% | -3.5% | 5.0% | 5.5% | 2.9% | 2.6%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 27.6% | 14.6% | 8.3%
Hydro | 2 | 3 | 4 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 2.9% | 5.3% | 4.2% | 1.9% | 0.8% | 0.5%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 1 | 10 | 20 | 27 | 31 | 13.1% | 14.3% | 22.9% | 7.2% | 3.2% | 1.3%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 50 | 76 | 104 | 135 | 176 | 224 | 253 | 4.4% | 3.2% | 2.7% | 2.7% | 2.4% | 1.2%
Energy for Power Generation | 11 | 24 | 37 | 54 | 84 | 116 | 141 | 7.9% | 4.6% | 3.8% | 4.6% | 3.2% | 1.9%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 2 | 3 | 4 | 8 | 12 | 18 | 24 | 5.4% | 3.5% | 6.3% | 4.1% | 4.6% | 2.6%
Final consumption | 41 | 59 | 80 | 99 | 117 | 141 | 153 | 3.7% | 3.1% | 2.2% | 1.7% | 1.8% | 0.8%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 5 | 6 | 9 | 14 | 17 | 23 | 26 | 2.1% | 4.6% | 3.8% | 2.0% | 3.2% | 1.3%
Other Industry | 7 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 18 | 22 | 24 | 8.1% | 0.3% | -0.1% | 1.9% | 2.0% | 0.9%
Non-Energy Use | 3 | 4 | 7 | 8 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 2.3% | 7.3% | 1.2% | 1.7% | 1.8% | 0.6%
Residential | 15 | 18 | 23 | 22 | 23 | 26 | 27 | 1.8% | 2.7% | -0.4% | 0.6% | 1.3% | 0.4%
Services | 1 | 2 | 6 | 12 | 15 | 18 | 20 | 13.4% | 9.7% | 7.4% | 2.1% | 2.0% | 1.2%
Agriculture | 2 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 4.1% | 5.5% | -0.1% | 1.4% | 1.2% | 0.9%
Road | 8 | 11 | 13 | 22 | 27 | 31 | 32 | 2.3% | 2.4% | 5.2% | 2.0% | 1.3% | 0.5%
Rail | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.4% | -3.6% | 2.5% | 1.2% | 1.0% | 0.6%
Aviation | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9.5% | -5.7% | 3.7% | 4.4% | 3.1% | 1.9%
Other Transport | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -2.6% | 11.9% | 2.9% | 2.9% | 1.6% | 0.6%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 9 | 21 | 32 | 37 | 56 | 78 | 97 | 8.7% | 4.3% | 1.7% | 4.1% | 3.4% | 2.1%
Coal | 6 | 11 | 14 | 19 | 34 | 55 | 71 | 6.4% | 2.6% | 3.3% | 5.9% | 5.0% | 2.6%
Oil | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 8.9% | -14.3% | 0.6% | 4.3% | 5.3% | -1.3%
Gas | 2 | 7 | 17 | 16 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 13.3% | 8.7% | -0.4% | 0.9% | 0.1% | 0.2%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | n.s. | 7.3% | 21.2% | 10.6% | 1.4% | 5.5%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -0.5% | 24.3% | 23.7% | 8.9% | 1.2% | -0.8%
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 58 | 125 | 211 | 301 | 436 | 606 | 747 | 8.1% | 5.4% | 3.6% | 3.8% | 3.3% | 2.1%
Coal | 20 | 38 | 55 | 76 | 138 | 232 | 306 | 6.6% | 3.7% | 3.3% | 6.1% | 5.3% | 2.8%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 4 | 9 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 7 | 6 | 9.0% | -13.5% | 1.9% | 4.3% | 5.5% | -1.1%
Gas | 10 | 46 | 98 | 99 | 106 | 103 | 106 | 16.3% | 7.8% | 0.1% | 0.7% | -0.3% | 0.3%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 9 | 11 | 21 | n.s. | 7.6% | 21.8% | 10.8% | 2.2% | 6.2%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 7 | 15 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 29.2% | 14.7% | 8.3%
Hydro | 23 | 31 | 52 | 78 | 94 | 102 | 107 | 2.9% | 5.3% | 4.2% | 1.9% | 0.8% | 0.5%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 3 | 32 | 51 | 89 | 104 | n.s. | 56.5% | 27.1% | 4.8% | 5.7% | 1.6%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 19 | 41 | 67 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 16.4% | 8.1% | 5.0%
Other | 0 | 0 | 1 | 6 | 13 | 15 | 15 | -0.5% | 24.3% | 23.7% | 9.0% | 1.4% | -0.1%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 17 | 27 | 49 | 102 | 140 | 195 | 231 | 5.0% | 6.1% | 7.6% | 3.2% | 3.4% | 1.7%
Coal | 6 | 7 | 12 | 17 | 24 | 36 | 47 | 2.9% | 5.1% | 3.5% | 3.4% | 4.2% | 2.8%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | -2.7% | -0.4% | -2.0% | 1.9% | 4.1% | 0.7%
Gas | 2 | 7 | 18 | 31 | 37 | 46 | 44 | 12.3% | 10.0% | 5.6% | 1.7% | 2.2% | -0.6%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | n.s. | 11.5% | 21.7% | 5.5% | 1.7% | 6.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 28.9% | 14.5% | 8.1%
Hydro | 7 | 11 | 16 | 34 | 40 | 43 | 45 | 5.1% | 3.5% | 7.9% | 1.6% | 0.8% | 0.5%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 1 | 14 | 23 | 37 | 40 | n.s. | 53.0% | 26.9% | 4.6% | 5.0% | 0.9%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 12 | 26 | 44 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 16.7% | 8.3% | 5.3%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0.0% | 20.2% | 22.2% | 8.9% | 2.7% | 0.7%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 41 | 59 | 80 | 99 | 117 | 141 | 153 | 3.7% | 3.1% | 2.2% | 1.7% | 1.8% | 0.8%
Coal | 8 | 12 | 17 | 12 | 13 | 16 | 16 | 3.5% | 3.3% | -3.5% | 1.1% | 2.0% | 0.1%
Oil | 20 | 26 | 28 | 37 | 39 | 40 | 38 | 2.5% | 0.8% | 2.7% | 0.6% | 0.2% | -0.6%
Gas | 1 | 5 | 13 | 19 | 19 | 22 | 22 | 21.0% | 10.3% | 3.8% | 0.1% | 1.5% | -0.3%
Electricity | 4 | 8 | 15 | 21 | 31 | 43 | 53 | 7.9% | 5.9% | 3.7% | 3.9% | 3.4% | 2.1%
Heat | 0 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 12.4% | 9.2% | 3.6% | 1.2% | 1.3% | 1.9%
Biomass & Other | 7 | 6 | 4 | 6 | 10 | 14 | 18 | -1.1% | -3.7% | 3.8% | 4.7% | 3.4% | 2.2%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 24% | 16% | 13% | 19% | 26% | 30% | 34% | -3.7% | -2.4% | 4.3% | 3.0% | 1.5% | 1.3%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 15 | 24 | 32 | 37 | 44 | 56 | 63 | 5.3% | 2.7% | 1.4% | 1.9% | 2.4% | 1.0%
Coal | 5 | 10 | 9 | 6 | 8 | 12 | 12 | 6.5% | -0.8% | -3.6% | 2.5% | 3.5% | 0.6%
Oil | 6 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 7 | 2.9% | -0.2% | 0.8% | 0.1% | -0.3% | -1.4%
Gas | 1 | 2 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 10.1% | 14.0% | 2.7% | -0.6% | 0.4% | -0.8%
Electricity | 2 | 4 | 7 | 10 | 15 | 21 | 27 | 5.4% | 5.3% | 4.2% | 3.8% | 3.8% | 2.4%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 50.7% | 10.9% | 4.2% | -0.2% | -0.3% | -0.2%
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 7 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 11.1% | 5.3% | 3.1%
Buildings | 15 | 20 | 29 | 34 | 38 | 44 | 47 | 2.6% | 3.7% | 1.7% | 1.1% | 1.6% | 0.7%
Coal | 3 | 2 | 7 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | -4.5% | 13.9% | -3.3% | -0.8% | -1.1% | -1.4%
Oil | 3 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1.4% | -8.7% | -1.7% | 0.8% | 1.0% | -0.2%
Gas | 0 | 3 | 6 | 10 | 9 | 11 | 10 | 50.4% | 7.5% | 4.6% | -0.6% | 1.4% | -0.9%
Electricity | 1 | 4 | 7 | 10 | 14 | 18 | 21 | 10.7% | 6.5% | 3.3% | 2.9% | 2.6% | 1.7%
Heat | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 7.4% | 8.0% | 3.0% | 2.3% | 2.3% | 3.0%
Biomass & Other | 7 | 6 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 7 | -1.1% | -3.7% | 1.1% | 1.7% | 1.1% | 0.5%
Agriculture | 2 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 4.1% | 5.5% | -0.1% | 1.4% | 1.2% | 0.9%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | 28.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0%
Oil | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 3.4% | 5.3% | -0.3% | 1.4% | 1.2% | 0.9%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | 13.0% | 1.2% | 1.0% | 0.7%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 18.2% | 6.2% | 0.3% | 1.7% | 1.5% | 1.2%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Transport | 9 | 12 | 14 | 24 | 29 | 34 | 36 | 2.4% | 2.1% | 5.1% | 2.1% | 1.4% | 0.6%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 9 | 12 | 14 | 23 | 24 | 24 | 23 | 2.4% | 2.1% | 4.7% | 0.7% | 0.1% | -0.7%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 4 | n.s. | 36.7% | 16.8% | 19.2% | 6.3% | 3.1%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 8.3% | -6.5% | 22.3% | 22.4% | 5.9% | 3.1%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | 54.5% | 10.8% | 6.9% | 4.0%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 2 | 3 | 4 | 8 | 12 | 18 | 24 | 5.4% | 3.5% | 6.3% | 4.1% | 4.6% | 2.6%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Mediterranean Middle East | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 27 | 36 | 46 | 54 | 65 | 73 | 80 | 2.9% | 2.5% | 1.6% | 1.9% | 1.2% | 1.0%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 5 | 7 | 8 | 10 | 12 | 15 | 20 | 2.7% | 1.5% | 1.8% | 2.0% | 2.5% | 2.4%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 3 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 9 | 12 | 4.0% | -0.1% | 1.8% | 2.0% | 2.5% | 2.4%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 6 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -4.3% | -11.8% | 1.3% | -0.9% | -0.9% | -0.7%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 6 | 8 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 3.1% | -4.2% | 1.5% | -0.2% | -0.3% | -0.4%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 89 | 88 | 94 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 94 | 0.0% | 0.6% | -0.1% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 12 | 18 | 12 | 14 | 17 | 19 | -3.4% | 3.6% | -3.7% | 1.6% | 1.6% | 1.3%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 76 | 86 | 100 | 128 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.5% | 1.2% | 1.5% | 2.5%
Gas | 28 | 24 | 47 | 58 | 48 | 62 | 86 | -1.2% | 6.8% | 2.0% | -1.9% | 2.6% | 3.4%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 110 | 166 | 197 | 195 | 247 | 305 | 361 | 4.2% | 1.7% | -0.1% | 2.4% | 2.1% | 1.7%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 110 | 167 | 198 | 197 | 249 | 306 | 363 | 4.3% | 1.7% | -0.1% | 2.4% | 2.1% | 1.7%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 110 | 167 | 198 | 197 | 249 | 306 | 363 | 4.3% | 1.7% | -0.1% | 2.4% | 2.1% | 1.7%
CO₂ | 90 | 140 | 168 | 176 | 217 | 262 | 307 | 4.6% | 1.8% | 0.5% | 2.1% | 1.9% | 1.6%
CH₄ | 12 | 17 | 19 | 12 | 21 | 30 | 38 | 4.0% | 0.8% | -4.3% | 5.6% | 3.6% | 2.4%
N₂O | 7 | 7 | 8 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 0.6% | 1.2% | -7.7% | 1.1% | 0.9% | 0.6%
F gases | 1 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 9 | 13 | 3.4% | 6.6% | 4.5% | 4.1% | 3.8% | 3.4%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 101 | 157 | 187 | 194 | 246 | 303 | 359 | 4.5% | 1.7% | 0.4% | 2.4% | 2.1% | 1.7%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 81 | 127 | 158 | 164 | 201 | 242 | 282 | 4.6% | 2.2% | 0.4% | 2.1% | 1.9% | 1.6%
Power generation/District heating | 29 | 59 | 88 | 95 | 120 | 144 | 172 | 7.3% | 4.1% | 0.7% | 2.4% | 1.9% | 1.7%
Industry | 8 | 10 | 13 | 14 | 18 | 22 | 27 | 2.4% | 2.3% | 0.6% | 2.7% | 2.4% | 2.1%
Buildings | 14 | 17 | 18 | 14 | 14 | 17 | 18 | 2.1% | 0.9% | -3.0% | 0.6% | 1.3% | 0.8%
Agriculture | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4.0% | 2.5% | -3.2% | 1.6% | 1.5% | 1.4%
Transport | 21 | 31 | 31 | 34 | 38 | 44 | 47 | 4.0% | 0.1% | 1.0% | 1.1% | 1.3% | 0.7%
Other | 9 | 8 | 6 | 6 | 9 | 13 | 17 | -0.2% | -3.9% | 1.2% | 3.3% | 3.8% | 2.6%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 22 | 33 | 31 | 11 | 19 | 29 | 46 | 4.0% | -0.6% | -9.7% | 5.2% | 4.4% | 4.8%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5.4% | 0.1% | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 20 | 27 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 6 | 3.1% | -3.1% | -50.6% | 19.3% | 28.3% | 16.4%
Natural gas | 1 | 4 | 9 | 9 | 14 | 19 | 26 | 12.2% | 7.8% | -0.6% | 4.4% | 3.4% | 3.0%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3.0% | 1.3% | 8.7% | 5.9% | 0.6% | 0.7%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 26.1% | 14.3% | 11.0%
Hydro | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.5% | -0.6% | 0.2% | 0.6% | 0.4% | 0.3%
Other renewables | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 11 | 4.8% | 6.7% | 2.4% | 8.3% | 5.8% | 5.4%
Net Imports | 5 | 10 | 27 | 47 | 56 | 66 | 72 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 2 | 7 | 8 | 11 | 18 | 27 | 35 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | 2 | 3 | 15 | 35 | 33 | 25 | 21 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | 0 | 0 | 5 | 1 | 5 | 11 | 9 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 7 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 27 | 43 | 58 | 58 | 75 | 95 | 119 | 4.8% | 3.0% | 0.0% | 2.5% | 2.4% | 2.3%
Coal | 2 | 7 | 8 | 11 | 18 | 27 | 35 | 11.2% | 1.4% | 4.3% | 4.6% | 4.2% | 2.6%
Oil | 23 | 31 | 35 | 35 | 33 | 26 | 27 | 3.2% | 1.1% | 0.2% | -0.6% | -2.2% | 0.1%
Natural gas | 1 | 5 | 15 | 10 | 18 | 30 | 35 | 12.4% | 11.8% | -3.9% | 6.4% | 5.2% | 1.4%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 7 | 2.9% | 1.3% | 12.4% | 10.8% | 8.9% | 8.7%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 26.1% | 14.3% | 11.0%
Hydro | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.5% | -0.6% | 0.2% | 0.6% | 0.4% | 0.3%
Other renewables | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 11 | 4.8% | 6.7% | 2.4% | 8.3% | 5.8% | 5.4%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 27 | 43 | 58 | 58 | 75 | 95 | 119 | 4.8% | 3.0% | 0.0% | 2.5% | 2.4% | 2.3%
Energy for Power Generation | 9 | 19 | 31 | 31 | 41 | 53 | 68 | 7.0% | 5.2% | 0.0% | 2.8% | 2.6% | 2.7%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 6 | 8 | -1.6% | -5.0% | 3.9% | 5.5% | 4.9% | 3.6%
Final consumption | 18 | 29 | 37 | 37 | 47 | 60 | 76 | 4.9% | 2.4% | 0.0% | 2.4% | 2.6% | 2.3%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 17.8% | 2.5% | -1.8% | 2.5% | 2.3% | 2.0%
Other Industry | 3 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 7 | 10 | 14 | 2.1% | 2.7% | 0.6% | 3.1% | 3.2% | 3.1%
Non-Energy Use | 1 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 11.9% | -1.9% | -1.6% | 2.5% | 2.2% | 1.9%
Residential | 3 | 6 | 8 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 14 | 6.2% | 3.3% | -1.0% | 1.9% | 2.2% | 2.2%
Services | 3 | 4 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 10 | 13 | 1.7% | 3.3% | -0.3% | 3.0% | 3.2% | 2.9%
Agriculture | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4.6% | 2.7% | -0.9% | 2.0% | 1.9% | 1.8%
Road | 6 | 9 | 12 | 14 | 17 | 21 | 25 | 3.7% | 3.1% | 1.2% | 2.2% | 2.3% | 1.8%
Rail | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Aviation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 32.7% | -12.2% | -2.4% | 4.3% | 3.9% | 2.9%
Other Transport | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | 5.8% | -2.2% | 3.0% | 2.5% | 2.0%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 9 | 18 | 29 | 29 | 36 | 45 | 54 | 7.3% | 5.2% | -0.2% | 2.4% | 2.1% | 1.9%
Coal | 2 | 6 | 7 | 11 | 16 | 24 | 31 | 10.6% | 1.7% | 3.7% | 4.4% | 4.0% | 2.4%
Oil | 6 | 9 | 9 | 12 | 10 | 3 | 4 | 4.5% | 0.3% | 2.4% | -1.6% | -10.1% | 1.3%
Gas | 1 | 2 | 13 | 6 | 10 | 16 | 16 | 13.8% | 18.1% | -6.7% | 4.4% | 5.1% | 0.1%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | 9.6% | 21.5% | 13.7% | 11.7%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 38 | 85 | 136 | 137 | 189 | 269 | 377 | 8.5% | 4.8% | 0.1% | 3.3% | 3.6% | 3.4%
Coal | 10 | 29 | 34 | 49 | 76 | 114 | 148 | 10.9% | 1.6% | 3.6% | 4.5% | 4.2% | 2.7%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 21 | 42 | 39 | 50 | 43 | 15 | 18 | 7.0% | -0.8% | 2.7% | -1.7% | -9.8% | 1.4%
Gas | 3 | 10 | 59 | 30 | 48 | 84 | 91 | 13.6% | 19.3% | -6.5% | 4.7% | 5.8% | 0.9%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 6 | 19 | n.s. | n.s. | 11.4% | 22.6% | 14.4% | 12.3%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 13 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 26.1% | 14.4% | 11.1%
Hydro | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 1.5% | -0.6% | 0.2% | 0.6% | 0.4% | 0.3%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 15 | 42 | 11.6% | 13.9% | 44.1% | 24.5% | 14.7% | 10.7%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 13 | 27 | 41 | n.s. | n.s. | 37.7% | 15.4% | 7.9% | 4.4%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 28.4% | 16.2% | 13.5%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 11 | 20 | 27 | 38 | 49 | 65 | 90 | 6.4% | 2.8% | 3.3% | 2.6% | 2.9% | 3.4%
Coal | 2 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 12 | 18 | 22 | 7.8% | 1.2% | 4.0% | 5.4% | 3.8% | 2.3%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 7 | 9 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 2.9% | -4.3% | 1.5% | -0.8% | -2.0% | 0.3%
Gas | 1 | 5 | 15 | 19 | 18 | 15 | 16 | 19.5% | 11.5% | 2.9% | -0.8% | -1.5% | 0.3%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | 7.5% | 22.7% | 14.3% | 12.3%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 25.9% | 14.2% | 10.9%
Hydro | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4.6% | -2.0% | -0.4% | 0.6% | 0.4% | 0.3%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 6 | 15 | n.s. | 18.1% | 38.8% | 23.4% | 13.9% | 10.0%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 8 | 17 | 24 | n.s. | n.s. | 40.9% | 14.5% | 7.2% | 3.8%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 15.6% | 13.0%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 18 | 29 | 37 | 37 | 47 | 60 | 76 | 4.9% | 2.4% | 0.0% | 2.4% | 2.6% | 2.3%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 30.2% | -0.1% | 17.7% | 5.7% | 4.9% | 3.8%
Oil | 14 | 20 | 24 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 3.5% | 1.9% | -0.9% | -0.1% | 0.1% | -0.1%
Gas | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 7 | 11 | 15 | 11.5% | -2.5% | 3.8% | 10.1% | 5.3% | 3.0%
Electricity | 3 | 6 | 9 | 10 | 14 | 20 | 28 | 8.4% | 4.8% | 0.3% | 3.5% | 3.7% | 3.4%
Heat | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4.8% | 6.6% | 0.4% | 5.1% | 2.2% | 2.7%
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 2.9% | -0.1% | 11.4% | 10.2% | 8.5% | 6.0%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 4% | 4% | 5% | 6% | 11% | 17% | 25% | -0.7% | 1.4% | 3.0% | 5.9% | 4.3% | 3.8%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 5 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 13 | 17 | 22 | 6.9% | 0.9% | -0.5% | 2.8% | 2.8% | 2.6%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 30.2% | -0.1% | 17.7% | 5.7% | 4.9% | 3.8%
Oil | 4 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 2.7% | 1.1% | -1.6% | 0.8% | 0.4% | 0.3%
Gas | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 55.4% | -2.5% | -0.6% | 5.5% | 3.8% | 2.8%
Electricity | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 7.3% | 3.7% | -0.7% | 3.2% | 3.9% | 3.9%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | -0.2% | -0.3% | -0.2%
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 15.6% | 10.4% | 7.8%
Buildings | 7 | 10 | 14 | 13 | 16 | 21 | 27 | 4.1% | 3.3% | -0.7% | 2.4% | 2.7% | 2.5%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 4 | 5 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3.5% | 0.9% | -4.1% | -2.3% | -1.6% | -1.2%
Gas | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 5 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 13.1% | 5.6% | 2.4%
Electricity | 2 | 4 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 11 | 15 | 9.1% | 5.4% | 0.4% | 2.3% | 2.9% | 3.0%
Heat | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4.8% | 6.6% | 0.4% | 5.1% | 2.2% | 2.7%
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2.9% | -0.1% | 7.3% | 5.4% | 7.2% | 4.9%
Agriculture | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4.6% | 2.7% | -0.9% | 2.0% | 1.9% | 1.8%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4.0% | 2.5% | -3.2% | 1.6% | 1.5% | 1.4%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 5.8% | 3.0% | 2.5% | 2.4% | 2.3% | 2.2%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Transport | 6 | 9 | 12 | 14 | 17 | 21 | 26 | 4.0% | 2.8% | 1.2% | 2.2% | 2.3% | 1.8%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 6 | 9 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 14 | 13 | 4.0% | 2.8% | 0.8% | 0.1% | 0.3% | -0.2%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 5 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 19.8% | 7.1% | 3.6%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 5 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 27.6% | 7.8% | 4.8%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 17.0% | 9.2% | 6.4%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 6 | 8 | -1.6% | -5.0% | 3.9% | 5.5% | 4.9% | 3.6%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Rest Persian Gulf | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 34 | 48 | 69 | 90 | 111 | 133 | 155 | 3.3% | 3.8% | 2.7% | 2.1% | 1.8% | 1.5%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 6 | 11 | 12 | 11 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 7.2% | 0.5% | -0.7% | 1.6% | 0.9% | 0.4%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 5 | 7 | 8 | 10 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 4.2% | 1.3% | 2.3% | 1.6% | 0.9% | 0.4%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4.8% | -4.8% | -11.9% | -0.7% | -0.3% | -0.1%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 4 | 17 | 29 | 24 | 24 | 23 | 23 | 16.5% | 5.6% | -1.9% | -0.2% | -0.1% | -0.1%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 96 | 82 | 70 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 77 | -1.5% | -1.6% | 0.8% | 0.1% | 0.0% | 0.0%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 12 | 18 | 12 | 14 | 17 | 19 | -3.4% | 3.6% | -3.7% | 1.6% | 1.6% | 1.3%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 76 | 86 | 100 | 128 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.5% | 1.2% | 1.5% | 2.5%
Gas | 28 | 24 | 47 | 58 | 48 | 62 | 86 | -1.2% | 6.8% | 2.0% | -1.9% | 2.6% | 3.4%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 284 | 413 | 685 | 930 | 1 132 | 1 258 | 1 377 | 3.8% | 5.2% | 3.1% | 2.0% | 1.1% | 0.9%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 284 | 415 | 686 | 930 | 1 133 | 1 258 | 1 379 | 3.8% | 5.2% | 3.1% | 2.0% | 1.0% | 0.9%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 284 | 415 | 686 | 930 | 1 133 | 1 258 | 1 379 | 3.8% | 5.2% | 3.1% | 2.0% | 1.0% | 0.9%
CO₂ | 214 | 319 | 540 | 731 | 919 | 1 014 | 1 117 | 4.1% | 5.4% | 3.1% | 2.3% | 1.0% | 1.0%
CH₄ | 57 | 85 | 131 | 187 | 200 | 228 | 245 | 4.2% | 4.4% | 3.7% | 0.7% | 1.4% | 0.7%
N₂O | 10 | 9 | 12 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 10 | -1.3% | 2.8% | -3.9% | 1.0% | 0.7% | 0.5%
F gases | 4 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 7 | -5.5% | 6.0% | 1.4% | 2.1% | 1.0% | 1.1%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 273 | 402 | 670 | 924 | 1 126 | 1 250 | 1 371 | 3.9% | 5.3% | 3.3% | 2.0% | 1.0% | 0.9%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 174 | 277 | 479 | 655 | 818 | 901 | 996 | 4.8% | 5.6% | 3.2% | 2.2% | 1.0% | 1.0%
Power generation/District heating | 60 | 105 | 207 | 258 | 318 | 351 | 399 | 5.7% | 7.1% | 2.2% | 2.1% | 1.0% | 1.3%
Industry | 44 | 67 | 112 | 181 | 242 | 262 | 284 | 4.3% | 5.3% | 4.9% | 2.9% | 0.8% | 0.8%
Buildings | 9 | 15 | 19 | 22 | 28 | 36 | 42 | 4.8% | 2.6% | 1.4% | 2.6% | 2.5% | 1.5%
Agriculture | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 11.0% | -5.2% | 0.8% | 1.4% | 1.0% | 0.8%
Transport | 42 | 55 | 83 | 106 | 112 | 117 | 117 | 2.8% | 4.2% | 2.5% | 0.5% | 0.4% | 0.0%
Other | 19 | 35 | 58 | 88 | 116 | 135 | 154 | 6.1% | 5.2% | 4.2% | 2.8% | 1.5% | 1.3%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 351 | 539 | 719 | 1 108 | 1 346 | 1 486 | 1 519 | 4.4% | 2.9% | 4.4% | 2.0% | 1.0% | 0.2%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 314 | 460 | 517 | 760 | 827 | 974 | 1 047 | 3.9% | 1.2% | 3.9% | 0.8% | 1.6% | 0.7%
Natural gas | 36 | 79 | 202 | 346 | 517 | 508 | 468 | 8.1% | 9.8% | 5.6% | 4.1% | -0.2% | -0.8%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2.4% | 6.3% | 17.8% | 5.8% | 0.8% | -1.9%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Hydro | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -13.5% | 22.8% | 2.0% | 0.6% | 0.3% | 0.4%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 12.8% | 7.9% | 4.4%
Net Imports | - 282 | - 429 | - 518 | - 815 | - 972 | -1 067 | -1 057 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | - 279 | - 409 | - 433 | - 669 | - 737 | - 886 | - 952 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | - 3 | - 19 | - 86 | - 149 | - 240 | - 188 | - 116 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 69 | 111 | 202 | 293 | 374 | 418 | 462 | 4.8% | 6.2% | 3.8% | 2.4% | 1.1% | 1.0%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8 | n.s. | n.s. | 11.1% | 4.2% | 4.6% | 3.4%
Oil | 35 | 51 | 84 | 91 | 90 | 87 | 95 | 3.7% | 5.1% | 0.9% | -0.1% | -0.3% | 0.8%
Natural gas | 33 | 60 | 116 | 197 | 276 | 320 | 352 | 6.0% | 6.9% | 5.5% | 3.4% | 1.5% | 1.0%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2.5% | 6.3% | 18.4% | 7.7% | 4.2% | 3.3%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Hydro | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -13.5% | 22.8% | 2.0% | 0.6% | 0.3% | 0.4%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 12.8% | 7.9% | 4.4%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 69 | 111 | 202 | 293 | 374 | 418 | 462 | 4.8% | 6.2% | 3.8% | 2.4% | 1.1% | 1.0%
Energy for Power Generation | 23 | 40 | 79 | 102 | 130 | 149 | 170 | 5.7% | 7.2% | 2.6% | 2.5% | 1.3% | 1.3%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 7 | 13 | 26 | 49 | 63 | 72 | 79 | 6.0% | 6.9% | 6.7% | 2.6% | 1.3% | 1.0%
Final consumption | 44 | 68 | 116 | 173 | 225 | 255 | 283 | 4.3% | 5.5% | 4.1% | 2.6% | 1.3% | 1.1%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 2 | 3 | 6 | 13 | 19 | 23 | 26 | 5.6% | 5.2% | 8.3% | 4.1% | 2.0% | 1.0%
Other Industry | 17 | 26 | 43 | 67 | 88 | 93 | 101 | 4.6% | 5.2% | 4.6% | 2.8% | 0.5% | 0.8%
Non-Energy Use | 5 | 6 | 13 | 20 | 28 | 34 | 39 | 3.5% | 7.1% | 4.5% | 3.5% | 2.0% | 1.3%
Residential | 6 | 9 | 14 | 18 | 23 | 29 | 35 | 4.4% | 4.2% | 2.8% | 2.4% | 2.3% | 1.7%
Services | 1 | 3 | 8 | 13 | 19 | 25 | 30 | 11.3% | 10.6% | 5.0% | 3.7% | 2.6% | 1.8%
Agriculture | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8.0% | -4.4% | 1.3% | 1.5% | 1.1% | 0.9%
Road | 14 | 19 | 32 | 41 | 46 | 50 | 53 | 3.3% | 5.1% | 2.6% | 1.1% | 0.9% | 0.5%
Rail | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Aviation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | 1.9% | 0.4% | 0.5% | 0.4%
Other Transport | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 23 | 40 | 79 | 102 | 129 | 147 | 167 | 5.8% | 7.1% | 2.5% | 2.4% | 1.3% | 1.3%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 25.5% | 10.5% | 6.7%
Oil | 9 | 14 | 26 | 24 | 19 | 8 | 8 | 5.0% | 6.6% | -0.9% | -2.3% | -8.7% | 0.9%
Gas | 14 | 26 | 53 | 77 | 109 | 137 | 154 | 6.3% | 7.4% | 3.9% | 3.5% | 2.3% | 1.2%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 13.5% | 8.1%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 79 | 140 | 284 | 454 | 639 | 806 | 974 | 5.9% | 7.4% | 4.8% | 3.5% | 2.3% | 1.9%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 9 | 17 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 25.8% | 10.7% | 6.9%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 31 | 53 | 62 | 102 | 80 | 33 | 36 | 5.6% | 1.6% | 5.1% | -2.4% | -8.5% | 1.0%
Gas | 45 | 86 | 218 | 343 | 539 | 736 | 880 | 6.7% | 9.7% | 4.6% | 4.6% | 3.2% | 1.8%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 7 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 13.9% | 8.6%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Hydro | 3 | 1 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | -13.5% | 22.8% | 2.0% | 0.6% | 0.3% | 0.4%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 6 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 30.0% | 14.3% | 10.6%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 9 | 16 | 21 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 12.2% | 6.7% | 2.7%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 24.1% | 14.7%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 26 | 35 | 68 | 115 | 132 | 157 | 180 | 2.9% | 6.9% | 5.5% | 1.3% | 1.8% | 1.4%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 25.9% | 10.8% | 7.0%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 14 | 14 | 16 | 25 | 18 | 16 | 16 | -0.1% | 1.2% | 4.9% | -3.4% | -1.4% | 0.5%
Gas | 10 | 18 | 50 | 86 | 105 | 127 | 143 | 5.7% | 10.5% | 5.6% | 2.1% | 1.9% | 1.2%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 14.0% | 8.7%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Hydro | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4.7% | -0.4% | 2.3% | 0.6% | 0.3% | 0.4%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 28.9% | 13.7% | 9.8%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 9 | 12 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 12.3% | 6.7% | 2.7%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 14.3%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 44 | 68 | 116 | 173 | 225 | 255 | 283 | 4.3% | 5.5% | 4.1% | 2.6% | 1.3% | 1.1%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | 10.8% | 2.3% | 2.7% | 1.6%
Oil | 24 | 33 | 53 | 67 | 74 | 82 | 87 | 3.3% | 4.7% | 2.5% | 1.0% | 1.0% | 0.6%
Gas | 15 | 25 | 43 | 72 | 102 | 111 | 120 | 5.2% | 5.7% | 5.3% | 3.6% | 0.8% | 0.8%
Electricity | 6 | 10 | 19 | 31 | 44 | 55 | 67 | 6.2% | 6.8% | 4.9% | 3.4% | 2.3% | 1.9%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 37.4% | 9.6%
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 2.5% | 6.3% | 17.5% | 8.3% | 6.3% | 4.5%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 1% | 0% | 0% | 1% | 1% | 2% | 2% | -11.7% | 9.8% | 5.1% | 3.4% | 4.2% | 2.9%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 23 | 36 | 61 | 100 | 136 | 150 | 166 | 4.5% | 5.6% | 5.0% | 3.1% | 1.0% | 1.0%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | 10.8% | 2.3% | 2.7% | 1.6%
Oil | 7 | 9 | 14 | 20 | 27 | 35 | 41 | 2.4% | 5.0% | 3.5% | 3.0% | 2.5% | 1.6%
Gas | 15 | 24 | 43 | 70 | 94 | 98 | 104 | 5.1% | 5.8% | 5.0% | 3.1% | 0.4% | 0.6%
Electricity | 1 | 3 | 4 | 7 | 11 | 13 | 16 | 6.3% | 3.1% | 7.5% | 4.1% | 1.9% | 2.1%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | -1.1% | 0.4% | 2.3%
Buildings | 7 | 12 | 22 | 32 | 43 | 54 | 64 | 5.7% | 6.1% | 3.7% | 3.0% | 2.4% | 1.7%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 3 | 4 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4.6% | 2.7% | -0.5% | -2.1% | -1.2% | -0.9%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 6 | 10 | 13 | 12.0% | -2.7% | 26.4% | 13.1% | 5.3% | 2.7%
Electricity | 4 | 7 | 16 | 24 | 32 | 39 | 46 | 6.2% | 7.9% | 4.2% | 2.8% | 2.2% | 1.7%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 37.4% | 9.6%
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2.5% | 6.3% | 10.0% | 3.9% | 4.3% | 2.8%
Agriculture | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8.0% | -4.4% | 1.3% | 1.5% | 1.1% | 0.9%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11.0% | -5.2% | 0.8% | 1.4% | 1.0% | 0.8%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -24.9% | 22.5% | 5.8% | 2.4% | 2.0% | 1.8%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Transport | 14 | 19 | 32 | 42 | 46 | 50 | 53 | 3.3% | 5.2% | 2.6% | 1.1% | 0.9% | 0.5%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 14 | 19 | 32 | 41 | 42 | 43 | 42 | 3.3% | 5.2% | 2.5% | 0.2% | 0.1% | -0.2%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 25.0% | 5.8% | 3.3%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 31.5% | 7.0% | 3.9%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 30.0% | 8.8% | 5.5%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 7 | 13 | 26 | 49 | 63 | 72 | 79 | 6.0% | 6.9% | 6.7% | 2.6% | 1.3% | 1.0%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

China | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 1 155 | 1 270 | 1 342 | 1 403 | 1 416 | 1 395 | 1 349 | 1.0% | 0.5% | 0.5% | 0.1% | -0.1% | -0.3%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 1 | 3 | 7 | 13 | 21 | 30 | 38 | 8.9% | 9.6% | 6.5% | 4.9% | 3.6% | 2.3%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 1 | 1 | 3 | 6 | 9 | 13 | 16 | 8.6% | 9.4% | 6.4% | 4.9% | 3.6% | 2.3%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 22 | 13 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 7 | -5.2% | -3.3% | -1.3% | -0.9% | -0.4% | -0.2%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 34 | 41 | 45 | 38 | 33 | 28 | 24 | 2.1% | 0.8% | -1.6% | -1.3% | -1.6% | -1.5%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 44 | 46 | 46 | 54 | 59 | 65 | 69 | 0.3% | 0.1% | 1.6% | 1.0% | 0.9% | 0.6%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 26 | 10 | 23 | 20 | 22 | 25 | 28 | -9.4% | 8.8% | -1.3% | 0.8% | 1.4% | 1.0%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 76 | 86 | 100 | 128 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.5% | 1.2% | 1.5% | 2.5%
Gas | 28 | 24 | 47 | 58 | 48 | 62 | 86 | -1.2% | 6.8% | 2.0% | -1.9% | 2.6% | 3.4%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 3 707 | 4 773 | 10 942 | 13 821 | 16 736 | 17 950 | 16 662 | 2.6% | 8.7% | 2.4% | 1.9% | 0.7% | -0.7%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 3 811 | 5 105 | 11 235 | 14 185 | 17 135 | 18 418 | 17 203 | 3.0% | 8.2% | 2.4% | 1.9% | 0.7% | -0.7%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 3 811 | 5 105 | 11 235 | 14 185 | 17 135 | 18 418 | 17 203 | 3.0% | 8.2% | 2.4% | 1.9% | 0.7% | -0.7%
CO₂ | 2 445 | 3 632 | 8 884 | 11 394 | 13 949 | 15 054 | 13 964 | 4.0% | 9.4% | 2.5% | 2.0% | 0.8% | -0.7%
CH₄ | 1 016 | 1 045 | 1 644 | 1 843 | 2 033 | 2 094 | 1 944 | 0.3% | 4.6% | 1.1% | 1.0% | 0.3% | -0.7%
N₂O | 338 | 378 | 529 | 644 | 733 | 762 | 748 | 1.1% | 3.4% | 2.0% | 1.3% | 0.4% | -0.2%
F gases | 13 | 51 | 177 | 303 | 421 | 507 | 547 | 14.8% | 13.3% | 5.5% | 3.3% | 1.9% | 0.8%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 3 035 | 4 316 | 10 231 | 13 013 | 15 786 | 16 994 | 15 757 | 3.6% | 9.0% | 2.4% | 2.0% | 0.7% | -0.8%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 2 206 | 3 196 | 7 737 | 9 753 | 12 036 | 13 082 | 12 121 | 3.8% | 9.2% | 2.3% | 2.1% | 0.8% | -0.8%
Power generation/District heating | 594 | 1 253 | 3 175 | 4 454 | 6 235 | 6 944 | 6 557 | 7.8% | 9.7% | 3.4% | 3.4% | 1.1% | -0.6%
Industry | 801 | 935 | 2 711 | 2 630 | 2 661 | 2 513 | 1 920 | 1.6% | 11.2% | -0.3% | 0.1% | -0.6% | -2.7%
Buildings | 417 | 319 | 502 | 620 | 653 | 649 | 616 | -2.6% | 4.6% | 2.1% | 0.5% | -0.1% | -0.5%
Agriculture | 89 | 49 | 89 | 112 | 117 | 119 | 118 | -5.9% | 6.3% | 2.3% | 0.4% | 0.2% | -0.1%
Transport | 115 | 249 | 524 | 991 | 1 267 | 1 479 | 1 518 | 8.0% | 7.7% | 6.6% | 2.5% | 1.6% | 0.3%
Other | 190 | 392 | 736 | 945 | 1 103 | 1 377 | 1 392 | 7.5% | 6.5% | 2.5% | 1.6% | 2.2% | 0.1%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 898 | 1 145 | 2 251 | 2 569 | 3 086 | 3 620 | 3 469 | 2.5% | 7.0% | 1.3% | 1.9% | 1.6% | -0.4%
Coal | 537 | 733 | 1 660 | 1 690 | 1 869 | 1 886 | 1 463 | 3.2% | 8.5% | 0.2% | 1.0% | 0.1% | -2.5%
Oil | 137 | 161 | 202 | 236 | 226 | 168 | 107 | 1.7% | 2.3% | 1.6% | -0.4% | -2.9% | -4.4%
Natural gas | 13 | 23 | 82 | 112 | 282 | 628 | 751 | 5.8% | 13.4% | 3.2% | 9.6% | 8.3% | 1.8%
Biomass | 201 | 203 | 214 | 251 | 271 | 296 | 321 | 0.1% | 0.5% | 1.6% | 0.8% | 0.9% | 0.8%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 4 | 19 | 85 | 170 | 282 | 375 | n.s. | 15.9% | 16.0% | 7.2% | 5.2% | 2.9%
Hydro | 11 | 19 | 62 | 121 | 142 | 150 | 153 | 5.8% | 12.5% | 6.9% | 1.6% | 0.6% | 0.2%
Other renewables | 0 | 1 | 12 | 73 | 126 | 210 | 299 | 29.4% | 27.6% | 19.4% | 5.6% | 5.2% | 3.6%
Net Imports | - 66 | 1 | 377 | 982 | 1 404 | 1 512 | 1 607 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | - 48 | - 65 | 135 | 339 | 469 | 452 | 643 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | - 20 | 65 | 230 | 509 | 647 | 811 | 829 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | 1 | 0 | 11 | 115 | 242 | 186 | 48 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 1 | 19 | 45 | 60 | 81 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 6 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | - 1 | - 1 | - 1 | - 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 832 | 1 146 | 2 628 | 3 551 | 4 490 | 5 132 | 5 076 | 3.3% | 8.6% | 3.1% | 2.4% | 1.3% | -0.1%
Coal | 489 | 668 | 1 795 | 2 029 | 2 338 | 2 339 | 2 106 | 3.2% | 10.4% | 1.2% | 1.4% | 0.0% | -1.0%
Oil | 117 | 227 | 432 | 745 | 873 | 978 | 937 | 6.8% | 6.7% | 5.6% | 1.6% | 1.1% | -0.4%
Natural gas | 15 | 23 | 93 | 227 | 524 | 814 | 799 | 4.7% | 14.8% | 9.4% | 8.7% | 4.5% | -0.2%
Biomass | 201 | 204 | 215 | 270 | 317 | 356 | 402 | 0.1% | 0.5% | 2.3% | 1.6% | 1.2% | 1.2%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 4 | 19 | 85 | 170 | 282 | 375 | n.s. | 15.9% | 16.0% | 7.2% | 5.2% | 2.9%
Hydro | 11 | 19 | 62 | 121 | 142 | 150 | 153 | 5.8% | 12.5% | 6.9% | 1.6% | 0.6% | 0.2%
Other renewables | 0 | 1 | 12 | 73 | 126 | 210 | 299 | 29.4% | 27.6% | 19.4% | 5.6% | 5.2% | 3.6%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 832 | 1 146 | 2 628 | 3 551 | 4 490 | 5 132 | 5 076 | 3.3% | 8.6% | 3.1% | 2.4% | 1.3% | -0.1%
Energy for Power Generation | 163 | 344 | 911 | 1 442 | 2 117 | 2 594 | 2 702 | 7.8% | 10.2% | 4.7% | 3.9% | 2.1% | 0.4%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 50 | 101 | 315 | 390 | 488 | 600 | 632 | 7.4% | 12.1% | 2.1% | 2.3% | 2.1% | 0.5%
Final consumption | 676 | 821 | 1 777 | 2 375 | 2 821 | 3 111 | 3 027 | 2.0% | 8.0% | 2.9% | 1.7% | 1.0% | -0.3%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 143 | 209 | 664 | 735 | 836 | 828 | 688 | 3.9% | 12.3% | 1.0% | 1.3% | -0.1% | -1.8%
Other Industry | 107 | 117 | 298 | 394 | 515 | 625 | 627 | 0.9% | 9.8% | 2.9% | 2.7% | 2.0% | 0.0%
Non-Energy Use | 43 | 61 | 121 | 192 | 192 | 198 | 175 | 3.6% | 7.1% | 4.7% | 0.0% | 0.3% | -1.2%
Residential | 294 | 284 | 361 | 454 | 487 | 489 | 473 | -0.3% | 2.4% | 2.3% | 0.7% | 0.0% | -0.3%
Services | 26 | 41 | 98 | 168 | 245 | 327 | 388 | 4.8% | 9.2% | 5.5% | 3.9% | 2.9% | 1.7%
Agriculture | 29 | 18 | 34 | 42 | 45 | 47 | 47 | -4.5% | 6.2% | 2.2% | 0.7% | 0.4% | 0.0%
Road | 22 | 66 | 161 | 318 | 396 | 465 | 487 | 11.7% | 9.2% | 7.1% | 2.2% | 1.6% | 0.4%
Rail | 10 | 9 | 12 | 13 | 16 | 18 | 20 | -1.3% | 2.9% | 0.8% | 1.9% | 1.4% | 0.7%
Aviation | 1 | 4 | 11 | 27 | 42 | 57 | 65 | 22.1% | 10.3% | 9.0% | 4.6% | 3.1% | 1.3%
Other Transport | 3 | 12 | 17 | 32 | 47 | 56 | 58 | 16.7% | 3.8% | 6.5% | 3.8% | 1.9% | 0.4%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 152 | 320 | 817 | 1 162 | 1 679 | 1 951 | 1 875 | 7.7% | 9.8% | 3.6% | 3.7% | 1.5% | -0.4%
Coal | 139 | 302 | 783 | 1 072 | 1 429 | 1 492 | 1 398 | 8.1% | 10.0% | 3.2% | 2.9% | 0.4% | -0.6%
Oil | 13 | 13 | 4 | 24 | 39 | 69 | 64 | 0.6% | -10.6% | 18.7% | 5.0% | 5.7% | -0.8%
Gas | 1 | 4 | 18 | 46 | 179 | 336 | 338 | 19.5% | 17.1% | 9.8% | 14.5% | 6.5% | 0.1%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 1 | 12 | 19 | 31 | 55 | 76 | n.s. | 30.2% | 5.1% | 4.9% | 5.8% | 3.3%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6.7% | 1.4% | 0.8% | -16.9% | n.s. | n.s.
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 651 | 1 389 | 4 247 | 7 362 | 10 907 | 13 605 | 14 684 | 7.9% | 11.8% | 5.7% | 4.0% | 2.2% | 0.8%
Coal | 470 | 1 080 | 3 274 | 4 796 | 6 400 | 6 660 | 6 249 | 8.7% | 11.7% | 3.9% | 2.9% | 0.4% | -0.6%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 52 | 49 | 14 | 108 | 178 | 308 | 288 | -0.5% | -11.5% | 22.3% | 5.1% | 5.6% | -0.7%
Gas | 3 | 18 | 83 | 233 | 925 | 1 773 | 1 841 | 20.6% | 16.6% | 10.8% | 14.8% | 6.7% | 0.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 2 | 34 | 52 | 105 | 231 | 355 | n.s. | 30.2% | 4.4% | 7.2% | 8.2% | 4.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 17 | 74 | 335 | 681 | 1 143 | 1 526 | n.s. | 16.0% | 16.3% | 7.3% | 5.3% | 2.9%
Hydro | 127 | 222 | 722 | 1 410 | 1 648 | 1 744 | 1 778 | 5.8% | 12.5% | 6.9% | 1.6% | 0.6% | 0.2%
Wind | 0 | 1 | 45 | 326 | 722 | 1 287 | 1 937 | n.s. | 53.5% | 22.0% | 8.3% | 6.0% | 4.2%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 1 | 101 | 248 | 454 | 692 | 26.7% | 22.7% | n.s. | 9.4% | 6.2% | 4.3%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 6 | 18 | 6.7% | 3.1% | 5.8% | 16.9% | 16.8% | 11.6%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 158 | 346 | 1 013 | 1 880 | 2 621 | 3 372 | 3 947 | 8.2% | 11.3% | 6.4% | 3.4% | 2.6% | 1.6%
Coal | 98 | 232 | 701 | 1 063 | 1 269 | 1 428 | 1 496 | 9.0% | 11.7% | 4.3% | 1.8% | 1.2% | 0.5%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 21 | 21 | 15 | 24 | 40 | 53 | 64 | 0.2% | -3.1% | 4.4% | 5.4% | 2.8% | 2.0%
Gas | 3 | 11 | 31 | 55 | 157 | 270 | 316 | 14.9% | 11.2% | 5.8% | 11.0% | 5.6% | 1.6%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 7 | 9 | 16 | 32 | 49 | n.s. | 30.4% | 3.1% | 5.3% | 7.4% | 4.6%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 2 | 10 | 51 | 101 | 166 | 217 | n.s. | 16.6% | 17.5% | 7.1% | 5.1% | 2.7%
Hydro | 36 | 79 | 216 | 393 | 449 | 471 | 479 | 8.2% | 10.5% | 6.2% | 1.3% | 0.5% | 0.2%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 31 | 193 | 392 | 629 | 868 | n.s. | 57.2% | 20.0% | 7.3% | 4.8% | 3.3%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 1 | 92 | 198 | 323 | 453 | 26.7% | 31.7% | n.s. | 8.0% | 5.0% | 3.5%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0.0% | 0.4% | 3.1% | 16.7% | 16.2% | 11.1%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 676 | 821 | 1 777 | 2 375 | 2 821 | 3 111 | 3 027 | 2.0% | 8.0% | 2.9% | 1.7% | 1.0% | -0.3%
Coal | 322 | 297 | 767 | 719 | 679 | 601 | 462 | -0.8% | 10.0% | -0.6% | -0.6% | -1.2% | -2.6%
Oil | 87 | 185 | 373 | 642 | 743 | 814 | 781 | 7.8% | 7.2% | 5.6% | 1.5% | 0.9% | -0.4%
Gas | 10 | 16 | 62 | 140 | 234 | 303 | 293 | 5.0% | 14.3% | 8.5% | 5.3% | 2.6% | -0.3%
Electricity | 43 | 92 | 301 | 528 | 784 | 979 | 1 058 | 7.8% | 12.5% | 5.8% | 4.0% | 2.3% | 0.8%
Heat | 13 | 28 | 73 | 118 | 142 | 175 | 194 | 7.7% | 10.2% | 4.9% | 1.9% | 2.1% | 1.1%
Biomass & Other | 201 | 202 | 201 | 228 | 239 | 238 | 238 | 0.1% | -0.1% | 1.3% | 0.5% | 0.0% | 0.0%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 33% | 28% | 16% | 19% | 19% | 20% | 24% | -1.4% | -5.4% | 1.3% | 0.0% | 0.8% | 1.8%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 292 | 387 | 1 082 | 1 322 | 1 544 | 1 651 | 1 490 | 2.8% | 10.8% | 2.0% | 1.6% | 0.7% | -1.0%
Coal | 204 | 226 | 670 | 627 | 602 | 536 | 407 | 1.0% | 11.5% | -0.7% | -0.4% | -1.2% | -2.7%
Oil | 40 | 72 | 138 | 205 | 196 | 187 | 145 | 6.1% | 6.7% | 4.0% | -0.4% | -0.5% | -2.5%
Gas | 8 | 10 | 28 | 75 | 136 | 189 | 171 | 2.4% | 11.2% | 10.4% | 6.1% | 3.4% | -1.0%
Electricity | 30 | 60 | 204 | 345 | 515 | 621 | 635 | 7.1% | 13.0% | 5.4% | 4.1% | 1.9% | 0.2%
Heat | 11 | 19 | 43 | 58 | 71 | 82 | 87 | 5.9% | 8.4% | 3.2% | 2.0% | 1.4% | 0.7%
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 24 | 35 | 45 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 7.2% | 4.1% | 2.5%
Buildings | 319 | 324 | 459 | 621 | 732 | 816 | 860 | 0.2% | 3.5% | 3.1% | 1.6% | 1.1% | 0.5%
Coal | 97 | 61 | 82 | 77 | 63 | 53 | 44 | -4.6% | 3.1% | -0.7% | -2.0% | -1.6% | -1.9%
Oil | 8 | 19 | 34 | 63 | 66 | 67 | 66 | 9.8% | 6.0% | 6.2% | 0.5% | 0.1% | -0.2%
Gas | 2 | 7 | 27 | 49 | 82 | 96 | 99 | 10.8% | 15.4% | 5.9% | 5.4% | 1.6% | 0.4%
Electricity | 9 | 27 | 85 | 166 | 242 | 322 | 382 | 11.4% | 12.3% | 6.9% | 3.9% | 2.9% | 1.7%
Heat | 3 | 9 | 31 | 60 | 71 | 93 | 107 | 13.4% | 13.2% | 6.9% | 1.8% | 2.7% | 1.4%
Biomass & Other | 201 | 202 | 199 | 207 | 206 | 184 | 162 | 0.1% | -0.2% | 0.4% | 0.0% | -1.1% | -1.3%
Agriculture | 29 | 18 | 34 | 42 | 45 | 47 | 47 | -4.5% | 6.2% | 2.2% | 0.7% | 0.4% | 0.0%
Coal | 11 | 6 | 11 | 12 | 11 | 10 | 9 | -5.8% | 6.8% | 0.9% | -1.0% | -1.0% | -1.0%
Oil | 15 | 8 | 14 | 20 | 23 | 25 | 26 | -5.9% | 5.8% | 3.6% | 1.4% | 0.8% | 0.3%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | 6.2% | 1.9% | 1.3% | 0.8%
Electricity | 4 | 5 | 8 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 2.2% | 6.2% | 1.5% | 1.4% | 0.8% | 0.3%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Transport | 35 | 92 | 201 | 390 | 500 | 597 | 629 | 10.0% | 8.2% | 6.8% | 2.5% | 1.8% | 0.5%
Coal | 10 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | -8.0% | -2.8% | -2.9% | -2.0% | -2.0% | -2.0%
Oil | 25 | 86 | 186 | 355 | 457 | 535 | 545 | 13.1% | 8.0% | 6.7% | 2.6% | 1.6% | 0.2%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 7 | 17 | 17 | 18 | 23 | n.s. | 46.2% | 9.4% | 0.1% | 0.6% | 2.5%
Electricity | 1 | 1 | 3 | 7 | 15 | 23 | 30 | 9.6% | 10.3% | 7.3% | 8.1% | 4.4% | 2.5%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 2 | 10 | 9 | 19 | 31 | n.s. | n.s. | 19.2% | -0.5% | 7.5% | 5.2%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 50 | 101 | 315 | 390 | 488 | 600 | 632 | 7.4% | 12.1% | 2.1% | 2.3% | 2.1% | 0.5%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

India | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 871 | 1 053 | 1 231 | 1 389 | 1 528 | 1 634 | 1 705 | 1.9% | 1.6% | 1.2% | 1.0% | 0.7% | 0.4%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 9 | 14 | 20 | 3.6% | 5.9% | 5.5% | 6.0% | 4.4% | 3.5%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 3.6% | 5.9% | 5.8% | 6.0% | 4.4% | 3.5%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 29 | 23 | 18 | 16 | 14 | 13 | 13 | -2.3% | -2.3% | -1.5% | -1.3% | -0.6% | -0.3%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 26 | 26 | 27 | 30 | 27 | 23 | 18 | -0.2% | 0.5% | 0.9% | -1.0% | -1.7% | -2.2%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 44 | 51 | 55 | 54 | 59 | 64 | 69 | 1.4% | 0.7% | 0.0% | 0.9% | 0.8% | 0.7%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 7 | 20 | 23 | 25 | 27 | 29 | -7.8% | 10.3% | 1.4% | 0.8% | 0.9% | 0.7%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 76 | 86 | 100 | 128 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.5% | 1.2% | 1.5% | 2.5%
Gas | 28 | 24 | 47 | 58 | 48 | 62 | 86 | -1.2% | 6.8% | 2.0% | -1.9% | 2.6% | 3.4%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 1 200 | 1 633 | 2 334 | 3 620 | 5 079 | 6 488 | 7 488 | 3.1% | 3.6% | 4.5% | 3.4% | 2.5% | 1.4%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 1 229 | 1 682 | 2 463 | 3 718 | 5 156 | 6 553 | 7 561 | 3.2% | 3.9% | 4.2% | 3.3% | 2.4% | 1.4%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 1 229 | 1 682 | 2 462 | 3 718 | 5 151 | 6 550 | 7 561 | 3.2% | 3.9% | 4.2% | 3.3% | 2.4% | 1.4%
CO₂ | 546 | 929 | 1 610 | 2 694 | 3 957 | 5 189 | 6 060 | 5.5% | 5.7% | 5.3% | 3.9% | 2.7% | 1.6%
CH₄ | 507 | 555 | 615 | 718 | 813 | 907 | 988 | 0.9% | 1.0% | 1.6% | 1.3% | 1.1% | 0.9%
N₂O | 166 | 188 | 220 | 267 | 309 | 351 | 387 | 1.3% | 1.5% | 2.0% | 1.5% | 1.3% | 1.0%
F gases | 10 | 10 | 18 | 39 | 72 | 102 | 125 | 0.6% | 5.8% | 8.2% | 6.2% | 3.6% | 2.0%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 748 | 1 165 | 1 922 | 3 117 | 4 495 | 5 836 | 6 789 | 4.5% | 5.1% | 5.0% | 3.7% | 2.6% | 1.5%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 502 | 866 | 1 442 | 2 410 | 3 468 | 4 569 | 5 395 | 5.6% | 5.2% | 5.3% | 3.7% | 2.8% | 1.7%
Power generation/District heating | 215 | 490 | 792 | 1 283 | 1 904 | 2 651 | 3 284 | 8.6% | 4.9% | 4.9% | 4.0% | 3.4% | 2.2%
Industry | 107 | 125 | 260 | 493 | 661 | 758 | 777 | 1.5% | 7.6% | 6.6% | 3.0% | 1.4% | 0.2%
Buildings | 76 | 97 | 157 | 225 | 329 | 418 | 458 | 2.5% | 5.0% | 3.7% | 3.9% | 2.4% | 0.9%
Agriculture | 14 | 26 | 27 | 37 | 46 | 54 | 60 | 6.6% | 0.5% | 3.4% | 2.2% | 1.5% | 1.1%
Transport | 74 | 96 | 164 | 281 | 382 | 477 | 542 | 2.5% | 5.5% | 5.5% | 3.1% | 2.2% | 1.3%
Other | 16 | 33 | 42 | 90 | 145 | 211 | 274 | 7.6% | 2.6% | 7.9% | 4.8% | 3.8% | 2.6%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 268 | 350 | 493 | 639 | 716 | 806 | 902 | 2.7% | 3.5% | 2.6% | 1.1% | 1.2% | 1.1%
Coal | 85 | 134 | 216 | 317 | 356 | 403 | 434 | 4.7% | 4.9% | 3.9% | 1.2% | 1.3% | 0.8%
Oil | 35 | 38 | 44 | 41 | 39 | 36 | 33 | 0.8% | 1.5% | -0.8% | -0.5% | -0.6% | -1.1%
Natural gas | 10 | 22 | 41 | 51 | 43 | 36 | 29 | 8.0% | 6.5% | 2.3% | -1.7% | -1.9% | -1.9%
Biomass | 130 | 145 | 173 | 185 | 189 | 188 | 187 | 1.1% | 1.8% | 0.7% | 0.2% | -0.1% | -0.1%
Nuclear¹ | 2 | 4 | 7 | 14 | 28 | 53 | 86 | 10.7% | 4.4% | 7.6% | 7.0% | 6.5% | 5.0%
Hydro | 6 | 6 | 11 | 14 | 17 | 17 | 18 | 0.4% | 5.2% | 3.1% | 1.5% | 0.3% | 0.2%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 2 | 17 | 45 | 74 | 116 | 32.5% | 27.1% | 23.8% | 10.5% | 4.9% | 4.6%
Net Imports | 32 | 87 | 195 | 422 | 742 | 1 076 | 1 325 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 7 | 12 | 64 | 135 | 203 | 262 | 327 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | 24 | 74 | 118 | 227 | 297 | 353 | 374 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | 1 | 1 | 14 | 58 | 241 | 461 | 626 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | - 4 | - 7 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 6 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 300 | 438 | 689 | 1 061 | 1 459 | 1 882 | 2 228 | 3.8% | 4.6% | 4.4% | 3.2% | 2.6% | 1.7%
Coal | 92 | 146 | 280 | 452 | 559 | 665 | 761 | 4.7% | 6.7% | 4.9% | 2.1% | 1.8% | 1.4%
Oil | 59 | 112 | 162 | 267 | 335 | 389 | 407 | 6.6% | 3.7% | 5.2% | 2.3% | 1.5% | 0.4%
Natural gas | 11 | 23 | 54 | 109 | 284 | 497 | 655 | 7.9% | 9.0% | 7.2% | 10.0% | 5.8% | 2.8%
Biomass | 130 | 145 | 173 | 186 | 189 | 184 | 180 | 1.1% | 1.8% | 0.7% | 0.2% | -0.3% | -0.2%
Nuclear¹ | 2 | 4 | 7 | 14 | 28 | 53 | 86 | 10.7% | 4.4% | 7.6% | 7.0% | 6.5% | 5.0%
Hydro | 6 | 6 | 11 | 14 | 17 | 17 | 18 | 0.4% | 5.2% | 3.1% | 1.5% | 0.3% | 0.2%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 2 | 17 | 45 | 74 | 116 | 32.5% | 27.1% | 23.8% | 10.5% | 4.9% | 4.6%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 300 | 438 | 689 | 1 061 | 1 459 | 1 882 | 2 228 | 3.8% | 4.6% | 4.4% | 3.2% | 2.6% | 1.7%
Energy for Power Generation | 64 | 140 | 239 | 398 | 641 | 935 | 1 217 | 8.1% | 5.5% | 5.2% | 4.9% | 3.8% | 2.7%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 7 | 8 | 29 | 45 | 72 | 106 | 143 | 2.0% | 13.5% | 4.3% | 4.8% | 4.0% | 3.0%
Final consumption | 247 | 321 | 483 | 740 | 960 | 1 167 | 1 319 | 2.6% | 4.2% | 4.4% | 2.6% | 2.0% | 1.2%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 24 | 38 | 72 | 144 | 148 | 147 | 142 | 4.7% | 6.6% | 7.2% | 0.3% | -0.1% | -0.3%
Other Industry | 46 | 49 | 86 | 136 | 209 | 262 | 281 | 0.6% | 5.8% | 4.7% | 4.4% | 2.3% | 0.7%
Non-Energy Use | 14 | 30 | 37 | 61 | 84 | 96 | 98 | 7.7% | 2.3% | 5.2% | 3.2% | 1.3% | 0.2%
Residential | 120 | 141 | 172 | 208 | 229 | 253 | 274 | 1.7% | 2.0% | 1.9% | 1.0% | 1.0% | 0.8%
Services | 14 | 16 | 33 | 50 | 93 | 153 | 217 | 1.6% | 7.1% | 4.3% | 6.5% | 5.0% | 3.6%
Agriculture | 9 | 15 | 19 | 30 | 38 | 45 | 51 | 6.0% | 2.3% | 4.5% | 2.4% | 1.7% | 1.3%
Road | 16 | 28 | 58 | 102 | 143 | 185 | 218 | 6.2% | 7.4% | 5.8% | 3.5% | 2.6% | 1.7%
Rail | 4 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 8 | 12 | 16 | -6.2% | 5.0% | 4.3% | 4.3% | 3.7% | 3.0%
Aviation | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 6 | 11 | 16 | 3.0% | 8.5% | 6.3% | 7.7% | 5.6% | 4.0%
Other Transport | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | -0.5% | 4.4% | 2.2% | 6.6% | 4.3% | 3.1%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 57 | 129 | 220 | 353 | 551 | 791 | 997 | 8.6% | 5.4% | 4.9% | 4.6% | 3.7% | 2.3%
Coal | 48 | 110 | 177 | 288 | 409 | 523 | 621 | 8.7% | 4.9% | 5.0% | 3.6% | 2.5% | 1.7%
Oil | 5 | 9 | 7 | 12 | 15 | 22 | 21 | 6.0% | -1.9% | 4.8% | 2.4% | 3.8% | -0.1%
Gas | 3 | 9 | 27 | 42 | 98 | 215 | 318 | 10.3% | 11.1% | 4.7% | 8.9% | 8.2% | 4.0%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 1 | 8 | 11 | 29 | 32 | 37 | n.s. | 27.3% | 2.8% | 10.4% | 1.0% | 1.3%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 293 | 570 | 979 | 1 874 | 3 175 | 4 715 | 6 226 | 6.9% | 5.6% | 6.7% | 5.4% | 4.0% | 2.8%
Coal | 192 | 390 | 658 | 1 179 | 1 736 | 2 278 | 2 757 | 7.4% | 5.4% | 6.0% | 3.9% | 2.8% | 1.9%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 13 | 29 | 24 | 53 | 66 | 97 | 97 | 8.2% | -1.8% | 8.0% | 2.4% | 3.8% | 0.0%
Gas | 10 | 56 | 113 | 195 | 459 | 1 030 | 1 562 | 18.8% | 7.3% | 5.6% | 8.9% | 8.4% | 4.3%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 1 | 15 | 33 | 96 | 116 | 162 | n.s. | 27.6% | 8.6% | 11.2% | 1.9% | 3.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 6 | 17 | 26 | 56 | 112 | 214 | 353 | 10.7% | 4.5% | 7.8% | 7.2% | 6.7% | 5.1%
Hydro | 72 | 74 | 123 | 167 | 194 | 200 | 204 | 0.4% | 5.2% | 3.1% | 1.5% | 0.3% | 0.2%
Wind | 0 | 2 | 20 | 110 | 222 | 450 | 684 | 48.6% | 27.9% | 18.8% | 7.3% | 7.3% | 4.3%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 80 | 289 | 330 | 404 | 8.8% | 11.8% | n.s. | 13.7% | 1.3% | 2.0%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | 19.3% | 31.4% | 16.9% | 12.3%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 78 | 123 | 202 | 470 | 804 | 1 132 | 1 490 | 4.6% | 5.1% | 8.8% | 5.5% | 3.5% | 2.8%
Coal | 52 | 79 | 118 | 241 | 325 | 425 | 519 | 4.3% | 4.1% | 7.4% | 3.0% | 2.7% | 2.0%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 3 | 5 | 5 | 9 | 13 | 18 | 22 | 5.9% | -1.2% | 6.6% | 3.8% | 3.2% | 2.3%
Gas | 3 | 10 | 21 | 32 | 69 | 153 | 253 | 11.4% | 7.5% | 4.4% | 8.0% | 8.3% | 5.1%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 1 | 3 | 13 | 16 | 16 | 23 | n.s. | 14.6% | 14.6% | 2.0% | 0.1% | 3.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 1 | 3 | 4 | 8 | 16 | 29 | 47 | 8.2% | 4.9% | 6.5% | 7.0% | 6.5% | 4.9%
Hydro | 19 | 24 | 37 | 53 | 62 | 64 | 65 | 2.3% | 4.7% | 3.5% | 1.5% | 0.3% | 0.2%
Wind | 0 | 1 | 13 | 61 | 114 | 209 | 291 | 44.9% | 27.1% | 16.4% | 6.4% | 6.3% | 3.4%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 53 | 190 | 219 | 270 | 8.8% | 11.8% | n.s. | 13.7% | 1.4% | 2.1%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 30.7% | 16.3% | 11.8%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 247 | 321 | 483 | 740 | 960 | 1 167 | 1 319 | 2.6% | 4.2% | 4.4% | 2.6% | 2.0% | 1.2%
Coal | 43 | 41 | 99 | 157 | 144 | 138 | 133 | -0.5% | 9.4% | 4.7% | -0.8% | -0.4% | -0.4%
Oil | 50 | 94 | 134 | 229 | 288 | 330 | 347 | 6.5% | 3.6% | 5.5% | 2.3% | 1.4% | 0.5%
Gas | 6 | 10 | 22 | 57 | 160 | 234 | 269 | 5.1% | 8.6% | 10.0% | 10.8% | 3.9% | 1.4%
Electricity | 18 | 32 | 62 | 121 | 208 | 307 | 405 | 5.8% | 6.8% | 6.9% | 5.5% | 4.0% | 2.8%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 6 | 22 | 16.5% | 23.5% | 3.8% | 13.3% | 15.9% | 13.1%
Biomass & Other | 130 | 144 | 165 | 176 | 159 | 151 | 142 | 1.0% | 1.3% | 0.6% | -1.0% | -0.5% | -0.6%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 57% | 49% | 38% | 29% | 24% | 21% | 22% | -1.5% | -2.5% | -2.7% | -1.8% | -1.2% | 0.1%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 84 | 116 | 194 | 341 | 441 | 505 | 522 | 3.3% | 5.3% | 5.8% | 2.6% | 1.4% | 0.3%
Coal | 30 | 32 | 84 | 139 | 123 | 114 | 108 | 0.5% | 10.1% | 5.2% | -1.2% | -0.7% | -0.5%
Oil | 17 | 36 | 37 | 70 | 84 | 86 | 79 | 8.1% | 0.2% | 6.7% | 1.8% | 0.2% | -0.8%
Gas | 6 | 9 | 17 | 44 | 113 | 158 | 174 | 4.8% | 6.6% | 9.8% | 9.8% | 3.4% | 1.0%
Electricity | 9 | 14 | 28 | 52 | 81 | 107 | 124 | 4.1% | 7.3% | 6.5% | 4.5% | 2.9% | 1.5%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | 23.5% | 3.4% | -0.2% | -0.3% | -0.2%
Biomass & Other | 23 | 26 | 29 | 36 | 40 | 40 | 36 | 1.3% | 1.3% | 2.2% | 1.0% | 0.0% | -1.2%
Buildings | 134 | 158 | 205 | 258 | 322 | 406 | 491 | 1.7% | 2.6% | 2.3% | 2.3% | 2.3% | 1.9%
Coal | 10 | 9 | 16 | 18 | 21 | 25 | 25 | -1.4% | 5.9% | 1.5% | 1.7% | 1.4% | 0.0%
Oil | 11 | 19 | 27 | 40 | 45 | 50 | 52 | 5.6% | 3.6% | 3.7% | 1.3% | 1.0% | 0.3%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 3 | 12 | 43 | 69 | 84 | 21.0% | 27.7% | 13.8% | 13.9% | 5.0% | 2.0%
Electricity | 5 | 11 | 23 | 49 | 97 | 157 | 226 | 8.5% | 7.8% | 7.9% | 7.1% | 5.0% | 3.7%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 6 | 22 | 16.5% | 23.5% | 3.8% | 13.8% | 16.1% | 13.1%
Biomass & Other | 108 | 119 | 136 | 139 | 114 | 98 | 83 | 1.0% | 1.3% | 0.2% | -1.9% | -1.5% | -1.7%
Agriculture | 9 | 15 | 19 | 30 | 38 | 45 | 51 | 6.0% | 2.3% | 4.5% | 2.4% | 1.7% | 1.3%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 4 | 8 | 8 | 12 | 14 | 17 | 19 | 6.6% | 0.4% | 3.4% | 2.2% | 1.5% | 1.1%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5.4% | 2.7% | 1.8% | 2.0% | 1.3% | 0.9%
Electricity | 4 | 7 | 11 | 18 | 23 | 28 | 32 | 5.3% | 4.1% | 5.3% | 2.5% | 1.8% | 1.4%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Transport | 21 | 32 | 64 | 111 | 160 | 211 | 255 | 4.4% | 7.2% | 5.7% | 3.7% | 2.8% | 1.9%
Coal | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 18 | 31 | 62 | 107 | 143 | 177 | 198 | 5.5% | 7.1% | 5.7% | 3.0% | 2.1% | 1.1%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 7 | 10 | n.s. | 33.6% | 0.4% | 10.5% | 5.7% | 4.3%
Electricity | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 7 | 15 | 23 | 7.2% | 5.0% | 8.3% | 11.3% | 7.2% | 4.6%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 12 | 23 | n.s. | -0.7% | 19.9% | 28.4% | 9.6% | 6.5%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 7 | 8 | 29 | 45 | 72 | 106 | 143 | 2.0% | 13.5% | 4.3% | 4.8% | 4.0% | 3.0%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Indonesia | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 181 | 212 | 242 | 272 | 295 | 312 | 322 | 1.5% | 1.3% | 1.2% | 0.8% | 0.6% | 0.3%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 2 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 9 | 13 | 18 | 2.6% | 3.8% | 4.4% | 4.4% | 3.5% | 3.2%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 2.6% | 3.8% | 4.3% | 4.4% | 3.5% | 3.2%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 19 | 16 | 14 | 12 | 11 | 10 | 10 | -2.2% | -1.1% | -1.1% | -1.2% | -0.6% | -0.4%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 39 | 46 | 43 | 40 | 39 | 37 | 34 | 1.6% | -0.7% | -0.6% | -0.2% | -0.5% | -0.8%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 41 | 38 | 43 | 47 | 50 | 52 | 56 | -0.7% | 1.2% | 0.9% | 0.5% | 0.5% | 0.6%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 7 | 20 | 22 | 26 | 31 | 34 | -7.8% | 10.3% | 1.0% | 1.6% | 1.7% | 1.0%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 76 | 86 | 100 | 128 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.5% | 1.2% | 1.5% | 2.5%
Gas | 28 | 24 | 47 | 58 | 48 | 62 | 86 | -1.2% | 6.8% | 2.0% | -1.9% | 2.6% | 3.4%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 996 | 1 325 | 1 920 | 1 923 | 1 710 | 1 950 | 2 123 | 2.9% | 3.8% | 0.0% | -1.2% | 1.3% | 0.9%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 1 333 | 1 572 | 1 920 | 1 923 | 1 710 | 1 950 | 2 123 | 1.7% | 2.0% | 0.0% | -1.2% | 1.3% | 0.9%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 377 | 511 | 701 | 904 | 1 100 | 1 336 | 1 522 | 3.1% | 3.2% | 2.6% | 2.0% | 2.0% | 1.3%
CO₂ | 158 | 291 | 414 | 554 | 716 | 921 | 1 084 | 6.3% | 3.6% | 3.0% | 2.6% | 2.5% | 1.6%
CH₄ | 141 | 158 | 214 | 259 | 277 | 292 | 301 | 1.1% | 3.1% | 1.9% | 0.7% | 0.5% | 0.3%
N₂O | 76 | 62 | 73 | 89 | 104 | 118 | 130 | -2.0% | 1.5% | 2.1% | 1.5% | 1.3% | 1.0%
F gases | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 7 | -12.9% | 3.7% | 7.6% | 8.4% | 5.6% | 3.9%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 248 | 384 | 548 | 728 | 903 | 1 118 | 1 288 | 4.5% | 3.6% | 2.9% | 2.2% | 2.2% | 1.4%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 137 | 265 | 383 | 510 | 654 | 845 | 996 | 6.8% | 3.8% | 2.9% | 2.5% | 2.6% | 1.7%
Power generation/District heating | 22 | 62 | 122 | 167 | 186 | 249 | 281 | 10.7% | 7.1% | 3.2% | 1.1% | 2.9% | 1.3%
Industry | 31 | 60 | 93 | 105 | 149 | 188 | 216 | 6.9% | 4.5% | 1.1% | 3.6% | 2.3% | 1.4%
Buildings | 21 | 38 | 25 | 31 | 43 | 60 | 76 | 5.9% | -4.3% | 2.4% | 3.2% | 3.4% | 2.5%
Agriculture | 3 | 8 | 9 | 7 | 9 | 10 | 12 | 9.4% | 2.0% | -3.0% | 2.2% | 1.7% | 1.4%
Transport | 32 | 64 | 94 | 125 | 146 | 172 | 193 | 7.0% | 4.0% | 2.9% | 1.5% | 1.6% | 1.2%
Other | 27 | 34 | 39 | 75 | 121 | 166 | 218 | 2.0% | 1.6% | 6.7% | 4.9% | 3.2% | 2.7%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 161 | 229 | 371 | 500 | 369 | 322 | 289 | 3.6% | 4.9% | 3.0% | -3.0% | -1.4% | -1.1%
Coal | 6 | 46 | 189 | 279 | 90 | 16 | 0 | 22.7% | 15.2% | 4.0% | -10.7% | -16.0% | n.s.
Oil | 75 | 72 | 49 | 54 | 71 | 73 | 67 | -0.5% | -3.7% | 1.0% | 2.8% | 0.2% | -0.8%
Natural gas | 37 | 57 | 71 | 88 | 120 | 126 | 104 | 4.6% | 2.1% | 2.2% | 3.2% | 0.5% | -1.9%
Biomass | 42 | 49 | 52 | 65 | 63 | 71 | 73 | 1.6% | 0.6% | 2.3% | -0.4% | 1.2% | 0.3%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 11.6%
Hydro | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 5.8% | 5.7% | -0.6% | 1.4% | 3.0% | 2.3%
Other renewables | 1 | 4 | 8 | 13 | 23 | 33 | 40 | 15.8% | 6.9% | 4.7% | 6.2% | 3.6% | 1.7%
Net Imports | - 65 | - 78 | - 169 | - 247 | - 42 | 91 | 199 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | - 1 | - 34 | - 159 | - 252 | - 60 | 32 | 48 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | - 41 | - 14 | 22 | 38 | 23 | 24 | 37 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | - 22 | - 31 | - 32 | - 29 | - 3 | 44 | 124 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | - 4 | - 3 | - 10 | - 11 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | - 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 96 | 151 | 202 | 253 | 327 | 413 | 488 | 4.6% | 2.9% | 2.3% | 2.6% | 2.4% | 1.7%
Coal | 5 | 12 | 30 | 27 | 30 | 47 | 48 | 10.2% | 9.8% | -1.3% | 1.2% | 4.6% | 0.1%
Oil | 34 | 58 | 71 | 92 | 94 | 97 | 104 | 5.6% | 2.0% | 2.7% | 0.2% | 0.3% | 0.7%
Natural gas | 15 | 27 | 39 | 59 | 117 | 171 | 228 | 6.1% | 3.9% | 4.3% | 7.1% | 3.8% | 2.9%
Biomass | 42 | 49 | 52 | 62 | 60 | 61 | 62 | 1.6% | 0.6% | 1.7% | -0.3% | 0.2% | 0.2%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 11.6%
Hydro | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 5.8% | 5.7% | -0.6% | 1.4% | 3.0% | 2.3%
Other renewables | 1 | 4 | 8 | 13 | 23 | 33 | 40 | 15.8% | 6.9% | 4.7% | 6.2% | 3.6% | 1.7%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 96 | 151 | 202 | 253 | 327 | 413 | 488 | 4.6% | 2.9% | 2.3% | 2.6% | 2.4% | 1.7%
Energy for Power Generation | 8 | 24 | 46 | 68 | 87 | 118 | 142 | 11.7% | 6.7% | 3.8% | 2.6% | 3.1% | 1.9%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 11 | 12 | 18 | 21 | 40 | 61 | 87 | 1.1% | 4.2% | 1.4% | 6.7% | 4.3% | 3.6%
Final consumption | 80 | 121 | 150 | 188 | 230 | 275 | 315 | 4.3% | 2.1% | 2.3% | 2.0% | 1.8% | 1.4%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 3 | 5 | 10 | 13 | 19 | 22 | 25 | 6.3% | 6.1% | 3.4% | 3.6% | 1.8% | 1.2%
Other Industry | 15 | 25 | 32 | 36 | 49 | 63 | 73 | 5.2% | 2.2% | 1.2% | 3.3% | 2.5% | 1.5%
Non-Energy Use | 7 | 10 | 9 | 13 | 17 | 19 | 20 | 2.9% | -1.4% | 4.0% | 2.8% | 1.3% | 0.5%
Residential | 42 | 53 | 56 | 67 | 73 | 79 | 84 | 2.4% | 0.6% | 1.8% | 0.9% | 0.8% | 0.5%
Services | 1 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 11 | 18 | 27 | 13.2% | 3.2% | 4.0% | 4.4% | 4.9% | 4.0%
Agriculture | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 9.4% | 2.4% | -2.7% | 2.3% | 1.8% | 1.5%
Road | 10 | 20 | 32 | 43 | 47 | 56 | 65 | 7.4% | 4.9% | 3.0% | 1.1% | 1.7% | 1.4%
Rail | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Aviation | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 7.4% | 14.1% | 6.3% | 3.7% | 3.1% | 2.4%
Other Transport | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 7.9% | 2.0% | 4.2% | 3.9% | 2.3% | 1.6%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 7 | 19 | 37 | 53 | 62 | 82 | 98 | 11.3% | 6.7% | 3.8% | 1.6% | 2.8% | 1.8%
Coal | 2 | 8 | 19 | 21 | 23 | 38 | 37 | 13.7% | 8.4% | 1.3% | 0.7% | 5.2% | -0.4%
Oil | 4 | 5 | 8 | 13 | 10 | 4 | 4 | 1.5% | 6.3% | 4.5% | -2.7% | -8.9% | -0.5%
Gas | 0 | 6 | 9 | 17 | 27 | 36 | 52 | 39.3% | 4.1% | 7.0% | 4.5% | 3.0% | 3.9%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | 31.5% | 26.5% | 3.0% | 4.2% | 4.4%
Other | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 15.8% | 6.8% | 2.1% | 6.0% | 4.4% | 1.4%
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 33 | 93 | 170 | 276 | 363 | 490 | 635 | 11.1% | 6.2% | 5.0% | 2.8% | 3.0% | 2.6%
Coal | 10 | 34 | 68 | 84 | 93 | 159 | 160 | 13.3% | 7.2% | 2.1% | 0.9% | 5.5% | 0.1%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 15 | 18 | 34 | 55 | 42 | 17 | 17 | 1.8% | 6.4% | 4.9% | -2.7% | -8.5% | -0.3%
Gas | 1 | 26 | 40 | 75 | 127 | 188 | 293 | 42.9% | 4.4% | 6.4% | 5.4% | 4.0% | 4.5%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 6 | n.s. | 31.5% | 32.9% | 3.3% | 5.3% | 5.7%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 10 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 11.7%
Hydro | 6 | 10 | 17 | 16 | 19 | 25 | 32 | 5.8% | 5.7% | -0.6% | 1.4% | 3.0% | 2.3%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 16 | 29 | 29 | 40 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 5.9% | 0.1% | 3.2%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 16 | 31 | 33 | 41 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 7.2% | 0.4% | 2.3%
Other | 1 | 5 | 9 | 12 | 21 | 32 | 37 | 15.8% | 6.8% | 2.1% | 6.0% | 4.5% | 1.5%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 13 | 25 | 34 | 76 | 101 | 121 | 156 | 6.9% | 3.0% | 8.4% | 2.8% | 1.8% | 2.6%
Coal | 2 | 8 | 13 | 30 | 31 | 35 | 34 | 16.1% | 5.4% | 8.6% | 0.4% | 1.2% | -0.3%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 7 | 5 | 6 | 9 | 8 | 4 | 4 | -4.6% | 2.2% | 4.2% | -1.2% | -5.9% | 0.7%
Gas | 1 | 8 | 10 | 14 | 19 | 27 | 44 | 32.6% | 2.1% | 3.0% | 3.3% | 3.6% | 4.9%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | 31.2% | 13.9% | 3.1% | 5.2% | 5.8%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 11.5%
Hydro | 3 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 15 | 22 | 2.9% | -1.2% | 4.3% | 3.3% | 6.5% | 3.9%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 13 | 13 | 17 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 5.7% | 0.0% | 2.6%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 20 | 21 | 28 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 7.7% | 0.9% | 2.8%
Other | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 9.9% | 12.7% | 2.1% | 5.7% | 4.6% | 1.4%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 80 | 121 | 150 | 188 | 230 | 275 | 315 | 4.3% | 2.1% | 2.3% | 2.0% | 1.8% | 1.4%
Coal | 2 | 5 | 8 | 8 | 10 | 12 | 13 | 7.7% | 5.9% | -0.4% | 2.0% | 1.9% | 1.2%
Oil | 27 | 49 | 61 | 74 | 80 | 89 | 95 | 6.0% | 2.3% | 1.8% | 0.9% | 1.0% | 0.7%
Gas | 6 | 12 | 16 | 27 | 55 | 80 | 100 | 6.7% | 3.2% | 5.6% | 7.2% | 3.8% | 2.3%
Electricity | 2 | 7 | 13 | 21 | 28 | 37 | 48 | 10.8% | 6.5% | 5.1% | 2.8% | 3.0% | 2.6%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 8.0% | 3.0% | 7.6%
Biomass & Other | 42 | 49 | 51 | 58 | 57 | 57 | 57 | 1.6% | 0.4% | 1.2% | -0.1% | 0.0% | 0.0%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 58% | 45% | 37% | 35% | 31% | 27% | 25% | -2.6% | -1.8% | -0.6% | -1.4% | -1.4% | -0.6%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 26 | 40 | 50 | 62 | 85 | 105 | 119 | 4.7% | 2.1% | 2.2% | 3.2% | 2.1% | 1.3%
Coal | 2 | 5 | 8 | 8 | 10 | 12 | 13 | 7.7% | 5.9% | -0.4% | 2.0% | 1.9% | 1.2%
Oil | 9 | 13 | 15 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 15 | 3.8% | 1.7% | 0.5% | 0.2% | -0.2% | -0.7%
Gas | 6 | 11 | 16 | 25 | 45 | 62 | 74 | 6.7% | 3.2% | 4.8% | 6.1% | 3.1% | 1.8%
Electricity | 1 | 3 | 4 | 7 | 8 | 11 | 13 | 8.9% | 4.2% | 4.1% | 2.5% | 2.3% | 1.8%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 7 | 9 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 1.8% | -3.0% | 0.0% | -1.6% | -1.1% | -0.9%
Buildings | 43 | 57 | 61 | 74 | 84 | 97 | 110 | 2.9% | 0.7% | 2.0% | 1.3% | 1.5% | 1.3%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | -0.3% | -0.6% | -0.9%
Oil | 7 | 12 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 5.9% | -4.4% | 0.8% | -1.7% | -1.0% | -0.5%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 9 | 17 | 25 | 8.1% | 14.4% | 30.0% | 15.6% | 6.8% | 3.7%
Electricity | 1 | 4 | 8 | 14 | 19 | 25 | 33 | 12.6% | 7.8% | 5.7% | 2.7% | 3.1% | 2.8%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 8.0% | 3.0% | 7.6%
Biomass & Other | 35 | 41 | 45 | 49 | 49 | 48 | 45 | 1.6% | 1.0% | 0.9% | 0.0% | -0.3% | -0.6%
Agriculture | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 9.4% | 2.4% | -2.7% | 2.3% | 1.8% | 1.5%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 9.4% | 2.0% | -3.0% | 2.2% | 1.7% | 1.4%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | 3.7% | 3.2% | 2.7% | 2.5%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Transport | 11 | 22 | 36 | 50 | 58 | 70 | 81 | 7.4% | 5.1% | 3.3% | 1.5% | 1.9% | 1.6%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 11 | 22 | 36 | 47 | 54 | 63 | 71 | 7.4% | 5.1% | 2.9% | 1.4% | 1.5% | 1.1%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | -6.6% | 29.3% | 18.6% | 5.2% | 5.1%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 51.6% | 10.6% | 5.8%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 7 | n.s. | n.s. | 29.3% | 0.4% | 6.0% | 5.4%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 11 | 12 | 18 | 21 | 40 | 61 | 87 | 1.1% | 4.2% | 1.4% | 6.7% | 4.3% | 3.6%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Malaysia | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 18 | 23 | 28 | 32 | 36 | 39 | 41 | 2.5% | 1.8% | 1.4% | 1.1% | 0.7% | 0.5%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 7 | 11 | 14 | 20 | 27 | 36 | 46 | 4.4% | 2.7% | 3.5% | 3.3% | 2.8% | 2.5%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 3 | 5 | 6 | 9 | 12 | 17 | 21 | 4.4% | 2.7% | 3.5% | 3.3% | 2.8% | 2.5%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 15 | 9 | 10 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | -5.5% | 1.6% | -2.0% | -0.3% | -0.2% | -0.1%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 42 | 48 | 41 | 37 | 32 | 27 | 22 | 1.4% | -1.7% | -0.9% | -1.4% | -1.7% | -2.0%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 43 | 43 | 49 | 55 | 60 | 65 | 70 | 0.1% | 1.4% | 1.0% | 0.9% | 0.8% | 0.7%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 7 | 20 | 22 | 26 | 31 | 34 | -7.8% | 10.3% | 1.0% | 1.6% | 1.7% | 1.0%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 76 | 86 | 100 | 128 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.5% | 1.2% | 1.5% | 2.5%
Gas | 28 | 24 | 47 | 58 | 48 | 62 | 86 | -1.2% | 6.8% | 2.0% | -1.9% | 2.6% | 3.4%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | - 153 | - 57 | 404 | 491 | 534 | 581 | 619 | n.s. | n.s. | 2.0% | 0.8% | 0.8% | 0.6%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 126 | 211 | 404 | 491 | 534 | 581 | 619 | 5.3% | 6.7% | 2.0% | 0.8% | 0.8% | 0.6%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 91 | 165 | 257 | 344 | 390 | 436 | 477 | 6.1% | 4.6% | 2.9% | 1.3% | 1.1% | 0.9%
CO₂ | 63 | 127 | 211 | 286 | 331 | 378 | 418 | 7.3% | 5.2% | 3.1% | 1.4% | 1.3% | 1.0%
CH₄ | 18 | 28 | 33 | 40 | 39 | 35 | 33 | 4.4% | 1.7% | 2.0% | -0.2% | -1.1% | -0.6%
N₂O | 9 | 9 | 13 | 16 | 18 | 21 | 23 | 0.1% | 3.3% | 2.4% | 1.4% | 1.2% | 0.9%
F gases | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 0.7% | 7.1% | 4.2% | 3.0% | 1.6% | 0.3%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 78 | 152 | 242 | 326 | 369 | 412 | 451 | 6.9% | 4.8% | 3.0% | 1.3% | 1.1% | 0.9%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 58 | 116 | 192 | 261 | 300 | 345 | 385 | 7.2% | 5.1% | 3.1% | 1.4% | 1.4% | 1.1%
Power generation/District heating | 16 | 37 | 96 | 127 | 147 | 171 | 197 | 8.9% | 9.9% | 2.8% | 1.5% | 1.5% | 1.4%
Industry | 14 | 26 | 31 | 38 | 41 | 42 | 41 | 6.4% | 1.6% | 2.3% | 0.6% | 0.3% | -0.4%
Buildings | 2 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 10 | 14 | 18 | 7.0% | 3.5% | 0.4% | 4.3% | 3.6% | 2.3%
Agriculture | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 5 | n.s. | 25.9% | 0.5% | 1.8% | 1.4% | 1.2%
Transport | 15 | 31 | 40 | 62 | 68 | 77 | 85 | 7.9% | 2.6% | 4.4% | 0.9% | 1.3% | 0.9%
Other | 11 | 17 | 15 | 23 | 30 | 35 | 39 | 4.2% | -1.0% | 4.3% | 2.4% | 1.7% | 1.0%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 47 | 74 | 91 | 126 | 136 | 103 | 85 | 4.6% | 2.1% | 3.4% | 0.8% | -2.7% | -1.9%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 14.5% | 20.3% | 3.9% | 2.7% | 2.8% | 2.5%
Oil | 31 | 33 | 36 | 42 | 32 | 17 | 9 | 0.6% | 0.9% | 1.6% | -2.7% | -6.1% | -5.8%
Natural gas | 14 | 38 | 50 | 74 | 87 | 63 | 48 | 10.4% | 2.7% | 4.0% | 1.6% | -3.2% | -2.8%
Biomass | 1 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 12 | 16 | 17 | 1.8% | 2.2% | 10.6% | 7.4% | 2.9% | 0.4%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 12.7% | 9.0%
Hydro | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5.7% | -0.7% | 8.0% | 0.2% | 0.5% | 0.5%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 17.9% | 11.4% | 8.1%
Net Imports | - 25 | - 25 | - 16 | - 20 | - 11 | 41 | 76 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 1 | 2 | 13 | 21 | 24 | 27 | 31 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | - 19 | - 14 | - 10 | - 2 | 7 | 24 | 33 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | - 7 | - 14 | - 19 | - 36 | - 37 | - 3 | 18 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | - 2 | - 6 | - 8 | - 7 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 22 | 49 | 74 | 106 | 125 | 145 | 161 | 8.1% | 4.3% | 3.7% | 1.6% | 1.5% | 1.1%
Coal | 1 | 2 | 15 | 24 | 27 | 31 | 36 | 5.7% | 20.3% | 4.9% | 1.5% | 1.3% | 1.5%
Oil | 12 | 19 | 26 | 40 | 39 | 41 | 43 | 4.6% | 2.9% | 4.5% | -0.2% | 0.4% | 0.4%
Natural gas | 7 | 25 | 31 | 38 | 50 | 60 | 66 | 13.6% | 2.4% | 2.0% | 2.8% | 1.9% | 0.9%
Biomass | 1 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 9 | 10 | 1.8% | 2.2% | 5.2% | 5.1% | 3.6% | 1.2%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 12.7% | 9.0%
Hydro | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5.7% | -0.7% | 8.0% | 0.2% | 0.5% | 0.5%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 17.9% | 11.4% | 8.1%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 22 | 49 | 74 | 106 | 125 | 145 | 161 | 8.1% | 4.3% | 3.7% | 1.6% | 1.5% | 1.1%
Energy for Power Generation | 6 | 15 | 33 | 41 | 50 | 60 | 70 | 10.7% | 8.0% | 2.3% | 2.0% | 1.9% | 1.5%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 5 | 9 | 8 | 14 | 17 | 20 | 24 | 6.5% | -0.7% | 5.1% | 2.2% | 1.9% | 1.5%
Final consumption | 14 | 30 | 43 | 66 | 76 | 88 | 98 | 8.0% | 3.7% | 4.4% | 1.5% | 1.5% | 1.0%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Other Industry | 6 | 12 | 15 | 19 | 23 | 25 | 24 | 7.9% | 2.4% | 2.7% | 1.6% | 0.8% | -0.1%
Non-Energy Use | 1 | 2 | 4 | 11 | 12 | 11 | 10 | 10.4% | 5.1% | 11.8% | 0.4% | -0.5% | -1.0%
Residential | 2 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 6 | 8 | 9 | 4.2% | 3.5% | 2.4% | 1.6% | 1.6% | 1.1%
Services | 1 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 9 | 14 | 20 | 10.9% | 6.9% | 3.0% | 4.6% | 4.5% | 3.4%
Agriculture | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | n.s. | 26.2% | 0.6% | 1.8% | 1.5% | 1.2%
Road | 5 | 10 | 15 | 23 | 25 | 29 | 33 | 8.5% | 3.3% | 4.5% | 1.0% | 1.6% | 1.3%
Rail | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | 15.1% | 3.8% | 3.2% | 2.5% | 2.0%
Aviation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Other Transport | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -20.8% | 11.6% | 19.4% | 3.0% | 1.8% | 1.1%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 5 | 15 | 32 | 39 | 48 | 57 | 64 | 10.9% | 8.2% | 2.1% | 1.9% | 1.7% | 1.2%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 13 | 21 | 25 | 28 | 33 | 6.3% | 24.1% | 4.9% | 1.6% | 1.3% | 1.6%
Oil | 3 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | -10.7% | -2.6% | 11.0% | -11.4% | -11.8% | 13.9%
Gas | 1 | 12 | 18 | 16 | 20 | 25 | 28 | 24.4% | 4.1% | -1.3% | 2.6% | 2.1% | 1.0%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | 7.2% | 12.6% | 4.3% | -1.9%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 23 | 69 | 125 | 172 | 225 | 291 | 355 | 11.6% | 6.1% | 3.2% | 2.8% | 2.6% | 2.0%
Coal | 3 | 8 | 43 | 82 | 96 | 109 | 128 | 10.1% | 18.7% | 6.8% | 1.6% | 1.2% | 1.6%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 11 | 4 | 4 | 9 | 3 | 1 | 3 | -10.2% | 0.2% | 9.1% | -11.4% | -11.1% | 14.0%
Gas | 6 | 51 | 71 | 63 | 97 | 132 | 150 | 24.9% | 3.3% | -1.1% | 4.4% | 3.1% | 1.3%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 8 | 13 | 11 | n.s. | n.s. | 8.4% | 13.1% | 5.1% | -1.1%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 6 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 12.7% | 9.1%
Hydro | 4 | 7 | 6 | 14 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 5.7% | -0.7% | 8.0% | 0.2% | 0.5% | 0.5%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 9 | 22 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 29.5% | 14.5% | 9.3%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 10 | 19 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 14.4% | 9.2% | 6.8%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 24.1% | 15.7% | 11.2%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 5 | 14 | 27 | 40 | 44 | 57 | 73 | 11.4% | 7.0% | 3.9% | 1.1% | 2.7% | 2.4%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 8 | 13 | 15 | 16 | 18 | 0.8% | 19.4% | 5.6% | 0.9% | 0.9% | 1.1%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4.7% | -3.6% | 5.7% | -3.7% | -0.1% | 1.4%
Gas | 1 | 8 | 15 | 16 | 16 | 21 | 23 | 24.4% | 6.6% | 0.3% | 0.5% | 2.4% | 1.0%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | n.s. | 20.9% | 8.1% | 1.1% | 2.9% | -2.8%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 12.5% | 8.9%
Hydro | 1 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 6.6% | 0.1% | 10.9% | 0.1% | 0.5% | 0.5%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 8 | n.s. | n.s. | 52.4% | 28.7% | 13.7% | 8.6%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 7 | 13 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 14.7% | 9.4% | 7.0%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 15.1% | 10.7%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 14 | 30 | 43 | 66 | 76 | 88 | 98 | 8.0% | 3.7% | 4.4% | 1.5% | 1.5% | 1.0%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 6.8% | 6.3% | 3.2% | 0.4% | 1.6% | 1.0%
Oil | 9 | 18 | 23 | 34 | 35 | 37 | 39 | 7.1% | 2.7% | 3.9% | 0.2% | 0.6% | 0.3%
Gas | 1 | 4 | 6 | 13 | 18 | 21 | 22 | 13.5% | 4.9% | 7.4% | 3.2% | 1.6% | 0.7%
Electricity | 2 | 5 | 10 | 14 | 18 | 23 | 28 | 11.9% | 6.1% | 3.6% | 2.8% | 2.6% | 2.0%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 1.8% | -0.3% | 3.8% | 2.3% | 2.9% | 2.9%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 13% | 8% | 6% | 7% | 8% | 11% | 14% | -5.0% | -3.5% | 2.1% | 2.1% | 2.6% | 2.8%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 6 | 14 | 19 | 31 | 34 | 36 | 34 | 8.2% | 2.9% | 5.2% | 1.1% | 0.4% | -0.4%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 6.8% | 6.3% | 3.2% | 0.4% | 1.6% | 1.0%
Oil | 4 | 6 | 6 | 10 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 5.1% | 0.3% | 4.4% | -1.2% | -1.3% | -1.9%
Gas | 1 | 4 | 6 | 12 | 15 | 16 | 15 | 13.5% | 4.5% | 7.3% | 2.1% | 0.5% | -0.4%
Electricity | 1 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 12.9% | 4.9% | 3.4% | 2.2% | 1.1% | 0.1%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2.5% | n.s. | n.s. | 9.2% | 6.1% | 2.7%
Buildings | 3 | 5 | 9 | 11 | 16 | 22 | 28 | 6.5% | 5.0% | 2.7% | 3.2% | 3.4% | 2.7%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7.0% | 3.4% | -1.4% | -1.9% | -1.9% | -1.5%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 5 | 6 | 7.4% | 8.2% | 29.7% | 17.2% | 6.8% | 3.4%
Electricity | 1 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 10 | 14 | 18 | 10.7% | 7.3% | 3.7% | 3.1% | 3.5% | 3.0%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1.6% | 1.8% | 1.5% | 0.5% | 0.7% | 0.8%
Agriculture | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | n.s. | 26.2% | 0.6% | 1.8% | 1.5% | 1.2%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | n.s. | 25.9% | 0.5% | 1.8% | 1.4% | 1.2%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | 5.2% | 2.8% | 2.5% | 2.2%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Transport | 5 | 10 | 15 | 23 | 25 | 29 | 33 | 8.4% | 3.3% | 4.5% | 1.0% | 1.6% | 1.3%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 5 | 10 | 14 | 22 | 24 | 27 | 30 | 8.4% | 3.1% | 4.5% | 0.9% | 1.3% | 0.9%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | 42.2% | -1.9% | 2.7% | 4.0% | 6.2%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | 15.1% | 4.3% | 18.1% | 10.5% | 6.3%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | 54.5% | 6.3% | 6.7% | 6.0%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 5 | 9 | 8 | 14 | 17 | 20 | 24 | 6.5% | -0.7% | 5.1% | 2.2% | 1.9% | 1.5%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Thailand | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 57 | 63 | 67 | 69 | 68 | 66 | 62 | 1.0% | 0.6% | 0.3% | 0.0% | -0.3% | -0.6%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 4 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 15 | 21 | 28 | 3.4% | 3.7% | 2.6% | 3.6% | 3.7% | 3.0%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 11 | 3.4% | 3.7% | 2.6% | 3.6% | 3.7% | 3.0%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 12 | 9 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 9 | -3.8% | 2.2% | -0.3% | -0.6% | -0.4% | -0.2%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 37 | 37 | 40 | 36 | 34 | 30 | 26 | -0.1% | 0.8% | -1.0% | -0.7% | -1.1% | -1.3%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 50 | 55 | 49 | 54 | 57 | 61 | 65 | 0.8% | -1.0% | 0.8% | 0.5% | 0.7% | 0.6%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 7 | 20 | 22 | 26 | 31 | 34 | -7.8% | 10.3% | 1.0% | 1.6% | 1.7% | 1.0%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 76 | 86 | 100 | 128 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.5% | 1.2% | 1.5% | 2.5%
Gas | 28 | 24 | 47 | 58 | 48 | 62 | 86 | -1.2% | 6.8% | 2.0% | -1.9% | 2.6% | 3.4%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 210 | 278 | 365 | 447 | 499 | 586 | 657 | 2.9% | 2.8% | 2.0% | 1.1% | 1.6% | 1.2%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 210 | 284 | 383 | 452 | 504 | 597 | 677 | 3.1% | 3.0% | 1.7% | 1.1% | 1.7% | 1.3%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 191 | 268 | 367 | 447 | 500 | 584 | 659 | 3.4% | 3.2% | 2.0% | 1.1% | 1.6% | 1.2%
CO₂ | 93 | 169 | 249 | 317 | 357 | 429 | 495 | 6.2% | 4.0% | 2.4% | 1.2% | 1.9% | 1.4%
CH₄ | 82 | 81 | 97 | 106 | 116 | 125 | 131 | 0.0% | 1.8% | 0.9% | 0.9% | 0.8% | 0.5%
N₂O | 16 | 16 | 20 | 24 | 27 | 30 | 33 | 0.2% | 2.4% | 1.7% | 1.3% | 1.2% | 0.9%
F gases | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -2.4% | -8.4% | 1.2% | 0.0% | 1.0% | 0.5%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 121 | 203 | 293 | 367 | 412 | 488 | 558 | 5.3% | 3.7% | 2.3% | 1.2% | 1.7% | 1.3%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 82 | 154 | 231 | 298 | 335 | 404 | 469 | 6.5% | 4.1% | 2.6% | 1.2% | 1.9% | 1.5%
Power generation/District heating | 27 | 54 | 81 | 86 | 89 | 123 | 173 | 7.1% | 4.2% | 0.5% | 0.3% | 3.3% | 3.5%
Industry | 14 | 31 | 50 | 75 | 86 | 91 | 88 | 8.2% | 4.8% | 4.1% | 1.5% | 0.5% | -0.3%
Buildings | 3 | 5 | 9 | 8 | 11 | 16 | 19 | 6.0% | 5.8% | -1.1% | 3.1% | 3.6% | 1.8%
Agriculture | 6 | 9 | 11 | 14 | 16 | 18 | 20 | 4.5% | 2.1% | 2.4% | 1.5% | 1.4% | 1.0%
Transport | 27 | 44 | 61 | 82 | 90 | 104 | 110 | 4.9% | 3.3% | 3.0% | 1.0% | 1.4% | 0.6%
Other | 5 | 11 | 19 | 33 | 42 | 52 | 60 | 8.8% | 5.9% | 5.8% | 2.3% | 2.2% | 1.3%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 21 | 41 | 72 | 69 | 63 | 55 | 48 | 6.8% | 5.8% | -0.4% | -0.9% | -1.4% | -1.2%
Coal | 3 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 7 | 10 | 14 | 4.9% | 0.4% | -0.2% | 2.4% | 3.6% | 3.8%
Oil | 3 | 9 | 19 | 18 | 11 | 5 | 2 | 11.0% | 7.9% | -0.9% | -4.9% | -8.2% | -10.2%
Natural gas | 5 | 17 | 30 | 28 | 21 | 14 | 7 | 11.9% | 6.0% | -0.8% | -2.8% | -3.7% | -6.6%
Biomass | 9 | 10 | 17 | 16 | 19 | 19 | 18 | 0.7% | 5.8% | -1.0% | 2.3% | 0.0% | -0.7%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 15.1% | 9.4%
Hydro | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1.9% | -0.8% | 2.3% | 0.5% | 0.4% | 0.4%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 4 | n.s. | 6.4% | n.s. | 6.0% | 1.1% | -2.0%
Net Imports | 15 | 26 | 40 | 80 | 107 | 142 | 166 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 1 | 2 | 11 | 15 | 15 | 18 | 22 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | 15 | 23 | 26 | 45 | 52 | 61 | 64 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | 0 | 1 | 3 | 15 | 36 | 59 | 77 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 37 | 68 | 113 | 149 | 170 | 196 | 214 | 6.3% | 5.2% | 2.9% | 1.3% | 1.5% | 0.9%
Coal | 4 | 8 | 16 | 20 | 22 | 27 | 36 | 7.1% | 7.9% | 2.2% | 0.8% | 2.2% | 2.7%
Oil | 18 | 32 | 45 | 63 | 63 | 66 | 65 | 5.8% | 3.5% | 3.4% | 0.0% | 0.4% | -0.1%
Natural gas | 5 | 17 | 33 | 43 | 57 | 73 | 85 | 13.3% | 6.6% | 2.6% | 3.0% | 2.6% | 1.5%
Biomass | 9 | 10 | 17 | 19 | 21 | 21 | 19 | 0.7% | 5.8% | 0.9% | 1.1% | 0.2% | -1.2%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 15.1% | 9.4%
Hydro | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1.9% | -0.8% | 2.3% | 0.5% | 0.4% | 0.4%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 4 | n.s. | 6.4% | n.s. | 6.0% | 1.1% | -2.0%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 37 | 68 | 113 | 149 | 170 | 196 | 214 | 6.3% | 5.2% | 2.9% | 1.3% | 1.5% | 0.9%
Energy for Power Generation | 9 | 20 | 33 | 36 | 41 | 53 | 66 | 8.0% | 4.9% | 1.1% | 1.1% | 2.8% | 2.1%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 2 | 4 | 8 | 18 | 23 | 28 | 33 | 7.9% | 8.1% | 7.9% | 2.4% | 2.2% | 1.6%
Final consumption | 29 | 51 | 85 | 112 | 127 | 141 | 148 | 5.8% | 5.2% | 2.8% | 1.2% | 1.1% | 0.4%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 2 | 6 | 12 | 16 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 8.4% | 7.8% | 2.9% | 1.2% | 0.2% | -0.1%
Other Industry | 6 | 12 | 15 | 20 | 24 | 26 | 26 | 6.5% | 2.4% | 3.1% | 1.8% | 1.0% | 0.0%
Non-Energy Use | 0 | 6 | 18 | 26 | 28 | 29 | 27 | 29.3% | 12.4% | 3.8% | 0.7% | 0.1% | -0.7%
Residential | 8 | 8 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 0.2% | 3.9% | 0.9% | 0.6% | 0.6% | 0.1%
Services | 1 | 3 | 6 | 7 | 9 | 13 | 18 | 8.2% | 6.1% | 1.6% | 3.1% | 4.2% | 2.9%
Agriculture | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 4.5% | 2.1% | 2.4% | 1.5% | 1.4% | 1.0%
Road | 9 | 14 | 19 | 26 | 29 | 34 | 37 | 5.3% | 3.0% | 3.1% | 1.1% | 1.6% | 0.9%
Rail | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.6% | -1.1% | 1.4% | 1.1% | 1.2% | 0.9%
Aviation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | 4.4% | 0.5% | 0.6% | 0.1%
Other Transport | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -16.2% | 2.7% | 8.8% | 2.2% | 1.6% | 0.5%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 9 | 20 | 32 | 33 | 35 | 47 | 58 | 8.2% | 5.0% | 0.3% | 0.6% | 2.8% | 2.3%
Coal | 3 | 4 | 7 | 8 | 10 | 15 | 23 | 5.0% | 5.2% | 2.0% | 1.5% | 4.4% | 4.5%
Oil | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 3 | -0.8% | -19.6% | 13.7% | -29.2% | 47.7% | 7.9%
Gas | 4 | 13 | 23 | 21 | 21 | 25 | 30 | 12.8% | 5.9% | -0.7% | 0.1% | 1.7% | 1.8%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 2 | n.s. | 17.5% | 1.5% | 4.4% | 1.8% | -10.1%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 44 | 96 | 160 | 196 | 230 | 299 | 361 | 8.1% | 5.2% | 2.1% | 1.6% | 2.6% | 1.9%
Coal | 11 | 18 | 30 | 30 | 37 | 61 | 98 | 4.9% | 5.4% | 0.1% | 2.0% | 5.1% | 4.8%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 10 | 10 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 7 | 14 | -0.3% | -19.3% | 13.7% | -29.2% | 47.6% | 8.0%
Gas | 18 | 62 | 119 | 116 | 117 | 143 | 176 | 13.2% | 6.8% | -0.3% | 0.1% | 2.0% | 2.1%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 1 | 3 | 9 | 14 | 17 | 6 | n.s. | 20.9% | 10.3% | 4.5% | 2.0% | -9.5%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 10 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 15.2% | 9.5%
Hydro | 5 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 1.9% | -0.8% | 2.3% | 0.5% | 0.4% | 0.4%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 27 | 27 | 19 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 3.1% | 0.1% | -3.2%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 27 | 32 | 29 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 10.3% | 2.0% | -1.1%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7.2% | 2.4% | 1.7% | 26.1% | 15.7% | 10.9%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 10 | 27 | 41 | 68 | 85 | 92 | 88 | 10.9% | 4.2% | 5.2% | 2.2% | 0.7% | -0.4%
Coal | 1 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 9 | 14 | 5.7% | 4.3% | 1.9% | 2.3% | 3.9% | 4.7%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 3 | 6 | 10 | 8 | 7 | 4 | 5 | 7.0% | 5.6% | -2.1% | -2.0% | -5.2% | 1.7%
Gas | 3 | 15 | 21 | 25 | 26 | 28 | 29 | 17.7% | 3.4% | 1.7% | 0.3% | 0.9% | 0.3%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1 | n.s. | 9.8% | 12.1% | 0.4% | -2.5% | -10.3%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 15.0% | 9.3%
Hydro | 2 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 3.5% | 3.9% | 2.9% | 0.5% | 0.4% | 0.4%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 18 | 18 | 10 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 2.8% | 0.0% | -5.7%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 19 | 23 | 20 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 10.0% | 1.9% | -1.1%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 15.2% | 10.4%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 29 | 51 | 85 | 112 | 127 | 141 | 148 | 5.8% | 5.2% | 2.8% | 1.2% | 1.1% | 0.4%
Coal | 1 | 4 | 9 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 13 | 10.3% | 10.0% | 2.6% | 0.3% | 0.1% | 0.1%
Oil | 15 | 29 | 44 | 58 | 59 | 60 | 58 | 6.9% | 4.2% | 2.9% | 0.1% | 0.2% | -0.4%
Gas | 0 | 2 | 5 | 11 | 21 | 29 | 33 | 27.0% | 11.8% | 8.8% | 7.1% | 3.3% | 1.1%
Electricity | 3 | 8 | 13 | 16 | 19 | 24 | 29 | 8.7% | 5.4% | 2.4% | 1.6% | 2.5% | 1.8%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 9 | 9 | 14 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 0.2% | 4.4% | 0.5% | 0.0% | -0.3% | 0.2%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 31% | 20% | 21% | 21% | 21% | 20% | 18% | -4.2% | 0.5% | -0.2% | 0.2% | -0.8% | -0.8%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 9 | 23 | 45 | 62 | 69 | 73 | 71 | 9.6% | 6.9% | 3.3% | 1.2% | 0.5% | -0.3%
Coal | 1 | 4 | 9 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 13 | 10.3% | 10.0% | 2.6% | 0.3% | 0.1% | 0.1%
Oil | 3 | 10 | 20 | 28 | 25 | 22 | 18 | 12.1% | 7.1% | 3.5% | -1.0% | -1.5% | -2.2%
Gas | 0 | 2 | 3 | 8 | 17 | 23 | 25 | 27.0% | 7.6% | 10.0% | 8.0% | 3.0% | 0.6%
Electricity | 2 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 8.4% | 4.7% | 2.2% | 1.1% | 1.4% | 0.5%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 3 | 4 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 4.0% | 5.0% | 0.0% | -0.4% | -0.6% | 0.0%
Buildings | 9 | 11 | 17 | 19 | 22 | 27 | 32 | 1.9% | 4.6% | 1.1% | 1.5% | 2.2% | 1.6%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 6.0% | 5.8% | -2.9% | -3.1% | -2.2% | -2.0%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 7 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 16.0% | 6.7% | 2.8%
Electricity | 2 | 4 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 15 | 19 | 8.9% | 6.0% | 2.5% | 1.7% | 3.0% | 2.4%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 6 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 5 | -2.1% | 2.9% | 0.2% | -0.2% | -1.1% | -1.0%
Agriculture | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 4.5% | 2.1% | 2.4% | 1.5% | 1.4% | 1.0%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 4.5% | 2.1% | 2.4% | 1.5% | 1.4% | 1.0%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4.8% | 8.1% | 4.9% | 2.5% | 2.4% | 2.0%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Transport | 9 | 15 | 20 | 27 | 30 | 35 | 38 | 4.9% | 3.1% | 3.1% | 1.1% | 1.6% | 0.9%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 9 | 15 | 18 | 24 | 27 | 31 | 33 | 4.9% | 2.0% | 3.0% | 1.3% | 1.5% | 0.5%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | 2.9% | -5.4% | -2.0% | 2.7%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | 6.6% | 13.4% | 22.6% | 11.3% | 6.2%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | 6.5% | 3.7% | 3.0% | 3.4%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 2 | 4 | 8 | 18 | 23 | 28 | 33 | 7.9% | 8.1% | 7.9% | 2.4% | 2.2% | 1.6%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Vietnam | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 68 | 80 | 88 | 98 | 105 | 110 | 113 | 1.6% | 1.0% | 1.1% | 0.7% | 0.4% | 0.3%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 8 | 12 | 16 | 5.8% | 5.6% | 4.9% | 4.9% | 4.1% | 3.3%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 5.8% | 5.6% | 4.9% | 4.9% | 4.1% | 3.3%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 39 | 23 | 18 | 15 | 13 | 12 | 11 | -5.2% | -2.1% | -1.9% | -1.6% | -0.8% | -0.5%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 23 | 34 | 32 | 34 | 34 | 32 | 30 | 4.2% | -0.6% | 0.5% | -0.1% | -0.5% | -0.7%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 39 | 43 | 50 | 51 | 53 | 56 | 59 | 1.1% | 1.4% | 0.3% | 0.5% | 0.5% | 0.5%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 7 | 20 | 22 | 26 | 31 | 34 | -7.8% | 10.3% | 1.0% | 1.6% | 1.7% | 1.0%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 76 | 86 | 100 | 128 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.5% | 1.2% | 1.5% | 2.5%
Gas | 28 | 24 | 47 | 58 | 48 | 62 | 86 | -1.2% | 6.8% | 2.0% | -1.9% | 2.6% | 3.4%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 112 | 100 | 273 | 404 | 514 | 651 | 764 | -1.1% | 10.5% | 4.0% | 2.4% | 2.4% | 1.6%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 112 | 144 | 288 | 416 | 530 | 673 | 793 | 2.6% | 7.2% | 3.7% | 2.4% | 2.4% | 1.7%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 89 | 144 | 287 | 416 | 526 | 662 | 775 | 4.9% | 7.2% | 3.8% | 2.4% | 2.3% | 1.6%
CO₂ | 20 | 52 | 147 | 252 | 352 | 467 | 562 | 10.0% | 11.0% | 5.5% | 3.4% | 2.9% | 1.9%
CH₄ | 59 | 74 | 109 | 118 | 121 | 133 | 144 | 2.3% | 4.0% | 0.8% | 0.2% | 1.0% | 0.8%
N₂O | 10 | 18 | 31 | 46 | 54 | 62 | 68 | 5.7% | 5.4% | 4.0% | 1.6% | 1.4% | 1.0%
F gases | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 36 | 78 | 204 | 304 | 401 | 524 | 629 | 8.2% | 10.0% | 4.1% | 2.8% | 2.7% | 1.8%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 17 | 44 | 124 | 214 | 295 | 395 | 480 | 9.9% | 10.9% | 5.6% | 3.3% | 3.0% | 2.0%
Power generation/District heating | 5 | 11 | 41 | 87 | 136 | 199 | 256 | 9.0% | 13.7% | 7.9% | 4.5% | 3.9% | 2.5%
Industry | 6 | 14 | 41 | 65 | 81 | 92 | 98 | 9.9% | 11.1% | 4.8% | 2.2% | 1.2% | 0.6%
Buildings | 2 | 7 | 11 | 13 | 19 | 27 | 34 | 12.9% | 5.4% | 1.4% | 4.0% | 3.5% | 2.2%
Agriculture | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 5.0% | 3.8% | 1.7% | 2.3% | 1.8% | 1.4%
Transport | 4 | 11 | 28 | 42 | 51 | 67 | 80 | 9.8% | 10.4% | 4.0% | 2.0% | 2.7% | 1.8%
Other | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 8.4% | 45.6% | 14.4% | 1.6% | 2.8% | 2.7%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 17 | 39 | 65 | 62 | 53 | 57 | 63 | 8.4% | 5.3% | -0.4% | -1.6% | 0.8% | 0.9%
Coal | 2 | 7 | 25 | 13 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 10.3% | 14.5% | -6.6% | -26.5% | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 3 | 16 | 16 | 19 | 18 | 17 | 15 | 20.0% | -0.5% | 1.8% | -0.4% | -0.5% | -1.1%
Natural gas | 0 | 1 | 8 | 9 | 12 | 16 | 20 | 44.5% | 19.4% | 1.7% | 2.3% | 3.1% | 2.2%
Biomass | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 16 | 17 | 1.2% | 0.3% | 0.8% | 0.4% | 0.4% | 0.8%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 12.5%
Hydro | 0 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 10.5% | 6.6% | 7.8% | 0.0% | 0.1% | 0.2%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 4.3% | 2.3% | 2.6%
Net Imports | 0 | - 11 | - 7 | 25 | 64 | 94 | 118 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 0 | - 2 | - 11 | 15 | 38 | 50 | 64 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | 0 | - 9 | 3 | 6 | 10 | 18 | 24 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 15 | 26 | 29 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 17 | 28 | 58 | 87 | 117 | 152 | 181 | 4.9% | 7.6% | 4.2% | 2.9% | 2.6% | 1.8%
Coal | 2 | 4 | 15 | 28 | 38 | 50 | 64 | 7.0% | 12.9% | 6.8% | 3.1% | 2.8% | 2.5%
Oil | 3 | 8 | 19 | 24 | 29 | 35 | 40 | 11.2% | 9.1% | 2.7% | 1.6% | 2.1% | 1.2%
Natural gas | 0 | 1 | 8 | 13 | 27 | 42 | 49 | n.s. | 21.9% | 4.9% | 7.5% | 4.4% | 1.6%
Biomass | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 16 | 17 | 1.2% | 0.3% | 0.9% | 0.3% | 0.4% | 0.8%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 12.5%
Hydro | 0 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 10.5% | 6.6% | 7.8% | 0.0% | 0.1% | 0.2%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 4.3% | 2.3% | 2.6%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 17 | 28 | 58 | 87 | 117 | 152 | 181 | 4.9% | 7.6% | 4.2% | 2.9% | 2.6% | 1.8%
Energy for Power Generation | 2 | 5 | 16 | 32 | 47 | 67 | 85 | 10.7% | 12.8% | 7.3% | 3.8% | 3.6% | 2.3%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 0 | 0 | 1 | - 1 | 0 | 2 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 19.4% | 8.6%
Final consumption | 16 | 25 | 48 | 70 | 90 | 111 | 128 | 4.6% | 6.8% | 3.9% | 2.4% | 2.2% | 1.4%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 0 | 0 | 6 | 13 | 16 | 21 | 24 | n.s. | n.s. | 7.8% | 2.5% | 2.5% | 1.4%
Other Industry | 5 | 8 | 11 | 17 | 24 | 30 | 33 | 5.7% | 3.8% | 4.4% | 3.4% | 2.0% | 1.0%
Non-Energy Use | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 16.9% | 32.8% | 2.0% | 3.0% | 1.2% | 0.6%
Residential | 10 | 12 | 16 | 19 | 20 | 22 | 23 | 2.4% | 2.9% | 1.5% | 0.7% | 0.8% | 0.4%
Services | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 8 | 11 | 12.6% | 4.8% | 4.9% | 5.6% | 5.0% | 3.4%
Agriculture | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 5.4% | 3.8% | 3.0% | 2.6% | 2.1% | 1.7%
Road | 1 | 3 | 10 | 15 | 19 | 25 | 31 | 10.3% | 11.4% | 4.1% | 2.3% | 3.0% | 2.2%
Rail | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Aviation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.4% | 3.9% | 3.0% | 1.1% | 1.0% | 0.5%
Other Transport | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 17.8% | 8.3% | -3.1% | 4.2% | 2.8% | 1.7%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 1 | 4 | 14 | 26 | 40 | 59 | 74 | 10.8% | 14.4% | 6.6% | 4.4% | 3.9% | 2.3%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 5 | 16 | 25 | 37 | 51 | 2.6% | 15.5% | 12.4% | 5.0% | 3.9% | 3.1%
Oil | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 13.1% | -1.2% | 3.0% | -0.8% | 5.0% | 1.5%
Gas | 0 | 1 | 8 | 9 | 13 | 19 | 20 | n.s. | 21.4% | 1.4% | 4.0% | 3.8% | 0.4%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | 5.7% | 18.0% | 12.9% | 8.9%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 4.5% | 0.6% | 0.2%
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 9 | 27 | 95 | 188 | 259 | 361 | 447 | 11.8% | 13.6% | 7.1% | 3.3% | 3.4% | 2.2%
Coal | 2 | 3 | 20 | 66 | 111 | 164 | 225 | 4.6% | 20.2% | 12.9% | 5.2% | 4.0% | 3.2%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 1 | 5 | 3 | 7 | 6 | 11 | 12 | 13.2% | -2.8% | 7.5% | -0.8% | 5.0% | 1.6%
Gas | 0 | 4 | 44 | 49 | 73 | 107 | 113 | n.s. | 26.1% | 1.1% | 4.0% | 3.9% | 0.5%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 6 | n.s. | n.s. | 6.0% | 20.3% | 13.7% | 9.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 7 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 12.7%
Hydro | 5 | 15 | 28 | 58 | 58 | 59 | 60 | 10.5% | 6.6% | 7.8% | 0.0% | 0.1% | 0.2%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 6 | 10 | 13 | n.s. | n.s. | 58.1% | 2.2% | 4.7% | 3.5%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 9 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 13.2% | 6.8% | 8.2%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 4.6% | 1.0% | 1.1%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 2 | 6 | 20 | 49 | 62 | 81 | 95 | 11.7% | 11.7% | 9.6% | 2.4% | 2.7% | 1.7%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 3 | 17 | 25 | 34 | 42 | -1.0% | 17.4% | 18.5% | 3.7% | 3.1% | 2.1%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 1 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 8.2% | 2.2% | 6.5% | 0.5% | -1.0% | -0.8%
Gas | 0 | 1 | 6 | 8 | 11 | 16 | 17 | n.s. | 19.4% | 1.6% | 3.6% | 4.4% | 0.6%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | 0.8% | 20.1% | 13.7% | 9.5%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 12.4%
Hydro | 1 | 3 | 8 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 16.6% | 9.7% | 6.6% | 0.0% | 0.1% | 0.2%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 5 | 8 | 8 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 1.4% | 3.5% | 0.5%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 7 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 13.6% | 7.1% | 8.4%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3.4% | 0.0% | 8.5% | 4.5% | 1.0% | 0.9%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 16 | 25 | 48 | 70 | 90 | 111 | 128 | 4.6% | 6.8% | 3.9% | 2.4% | 2.2% | 1.4%
Coal | 1 | 3 | 10 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 9.2% | 11.8% | 2.6% | 0.2% | 0.1% | 0.2%
Oil | 2 | 7 | 17 | 24 | 28 | 33 | 37 | 10.8% | 9.8% | 3.5% | 1.6% | 1.7% | 1.1%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 14 | 23 | 29 | n.s. | 39.2% | 25.1% | 11.8% | 4.9% | 2.3%
Electricity | 1 | 2 | 7 | 14 | 20 | 28 | 34 | 13.7% | 14.5% | 6.8% | 3.3% | 3.3% | 2.2%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 19.2%
Biomass & Other | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 1.2% | 0.3% | 0.8% | -0.1% | 0.0% | 0.2%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 76% | 58% | 34% | 29% | 23% | 20% | 19% | -2.7% | -5.2% | -1.5% | -2.2% | -1.7% | -0.4%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 5 | 8 | 20 | 33 | 45 | 55 | 61 | 5.7% | 9.4% | 5.3% | 3.1% | 2.1% | 1.1%
Coal | 1 | 2 | 8 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 8.5% | 13.4% | 3.3% | 0.3% | 0.2% | 0.3%
Oil | 0 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 13.2% | 10.3% | 3.3% | 1.2% | -0.5% | -1.1%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 10 | 15 | 17 | n.s. | 39.2% | 23.0% | 10.2% | 3.9% | 1.5%
Electricity | 0 | 1 | 4 | 9 | 12 | 18 | 22 | 12.3% | 17.7% | 7.9% | 3.8% | 3.6% | 2.1%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 1.3% | -2.1% | 1.8% | 0.7% | 0.9% | 0.8%
Buildings | 10 | 13 | 18 | 22 | 25 | 30 | 34 | 2.9% | 3.1% | 1.9% | 1.5% | 1.8% | 1.3%
Coal | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 14.3% | 6.2% | -1.3% | -0.3% | -0.6% | -0.9%
Oil | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 11.7% | 4.6% | 1.6% | -1.0% | -0.9% | -0.6%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 7 | 11 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 18.1% | 7.2% | 3.6%
Electricity | 0 | 1 | 3 | 6 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 15.9% | 12.1% | 5.4% | 2.2% | 2.7% | 2.0%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 19.2%
Biomass & Other | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 11 | 10 | 9 | 1.2% | 1.0% | 0.5% | -0.7% | -0.9% | -1.1%
Agriculture | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 5.4% | 3.8% | 3.0% | 2.6% | 2.1% | 1.7%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -9.4% | -2.0% | -0.7% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0%
Oil | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8.8% | 4.2% | 1.8% | 2.4% | 1.9% | 1.5%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4.0% | 3.5% | 8.8% | 3.4% | 2.9% | 2.5%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Transport | 1 | 3 | 10 | 15 | 19 | 25 | 32 | 9.7% | 11.2% | 4.0% | 2.3% | 2.9% | 2.2%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 1 | 3 | 10 | 15 | 18 | 24 | 28 | 9.9% | 11.2% | 4.0% | 2.0% | 2.6% | 1.8%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 24.3% | 7.7% | 7.8%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 14.7% | 8.4%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 22.1% | 7.7% | 6.9%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 0 | 0 | 1 | - 1 | 0 | 2 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 19.4% | 8.6%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Rest South Asia | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 262 | 333 | 398 | 468 | 531 | 585 | 626 | 2.4% | 1.8% | 1.6% | 1.3% | 1.0% | 0.7%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 8 | 12 | 1.9% | 3.4% | 3.8% | 5.4% | 5.2% | 4.4%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 1.9% | 3.4% | 3.8% | 5.4% | 5.2% | 4.4%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 30 | 25 | 21 | 17 | 13 | 11 | 10 | -1.7% | -1.9% | -2.0% | -2.8% | -1.6% | -0.9%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 23 | 24 | 23 | 25 | 27 | 26 | 24 | 0.2% | -0.1% | 0.7% | 0.7% | -0.2% | -0.9%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 47 | 51 | 56 | 58 | 60 | 63 | 66 | 0.9% | 0.9% | 0.4% | 0.4% | 0.4% | 0.5%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 7 | 20 | 22 | 24 | 27 | 29 | -7.8% | 10.3% | 1.1% | 1.0% | 1.0% | 0.7%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 76 | 86 | 100 | 128 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.5% | 1.2% | 1.5% | 2.5%
Gas | 28 | 24 | 47 | 58 | 48 | 62 | 86 | -1.2% | 6.8% | 2.0% | -1.9% | 2.6% | 3.4%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 439 | 537 | 662 | 865 | 1 225 | 1 622 | 1 970 | 2.0% | 2.1% | 2.7% | 3.5% | 2.9% | 2.0%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 439 | 537 | 662 | 865 | 1 225 | 1 622 | 1 970 | 2.0% | 2.1% | 2.7% | 3.5% | 2.9% | 2.0%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 341 | 444 | 606 | 812 | 1 182 | 1 579 | 1 934 | 2.7% | 3.2% | 3.0% | 3.8% | 2.9% | 2.0%
CO₂ | 82 | 146 | 234 | 399 | 680 | 989 | 1 260 | 6.0% | 4.8% | 5.5% | 5.5% | 3.8% | 2.5%
CH₄ | 216 | 245 | 307 | 340 | 419 | 493 | 562 | 1.3% | 2.3% | 1.0% | 2.1% | 1.7% | 1.3%
N₂O | 42 | 52 | 64 | 72 | 82 | 94 | 108 | 2.1% | 2.2% | 1.1% | 1.3% | 1.4% | 1.4%
F gases | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | -2.1% | 3.0% | 2.4% | 2.5% | 3.2% | 1.9%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 144 | 231 | 353 | 556 | 921 | 1 312 | 1 654 | 4.8% | 4.3% | 4.6% | 5.2% | 3.6% | 2.3%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 75 | 135 | 213 | 368 | 631 | 920 | 1 174 | 6.0% | 4.7% | 5.6% | 5.5% | 3.8% | 2.5%
Power generation/District heating | 20 | 45 | 67 | 122 | 166 | 251 | 344 | 8.4% | 4.2% | 6.1% | 3.1% | 4.2% | 3.2%
Industry | 20 | 28 | 50 | 62 | 131 | 187 | 230 | 3.6% | 5.8% | 2.2% | 7.8% | 3.6% | 2.1%
Buildings | 12 | 18 | 26 | 47 | 114 | 173 | 200 | 3.5% | 4.1% | 6.0% | 9.4% | 4.3% | 1.5%
Agriculture | 2 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 9 | 11 | 3.2% | 2.8% | 3.5% | 3.1% | 2.8% | 2.3%
Transport | 19 | 37 | 60 | 122 | 193 | 267 | 335 | 6.8% | 4.8% | 7.5% | 4.7% | 3.3% | 2.3%
Other | 2 | 5 | 7 | 11 | 20 | 33 | 54 | 10.4% | 3.0% | 5.3% | 6.3% | 5.0% | 5.1%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 56 | 76 | 114 | 117 | 121 | 134 | 149 | 3.2% | 4.1% | 0.2% | 0.4% | 1.0% | 1.1%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 7 | 11 | 2.3% | 5.1% | 1.1% | 5.7% | 5.5% | 4.0%
Oil | 3 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 8 | 11 | 16 | 1.0% | 2.2% | 2.8% | 3.7% | 4.0% | 3.8%
Natural gas | 14 | 26 | 51 | 62 | 58 | 57 | 54 | 6.0% | 7.2% | 1.9% | -0.7% | -0.3% | -0.5%
Biomass | 36 | 43 | 52 | 41 | 43 | 44 | 43 | 2.0% | 1.7% | -2.3% | 0.4% | 0.2% | -0.1%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 8 | 21.2% | 5.5% | 5.1% | 5.0% | 6.2% | 5.9%
Hydro | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 0.4% | 7.0% | 0.1% | 1.0% | 0.7% | 1.0%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 6 | 12 | n.s. | n.s. | 44.9% | 13.5% | 11.4% | 7.7%
Net Imports | 12 | 23 | 24 | 67 | 170 | 274 | 357 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 1 | 1 | 4 | 9 | 16 | 29 | 48 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | 11 | 24 | 28 | 58 | 76 | 95 | 110 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | - 1 | - 2 | - 7 | - 2 | 77 | 149 | 197 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 68 | 100 | 139 | 184 | 291 | 407 | 506 | 4.0% | 3.3% | 2.9% | 4.7% | 3.4% | 2.2%
Coal | 2 | 3 | 6 | 11 | 20 | 36 | 59 | 1.3% | 8.6% | 6.7% | 6.1% | 6.2% | 5.0%
Oil | 14 | 27 | 32 | 64 | 84 | 106 | 127 | 6.7% | 1.6% | 7.1% | 2.8% | 2.3% | 1.8%
Natural gas | 14 | 24 | 44 | 60 | 135 | 206 | 251 | 5.8% | 6.3% | 3.0% | 8.5% | 4.3% | 2.0%
Biomass | 36 | 43 | 52 | 43 | 43 | 44 | 43 | 2.0% | 1.7% | -1.8% | 0.1% | 0.1% | -0.2%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 8 | 21.2% | 5.5% | 5.1% | 5.0% | 6.2% | 5.9%
Hydro | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 0.4% | 7.0% | 0.1% | 1.0% | 0.7% | 1.0%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 6 | 12 | n.s. | n.s. | 44.9% | 13.5% | 11.4% | 7.7%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 68 | 100 | 139 | 184 | 291 | 407 | 506 | 4.0% | 3.3% | 2.9% | 4.7% | 3.4% | 2.2%
Energy for Power Generation | 10 | 19 | 30 | 49 | 70 | 107 | 147 | 6.8% | 4.9% | 5.0% | 3.6% | 4.3% | 3.2%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 1 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 10 | 19 | 33 | 15.2% | 0.1% | 3.2% | 10.0% | 7.0% | 5.4%
Final consumption | 60 | 84 | 116 | 148 | 241 | 333 | 404 | 3.4% | 3.3% | 2.4% | 5.0% | 3.3% | 2.0%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 3 | 4 | 7 | 8 | 13 | 19 | 23 | 2.7% | 5.0% | 1.9% | 4.8% | 3.3% | 2.0%
Other Industry | 7 | 11 | 19 | 24 | 56 | 78 | 90 | 4.9% | 5.3% | 2.3% | 8.9% | 3.4% | 1.4%
Non-Energy Use | 4 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 10 | 13 | 15 | 4.2% | -0.4% | 1.4% | 5.7% | 2.6% | 1.3%
Residential | 38 | 48 | 60 | 62 | 79 | 98 | 106 | 2.4% | 2.3% | 0.3% | 2.5% | 2.2% | 0.8%
Services | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 10 | 17 | 25 | 5.0% | 5.1% | 3.7% | 6.8% | 6.0% | 3.9%
Agriculture | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 2.0% | 4.1% | 3.3% | 3.5% | 3.2% | 2.7%
Road | 6 | 11 | 18 | 38 | 64 | 95 | 126 | 6.2% | 5.5% | 7.6% | 5.4% | 4.0% | 2.9%
Rail | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1.5% | 0.4% | 3.6% | 1.9% | 2.3% | 2.1%
Aviation | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 8 | 16.1% | 0.1% | 3.3% | 7.5% | 6.9% | 5.4%
Other Transport | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5.2% | 10.5% | 2.9% | 5.8% | 4.9% | 3.7%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 8 | 16 | 25 | 43 | 61 | 92 | 121 | 7.8% | 4.5% | 5.5% | 3.5% | 4.2% | 2.8%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 7 | 18 | 34 | 17.8% | 12.7% | 28.4% | 7.3% | 9.1% | 6.7%
Oil | 2 | 8 | 9 | 18 | 13 | 8 | 6 | 12.5% | 2.0% | 6.7% | -2.9% | -4.6% | -2.9%
Gas | 5 | 8 | 16 | 21 | 40 | 66 | 80 | 4.8% | 6.3% | 3.2% | 6.6% | 5.0% | 2.0%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | 8.6% | 3.8% | 12.1% | 8.5%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 52 | 95 | 157 | 249 | 387 | 643 | 907 | 6.2% | 5.2% | 4.7% | 4.5% | 5.2% | 3.5%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 1 | 13 | 32 | 87 | 176 | 20.3% | 13.6% | 31.6% | 9.2% | 10.4% | 7.3%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 8 | 32 | 40 | 80 | 60 | 38 | 28 | 14.2% | 2.3% | 7.1% | -2.9% | -4.5% | -2.8%
Gas | 19 | 36 | 64 | 94 | 208 | 373 | 461 | 6.4% | 5.9% | 4.0% | 8.3% | 6.0% | 2.2%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | 10.7% | 6.4% | 18.9% | 9.6%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 2 | 3 | 6 | 10 | 18 | 32 | 21.2% | 5.5% | 5.3% | 5.2% | 6.5% | 6.0%
Hydro | 24 | 25 | 49 | 50 | 55 | 59 | 65 | 0.4% | 7.0% | 0.1% | 1.0% | 0.7% | 1.0%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 21 | 58 | 112 | n.s. | 33.3% | n.s. | 12.6% | 10.8% | 6.8%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 10 | 30 | n.s. | n.s. | 2.7% | 32.1% | 15.6% | 12.1%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 22.2% | 15.4% | 11.8%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 13 | 24 | 34 | 53 | 78 | 123 | 190 | 6.5% | 3.7% | 4.4% | 4.0% | 4.7% | 4.4%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 5 | 12 | 24 | 0.0% | 10.7% | 17.7% | 8.1% | 9.8% | 7.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 3 | 5 | 7 | 14 | 14 | 12 | 12 | 4.7% | 3.5% | 7.2% | 0.3% | -1.9% | 0.5%
Gas | 4 | 11 | 16 | 21 | 35 | 57 | 79 | 9.9% | 3.6% | 3.2% | 5.1% | 4.9% | 3.3%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | 5.8% | 1.5% | 18.1% | 9.7%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 13.7% | 0.0% | 7.1% | 5.0% | 6.2% | 5.8%
Hydro | 5 | 7 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 3.7% | 4.0% | 0.8% | 1.0% | 0.7% | 1.0%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 8 | 20 | 37 | n.s. | 29.9% | 51.2% | 11.9% | 10.0% | 6.1%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 6 | 18 | n.s. | n.s. | 9.4% | 27.9% | 13.4% | 11.2%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 14.9% | 11.3%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 60 | 84 | 116 | 148 | 241 | 333 | 404 | 3.4% | 3.3% | 2.4% | 5.0% | 3.3% | 2.0%
Coal | 2 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 12 | 18 | 24 | 0.3% | 9.0% | 2.9% | 5.5% | 4.0% | 2.8%
Oil | 11 | 19 | 22 | 44 | 69 | 95 | 118 | 5.0% | 1.6% | 7.4% | 4.5% | 3.3% | 2.1%
Gas | 8 | 14 | 27 | 36 | 89 | 130 | 153 | 5.7% | 6.7% | 3.0% | 9.5% | 3.8% | 1.7%
Electricity | 3 | 6 | 11 | 17 | 27 | 45 | 64 | 6.1% | 6.5% | 4.7% | 4.5% | 5.2% | 3.5%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 36 | 43 | 52 | 43 | 44 | 45 | 46 | 2.0% | 1.7% | -1.7% | 0.1% | 0.2% | 0.3%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 64% | 56% | 49% | 32% | 21% | 17% | 17% | -1.4% | -1.4% | -4.1% | -4.2% | -1.9% | -0.4%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 14 | 21 | 31 | 38 | 80 | 110 | 128 | 4.2% | 4.0% | 2.1% | 7.6% | 3.3% | 1.5%
Coal | 2 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 12 | 18 | 23 | 0.5% | 8.5% | 3.1% | 5.7% | 4.1% | 2.8%
Oil | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 6 | 9 | 10 | 6.0% | -4.1% | 3.8% | 6.0% | 4.0% | 1.9%
Gas | 6 | 9 | 15 | 17 | 39 | 53 | 62 | 4.7% | 4.7% | 1.0% | 8.9% | 3.2% | 1.5%
Electricity | 1 | 2 | 4 | 7 | 10 | 15 | 19 | 4.6% | 7.4% | 4.9% | 4.8% | 3.8% | 2.4%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 3 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 12 | 15 | 13 | 4.2% | 1.9% | 0.3% | 9.7% | 1.8% | -1.6%
Buildings | 39 | 50 | 63 | 67 | 89 | 115 | 132 | 2.5% | 2.5% | 0.5% | 2.9% | 2.6% | 1.3%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -11.7% | 31.8% | -0.3% | -0.8% | -1.1% | -1.4%
Oil | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | -0.1% | -2.1% | 3.5% | 3.8% | 3.3% | 1.0%
Gas | 2 | 4 | 8 | 16 | 43 | 66 | 77 | 7.8% | 6.4% | 7.0% | 10.5% | 4.4% | 1.5%
Electricity | 2 | 3 | 6 | 10 | 12 | 20 | 28 | 8.4% | 6.0% | 4.8% | 2.5% | 4.8% | 3.4%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 33 | 40 | 47 | 38 | 29 | 23 | 20 | 1.9% | 1.7% | -2.0% | -2.7% | -2.2% | -1.4%
Agriculture | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 2.0% | 4.1% | 3.3% | 3.5% | 3.2% | 2.7%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3.1% | 2.8% | 3.6% | 3.1% | 2.8% | 2.3%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | 2.9% | 0.9% | 2.9% | 2.6% | 2.1%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 0.1% | 6.0% | 3.0% | 4.0% | 3.6% | 3.1%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Transport | 7 | 12 | 20 | 40 | 69 | 103 | 138 | 6.4% | 5.1% | 7.3% | 5.4% | 4.1% | 3.0%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 7 | 12 | 17 | 37 | 57 | 79 | 98 | 6.3% | 3.2% | 8.3% | 4.5% | 3.3% | 2.2%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 7 | 10 | 13 | n.s. | 42.7% | -0.7% | 7.6% | 4.0% | 3.1%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 8 | 14 | -7.2% | n.s. | n.s. | 39.7% | 11.1% | 6.0%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 7 | 13 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 23.5% | 10.6% | 7.1%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 1 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 10 | 19 | 33 | 15.2% | 0.1% | 3.2% | 10.0% | 7.0% | 5.4%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Rest South East Asia | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 170 | 202 | 229 | 257 | 281 | 300 | 314 | 1.8% | 1.3% | 1.1% | 0.9% | 0.7% | 0.4%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 2.8% | 4.1% | 3.3% | 1.9% | 1.9% | 2.1%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3.1% | 4.2% | 3.4% | 1.9% | 1.9% | 2.1%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 12 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | -4.9% | -1.1% | -2.5% | -0.8% | -0.7% | -0.6%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 34 | 34 | 29 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 0.3% | -1.6% | -1.4% | 0.1% | 0.0% | -0.1%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 55 | 58 | 64 | 69 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 0.7% | 0.9% | 0.8% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.1%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 7 | 20 | 22 | 26 | 31 | 34 | -7.8% | 10.3% | 1.0% | 1.6% | 1.7% | 1.0%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 76 | 86 | 100 | 128 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.5% | 1.2% | 1.5% | 2.5%
Gas | 28 | 24 | 47 | 58 | 48 | 62 | 86 | -1.2% | 6.8% | 2.0% | -1.9% | 2.6% | 3.4%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 740 | 857 | 949 | 1 148 | 1 289 | 1 354 | 1 416 | 1.5% | 1.0% | 1.9% | 1.2% | 0.5% | 0.5%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 740 | 857 | 949 | 1 148 | 1 289 | 1 388 | 1 491 | 1.5% | 1.0% | 1.9% | 1.2% | 0.7% | 0.7%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 525 | 671 | 782 | 972 | 1 125 | 1 187 | 1 260 | 2.5% | 1.5% | 2.2% | 1.5% | 0.5% | 0.6%
CO₂ | 338 | 454 | 524 | 627 | 696 | 743 | 789 | 3.0% | 1.4% | 1.8% | 1.1% | 0.7% | 0.6%
CH₄ | 141 | 161 | 196 | 268 | 336 | 333 | 342 | 1.4% | 2.0% | 3.2% | 2.3% | -0.1% | 0.2%
N₂O | 44 | 43 | 42 | 52 | 60 | 67 | 73 | -0.1% | -0.3% | 2.3% | 1.3% | 1.2% | 0.9%
F gases | 3 | 12 | 20 | 25 | 34 | 44 | 57 | 15.7% | 5.3% | 2.5% | 2.9% | 2.7% | 2.6%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 404 | 538 | 626 | 792 | 926 | 971 | 1 030 | 2.9% | 1.5% | 2.4% | 1.6% | 0.5% | 0.6%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 310 | 430 | 496 | 592 | 647 | 684 | 724 | 3.3% | 1.4% | 1.8% | 0.9% | 0.6% | 0.6%
Power generation/District heating | 88 | 180 | 228 | 280 | 308 | 332 | 359 | 7.4% | 2.4% | 2.1% | 1.0% | 0.7% | 0.8%
Industry | 127 | 110 | 121 | 130 | 142 | 144 | 144 | -1.4% | 1.0% | 0.7% | 0.9% | 0.1% | 0.1%
Buildings | 30 | 31 | 32 | 36 | 43 | 47 | 47 | 0.4% | 0.3% | 1.2% | 1.8% | 0.9% | 0.0%
Agriculture | 4 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | -0.6% | -5.7% | 3.2% | 1.2% | 1.1% | 1.0%
Transport | 42 | 73 | 82 | 101 | 105 | 112 | 121 | 5.8% | 1.2% | 2.1% | 0.4% | 0.6% | 0.8%
Other | 19 | 31 | 30 | 42 | 44 | 46 | 49 | 5.1% | -0.5% | 3.4% | 0.6% | 0.5% | 0.5%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 84 | 88 | 121 | 353 | 524 | 336 | 257 | 0.6% | 3.2% | 11.3% | 4.0% | -4.3% | -2.7%
Coal | 27 | 20 | 40 | 244 | 353 | 138 | 53 | -2.8% | 7.0% | 19.7% | 3.8% | -9.0% | -9.1%
Oil | 9 | 11 | 11 | 7 | 8 | 10 | 18 | 2.1% | -0.3% | -3.4% | 1.1% | 1.9% | 6.2%
Natural gas | 9 | 13 | 24 | 24 | 62 | 60 | 40 | 3.3% | 6.4% | 0.2% | 9.8% | -0.3% | -3.9%
Biomass | 22 | 21 | 23 | 52 | 55 | 64 | 63 | -0.4% | 0.9% | 8.2% | 0.6% | 1.5% | 0.0%
Nuclear¹ | 9 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 19 | 22 | 1.6% | 0.8% | -0.1% | 0.7% | 4.8% | 1.5%
Hydro | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 0.2% | 1.3% | 0.8% | 0.4% | 0.7% | 0.6%
Other renewables | 5 | 10 | 9 | 12 | 31 | 42 | 56 | 7.9% | -1.4% | 3.1% | 10.0% | 3.2% | 2.9%
Net Imports | 54 | 96 | 102 | - 79 | - 200 | 26 | 136 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 15 | 34 | 28 | - 172 | - 278 | - 58 | 36 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | 44 | 66 | 70 | 95 | 86 | 80 | 70 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | - 5 | - 3 | 4 | 22 | 15 | 30 | 55 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | - 24 | - 21 | - 25 | - 25 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - 1 | - 2 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 137 | 185 | 223 | 274 | 324 | 362 | 393 | 3.0% | 1.9% | 2.1% | 1.7% | 1.1% | 0.8%
Coal | 43 | 54 | 69 | 71 | 75 | 80 | 89 | 2.5% | 2.4% | 0.4% | 0.5% | 0.7% | 1.0%
Oil | 53 | 77 | 81 | 102 | 94 | 90 | 89 | 3.8% | 0.5% | 2.4% | -0.8% | -0.4% | -0.2%
Natural gas | 4 | 10 | 28 | 47 | 77 | 90 | 95 | 10.0% | 11.0% | 5.4% | 5.1% | 1.6% | 0.6%
Biomass | 22 | 21 | 23 | 28 | 33 | 39 | 39 | -0.4% | 0.9% | 1.7% | 1.9% | 1.5% | 0.0%
Nuclear¹ | 9 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 19 | 22 | 1.6% | 0.8% | -0.1% | 0.7% | 4.8% | 1.5%
Hydro | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 0.2% | 1.3% | 0.8% | 0.4% | 0.7% | 0.6%
Other renewables | 5 | 10 | 9 | 12 | 31 | 42 | 56 | 7.9% | -1.4% | 3.1% | 10.0% | 3.2% | 2.9%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 137 | 185 | 223 | 274 | 324 | 362 | 393 | 3.0% | 1.9% | 2.1% | 1.7% | 1.1% | 0.8%
Energy for Power Generation | 42 | 76 | 93 | 115 | 146 | 172 | 196 | 6.1% | 2.1% | 2.1% | 2.4% | 1.6% | 1.3%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 7 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 16 | 20 | 20 | 5.1% | -0.5% | 0.6% | 2.8% | 2.3% | 0.0%
Final consumption | 101 | 119 | 150 | 187 | 211 | 230 | 248 | 1.6% | 2.4% | 2.3% | 1.2% | 0.9% | 0.7%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 14 | 18 | 23 | 27 | 31 | 32 | 32 | 2.4% | 2.4% | 1.6% | 1.5% | 0.4% | 0.1%
Other Industry | 27 | 25 | 28 | 34 | 41 | 45 | 49 | -0.9% | 1.3% | 1.7% | 1.9% | 1.1% | 0.9%
Non-Energy Use | 6 | 11 | 28 | 42 | 45 | 47 | 50 | 5.7% | 9.8% | 4.1% | 0.8% | 0.5% | 0.5%
Residential | 26 | 28 | 29 | 33 | 35 | 37 | 38 | 0.5% | 0.6% | 1.2% | 0.6% | 0.5% | 0.2%
Services | 9 | 11 | 14 | 18 | 21 | 26 | 31 | 2.0% | 2.4% | 2.3% | 1.9% | 2.0% | 1.8%
Agriculture | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | -0.1% | -3.2% | 3.3% | 1.6% | 1.5% | 1.5%
Road | 14 | 22 | 24 | 30 | 32 | 36 | 40 | 4.4% | 0.8% | 2.1% | 0.9% | 1.1% | 1.1%
Rail | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.1% | 11.0% | 4.4% | 0.9% | 0.9% | 0.9%
Aviation | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5.4% | -4.5% | 6.1% | 1.8% | 1.3% | 0.4%
Other Transport | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 5.6% | -0.8% | 1.1% | 1.5% | 0.8% | 0.6%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 26 | 53 | 70 | 89 | 100 | 107 | 115 | 7.4% | 2.9% | 2.4% | 1.2% | 0.7% | 0.7%
Coal | 12 | 29 | 40 | 43 | 49 | 56 | 64 | 9.6% | 3.1% | 0.9% | 1.2% | 1.3% | 1.4%
Oil | 12 | 16 | 7 | 10 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 2.4% | -7.6% | 3.6% | -5.0% | -0.8% | -0.2%
Gas | 1 | 6 | 21 | 32 | 40 | 39 | 37 | 18.2% | 12.9% | 4.5% | 2.3% | -0.3% | -0.7%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 11.5% | 9.0% | -0.4% | 1.0% | 4.6% | 2.5%
Other | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 7.8% | -1.6% | 2.7% | 10.0% | 2.4% | 1.6%
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 168 | 296 | 402 | 512 | 610 | 720 | 840 | 5.8% | 3.1% | 2.5% | 1.8% | 1.7% | 1.5%
Coal | 41 | 116 | 161 | 180 | 205 | 235 | 271 | 11.1% | 3.3% | 1.1% | 1.3% | 1.4% | 1.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 53 | 67 | 29 | 45 | 27 | 25 | 24 | 2.3% | -8.0% | 4.5% | -5.0% | -0.8% | -0.2%
Gas | 3 | 28 | 117 | 182 | 232 | 232 | 215 | 23.7% | 15.2% | 4.5% | 2.5% | 0.0% | -0.8%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Waste | 1 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 12 | 18 | 13.8% | 8.4% | -0.1% | 1.7% | 7.4% | 4.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 33 | 39 | 42 | 41 | 44 | 73 | 87 | 1.6% | 0.8% | -0.1% | 0.7% | 5.2% | 1.7%
Hydro | 32 | 32 | 37 | 40 | 42 | 45 | 47 | 0.2% | 1.3% | 0.8% | 0.4% | 0.7% | 0.6%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 8 | 23 | 53 | n.s. | n.s. | 11.7% | 10.4% | 10.6% | 8.7%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 13 | 33 | 73 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 11.8% | 9.8% | 8.5%
Other | 5 | 12 | 10 | 13 | 34 | 43 | 51 | 7.8% | -1.6% | 2.7% | 10.0% | 2.5% | 1.8%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 41 | 69 | 103 | 116 | 135 | 169 | 199 | 5.2% | 4.2% | 1.2% | 1.5% | 2.3% | 1.7%
Coal | 11 | 22 | 35 | 38 | 40 | 45 | 42 | 7.3% | 4.4% | 0.9% | 0.6% | 1.2% | -0.7%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 13 | 19 | 12 | 12 | 10 | 6 | 5 | 4.1% | -4.5% | 0.2% | -1.5% | -5.4% | -2.0%
Gas | 2 | 7 | 30 | 35 | 39 | 45 | 37 | 16.5% | 15.6% | 1.4% | 1.1% | 1.5% | -2.0%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 23.2% | 4.2% | -0.9% | -1.2% | 6.7% | 4.1%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 9 | 11 | 0.0% | 0.2% | 0.2% | 0.7% | 5.2% | 1.7%
Hydro | 10 | 13 | 18 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 2.3% | 3.4% | 0.1% | 0.4% | 0.7% | 0.6%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 13 | 26 | n.s. | n.s. | 13.8% | 10.5% | 9.6% | 7.6%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 11 | 24 | 48 | n.s. | n.s. | 35.7% | 9.6% | 8.1% | 7.3%
Other | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8.1% | 0.2% | -0.2% | 9.8% | 1.9% | 1.8%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 101 | 119 | 150 | 187 | 211 | 230 | 248 | 1.6% | 2.4% | 2.3% | 1.2% | 0.9% | 0.7%
Coal | 30 | 23 | 27 | 25 | 23 | 21 | 22 | -2.7% | 1.7% | -1.0% | -0.8% | -0.6% | 0.1%
Oil | 34 | 51 | 66 | 86 | 83 | 80 | 78 | 4.0% | 2.5% | 2.8% | -0.4% | -0.4% | -0.2%
Gas | 1 | 2 | 4 | 12 | 32 | 45 | 53 | 5.5% | 8.3% | 10.7% | 10.4% | 3.4% | 1.5%
Electricity | 12 | 21 | 30 | 39 | 46 | 54 | 64 | 5.8% | 3.5% | 2.5% | 1.8% | 1.7% | 1.6%
Heat | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | -2.9% | 4.0% | 1.3% | 0.9% | 4.8% | 6.4%
Biomass & Other | 22 | 21 | 22 | 25 | 26 | 28 | 28 | -0.7% | 0.5% | 1.3% | 0.6% | 0.6% | 0.3%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 25% | 21% | 20% | 19% | 20% | 22% | 25% | -1.9% | -0.7% | -0.3% | 0.3% | 1.0% | 1.5%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 48 | 54 | 79 | 102 | 116 | 125 | 132 | 1.2% | 3.9% | 2.6% | 1.3% | 0.7% | 0.6%
Coal | 26 | 19 | 23 | 22 | 20 | 18 | 19 | -2.8% | 2.0% | -0.8% | -0.9% | -0.6% | 0.2%
Oil | 14 | 21 | 35 | 48 | 44 | 40 | 36 | 4.2% | 5.2% | 3.3% | -0.8% | -1.1% | -0.9%
Gas | 1 | 1 | 3 | 9 | 25 | 35 | 40 | 6.6% | 10.6% | 12.1% | 10.4% | 3.5% | 1.6%
Electricity | 6 | 10 | 15 | 20 | 24 | 28 | 32 | 5.0% | 3.6% | 2.9% | 2.2% | 1.4% | 1.2%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -3.6% | 0.7% | 0.5% | -0.2% | -0.3% | -0.2%
Biomass & Other | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 7.7% | 2.8% | 1.7% | -0.2% | 1.6% | 2.5%
Buildings | 36 | 39 | 43 | 51 | 57 | 63 | 69 | 0.9% | 1.2% | 1.6% | 1.1% | 1.1% | 0.9%
Coal | 5 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | -1.6% | 0.4% | -2.0% | -0.3% | -0.6% | -0.9%
Oil | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 2.6% | -0.4% | 2.4% | -1.9% | -1.1% | -0.7%
Gas | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 7 | 10 | 11 | 4.3% | 3.4% | 7.8% | 10.2% | 3.2% | 0.8%
Electricity | 5 | 11 | 14 | 18 | 20 | 24 | 29 | 6.9% | 3.2% | 2.1% | 1.1% | 1.9% | 1.9%
Heat | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | -2.5% | 5.3% | 1.6% | 1.2% | 5.7% | 7.1%
Biomass & Other | 21 | 19 | 19 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 20 | -1.2% | 0.1% | 1.0% | 0.1% | -0.2% | -0.4%
Agriculture | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | -0.1% | -3.2% | 3.3% | 1.6% | 1.5% | 1.5%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -32.8% | 12.8% | 4.7% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0%
Oil | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.0% | -5.7% | 3.2% | 1.2% | 1.1% | 1.1%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1.5% | 4.7% | 3.5% | 2.2% | 2.1% | 2.1%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4.3% | 7.0% | -1.5% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0%
Transport | 16 | 25 | 26 | 33 | 36 | 41 | 45 | 4.4% | 0.8% | 2.3% | 1.0% | 1.1% | 1.0%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -4.4% | n.s. | n.s. | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0%
Oil | 16 | 24 | 26 | 32 | 33 | 35 | 37 | 4.4% | 0.5% | 2.1% | 0.4% | 0.5% | 0.7%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | 0.6% | 11.3% | 5.4% | 5.4%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4.5% | 15.0% | 3.9% | 6.4% | 5.5% | 3.9%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | 14.1% | 11.1% | 5.7% | 1.6%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 7 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 16 | 20 | 20 | 5.1% | -0.5% | 0.6% | 2.8% | 2.3% | 0.0%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Australia | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 17 | 19 | 22 | 26 | 28 | 31 | 33 | 1.1% | 1.5% | 1.5% | 1.1% | 0.9% | 0.8%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 24 | 30 | 34 | 39 | 46 | 53 | 61 | 2.2% | 1.5% | 1.3% | 1.6% | 1.5% | 1.3%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 25 | 31 | 36 | 41 | 48 | 56 | 64 | 2.2% | 1.5% | 1.3% | 1.6% | 1.5% | 1.3%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 5 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | -3.0% | -3.5% | -0.3% | -0.6% | -0.4% | -0.3%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 31 | 27 | 27 | 26 | 25 | 23 | 21 | -1.5% | 0.1% | -0.3% | -0.7% | -0.7% | -0.7%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 64 | 70 | 71 | 71 | 73 | 75 | 77 | 0.9% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.3% | 0.2% | 0.2%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 7 | 20 | 22 | 25 | 28 | 32 | -7.8% | 10.3% | 1.2% | 1.1% | 1.1% | 1.2%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 76 | 86 | 100 | 128 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.5% | 1.2% | 1.5% | 2.5%
Gas | 28 | 24 | 47 | 58 | 48 | 62 | 86 | -1.2% | 6.8% | 2.0% | -1.9% | 2.6% | 3.4%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 502 | 534 | 558 | 508 | 477 | 484 | 482 | 0.6% | 0.4% | -0.9% | -0.6% | 0.2% | -0.1%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 540 | 549 | 581 | 515 | 482 | 515 | 550 | 0.2% | 0.6% | -1.2% | -0.7% | 0.6% | 0.7%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 408 | 482 | 536 | 500 | 466 | 485 | 507 | 1.7% | 1.1% | -0.7% | -0.7% | 0.4% | 0.4%
CO₂ | 265 | 342 | 394 | 374 | 354 | 366 | 382 | 2.6% | 1.4% | -0.5% | -0.5% | 0.3% | 0.4%
CH₄ | 110 | 107 | 102 | 88 | 79 | 85 | 89 | -0.3% | -0.4% | -1.5% | -1.0% | 0.7% | 0.5%
N₂O | 28 | 31 | 33 | 30 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 1.1% | 0.5% | -0.8% | -1.2% | 0.0% | 0.2%
F gases | 5 | 3 | 7 | 8 | 6 | 7 | 9 | -6.6% | 10.6% | 0.6% | -2.4% | 2.1% | 1.7%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 328 | 402 | 464 | 430 | 397 | 413 | 433 | 2.0% | 1.5% | -0.8% | -0.8% | 0.4% | 0.5%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 250 | 325 | 375 | 356 | 334 | 344 | 359 | 2.6% | 1.4% | -0.5% | -0.6% | 0.3% | 0.4%
Power generation/District heating | 132 | 182 | 206 | 160 | 132 | 132 | 144 | 3.3% | 1.2% | -2.5% | -1.9% | 0.0% | 0.9%
Industry | 35 | 41 | 39 | 50 | 50 | 54 | 57 | 1.4% | -0.5% | 2.5% | 0.0% | 0.9% | 0.5%
Buildings | 9 | 11 | 13 | 12 | 15 | 17 | 17 | 2.1% | 1.8% | -0.5% | 1.7% | 1.3% | 0.0%
Agriculture | 3 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 2.2% | 3.9% | 1.0% | -0.5% | -0.6% | -0.7%
Transport | 58 | 70 | 83 | 91 | 85 | 82 | 78 | 1.9% | 1.7% | 0.8% | -0.6% | -0.4% | -0.6%
Other | 12 | 17 | 28 | 37 | 45 | 53 | 58 | 2.9% | 5.3% | 2.9% | 2.0% | 1.5% | 0.9%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 5 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 17.7% | 14.6% | 11.4%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 2.5% | 21.7% | 16.7%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 42.7% | 13.8% | 9.0%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 3.2% | 1.0% | 6.7%
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 176 | 235 | 313 | 338 | 455 | 561 | 653 | 2.9% | 2.9% | 0.8% | 3.0% | 2.1% | 1.5%
Coal | 126 | 166 | 240 | 224 | 263 | 306 | 328 | 2.8% | 3.7% | -0.7% | 1.6% | 1.5% | 0.7%
Oil | 28 | 35 | 23 | 22 | 34 | 37 | 36 | 2.2% | -4.0% | -0.5% | 4.2% | 0.7% | -0.2%
Natural gas | 16 | 26 | 43 | 72 | 125 | 179 | 244 | 4.9% | 5.1% | 5.2% | 5.6% | 3.7% | 3.1%
Biomass | 4 | 5 | 4 | 14 | 23 | 25 | 26 | 2.4% | -1.7% | 12.6% | 5.2% | 0.7% | 0.4%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 29.5% | 13.4% | 8.8%
Hydro | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1.2% | -2.1% | 2.4% | 0.3% | -0.1% | 0.1%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 8 | 12 | 15 | 0.9% | 23.0% | 19.1% | 7.6% | 3.7% | 2.1%
Net Imports | - 87 | - 126 | - 188 | - 208 | - 317 | - 408 | - 485 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | - 90 | - 118 | - 190 | - 188 | - 240 | - 286 | - 307 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | 4 | - 1 | 17 | 25 | 7 | 1 | - 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | - 2 | - 7 | - 15 | - 38 | - 72 | - 113 | - 168 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | - 6 | - 11 | - 10 | - 8 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - 1 | - 1 | - 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 89 | 108 | 124 | 130 | 138 | 153 | 168 | 2.0% | 1.4% | 0.5% | 0.6% | 1.0% | 0.9%
Coal | 36 | 48 | 50 | 36 | 23 | 20 | 21 | 2.9% | 0.3% | -3.3% | -4.2% | -1.6% | 0.8%
Oil | 33 | 34 | 40 | 48 | 41 | 38 | 34 | 0.5% | 1.6% | 1.7% | -1.4% | -0.8% | -1.0%
Natural gas | 14 | 19 | 28 | 34 | 52 | 67 | 76 | 3.0% | 4.0% | 1.9% | 4.2% | 2.5% | 1.3%
Biomass | 4 | 5 | 4 | 8 | 12 | 15 | 18 | 2.4% | -1.7% | 6.1% | 4.3% | 2.4% | 2.1%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 29.5% | 13.4% | 8.8%
Hydro | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1.2% | -2.1% | 2.4% | 0.3% | -0.1% | 0.1%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 8 | 12 | 15 | 0.9% | 23.0% | 19.1% | 7.6% | 3.7% | 2.1%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 89 | 108 | 124 | 130 | 138 | 153 | 168 | 2.0% | 1.4% | 0.5% | 0.6% | 1.0% | 0.9%
Energy for Power Generation | 37 | 50 | 58 | 53 | 54 | 62 | 72 | 3.0% | 1.6% | -1.0% | 0.3% | 1.3% | 1.6%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 5 | 3 | 7 | 10 | 15 | 20 | 24 | -5.6% | 9.8% | 3.0% | 4.3% | 2.9% | 1.8%
Final consumption | 58 | 71 | 77 | 87 | 92 | 101 | 108 | 2.0% | 0.9% | 1.2% | 0.6% | 0.9% | 0.7%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 0.4% | 0.5% | 0.1% | -0.5% | -0.2% | -0.4%
Other Industry | 13 | 17 | 16 | 21 | 24 | 27 | 29 | 2.8% | -1.0% | 3.1% | 1.0% | 1.3% | 0.9%
Non-Energy Use | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 1.2% | 0.7% | 1.1% | -0.3% | 0.5% | 0.4%
Residential | 7 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 13 | 14 | 1.9% | 1.3% | 0.0% | 1.0% | 1.3% | 0.9%
Services | 3 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 9 | 12 | 14 | 3.8% | 3.4% | 0.4% | 2.3% | 2.3% | 1.8%
Agriculture | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2.1% | 3.2% | 1.1% | 1.0% | 0.9% | 0.8%
Road | 19 | 22 | 25 | 27 | 27 | 28 | 28 | 1.8% | 1.0% | 0.8% | -0.1% | 0.3% | 0.3%
Rail | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.9% | 4.2% | 1.2% | 0.2% | 0.2% | 0.1%
Aviation | 1 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5.9% | 2.8% | 3.8% | 1.6% | 0.7% | 0.4%
Other Transport | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -3.9% | 6.7% | -10.5% | 1.4% | 0.8% | 0.4%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 35 | 48 | 56 | 47 | 44 | 47 | 53 | 3.1% | 1.6% | -1.8% | -0.7% | 0.7% | 1.3%
Coal | 30 | 43 | 46 | 30 | 20 | 16 | 18 | 3.5% | 0.6% | -4.0% | -4.2% | -1.9% | 0.7%
Oil | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -5.7% | 4.5% | 7.9% | -5.2% | -2.2% | 3.6%
Gas | 3 | 4 | 9 | 14 | 21 | 28 | 32 | 1.6% | 8.6% | 4.3% | 4.2% | 2.6% | 1.3%
Biomass & Waste | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | -0.2% | 0.5% | 1.6% | 6.7% | 2.8% | 3.6%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 155 | 210 | 252 | 256 | 305 | 376 | 446 | 3.1% | 1.8% | 0.2% | 1.8% | 2.1% | 1.7%
Coal | 121 | 174 | 181 | 119 | 77 | 65 | 72 | 3.7% | 0.4% | -4.1% | -4.2% | -1.6% | 1.0%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 21.3%
Oil | 4 | 2 | 4 | 7 | 4 | 3 | 5 | -6.7% | 9.3% | 4.8% | -5.1% | -1.8% | 3.8%
Gas | 14 | 16 | 45 | 68 | 106 | 142 | 166 | 1.2% | 10.8% | 4.1% | 4.5% | 3.0% | 1.5%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 15.2%
Biomass & Waste | 1 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 6 | 9 | 14 | 4.2% | 9.4% | 0.9% | 7.9% | 3.7% | 4.3%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 10 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 30.6% | 13.6% | 8.8%
Hydro | 15 | 17 | 14 | 17 | 18 | 17 | 18 | 1.2% | -2.1% | 2.4% | 0.3% | -0.1% | 0.1%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 5 | 31 | 73 | 110 | 130 | n.s. | 56.3% | 19.8% | 9.0% | 4.2% | 1.7%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 20 | 24 | 31 | 13.6% | 22.3% | 44.6% | 5.6% | 1.8% | 2.6%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | 14.3% | 29.4% | 15.2% | 12.1%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 38 | 46 | 60 | 74 | 87 | 102 | 115 | 1.9% | 2.6% | 2.1% | 1.7% | 1.6% | 1.2%
Coal | 24 | 27 | 30 | 24 | 15 | 13 | 12 | 0.9% | 1.2% | -2.1% | -4.5% | -1.6% | -0.9%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 21.2%
Oil | 2 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 9.3% | -5.9% | 0.5% | 0.0% | -4.2% | -0.3%
Gas | 4 | 6 | 16 | 18 | 22 | 27 | 31 | 4.6% | 10.5% | 0.9% | 2.2% | 2.1% | 1.3%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 15.4%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4.5% | 4.0% | -1.1% | 7.0% | 3.4% | 4.1%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 30.4% | 13.4% | 8.6%
Hydro | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 1.0% | -0.5% | 0.1% | 0.3% | -0.1% | 0.1%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 2 | 10 | 21 | 31 | 36 | n.s. | 49.7% | 18.3% | 8.0% | 3.8% | 1.4%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 16 | 18 | 22 | 13.6% | 22.3% | 48.7% | 5.1% | 1.2% | 2.0%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 14.7% | 11.6%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 58 | 71 | 77 | 87 | 92 | 101 | 108 | 2.0% | 0.9% | 1.2% | 0.6% | 0.9% | 0.7%
Coal | 6 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 4 | -0.4% | -2.1% | 1.8% | -3.8% | 0.2% | 0.5%
Oil | 29 | 35 | 39 | 44 | 39 | 36 | 32 | 1.8% | 1.1% | 1.1% | -1.2% | -0.8% | -1.0%
Gas | 9 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 19 | 24 | 27 | 2.5% | 1.0% | 0.8% | 3.7% | 2.0% | 1.2%
Electricity | 11 | 15 | 18 | 18 | 22 | 27 | 32 | 2.9% | 1.9% | 0.2% | 1.9% | 2.1% | 1.7%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0.0% | 11.9% | 5.2% | 1.2% | 4.0% | 4.9%
Biomass & Other | 3 | 4 | 3 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 12 | 2.9% | -2.6% | 6.0% | 3.2% | 2.1% | 1.9%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 8% | 8% | 7% | 13% | 21% | 26% | 30% | 0.2% | -1.8% | 6.7% | 4.7% | 2.2% | 1.4%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 24 | 29 | 29 | 35 | 37 | 40 | 42 | 1.9% | -0.3% | 2.0% | 0.5% | 0.9% | 0.6%
Coal | 5 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 4 | -0.2% | -2.1% | 1.9% | -3.7% | 0.2% | 0.5%
Oil | 6 | 8 | 7 | 10 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 1.8% | -0.3% | 2.6% | -2.2% | -1.1% | -1.1%
Gas | 6 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 13 | 16 | 17 | 2.1% | 0.9% | 1.4% | 3.2% | 1.8% | 0.9%
Electricity | 5 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 10 | 11 | 2.7% | 0.4% | 0.3% | 1.7% | 1.8% | 1.3%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 1 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5.2% | -3.3% | 7.5% | 1.1% | -0.3% | 0.4%
Buildings | 11 | 14 | 17 | 18 | 21 | 25 | 28 | 2.5% | 2.1% | 0.1% | 1.6% | 1.8% | 1.3%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -10.4% | -3.9% | -3.4% | -7.0% | -7.3% | -7.5%
Oil | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 0.4% | 4.1% | 1.5% | 0.9% | 2.0% | 0.4%
Gas | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 3.1% | 1.3% | -1.2% | 2.1% | 1.1% | -0.2%
Electricity | 6 | 8 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 14 | 16 | 3.2% | 3.1% | -0.1% | 1.1% | 1.7% | 1.6%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0.0% | 11.9% | 5.2% | 1.2% | 4.0% | 4.9%
Biomass & Other | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 0.6% | -2.9% | 3.0% | 3.5% | 2.8% | 1.7%
Agriculture | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2.1% | 3.2% | 1.1% | 1.0% | 0.9% | 0.8%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2.2% | 3.9% | 0.9% | -0.5% | -0.6% | -0.7%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | 21.5% | -0.2% | -0.3% | -0.4%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2.0% | -2.0% | 0.7% | 3.7% | 3.1% | 2.6%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 21.4% | 5.9% | 3.4%
Transport | 21 | 25 | 29 | 32 | 32 | 34 | 35 | 1.9% | 1.4% | 0.9% | 0.2% | 0.4% | 0.3%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 21 | 25 | 28 | 31 | 28 | 25 | 23 | 1.8% | 1.3% | 0.8% | -1.0% | -0.8% | -1.1%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 24.9% | -1.0% | 14.9% | 19.3% | 5.0% | 4.1%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 2.6% | 5.4% | 3.4% | 13.2% | 5.9% | 3.6%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | 8.5% | 10.2% | 5.7% | 4.0%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 5 | 3 | 7 | 10 | 15 | 20 | 24 | -5.6% | 9.8% | 3.0% | 4.3% | 2.9% | 1.8%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Japan | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 122 | 126 | 127 | 125 | 120 | 114 | 107 | 0.3% | 0.1% | -0.2% | -0.4% | -0.5% | -0.6%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 27 | 29 | 31 | 34 | 38 | 44 | 51 | 0.8% | 0.6% | 0.8% | 1.2% | 1.5% | 1.5%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 32 | 34 | 37 | 40 | 45 | 52 | 60 | 0.8% | 0.6% | 0.8% | 1.2% | 1.5% | 1.5%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -2.8% | -2.9% | -0.3% | -0.6% | -0.6% | -0.5%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 38 | 31 | 28 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | -2.0% | -1.2% | -0.2% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 60 | 67 | 71 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 1.2% | 0.6% | 0.1% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 7 | 20 | 22 | 24 | 27 | 29 | -7.8% | 10.3% | 1.2% | 0.7% | 1.0% | 0.9%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 76 | 86 | 100 | 128 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.5% | 1.2% | 1.5% | 2.5%
Gas | 28 | 24 | 47 | 58 | 48 | 62 | 86 | -1.2% | 6.8% | 2.0% | -1.9% | 2.6% | 3.4%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 1 058 | 1 139 | 1 067 | 942 | 911 | 876 | 799 | 0.7% | -0.6% | -1.2% | -0.3% | -0.4% | -0.9%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 1 133 | 1 228 | 1 142 | 984 | 911 | 879 | 804 | 0.8% | -0.7% | -1.5% | -0.8% | -0.4% | -0.9%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 1 125 | 1 224 | 1 140 | 983 | 907 | 850 | 789 | 0.9% | -0.7% | -1.5% | -0.8% | -0.7% | -0.7%
CO₂ | 1 037 | 1 146 | 1 089 | 933 | 857 | 798 | 736 | 1.0% | -0.5% | -1.5% | -0.8% | -0.7% | -0.8%
CH₄ | 32 | 26 | 21 | 20 | 20 | 19 | 18 | -2.2% | -2.3% | -0.3% | -0.2% | -0.3% | -0.4%
N₂O | 30 | 28 | 21 | 19 | 18 | 17 | 16 | -0.8% | -2.8% | -0.8% | -0.8% | -0.6% | -0.5%
F gases | 26 | 25 | 9 | 11 | 13 | 16 | 19 | -0.2% | -10.2% | 2.7% | 1.8% | 1.7% | 1.6%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 1 096 | 1 199 | 1 115 | 958 | 883 | 825 | 765 | 0.9% | -0.7% | -1.5% | -0.8% | -0.7% | -0.8%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 950 | 1 061 | 1 022 | 867 | 795 | 741 | 682 | 1.1% | -0.4% | -1.6% | -0.9% | -0.7% | -0.8%
Power generation/District heating | 333 | 383 | 431 | 358 | 360 | 361 | 354 | 1.4% | 1.2% | -1.8% | 0.1% | 0.0% | -0.2%
Industry | 200 | 185 | 157 | 143 | 129 | 116 | 105 | -0.8% | -1.6% | -0.9% | -1.0% | -1.1% | -1.0%
Buildings | 143 | 177 | 156 | 122 | 102 | 88 | 75 | 2.1% | -1.3% | -2.5% | -1.7% | -1.5% | -1.6%
Agriculture | 21 | 16 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | -2.6% | -4.3% | -0.4% | 0.3% | 0.4% | 0.4%
Transport | 213 | 260 | 229 | 193 | 156 | 128 | 98 | 2.0% | -1.2% | -1.7% | -2.1% | -2.0% | -2.7%
Other | 40 | 40 | 39 | 40 | 36 | 37 | 40 | 0.1% | -0.3% | 0.3% | -1.1% | 0.2% | 0.8%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 76 | 107 | 101 | 90 | 104 | 117 | 128 | 3.5% | -0.7% | -1.2% | 1.5% | 1.1% | 1.0%
Coal | 4 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -9.0% | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.3% | -0.7% | -3.9% | 0.1% | -0.6% | -1.7%
Natural gas | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1.5% | 3.0% | -5.2% | -8.9% | -9.0% | -11.4%
Biomass | 5 | 6 | 10 | 10 | 15 | 18 | 23 | 1.6% | 5.5% | -0.2% | 4.5% | 2.1% | 2.5%
Nuclear¹ | 54 | 85 | 76 | 58 | 57 | 55 | 51 | 4.8% | -1.1% | -2.8% | 0.0% | -0.5% | -0.7%
Hydro | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 0.1% | -0.7% | 0.4% | 0.7% | 0.1% | 0.1%
Other renewables | 3 | 4 | 3 | 12 | 22 | 34 | 45 | 3.4% | -1.1% | 13.7% | 6.3% | 4.4% | 2.7%
Net Imports | 363 | 413 | 400 | 350 | 327 | 302 | 280 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 73 | 96 | 115 | 105 | 110 | 115 | 112 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | 243 | 254 | 202 | 160 | 122 | 99 | 78 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | 47 | 63 | 83 | 82 | 87 | 75 | 75 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 8 | 12 | 14 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 439 | 521 | 500 | 439 | 431 | 419 | 409 | 1.7% | -0.4% | -1.3% | -0.2% | -0.3% | -0.3%
Coal | 77 | 97 | 115 | 105 | 110 | 115 | 112 | 2.4% | 1.7% | -0.9% | 0.4% | 0.5% | -0.3%
Oil | 243 | 255 | 202 | 160 | 123 | 99 | 78 | 0.5% | -2.3% | -2.3% | -2.6% | -2.1% | -2.4%
Natural gas | 49 | 66 | 86 | 83 | 87 | 76 | 75 | 2.9% | 2.7% | -0.3% | 0.5% | -1.4% | -0.1%
Biomass | 5 | 6 | 10 | 13 | 23 | 30 | 37 | 1.6% | 5.5% | 2.8% | 6.1% | 2.7% | 2.2%
Nuclear¹ | 54 | 85 | 76 | 58 | 57 | 55 | 51 | 4.8% | -1.1% | -2.8% | 0.0% | -0.5% | -0.7%
Hydro | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 0.1% | -0.7% | 0.4% | 0.7% | 0.1% | 0.1%
Other renewables | 3 | 4 | 3 | 12 | 22 | 34 | 45 | 3.4% | -1.1% | 13.7% | 6.3% | 4.4% | 2.7%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 439 | 521 | 500 | 439 | 431 | 419 | 409 | 1.7% | -0.4% | -1.3% | -0.2% | -0.3% | -0.3%
Energy for Power Generation | 174 | 222 | 230 | 199 | 210 | 214 | 221 | 2.4% | 0.4% | -1.4% | 0.6% | 0.2% | 0.3%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 15 | 20 | 16 | 12 | 11 | 12 | 14 | 3.2% | -2.1% | -2.6% | -0.7% | 0.8% | 1.0%
Final consumption | 316 | 362 | 342 | 309 | 298 | 289 | 280 | 1.4% | -0.6% | -1.0% | -0.4% | -0.3% | -0.3%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 62 | 62 | 60 | 60 | 57 | 50 | 42 | 0.0% | -0.3% | 0.1% | -0.5% | -1.4% | -1.7%
Other Industry | 52 | 51 | 42 | 35 | 36 | 38 | 40 | -0.2% | -1.8% | -1.8% | 0.3% | 0.5% | 0.6%
Non-Energy Use | 39 | 46 | 45 | 41 | 41 | 42 | 43 | 1.5% | -0.3% | -0.8% | -0.2% | 0.3% | 0.3%
Residential | 38 | 49 | 50 | 40 | 39 | 38 | 38 | 2.5% | 0.2% | -2.1% | -0.4% | -0.1% | -0.1%
Services | 45 | 62 | 64 | 61 | 65 | 68 | 71 | 3.1% | 0.3% | -0.4% | 0.5% | 0.5% | 0.4%
Agriculture | 7 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | -2.6% | -4.4% | -0.4% | 0.3% | 0.4% | 0.4%
Road | 63 | 78 | 69 | 59 | 48 | 41 | 33 | 2.1% | -1.2% | -1.6% | -1.9% | -1.6% | -2.3%
Rail | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0.4% | -0.1% | -0.6% | 0.6% | 0.6% | 0.6%
Aviation | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 2.1% | 1.1% | -1.4% | 0.6% | 0.8% | 0.6%
Other Transport | 4 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 0.9% | -3.3% | -0.8% | -0.1% | -0.2% | -0.4%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 110 | 124 | 142 | 121 | 122 | 116 | 116 | 1.2% | 1.4% | -1.6% | 0.1% | -0.5% | 0.0%
Coal | 25 | 47 | 61 | 51 | 58 | 68 | 68 | 6.6% | 2.6% | -1.9% | 1.4% | 1.5% | 0.0%
Oil | 49 | 27 | 18 | 10 | 3 | 2 | 2 | -5.9% | -4.1% | -5.4% | -10.7% | -3.4% | -2.7%
Gas | 33 | 47 | 56 | 53 | 50 | 35 | 33 | 3.5% | 1.9% | -0.6% | -0.6% | -3.5% | -0.6%
Biomass & Waste | 2 | 3 | 7 | 6 | 9 | 10 | 12 | 2.9% | 8.6% | -1.1% | 3.4% | 1.0% | 2.2%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6.8% | -2.4% | 9.4% | 5.4% | 0.2% | 2.0%
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 842 | 1 059 | 1 117 | 1 017 | 1 101 | 1 179 | 1 258 | 2.3% | 0.5% | -0.9% | 0.8% | 0.7% | 0.7%
Coal | 116 | 229 | 299 | 245 | 281 | 328 | 336 | 7.0% | 2.7% | -2.0% | 1.4% | 1.6% | 0.2%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 237 | 135 | 92 | 44 | 14 | 10 | 8 | -5.4% | -3.8% | -7.0% | -10.7% | -3.4% | -2.7%
Gas | 179 | 256 | 301 | 295 | 278 | 194 | 184 | 3.7% | 1.6% | -0.2% | -0.6% | -3.5% | -0.5%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Waste | 11 | 16 | 36 | 31 | 43 | 46 | 58 | 3.7% | 8.8% | -1.5% | 3.1% | 0.7% | 2.5%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 202 | 322 | 288 | 230 | 229 | 218 | 203 | 4.8% | -1.1% | -2.2% | 0.0% | -0.5% | -0.7%
Hydro | 96 | 97 | 91 | 94 | 101 | 102 | 103 | 0.1% | -0.7% | 0.4% | 0.7% | 0.1% | 0.1%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 4 | 26 | 77 | 156 | 223 | n.s. | 43.4% | 20.8% | 11.4% | 7.3% | 3.7%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 4 | 45 | 66 | 111 | 124 | 39.2% | 27.0% | 28.0% | 3.9% | 5.4% | 1.1%
Other | 2 | 3 | 3 | 7 | 11 | 13 | 19 | 6.8% | -2.4% | 9.5% | 5.7% | 1.3% | 3.9%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 225 | 258 | 283 | 328 | 364 | 418 | 427 | 1.4% | 0.9% | 1.5% | 1.0% | 1.4% | 0.2%
Coal | 31 | 63 | 63 | 76 | 85 | 86 | 73 | 7.4% | 0.1% | 1.9% | 1.1% | 0.1% | -1.6%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 78 | 66 | 56 | 50 | 41 | 36 | 35 | -1.6% | -1.6% | -1.1% | -2.1% | -1.1% | -0.3%
Gas | 47 | 37 | 55 | 53 | 50 | 47 | 43 | -2.3% | 4.1% | -0.4% | -0.6% | -0.7% | -0.8%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Waste | 3 | 3 | 8 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 9 | 1.8% | 9.6% | -1.7% | 1.6% | -0.4% | 1.9%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 29 | 42 | 46 | 37 | 36 | 34 | 31 | 4.0% | 0.9% | -2.2% | -0.2% | -0.7% | -0.9%
Hydro | 38 | 46 | 48 | 51 | 55 | 56 | 56 | 2.0% | 0.4% | 0.7% | 0.7% | 0.1% | 0.1%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 2 | 11 | 30 | 56 | 76 | n.s. | 32.7% | 17.4% | 10.1% | 6.5% | 3.0%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 4 | 41 | 57 | 94 | 102 | 43.4% | 27.1% | 27.4% | 3.5% | 5.1% | 0.7%
Other | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 7.0% | 0.1% | 5.8% | 5.9% | 1.5% | 3.5%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 316 | 362 | 342 | 309 | 298 | 289 | 280 | 1.4% | -0.6% | -1.0% | -0.4% | -0.3% | -0.3%
Coal | 50 | 46 | 48 | 49 | 46 | 41 | 36 | -0.8% | 0.3% | 0.4% | -0.7% | -1.2% | -1.1%
Oil | 182 | 208 | 170 | 141 | 113 | 92 | 72 | 1.3% | -2.0% | -1.8% | -2.2% | -2.0% | -2.4%
Gas | 15 | 23 | 35 | 31 | 38 | 42 | 43 | 4.2% | 4.1% | -1.0% | 2.0% | 0.9% | 0.4%
Electricity | 64 | 81 | 86 | 79 | 85 | 92 | 98 | 2.3% | 0.6% | -0.9% | 0.8% | 0.7% | 0.7%
Heat | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 0.4% | -2.9% | -0.8% | 2.0% | 6.9% | 5.7%
Biomass & Other | 3 | 3 | 3 | 7 | 15 | 21 | 26 | 0.2% | 0.3% | 9.6% | 7.8% | 3.8% | 2.1%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 5% | 4% | 5% | 9% | 15% | 24% | 31% | -1.2% | 1.7% | 6.0% | 5.9% | 4.4% | 2.7%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 153 | 158 | 147 | 137 | 134 | 130 | 125 | 0.3% | -0.7% | -0.7% | -0.2% | -0.4% | -0.3%
Coal | 49 | 45 | 47 | 49 | 46 | 41 | 36 | -0.7% | 0.4% | 0.4% | -0.7% | -1.2% | -1.1%
Oil | 69 | 74 | 61 | 52 | 42 | 33 | 28 | 0.7% | -1.9% | -1.6% | -2.2% | -2.1% | -1.9%
Gas | 4 | 5 | 8 | 9 | 16 | 21 | 23 | 2.9% | 4.5% | 1.2% | 5.7% | 2.7% | 1.1%
Electricity | 29 | 31 | 28 | 24 | 27 | 29 | 31 | 0.7% | -1.0% | -1.7% | 1.2% | 0.8% | 0.7%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 0.4% | 0.4% | 1.7% | 3.4% | 2.6% | 2.4%
Buildings | 83 | 110 | 113 | 101 | 103 | 106 | 109 | 2.8% | 0.3% | -1.1% | 0.2% | 0.3% | 0.3%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -4.4% | -1.6% | -1.4% | -2.3% | -2.6% | -2.9%
Oil | 36 | 42 | 29 | 22 | 17 | 14 | 12 | 1.6% | -3.6% | -2.9% | -2.4% | -1.8% | -1.9%
Gas | 11 | 18 | 26 | 22 | 20 | 18 | 16 | 4.7% | 4.0% | -1.9% | -0.7% | -1.2% | -1.3%
Electricity | 34 | 48 | 56 | 53 | 56 | 59 | 62 | 3.6% | 1.5% | -0.5% | 0.4% | 0.5% | 0.6%
Heat | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 0.4% | -2.9% | -0.8% | 2.0% | 6.9% | 5.7%
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 9 | 13 | 15 | -10.8% | -20.8% | n.s. | 10.4% | 3.7% | 1.7%
Agriculture | 7 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | -2.6% | -4.4% | -0.4% | 0.3% | 0.4% | 0.4%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 7 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | -2.6% | -4.3% | -0.4% | 0.3% | 0.4% | 0.4%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.3% | -5.7% | 0.3% | 0.6% | 0.7% | 0.7%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Transport | 72 | 88 | 78 | 67 | 57 | 50 | 42 | 2.0% | -1.2% | -1.5% | -1.6% | -1.2% | -1.8%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | -0.4% | 0.1% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0%
Oil | 71 | 87 | 77 | 65 | 51 | 41 | 29 | 2.0% | -1.2% | -1.7% | -2.3% | -2.2% | -3.2%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 4 | n.s. | 15.1% | 11.9% | 18.7% | 5.1% | 3.8%
Electricity | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 1.0% | 0.2% | 0.2% | 6.2% | 3.4% | 1.5%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 12.4% | 7.2% | 3.4%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 15 | 20 | 16 | 12 | 11 | 12 | 14 | 3.2% | -2.1% | -2.6% | -0.7% | 0.8% | 1.0%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

South Korea | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 43 | 46 | 49 | 51 | 53 | 52 | 51 | 0.7% | 0.6% | 0.4% | 0.2% | 0.0% | -0.3%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 11 | 19 | 27 | 34 | 44 | 51 | 57 | 5.3% | 3.5% | 2.5% | 2.4% | 1.5% | 1.1%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 9 | 15 | 22 | 29 | 36 | 42 | 47 | 5.8% | 3.8% | 2.5% | 2.4% | 1.5% | 1.1%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 8 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | -6.1% | -5.6% | -0.9% | -0.3% | -0.2% | -0.1%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 38 | 38 | 38 | 37 | 34 | 32 | 30 | 0.0% | 0.1% | -0.4% | -0.8% | -0.7% | -0.5%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 54 | 58 | 59 | 61 | 64 | 66 | 68 | 0.7% | 0.3% | 0.3% | 0.5% | 0.3% | 0.2%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 7 | 20 | 22 | 24 | 27 | 29 | -7.8% | 10.3% | 1.2% | 0.7% | 1.1% | 0.9%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 76 | 86 | 100 | 128 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.5% | 1.2% | 1.5% | 2.5%
Gas | 28 | 24 | 47 | 58 | 48 | 62 | 86 | -1.2% | 6.8% | 2.0% | -1.9% | 2.6% | 3.4%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 274 | 489 | 598 | 642 | 677 | 648 | 613 | 5.9% | 2.0% | 0.7% | 0.5% | -0.4% | -0.6%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 302 | 516 | 632 | 677 | 710 | 671 | 636 | 5.5% | 2.1% | 0.7% | 0.5% | -0.6% | -0.5%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 301 | 515 | 630 | 667 | 700 | 670 | 636 | 5.5% | 2.0% | 0.6% | 0.5% | -0.4% | -0.5%
CO₂ | 253 | 455 | 577 | 612 | 646 | 615 | 583 | 6.0% | 2.4% | 0.6% | 0.5% | -0.5% | -0.5%
CH₄ | 31 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 33 | 35 | 33 | -0.1% | 0.3% | 0.3% | -0.1% | 0.5% | -0.3%
N₂O | 11 | 16 | 13 | 15 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 4.3% | -2.0% | 1.2% | -0.4% | 0.1% | -0.3%
F gases | 6 | 13 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 7.5% | -4.7% | -0.4% | -0.6% | -0.1% | -1.0%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 281 | 498 | 610 | 643 | 677 | 645 | 611 | 5.9% | 2.1% | 0.5% | 0.5% | -0.5% | -0.5%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 230 | 413 | 540 | 571 | 602 | 571 | 542 | 6.1% | 2.7% | 0.6% | 0.5% | -0.5% | -0.5%
Power generation/District heating | 42 | 133 | 264 | 264 | 278 | 254 | 250 | 12.1% | 7.1% | 0.0% | 0.5% | -0.9% | -0.2%
Industry | 60 | 97 | 98 | 111 | 118 | 116 | 106 | 4.9% | 0.2% | 1.2% | 0.6% | -0.2% | -0.8%
Buildings | 69 | 65 | 55 | 53 | 63 | 66 | 61 | -0.6% | -1.7% | -0.4% | 1.8% | 0.4% | -0.8%
Agriculture | 5 | 10 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 7.5% | -3.7% | 0.8% | 0.4% | 0.0% | -0.3%
Transport | 44 | 80 | 91 | 107 | 107 | 100 | 91 | 6.2% | 1.2% | 1.7% | 0.0% | -0.7% | -0.9%
Other | 9 | 28 | 26 | 29 | 28 | 27 | 26 | 11.5% | -1.0% | 1.2% | -0.3% | -0.4% | -0.6%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 25.6% | 14.9% | 10.3%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 26.1% | 13.8% | 10.6%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 9.5%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 25.6% | 10.1% | 2.3%
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 24 | 37 | 49 | 64 | 83 | 110 | 118 | 4.2% | 2.8% | 2.8% | 2.7% | 2.8% | 0.6%
Coal | 7 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | -6.1% | -12.2% | -3.8% | -2.4% | -1.4% | -0.1%
Oil | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3.6% | 0.4% | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Natural gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | -24.1% | 5.7% | 0.7% | 1.6%
Biomass | 3 | 3 | 7 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 2.2% | 7.5% | 3.8% | 0.2% | -1.1% | 0.3%
Nuclear¹ | 14 | 29 | 39 | 49 | 65 | 89 | 94 | 7.5% | 3.1% | 2.3% | 2.8% | 3.1% | 0.5%
Hydro | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -1.2% | 1.4% | 2.8% | 0.6% | 0.2% | 0.1%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 7 | 11 | 14 | 15.9% | 14.3% | 36.5% | 6.4% | 5.1% | 1.8%
Net Imports | 69 | 154 | 206 | 233 | 254 | 246 | 235 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 16 | 38 | 72 | 74 | 66 | 62 | 62 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | 50 | 98 | 94 | 107 | 100 | 88 | 75 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | 3 | 17 | 38 | 51 | 86 | 93 | 95 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 4 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 93 | 191 | 254 | 297 | 337 | 357 | 352 | 7.4% | 2.9% | 1.6% | 1.3% | 0.6% | -0.1%
Coal | 23 | 42 | 73 | 75 | 67 | 63 | 62 | 6.2% | 5.8% | 0.1% | -1.1% | -0.6% | -0.2%
Oil | 50 | 99 | 95 | 107 | 100 | 88 | 75 | 7.0% | -0.4% | 1.2% | -0.7% | -1.3% | -1.6%
Natural gas | 3 | 17 | 39 | 51 | 86 | 93 | 95 | 20.1% | 8.5% | 2.7% | 5.4% | 0.8% | 0.2%
Biomass | 3 | 3 | 7 | 11 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 2.5% | 7.9% | 4.2% | -0.5% | -1.3% | 0.3%
Nuclear¹ | 14 | 29 | 39 | 49 | 65 | 89 | 94 | 7.5% | 3.1% | 2.3% | 2.8% | 3.1% | 0.5%
Hydro | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -1.2% | 1.4% | 2.8% | 0.6% | 0.2% | 0.1%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 7 | 11 | 14 | 15.9% | 14.3% | 36.5% | 6.4% | 5.1% | 1.8%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 93 | 191 | 254 | 297 | 337 | 357 | 352 | 7.4% | 2.9% | 1.6% | 1.3% | 0.6% | -0.1%
Energy for Power Generation | 27 | 67 | 115 | 132 | 163 | 185 | 192 | 9.5% | 5.6% | 1.4% | 2.1% | 1.2% | 0.4%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 4 | 15 | 13 | 13 | 14 | 16 | 17 | 15.4% | -1.3% | -0.1% | 0.7% | 1.3% | 0.4%
Final consumption | 71 | 135 | 169 | 205 | 229 | 237 | 231 | 6.7% | 2.3% | 1.9% | 1.1% | 0.3% | -0.2%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 13 | 25 | 32 | 37 | 37 | 35 | 31 | 6.5% | 2.7% | 1.4% | 0.1% | -0.6% | -1.2%
Other Industry | 11 | 21 | 24 | 30 | 37 | 40 | 40 | 7.2% | 1.1% | 2.4% | 2.1% | 0.8% | 0.1%
Non-Energy Use | 7 | 25 | 38 | 51 | 53 | 52 | 48 | 14.0% | 4.4% | 2.9% | 0.3% | -0.2% | -0.8%
Residential | 14 | 15 | 20 | 21 | 24 | 24 | 23 | 0.7% | 2.9% | 0.5% | 1.0% | 0.2% | -0.3%
Services | 10 | 18 | 21 | 25 | 35 | 42 | 44 | 6.4% | 1.6% | 1.8% | 3.5% | 1.6% | 0.7%
Agriculture | 2 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 8.1% | -1.8% | 2.0% | 1.5% | 1.1% | 0.8%
Road | 11 | 22 | 28 | 34 | 36 | 37 | 36 | 7.7% | 2.5% | 1.8% | 0.5% | 0.3% | -0.2%
Rail | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2.9% | -2.7% | 0.1% | 1.6% | 0.9% | 0.4%
Aviation | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3.9% | -11.6% | 6.4% | 1.7% | 0.9% | 0.1%
Other Transport | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -1.4% | -6.1% | -10.9% | 1.5% | 0.2% | -0.7%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 12 | 37 | 75 | 78 | 90 | 84 | 84 | 11.7% | 7.2% | 0.4% | 1.4% | -0.8% | 0.0%
Coal | 6 | 24 | 52 | 47 | 41 | 36 | 34 | 15.2% | 8.1% | -0.9% | -1.4% | -1.4% | -0.5%
Oil | 5 | 8 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5.4% | -4.7% | 0.5% | -0.9% | 0.1% | 0.6%
Gas | 2 | 6 | 18 | 25 | 43 | 41 | 43 | 10.9% | 12.0% | 3.5% | 5.3% | -0.3% | 0.3%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | n.s. | 34.9% | 1.1% | 13.8% | -1.1% | 2.2%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 105 | 290 | 499 | 623 | 808 | 927 | 980 | 10.7% | 5.6% | 2.2% | 2.6% | 1.4% | 0.6%
Coal | 18 | 111 | 219 | 202 | 177 | 162 | 162 | 20.2% | 7.0% | -0.8% | -1.3% | -0.9% | 0.0%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 21.8%
Oil | 19 | 35 | 19 | 22 | 20 | 20 | 22 | 6.3% | -5.8% | 1.5% | -0.9% | 0.1% | 0.7%
Gas | 10 | 29 | 103 | 158 | 262 | 249 | 256 | 11.9% | 13.4% | 4.3% | 5.2% | -0.5% | 0.3%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 8.8%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 5 | 7 | n.s. | 28.1% | 2.8% | 13.8% | -1.1% | 4.7%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 53 | 109 | 149 | 189 | 254 | 352 | 373 | 7.5% | 3.2% | 2.4% | 3.0% | 3.3% | 0.6%
Hydro | 6 | 6 | 6 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | -1.2% | 1.4% | 2.8% | 0.6% | 0.2% | 0.1%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 1 | 30 | 51 | 89 | 100 | n.s. | 47.3% | 43.2% | 5.6% | 5.7% | 1.1%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 1 | 13 | 28 | 40 | 49 | n.s. | n.s. | 32.6% | 8.2% | 3.6% | 1.9%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | 23.9% | 25.1% | 15.4% | 11.9%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 20 | 49 | 77 | 133 | 186 | 233 | 230 | 9.4% | 4.6% | 5.6% | 3.4% | 2.3% | -0.1%
Coal | 4 | 14 | 28 | 31 | 28 | 33 | 26 | 14.3% | 7.1% | 0.8% | -0.8% | 1.7% | -2.5%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 21.8%
Oil | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 2.1% | 0.0% | 0.1% | -0.9% | 0.4% | 1.4%
Gas | 3 | 13 | 20 | 39 | 64 | 72 | 68 | 17.5% | 4.6% | 6.8% | 5.3% | 1.1% | -0.6%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 9.1%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | -12.0% | 23.1% | -1.8% | -3.3% | 3.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 8 | 14 | 18 | 24 | 31 | 43 | 46 | 6.1% | 2.6% | 2.9% | 2.8% | 3.3% | 0.6%
Hydro | 2 | 3 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 3.0% | 5.8% | 2.3% | 0.5% | 0.2% | 0.1%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14 | 24 | 40 | 40 | n.s. | 40.3% | 43.8% | 5.3% | 5.0% | 0.2%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 1 | 13 | 25 | 33 | 37 | n.s. | n.s. | 34.8% | 6.9% | 2.6% | 1.2%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 24.4% | 14.8% | 11.4%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 71 | 135 | 169 | 205 | 229 | 237 | 231 | 6.7% | 2.3% | 1.9% | 1.1% | 0.3% | -0.2%
Coal | 16 | 15 | 18 | 22 | 20 | 21 | 22 | -0.5% | 1.9% | 1.9% | -0.6% | 0.5% | 0.2%
Oil | 44 | 80 | 82 | 96 | 90 | 78 | 66 | 6.2% | 0.2% | 1.6% | -0.7% | -1.4% | -1.7%
Gas | 1 | 11 | 21 | 25 | 43 | 51 | 51 | 32.1% | 6.5% | 1.9% | 5.6% | 1.7% | 0.1%
Electricity | 8 | 23 | 39 | 49 | 63 | 72 | 77 | 10.8% | 5.5% | 2.3% | 2.7% | 1.4% | 0.6%
Heat | 0 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | n.s. | 2.8% | -1.0% | -0.1% | 0.4% | 1.4%
Biomass & Other | 3 | 3 | 6 | 10 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 2.1% | 6.4% | 5.6% | -1.1% | 0.8% | 1.0%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 5% | 3% | 5% | 9% | 10% | 13% | 16% | -3.2% | 3.9% | 5.9% | 0.9% | 3.0% | 1.7%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 31 | 71 | 94 | 118 | 127 | 127 | 119 | 8.8% | 2.9% | 2.3% | 0.7% | 0.0% | -0.6%
Coal | 7 | 14 | 17 | 21 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 8.1% | 1.7% | 2.1% | -0.5% | 0.6% | 0.3%
Oil | 18 | 36 | 44 | 53 | 47 | 38 | 30 | 7.4% | 2.0% | 1.9% | -1.1% | -2.0% | -2.3%
Gas | 0 | 3 | 7 | 11 | 23 | 29 | 30 | 44.4% | 9.4% | 4.3% | 7.9% | 2.3% | 0.2%
Electricity | 5 | 13 | 20 | 25 | 30 | 33 | 34 | 10.0% | 4.3% | 2.4% | 1.9% | 1.0% | 0.2%
Heat | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | n.s. | 1.0% | -2.0% | -0.2% | -0.3% | -0.2%
Biomass & Other | 1 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 8.2% | 5.1% | 4.8% | -3.6% | -4.6% | -3.5%
Buildings | 24 | 33 | 41 | 47 | 59 | 66 | 68 | 3.3% | 2.2% | 1.2% | 2.4% | 1.1% | 0.3%
Coal | 9 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -24.1% | 4.5% | -2.8% | -3.2% | -3.5% | -3.8%
Oil | 10 | 14 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 3.3% | -6.7% | -1.2% | -0.4% | -0.4% | -0.9%
Gas | 1 | 8 | 12 | 13 | 18 | 20 | 19 | 29.6% | 4.5% | 0.4% | 3.4% | 0.8% | -0.6%
Electricity | 3 | 9 | 18 | 22 | 30 | 35 | 38 | 11.9% | 7.1% | 2.1% | 3.2% | 1.5% | 0.7%
Heat | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | n.s. | 5.5% | 0.0% | 0.1% | 1.0% | 2.5%
Biomass & Other | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | -11.3% | 10.2% | 9.1% | -1.0% | 0.5% | 1.9%
Agriculture | 2 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 8.1% | -1.8% | 2.0% | 1.5% | 1.1% | 0.8%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 7.5% | -3.7% | 0.8% | 0.4% | 0.0% | -0.3%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | -9.6% | -1.3% | 0.4% | 0.0% | -0.3%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 13.8% | 6.6% | 4.1% | 2.8% | 2.2% | 1.8%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 8.2% | 4.4% | 3.2%
Transport | 15 | 27 | 30 | 36 | 38 | 39 | 39 | 6.3% | 1.2% | 1.7% | 0.6% | 0.3% | -0.2%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 14 | 27 | 29 | 34 | 34 | 31 | 28 | 6.3% | 0.7% | 1.7% | -0.1% | -0.8% | -1.3%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | 0.8% | 3.3% | 3.3% | 4.2%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 7.2% | 0.7% | 3.9% | 14.2% | 5.6% | 2.9%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 6 | n.s. | n.s. | 2.2% | 16.8% | 9.4% | 2.9%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 4 | 15 | 13 | 13 | 14 | 16 | 17 | 15.4% | -1.3% | -0.1% | 0.7% | 1.3% | 0.4%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

New Zealand | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 1.3% | 1.3% | 0.8% | 0.8% | 0.6% | 0.4%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 19 | 23 | 25 | 30 | 35 | 40 | 47 | 1.7% | 1.1% | 1.8% | 1.6% | 1.4% | 1.5%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 21 | 24 | 28 | 33 | 39 | 44 | 52 | 1.7% | 1.3% | 1.8% | 1.6% | 1.4% | 1.5%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 6 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 2.6% | -1.5% | -2.0% | -0.7% | -0.5% | -0.5%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 29 | 25 | 23 | 22 | 21 | 20 | 19 | -1.2% | -0.9% | -0.2% | -0.5% | -0.5% | -0.6%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 65 | 66 | 70 | 72 | 73 | 75 | 76 | 0.2% | 0.5% | 0.3% | 0.2% | 0.2% | 0.2%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 7 | 20 | 22 | 25 | 28 | 32 | -7.8% | 10.3% | 1.2% | 1.1% | 1.1% | 1.2%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 76 | 86 | 100 | 128 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.5% | 1.2% | 1.5% | 2.5%
Gas | 28 | 24 | 47 | 58 | 48 | 62 | 86 | -1.2% | 6.8% | 2.0% | -1.9% | 2.6% | 3.4%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 23 | 38 | 42 | 55 | 59 | 65 | 68 | 5.4% | 0.9% | 2.8% | 0.7% | 1.0% | 0.4%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 60 | 71 | 73 | 79 | 83 | 90 | 94 | 1.7% | 0.4% | 0.8% | 0.4% | 0.8% | 0.5%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 60 | 71 | 73 | 79 | 83 | 90 | 94 | 1.7% | 0.4% | 0.8% | 0.4% | 0.8% | 0.5%
CO₂ | 24 | 31 | 33 | 37 | 38 | 43 | 45 | 2.5% | 0.7% | 1.0% | 0.3% | 1.2% | 0.6%
CH₄ | 27 | 29 | 28 | 30 | 31 | 33 | 33 | 1.0% | -0.3% | 0.4% | 0.5% | 0.5% | 0.3%
N₂O | 8 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 1.7% | 0.6% | 0.6% | 0.2% | 0.2% | 0.2%
F gases | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | -6.7% | 13.5% | 5.3% | 2.3% | 1.9% | 1.7%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 30 | 37 | 40 | 44 | 46 | 51 | 55 | 2.2% | 0.8% | 1.0% | 0.4% | 1.1% | 0.6%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 23 | 29 | 31 | 33 | 33 | 38 | 40 | 2.5% | 0.4% | 0.8% | 0.0% | 1.3% | 0.7%
Power generation/District heating | 4 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 6 | 9 | 5.1% | 0.2% | -4.0% | -4.5% | 9.1% | 3.7%
Industry | 7 | 7 | 6 | 9 | 11 | 12 | 12 | -0.1% | -0.7% | 3.9% | 1.9% | 0.7% | 0.3%
Buildings | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0.7% | -0.2% | -1.1% | 3.2% | 2.1% | 0.8%
Agriculture | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2.2% | -0.6% | 2.0% | 0.8% | 0.7% | 0.7%
Transport | 9 | 12 | 14 | 15 | 14 | 13 | 12 | 3.4% | 1.3% | 0.6% | -0.7% | -0.4% | -0.8%
Other | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2.9% | 1.0% | 2.8% | -0.2% | 1.2% | 1.4%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 13 | 15 | 18 | 21 | 20 | 20 | 24 | 1.8% | 1.8% | 1.7% | -0.8% | 0.3% | 1.5%
Coal | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4.9% | 2.8% | -1.4% | -0.2% | 0.4% | 0.2%
Oil | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | -2.7% | 3.2% | -0.8% | 3.2% | 2.1% | 0.6%
Natural gas | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2.5% | -2.6% | -0.3% | -2.2% | -1.0% | -1.3%
Biomass | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 4.0% | 0.7% | 1.2% | 0.4% | 1.8% | 1.7%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 7.0%
Hydro | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0.5% | 0.1% | -0.6% | 0.6% | -0.1% | 0.0%
Other renewables | 2 | 3 | 5 | 9 | 7 | 7 | 10 | 3.2% | 7.5% | 5.8% | -2.3% | -0.3% | 3.7%
Net Imports | 1 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 0 | - 1 | - 1 | - 1 | - 1 | - 1 | - 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | 2 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | - 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 7 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 13 | 18 | 20 | 25 | 24 | 26 | 30 | 2.9% | 1.2% | 2.5% | -0.4% | 0.8% | 1.6%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | -0.3% | 1.7% | 2.2% | -3.2% | 0.5% | 2.5%
Oil | 4 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 2.7% | 0.8% | 0.9% | -0.8% | -0.3% | -0.5%
Natural gas | 3 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 9 | 5.0% | -3.0% | 1.9% | 3.2% | 2.8% | 1.1%
Biomass | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4.0% | 0.7% | -0.2% | 0.4% | 1.8% | 1.7%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 7.0%
Hydro | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0.5% | 0.1% | -0.6% | 0.6% | -0.1% | 0.0%
Other renewables | 2 | 3 | 5 | 9 | 7 | 7 | 10 | 3.2% | 7.5% | 5.8% | -2.3% | -0.3% | 3.7%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 13 | 18 | 20 | 25 | 24 | 26 | 30 | 2.9% | 1.2% | 2.5% | -0.4% | 0.8% | 1.6%
Energy for Power Generation | 6 | 7 | 10 | 13 | 11 | 12 | 17 | 2.8% | 3.4% | 2.7% | -2.0% | 1.1% | 3.1%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1.2% | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 6.1% | 0.2%
Final consumption | 10 | 13 | 13 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 2.8% | 0.0% | 1.7% | 1.0% | 0.6% | 0.4%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0.4% | -2.5% | 4.7% | 1.6% | -0.9% | -0.9%
Other Industry | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 2.1% | 0.5% | 1.7% | 1.5% | 1.3% | 0.9%
Non-Energy Use | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 10.3% | -5.2% | 6.0% | 1.3% | -0.4% | -0.2%
Residential | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1.1% | 0.7% | -0.5% | 0.7% | 1.2% | 1.0%
Services | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1.7% | 1.8% | 0.2% | 1.9% | 1.8% | 1.6%
Agriculture | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2.8% | 0.5% | 2.6% | 0.9% | 0.8% | 0.8%
Road | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3.0% | 1.7% | 0.8% | -0.2% | 0.1% | -0.3%
Rail | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10.4% | -4.8% | 0.7% | 0.3% | 0.3% | 0.3%
Aviation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.4% | -1.6% | -1.4% | 2.2% | 1.8% | 1.5%
Other Transport | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4.7% | -3.9% | 4.6% | 1.5% | 0.7% | 0.5%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4.4% | 0.9% | -2.5% | -3.9% | 7.1% | 3.6%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 8.2% | 2.7% | 0.0% | -6.3% | 4.1% | 6.4%
Oil | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 9.6%
Gas | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4.3% | -0.7% | -6.7% | -2.9% | 11.6% | 2.7%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.3% | 0.2% | -17.3% | -14.9% | 31.6% | 6.6%
Other | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3.2% | 7.2% | 5.6% | -3.6% | -0.2% | 4.3%
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 32 | 39 | 45 | 46 | 51 | 58 | 66 | 2.0% | 1.4% | 0.2% | 1.0% | 1.3% | 1.3%
Coal | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 8.8% | 2.9% | 0.0% | -6.4% | 3.7% | 6.3%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | 24.7% | n.s. | n.s. | 9.6%
Gas | 6 | 10 | 10 | 5 | 4 | 11 | 15 | 5.3% | 0.4% | -6.7% | -3.1% | 11.7% | 2.8%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Waste | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1.6% | 0.2% | -16.9% | -13.0% | 30.0% | 6.8%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Hydro | 23 | 24 | 25 | 23 | 25 | 25 | 24 | 0.5% | 0.1% | -0.6% | 0.6% | -0.1% | 0.0%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 2 | 5 | 13 | 12 | 10 | n.s. | 29.8% | 11.8% | 10.3% | -1.3% | -1.2%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | 42.6% | 15.5% | 6.0% | 4.6%
Other | 2 | 3 | 6 | 10 | 7 | 7 | 11 | 3.2% | 7.2% | 5.6% | -3.6% | -0.1% | 4.4%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 7 | 8 | 10 | 12 | 18 | 20 | 21 | 0.8% | 1.9% | 2.3% | 3.9% | 1.0% | 0.8%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | -1.0% | -4.8% | -4.2% | -5.6% | 6.1% | 4.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | 1.2% | 0.9% | 0.1% | -0.1%
Gas | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 2.7% | 4.4% | 0.4% | 5.1% | 3.3% | 1.6%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.9% | 8.9% | 0.7% | 0.0% | -6.4% | 1.0%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Hydro | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 0.9% | 0.1% | -0.2% | 0.7% | -0.1% | 0.0%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 3 | n.s. | 30.8% | 10.7% | 9.9% | -1.3% | -1.6%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | 43.2% | 16.3% | 6.9% | 5.6%
Other | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3.4% | 7.1% | 11.6% | 3.6% | -0.5% | -1.4%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 10 | 13 | 13 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 2.8% | 0.0% | 1.7% | 1.0% | 0.6% | 0.4%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -2.3% | 1.9% | 0.9% | -1.6% | -0.8% | -0.2%
Oil | 4 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 2.8% | 1.1% | 0.8% | -0.8% | -0.3% | -0.6%
Gas | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 5.3% | -5.4% | 7.0% | 4.3% | 1.1% | 0.4%
Electricity | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 2.0% | 1.3% | 0.3% | 1.1% | 1.3% | 1.4%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.4% | 1.6% | 2.1% | -0.1% | -0.1% | 0.5%
Biomass & Other | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4.5% | 0.7% | 0.8% | 0.4% | 1.3% | 1.4%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 29% | 28% | 30% | 30% | 33% | 33% | 35% | -0.4% | 0.7% | 0.1% | 1.1% | -0.1% | 0.7%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 4 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 3.2% | -1.4% | 3.2% | 1.5% | 0.5% | 0.3%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -2.0% | 2.1% | 1.1% | -1.7% | -0.8% | -0.1%
Oil | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1.0% | 1.8% | 2.1% | -0.1% | 0.5% | 0.2%
Gas | 2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5.8% | -6.1% | 7.9% | 3.6% | 0.6% | 0.2%
Electricity | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2.3% | 0.5% | 0.3% | 1.2% | 1.3% | 1.2%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.1% | 0.7% | 2.4% | -0.2% | -0.3% | -0.2%
Biomass & Other | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5.6% | 0.9% | 0.1% | -1.8% | -1.3% | -0.8%
Buildings | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 1.4% | 1.2% | -0.2% | 1.3% | 1.5% | 1.3%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -5.8% | -4.0% | -4.0% | -2.3% | -2.6% | -2.9%
Oil | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.6% | 1.7% | 0.1% | 0.5% | 1.2% | 0.5%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 5.6% | -0.5% | -1.6% | 6.5% | 3.0% | 1.1%
Electricity | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1.5% | 1.7% | -0.2% | 0.4% | 0.9% | 1.3%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.4% | 3.8% | 1.5% | -0.1% | 0.2% | 2.0%
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1% | -0.5% | 2.4% | 3.6% | 3.3% | 2.4%
Agriculture | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2.8% | 0.5% | 2.6% | 0.9% | 0.8% | 0.8%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4.6% | 12.4% | 1.7% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0%
Oil | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2.3% | -1.4% | 1.5% | 0.9% | 0.8% | 0.8%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.5% | -3.5% | 8.4% | 0.7% | 0.6% | 0.6%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6.6% | 5.1% | 3.7% | 1.2% | 1.1% | 1.1%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Transport | 3 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 3.1% | 1.2% | 0.8% | 0.0% | 0.2% | -0.1%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0% | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 3 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3.3% | 1.2% | 0.5% | -1.2% | -0.7% | -1.0%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 19.5% | 3.6% | 1.8%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.8% | -0.8% | 15.3% | 21.9% | 5.9% | 3.1%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | 27.1% | 14.7% | 6.7% | 3.9%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1.2% | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 6.1% | 0.2%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Rest Pacific | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 6 | 8 | 9 | 11 | 13 | 15 | 17 | 2.3% | 2.0% | 1.8% | 1.6% | 1.4% | 1.1%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 9 | 1.2% | 1.1% | 3.1% | 2.7% | 3.9% | 4.3%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 1.0% | 1.0% | 3.1% | 2.7% | 3.9% | 4.3%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 27 | 28 | 29 | 9 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0.5% | 0.4% | -11.6% | -10.1% | -10.6% | -7.9%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 27 | 31 | 30 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 1.3% | -0.2% | -9.5% | 0.0% | -0.1% | -0.3%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 46 | 41 | 40 | 80 | 86 | 88 | 89 | -1.2% | -0.1% | 7.1% | 0.7% | 0.2% | 0.1%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 7 | 20 | 22 | 25 | 28 | 32 | -7.8% | 10.3% | 1.2% | 1.1% | 1.1% | 1.2%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 76 | 86 | 100 | 128 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.5% | 1.2% | 1.5% | 2.5%
Gas | 28 | 24 | 47 | 58 | 48 | 62 | 86 | -1.2% | 6.8% | 2.0% | -1.9% | 2.6% | 3.4%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 101 | 96 | 102 | 113 | 127 | 147 | 178 | -0.6% | 0.6% | 1.1% | 1.2% | 1.4% | 1.9%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 101 | 96 | 102 | 113 | 127 | 147 | 178 | -0.6% | 0.6% | 1.1% | 1.2% | 1.4% | 1.9%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 13 | 12 | 16 | 20 | 31 | 53 | 91 | -0.2% | 2.7% | 2.1% | 4.2% | 5.6% | 5.6%
CO₂ | 3 | 5 | 8 | 10 | 20 | 42 | 79 | 3.5% | 5.5% | 3.0% | 6.9% | 7.5% | 6.6%
CH₄ | 5 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | -0.7% | 0.6% | 1.3% | 0.4% | 0.5% | 0.4%
N₂O | 5 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | -3.0% | 0.7% | 1.4% | 0.3% | 0.5% | 0.8%
F gases | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | -4.9% | 4.9% | 5.8% | 5.6%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 5 | 6 | 10 | 13 | 23 | 45 | 83 | 2.5% | 4.6% | 2.4% | 6.0% | 6.9% | 6.3%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 3 | 4 | 7 | 10 | 19 | 39 | 75 | 2.9% | 5.0% | 3.7% | 6.8% | 7.7% | 6.8%
Power generation/District heating | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 9 | 16 | 6.4% | 2.6% | 7.0% | 4.4% | 5.7% | 6.1%
Industry | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 6.7% | 9.2% | -3.4% | 4.1% | 4.5% | 4.3%
Buildings | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -4.1% | -0.3% | 5.6% | 5.0% | 1.9% | 0.9%
Agriculture | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Transport | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 2.1% | 2.5% | 3.0% | 1.4% | 2.7% | 2.7%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 7 | 22 | 47 | 1.4% | 36.1% | 14.9% | 16.5% | 11.5% | 8.2%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 6 | 6 | 3 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | -1.2% | -7.3% | 8.2% | 1.4% | 1.8% | 0.8%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 4 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | -2.1% | -21.0% | 9.9% | 3.5% | 3.1% | 2.3%
Natural gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6.2% | 0.0% | -4.7% | -3.0% | -1.5% | -1.5%
Biomass | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 0.2% | -0.1% | 9.5% | -0.1% | 0.3% | 0.1%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Hydro | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.6% | 0.4% | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | 3.7% | 8.5% | 5.9% | 1.4%
Net Imports | - 3 | - 2 | 2 | - 1 | 2 | 7 | 17 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 6 | 13 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | - 3 | - 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 6 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | - 3 | - 3 | - 3 | - 2 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 3 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 8 | 15 | 26 | 1.5% | 2.9% | 0.7% | 5.4% | 6.3% | 5.7%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 6 | 13 | n.s. | n.s. | 47.7% | 20.4% | 12.1% | 8.4%
Oil | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3.0% | 3.1% | 2.1% | 0.3% | 0.9% | 1.3%
Natural gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 6 | 30.1% | 16.9% | -10.3% | 24.1% | 9.3% | 6.8%
Biomass | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0.2% | -0.1% | -0.6% | 0.6% | 1.0% | 1.8%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Hydro | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.6% | 0.4% | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | 3.7% | 8.5% | 5.9% | 1.4%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 3 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 8 | 15 | 26 | 1.5% | 2.9% | 0.7% | 5.4% | 6.3% | 5.7%
Energy for Power Generation | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 8 | 4.7% | 6.1% | 4.8% | 6.0% | 6.0% | 4.7%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 5 | 12 | n.s. | 7.7% | -14.5% | 45.9% | 13.0% | 8.6%
Final consumption | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 9 | 0.9% | 2.1% | 0.0% | 2.3% | 3.1% | 3.3%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | -5.1% | 5.9% | 3.4% | 3.4%
Other Industry | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3.2% | 2.2% | -5.0% | 3.6% | 5.1% | 4.8%
Non-Energy Use | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Residential | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | -0.1% | 0.2% | 0.7% | 0.5% | 0.6% | 0.6%
Services | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2.8% | 3.5% | 9.8% | 5.1% | 5.4% | 5.2%
Agriculture | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Road | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2.2% | 0.9% | 3.1% | 1.5% | 2.4% | 2.6%
Rail | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Aviation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1.4% | 2.9% | 4.2% | 4.8% | 5.8% | 4.5%
Other Transport | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 1.5% | 3.4% | 4.0% | 4.0%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 6 | 6.3% | 3.0% | 7.3% | 5.0% | 6.0% | 6.1%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 29.4% | 13.2% | 9.0%
Oil | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6.4% | 2.6% | 5.8% | -0.2% | -1.2% | -0.8%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 6.2% | 0.0% | 31.4% | 17.0% | 10.3% | 7.6%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5.4% | -0.1% | 11.7% | 1.1% | 5.4% | 8.5%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | 2.4% | 8.2% | 5.4% | -0.1%
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 2 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 9 | 16 | 26 | 3.8% | 3.2% | 2.3% | 5.1% | 5.5% | 5.3%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 29.6% | 13.3% | 8.9%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 1 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 6.0% | 4.3% | 5.7% | -0.2% | -1.1% | -0.6%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 7 | 12 | 41.5% | -1.1% | 13.1% | 14.6% | 8.5% | 6.3%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1.7% | 1.3% | 9.6% | 3.6% | 9.2% | 9.5%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Hydro | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.6% | 0.4% | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 16.5% | 12.3% | 9.6%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 10.1% | 3.7% | 3.9%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | 2.4% | 8.2% | 5.5% | 0.3%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 0.7% | 4.9% | 2.4% | 5.6% | 5.7% | 5.8%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 29.7% | 13.3% | 9.1%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -0.3% | 4.5% | 1.0% | -0.5% | -1.1% | 0.7%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 7.4% | 0.0% | 3.5% | 14.7% | 8.5% | 6.6%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0% | 9.4% | 0.0% | 1.1% | 9.0% | 9.7%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Hydro | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | 10.1% | 15.4% | 11.8% | 8.8%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 11.0% | 4.6% | 4.7%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0% | 28.4% | 0.0% | 7.7% | 5.0% | -0.1%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 9 | 0.9% | 2.1% | 0.0% | 2.3% | 3.1% | 3.3%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | 10.8% | 10.5% | 9.7% | 7.4%
Oil | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1.9% | 2.4% | 0.7% | 0.6% | 2.0% | 2.2%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | -1.6% | 10.5% | 5.5% | 4.4%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3.8% | 3.1% | 1.8% | 5.2% | 5.5% | 5.2%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 9.0% | 7.7% | 4.2%
Biomass & Other | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0.2% | -0.1% | -1.1% | -0.1% | 0.5% | 1.0%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 65% | 60% | 49% | 44% | 38% | 34% | 31% | -0.7% | -2.0% | -1.2% | -1.4% | -1.1% | -0.9%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3.2% | 5.1% | -5.0% | 4.2% | 4.7% | 4.5%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | 10.8% | 10.5% | 9.7% | 7.4%
Oil | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8.1% | 4.8% | -4.0% | -0.7% | 1.0% | 1.4%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | -3.0% | 9.2% | 5.8% | 4.8%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3.7% | 2.4% | -7.4% | 4.3% | 5.8% | 5.4%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.6% | -0.8% | -8.4% | 1.7% | 3.5% | 4.0%
Buildings | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 0.0% | 0.4% | 1.7% | 1.4% | 1.9% | 2.3%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -4.0% | -0.3% | 3.3% | 0.2% | 0.1% | 0.1%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 15.3% | 3.4% | 1.5%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4.0% | 4.4% | 8.6% | 4.9% | 5.3% | 5.1%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 9.0% | 7.7% | 4.2%
Biomass & Other | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.1% | -0.5% | -0.4% | -0.3%
Agriculture | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Transport | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2.1% | 1.2% | 3.2% | 2.1% | 3.2% | 3.1%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2.1% | 1.2% | 3.0% | 1.1% | 2.5% | 2.5%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 20.9% | 6.4% | 4.6%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 29.6% | 8.3% | 5.4%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 13.9% | 7.7% | 6.4%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 5 | 12 | n.s. | 7.7% | -14.5% | 45.9% | 13.0% | 8.6%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

8 GECO2017_INDC scenario

GECO2017 Reference | SUMMARY GHG & ENERGY BALANCE
World | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 5 308 | 6 126 | 6 930 | 7 762 | 8 509 | 9 174 | 9 750 | 1.4% | 1.2% | 1.1% | 0.9% | 0.8% | 0.6%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 7 | 8 | 10 | 12 | 15 | 20 | 24 | 1.5% | 2.2% | 2.1% | 2.6% | 2.4% | 1.9%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 12 | 14 | 1.3% | 1.3% | 1.4% | 1.8% | 1.8% | 1.6%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 8 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | -3.2% | -0.1% | 0.6% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.1%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 32 | 30 | 30 | 29 | 28 | 25 | 23 | -0.7% | 0.1% | -0.4% | -0.4% | -0.8% | -1.0%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 60 | 65 | 64 | 65 | 67 | 69 | 71 | 0.7% | -0.1% | 0.1% | 0.2% | 0.3% | 0.3%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 9 | 20 | 20 | 21 | 23 | 24 | -5.9% | 7.9% | -0.1% | 0.7% | 0.6% | 0.6%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 77 | 84 | 99 | 119 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.6% | 0.9% | 1.6% | 1.9%
Gas | 19 | 23 | 33 | 44 | 46 | 58 | 73 | 2.3% | 3.4% | 3.0% | 0.4% | 2.3% | 2.4%
GHG emissions (MtCO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 33 102 | 35 509 | 44 517 | 50 160 | 50 761 | 46 895 | 42 808 | 0.7% | 2.3% | 1.2% | 0.1% | -0.8% | -0.9%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 35 498 | 38 554 | 47 398 | 52 527 | 53 259 | 50 683 | 47 713 | 0.8% | 2.1% | 1.0% | 0.1% | -0.5% | -0.6%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 31 128 | 33 812 | 43 478 | 48 949 | 50 455 | 48 439 | 45 195 | 0.8% | 2.5% | 1.2% | 0.3% | -0.4% | -0.7%
CO₂ | 22 096 | 24 818 | 32 862 | 37 499 | 39 827 | 38 818 | 36 113 | 1.2% | 2.8% | 1.3% | 0.6% | -0.3% | -0.7%
CH₄ | 5 981 | 6 044 | 7 182 | 7 620 | 6 933 | 6 211 | 5 977 | 0.1% | 1.7% | 0.6% | -0.9% | -1.1% | -0.4%
N₂O | 2 747 | 2 564 | 2 868 | 3 097 | 3 100 | 3 041 | 2 984 | -0.7% | 1.1% | 0.8% | 0.0% | -0.2% | -0.2%
F gases | 304 | 386 | 566 | 732 | 595 | 370 | 121 | 2.4% | 3.9% | 2.6% | -2.1% | -4.6% | -10.6%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 26 182 | 29 010 | 38 131 | 43 205 | 44 854 | 43 017 | 39 923 | 1.0% | 2.8% | 1.3% | 0.4% | -0.4% | -0.7%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 20 665 | 23 112 | 30 232 | 34 065 | 35 697 | 34 301 | 31 515 | 1.1% | 2.7% | 1.2% | 0.5% | -0.4% | -0.8%
Power generation/District heating | 6 774 | 8 433 | 11 587 | 12 830 | 13 553 | 12 141 | 9 962 | 2.2% | 3.2% | 1.0% | 0.5% | -1.1% | -2.0%
Industry | 3 768 | 3 706 | 5 664 | 6 109 | 6 249 | 5 792 | 5 241 | -0.2% | 4.3% | 0.8% | 0.2% | -0.8% | -1.0%
Buildings | 2 942 | 2 753 | 2 984 | 2 979 | 2 966 | 2 747 | 2 529 | -0.7% | 0.8% | 0.0% | 0.0% | -0.8% | -0.8%
Agriculture | 424 | 363 | 424 | 472 | 463 | 412 | 342 | -1.5% | 1.6% | 1.1% | -0.2% | -1.2% | -1.9%
Transport | 4 663 | 5 774 | 6 947 | 8 466 | 9 020 | 9 524 | 9 876 | 2.2% | 1.9% | 2.0% | 0.6% | 0.5% | 0.4%
Other | 2 093 | 2 083 | 2 626 | 3 210 | 3 446 | 3 684 | 3 564 | 0.0% | 2.3% | 2.0% | 0.7% | 0.7% | -0.3%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 36 | 282 | 1 686 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 25.2% | 23.0% | 19.6%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 26 | 177 | 796 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 24.1% | 21.0% | 16.2%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 91 | 466 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 44.4% | 27.4% | 17.8%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 14 | 424 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 10.3% | 26.3% | 40.2%
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 8 717 | 10 015 | 12 948 | 15 018 | 17 060 | 18 415 | 19 320 | 1.4% | 2.6% | 1.5% | 1.3% | 0.8% | 0.5%
Coal | 2 133 | 2 314 | 3 649 | 3 834 | 3 664 | 2 951 | 2 458 | 0.8% | 4.7% | 0.5% | -0.5% | -2.1% | -1.8%
Oil | 3 280 | 3 706 | 4 189 | 4 929 | 5 035 | 5 054 | 4 992 | 1.2% | 1.2% | 1.6% | 0.2% | 0.0% | -0.1%
Natural gas | 1 687 | 2 068 | 2 737 | 3 282 | 4 197 | 4 861 | 5 135 | 2.1% | 2.8% | 1.8% | 2.5% | 1.5% | 0.6%
Biomass | 862 | 958 | 1 235 | 1 451 | 1 825 | 2 121 | 2 460 | 1.1% | 2.6% | 1.6% | 2.3% | 1.5% | 1.5%
Nuclear¹ | 533 | 686 | 728 | 783 | 1 132 | 1 700 | 2 050 | 2.6% | 0.6% | 0.7% | 3.8% | 4.1% | 1.9%
Hydro | 188 | 232 | 303 | 384 | 431 | 443 | 455 | 2.1% | 2.7% | 2.4% | 1.2% | 0.3% | 0.3%
Other renewables | 34 | 52 | 106 | 355 | 776 | 1 285 | 1 770 | 4.6% | 7.3% | 12.8% | 8.1% | 5.2% | 3.3%
International Bunkers | 240 | 324 | 425 | 577 | 688 | 751 | 825 | 3.0% | 2.8% | 3.1% | 1.8% | 0.9% | 0.9%
Maritime Bunkers | 154 | 206 | 273 | 381 | 446 | 450 | 460 | 2.9% | 2.9% | 3.4% | 1.6% | 0.1% | 0.2%
Oil | 151 | 202 | 266 | 367 | 420 | 420 | 428 | 2.9% | 2.8% | 3.3% | 1.4% | 0.0% | 0.2%
Aviation Bunkers | 86 | 117 | 152 | 196 | 242 | 301 | 365 | 3.2% | 2.6% | 2.6% | 2.1% | 2.2% | 1.9%
Oil | 86 | 117 | 152 | 195 | 239 | 295 | 354 | 3.2% | 2.6% | 2.5% | 2.1% | 2.1% | 1.8%
Regional Energy Demand (excl. bunkers) | 8 480 | 9 695 | 12 530 | 14 455 | 16 398 | 17 693 | 18 527 | 1.3% | 2.6% | 1.4% | 1.3% | 0.8% | 0.5%
Coal | 2 133 | 2 314 | 3 649 | 3 834 | 3 664 | 2 951 | 2 458 | 0.8% | 4.7% | 0.5% | -0.5% | -2.1% | -1.8%
Oil | 3 043 | 3 386 | 3 771 | 4 366 | 4 376 | 4 339 | 4 210 | 1.1% | 1.1% | 1.5% | 0.0% | -0.1% | -0.3%
Natural gas | 1 687 | 2 068 | 2 737 | 3 282 | 4 197 | 4 861 | 5 135 | 2.1% | 2.8% | 1.8% | 2.5% | 1.5% | 0.6%
Biomass | 862 | 958 | 1 235 | 1 451 | 1 821 | 2 114 | 2 449 | 1.1% | 2.6% | 1.6% | 2.3% | 1.5% | 1.5%
Nuclear¹ | 533 | 686 | 728 | 783 | 1 132 | 1 700 | 2 050 | 2.6% | 0.6% | 0.7% | 3.8% | 4.1% | 1.9%
Hydro | 188 | 232 | 303 | 384 | 431 | 443 | 455 | 2.1% | 2.7% | 2.4% | 1.2% | 0.3% | 0.3%
Other renewables | 34 | 52 | 106 | 355 | 776 | 1 285 | 1 770 | 4.6% | 7.3% | 12.8% | 8.1% | 5.2% | 3.3%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 8 717 | 10 015 | 12 948 | 15 018 | 17 060 | 18 415 | 19 320 | 1.4% | 2.6% | 1.5% | 1.3% | 0.8% | 0.5%
Energy for Power Generation | 2 775 | 3 466 | 4 640 | 5 461 | 6 702 | 7 742 | 8 607 | 2.2% | 3.0% | 1.6% | 2.1% | 1.5% | 1.1%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 763 | 763 | 1 162 | 1 379 | 1 637 | 1 878 | 2 028 | 0.0% | 4.3% | 1.7% | 1.7% | 1.4% | 0.8%
Final consumption (incl. bunkers) | 6 356 | 7 139 | 9 027 | 10 551 | 11 799 | 12 595 | 13 151 | 1.2% | 2.4% | 1.6% | 1.1% | 0.7% | 0.4%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 810 | 888 | 1 385 | 1 559 | 1 621 | 1 497 | 1 355 | 0.9% | 4.5% | 1.2% | 0.4% | -0.8% | -1.0%
Other Industry | 1 109 | 1 086 | 1 358 | 1 673 | 2 047 | 2 280 | 2 419 | -0.2% | 2.3% | 2.1% | 2.0% | 1.1% | 0.6%
Non-Energy Use | 486 | 627 | 786 | 953 | 1 050 | 1 097 | 1 099 | 2.6% | 2.3% | 1.9% | 1.0% | 0.4% | 0.0%
Residential | 1 626 | 1 796 | 2 053 | 2 178 | 2 285 | 2 299 | 2 285 | 1.0% | 1.3% | 0.6% | 0.5% | 0.1% | -0.1%
Services | 593 | 634 | 830 | 974 | 1 199 | 1 443 | 1 691 | 0.7% | 2.7% | 1.6% | 2.1% | 1.9% | 1.6%
Agriculture | 168 | 148 | 179 | 210 | 237 | 264 | 288 | -1.3% | 1.9% | 1.6% | 1.3% | 1.1% | 0.9%
Road | 1 134 | 1 443 | 1 818 | 2 181 | 2 378 | 2 620 | 2 813 | 2.4% | 2.3% | 1.8% | 0.9% | 1.0% | 0.7%
Rail | 59 | 47 | 52 | 61 | 69 | 77 | 84 | -2.2% | 0.9% | 1.6% | 1.3% | 1.1% | 0.8%
Aviation | 182 | 226 | 252 | 329 | 405 | 499 | 591 | 2.2% | 1.1% | 2.7% | 2.1% | 2.1% | 1.7%
Other Transport |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 2 024 | 2 500 | 3 508 | 3 949 | 4 382 | 4 336 | 4 356 | 2.1% | 3.4% | 1.2% | 1.0% | -0.1% | 0.0%
Coal | 1 155 | 1 508 | 2 114 | 2 259 | 2 263 | 1 782 | 1 444 | 2.7% | 3.4% | 0.7% | 0.0% | -2.4% | -2.1%
Oil | 334 | 290 | 247 | 321 | 307 | 255 | 245 | -1.4% | -1.6% | 2.7% | -0.4% | -1.9% | -0.4%
Gas | 479 | 646 | 1 022 | 1 207 | 1 527 | 1 881 | 2 026 | 3.0% | 4.7% | 1.7% | 2.4% | 2.1% | 0.7%
Biomass & Waste | 53 | 52 | 120 | 153 | 265 | 395 | 618 | -0.3% | 8.7% | 2.5% | 5.7% | 4.1% | 4.6%
Other | 3 | 4 | 6 | 10 | 19 | 23 | 24 | 3.6% | 2.8% | 5.3% | 6.7% | 1.8% | 0.7%
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 11 844 | 15 472 | 21 504 | 27 450 | 35 537 | 43 541 | 50 676 | 2.7% | 3.3% | 2.5% | 2.6% | 2.1% | 1.5%
Coal | 4 423 | 5 999 | 8 661 | 9 679 | 9 866 | 7 955 | 6 653 | 3.1% | 3.7% | 1.1% | 0.2% | -2.1% | -1.8%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 118 | 820 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 21.4%
Oil | 1 292 | 1 178 | 931 | 1 372 | 1 325 | 1 132 | 1 100 | -0.9% | -2.3% | 4.0% | -0.3% | -1.6% | -0.3%
Gas | 1 761 | 2 753 | 4 806 | 5 945 | 7 908 | 10 075 | 11 112 | 4.6% | 5.7% | 2.2% | 2.9% | 2.5% | 1.0%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 189 | 1 112 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 19.4%
Biomass & Waste | 123 | 169 | 380 | 521 | 996 | 1 642 | 2 830 | 3.2% | 8.4% | 3.2% | 6.7% | 5.1% | 5.6%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 511 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 49.8%
Nuclear | 2 013 | 2 591 | 2 756 | 2 995 | 4 429 | 6 805 | 8 313 | 2.6% | 0.6% | 0.8% | 4.0% | 4.4% | 2.0%
Hydro | 2 191 | 2 698 | 3 528 | 4 461 | 5 007 | 5 152 | 5 290 | 2.1% | 2.7% | 2.4% | 1.2% | 0.3% | 0.3%
Wind | 4 | 31 | 341 | 1 723 | 4 036 | 7 147 | 10 018 | 23.2% | 27.0% | 17.6% | 8.9% | 5.9% | 3.4%
Solar | 0 | 1 | 33 | 591 | 1 655 | 3 223 | 4 882 | 25.1% | 42.3% | 33.3% | 10.9% | 6.9% | 4.2%
Other | 36 | 52 | 69 | 163 | 315 | 410 | 480 | 3.6% | 2.8% | 9.1% | 6.8% | 2.7% | 1.6%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 2 730 | 3 553 | 5 142 | 7 279 | 9 789 | 12 723 | 15 005 | 2.7% | 3.8% | 3.5% | 3.0% | 2.7% | 1.7%
Coal | 890 | 1 140 | 1 687 | 2 097 | 2 193 | 2 164 | 2 009 | 2.5% | 4.0% | 2.2% | 0.4% | -0.1% | -0.7%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 17 | 112 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 20.8%
Oil | 448 | 496 | 412 | 456 | 453 | 452 | 478 | 1.0% | -1.8% | 1.0% | -0.1% | 0.0% | 0.5%
Gas | 503 | 712 | 1 313 | 1 585 | 1 952 | 2 289 | 2 307 | 3.5% | 6.3% | 1.9% | 2.1% | 1.6% | 0.1%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 24 | 148 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 19.7%
Biomass & Waste | 27 | 45 | 99 | 150 | 218 | 315 | 478 | 5.3% | 8.2% | 4.2% | 3.8% | 3.8% | 4.2%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 73 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 50.5%
Nuclear | 290 | 352 | 375 | 410 | 602 | 922 | 1 115 | 2.0% | 0.6% | 0.9% | 3.9% | 4.4% | 1.9%
Hydro | 564 | 782 | 1 020 | 1 311 | 1 451 | 1 494 | 1 534 | 3.3% | 2.7% | 2.5% | 1.0% | 0.3% | 0.3%
Wind | 2 | 17 | 184 | 773 | 1 673 | 2 821 | 3 807 | 23.8% | 27.0% | 15.5% | 8.0% | 5.4% | 3.0%
Solar | 0 | 1 | 40 | 462 | 1 179 | 2 182 | 3 188 | 10.0% | 41.8% | 27.7% | 9.8% | 6.3% | 3.9%
Other | 6 | 9 | 12 | 34 | 69 | 84 | 90 | 3.9% | 3.1% | 11.4% | 7.3% | 2.0% | 0.8%
Total Final Consumption (Mtoe) | 6 356 | 7 139 | 9 027 | 10 551 | 11 799 | 12 595 | 13 151 | 1.2% | 2.4% | 1.6% | 1.1% | 0.7% | 0.4%
Coal | 850 | 660 | 1 205 | 1 222 | 1 064 | 836 | 679 | -2.5% | 6.2% | 0.1% | -1.4% | -2.4% | -2.0%
Oil | 2 639 | 3 169 | 3 660 | 4 312 | 4 434 | 4 508 | 4 472 | 1.8% | 1.5% | 1.7% | 0.3% | 0.2% | -0.1%
Gas | 895 | 1 073 | 1 275 | 1 517 | 1 974 | 2 166 | 2 239 | 1.8% | 1.7% | 1.8% | 2.7% | 0.9% | 0.3%
Electricity | 831 | 1 086 | 1 531 | 1 953 | 2 528 | 3 097 | 3 607 | 2.7% | 3.5% | 2.5% | 2.6% | 2.1% | 1.5%
Heat | 339 | 256 | 294 | 321 | 382 | 458 | 537 | -2.8% | 1.4% | 0.9% | 1.7% | 1.8% | 1.6%
Biomass & Other | 802 | 896 | 1 063 | 1 226 | 1 417 | 1 532 | 1 616 | 1.1% | 1.7% | 1.4% | 1.5% | 0.8% | 0.5%
Share of Renewables ² (%) | 17% | 18% | 18% | 20% | 23% | 27% | 31% | 0.3% | -0.1% | 1.2% | 1.5% | 1.5% | 1.3%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 2 405 | 2 601 | 3 530 | 4 184 | 4 718 | 4 873 | 4 873 | 0.8% | 3.1% | 1.7% | 1.2% | 0.3% | 0.0%
Coal | 590 | 540 | 1 048 | 1 075 | 960 | 775 | 648 | -0.9% | 6.9% | 0.3% | -1.1% | -2.1% | -1.8%
Oil | 687 | 800 | 912 | 1 041 | 1 043 | 1 008 | 925 | 1.5% | 1.3% | 1.3% | 0.0% | -0.3% | -0.9%
Gas | 452 | 532 | 621 | 842 | 1 140 | 1 275 | 1 314 | 1.7% | 1.6% | 3.1% | 3.1% | 1.1% | 0.3%
Electricity | 381 | 460 | 637 | 853 | 1 107 | 1 292 | 1 416 | 1.9% | 3.3% | 3.0% | 2.6% | 1.6% | 0.9%
Heat | 163 | 105 | 126 | 133 | 151 | 159 | 162 | -4.3% | 1.8% | 0.6% | 1.3% | 0.5% | 0.2%
Biomass & Other | 132 | 163 | 185 | 240 | 318 | 365 | 407 | 2.1% | 1.3% | 2.6% | 2.8% | 1.4% | 1.1%
Buildings | 2 218 | 2 430 | 2 883 | 3 152 | 3 484 | 3 743 | 3 976 | 0.9% | 1.7% | 0.9% | 1.0% | 0.7% | 0.6%
Coal | 233 | 108 | 140 | 129 | 91 | 52 | 25 | -7.4% | 2.7% | -0.8% | -3.4% | -5.4% | -6.9%
Oil | 316 | 342 | 310 | 320 | 292 | 264 | 242 | 0.8% | -1.0% | 0.3% | -0.9% | -1.0% | -0.8%
Gas | 434 | 531 | 618 | 621 | 719 | 729 | 711 | 2.1% | 1.5% | 0.0% | 1.5% | 0.1% | -0.3%
Electricity | 403 | 581 | 834 | 1 015 | 1 241 | 1 520 | 1 799 | 3.7% | 3.7% | 2.0% | 2.0% | 2.0% | 1.7%
Heat | 176 | 151 | 168 | 188 | 231 | 299 | 375 | -1.5% | 1.1% | 1.2% | 2.1% | 2.6% | 2.3%
Biomass & Other | 657 | 717 | 813 | 879 | 911 | 879 | 823 | 0.9% | 1.3% | 0.8% | 0.4% | -0.4% | -0.7%
Agriculture | 168 | 148 | 179 | 210 | 237 | 264 | 288 | -1.3% | 1.9% | 1.6% | 1.3% | 1.1% | 0.9%
Coal | 14 | 8 | 13 | 14 | 11 | 7 | 4 | -6.1% | 5.5% | 0.9% | -2.6% | -4.5% | -5.0%
Oil | 110 | 101 | 112 | 125 | 126 | 116 | 98 | -0.9% | 1.1% | 1.1% | 0.1% | -0.8% | -1.6%
Gas | 7 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 6 | -2.6% | 2.9% | 1.1% | -0.4% | -1.3% | -1.9%
Electricity | 30 | 29 | 39 | 54 | 71 | 92 | 116 | -0.4% | 3.2% | 3.2% | 2.8% | 2.7% | 2.3%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 6 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 21 | 41 | 64 | -1.7% | 3.9% | 1.5% | 9.7% | 7.1% | 4.4%
Transport (incl. bunkers) | 1 565 | 1 960 | 2 436 | 3 006 | 3 359 | 3 715 | 4 014 | 2.3% | 2.2% | 2.1% | 1.1% | 1.0% | 0.8%
Coal | 13 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | -10.1% | -2.7% | -2.8% | -2.0% | -1.9% | -1.9%
Oil | 1 526 | 1 926 | 2 326 | 2 826 | 2 973 | 3 120 | 3 206 | 2.4% | 1.9% | 2.0% | 0.5% | 0.5% | 0.3%
Gas | 2 | 3 | 28 | 47 | 107 | 154 | 209 | 5.3% | 24.2% | 5.3% | 8.7% | 3.7% | 3.1%
Electricity | 17 | 16 | 21 | 32 | 109 | 193 | 276 | -0.7% | 2.5% | 4.5% | 13.0% | 5.9% | 3.6%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 8 | 11 | 58 | 99 | 168 | 246 | 322 | 3.7% | 18.1% | 5.5% | 5.4% | 3.9% | 2.7%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses ³ | 763 | 763 | 1 162 | 1 379 | 1 637 | 1 878 | 2 028 | 0.0% | 4.3% | 1.7% | 1.7% | 1.4% | 0.8%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

³ includes statistical differences

EU28 | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 476 | 487 | 503 | 513 | 519 | 524 | 525 | 0.2% | 0.3% | 0.2% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.0%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 20 | 25 | 28 | 30 | 34 | 39 | 45 | 1.9% | 1.2% | 0.8% | 1.4% | 1.4% | 1.4%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 22 | 27 | 30 | 32 | 37 | 42 | 49 | 2.0% | 1.1% | 0.7% | 1.3% | 1.4% | 1.5%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 4 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | -3.8% | -3.6% | -0.4% | -0.5% | -0.5% | -0.5%
Share Value Added - Industry¹ (%) | 32 | 28 | 25 | 24 | 23 | 22 | 21 | -1.3% | -1.1% | -0.4% | -0.4% | -0.5% | -0.6%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 64 | 69 | 73 | 74 | 75 | 76 | 78 | 0.8% | 0.5% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.2% | 0.2%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 23 | 14 | 19 | 16 | 17 | 19 | 22 | -5.3% | 3.6% | -1.9% | 0.7% | 1.1% | 1.4%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 77 | 84 | 99 | 119 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.6% | 0.9% | 1.6% | 1.9%
Gas | 18 | 21 | 30 | 46 | 51 | 60 | 73 | 1.4% | 3.8% | 4.4% | 1.0% | 1.6% | 2.0%
GHG emissions (MtCO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 5 196 | 4 697 | 4 328 | 3 500 | 2 885 | 2 680 | 2 344 | -1.0% | -0.8% | -2.1% | -1.9% | -0.7% | -1.3%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 5 495 | 5 028 | 4 664 | 3 764 | 3 182 | 2 937 | 2 594 | -0.9% | -0.7% | -2.1% | -1.7% | -0.8% | -1.2%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 5 466 | 5 012 | 4 651 | 3 749 | 3 170 | 2 870 | 2 494 | -0.9% | -0.7% | -2.1% | -1.7% | -1.0% | -1.4%
CO₂ | 4 252 | 3 997 | 3 780 | 3 044 | 2 664 | 2 367 | 2 033 | -0.6% | -0.6% | -2.1% | -1.3% | -1.2% | -1.5%
CH₄ | 601 | 495 | 409 | 332 | 239 | 234 | 201 | -1.9% | -1.9% | -2.1% | -3.2% | -0.2% | -1.5%
N₂O | 557 | 455 | 373 | 305 | 246 | 246 | 238 | -2.0% | -2.0% | -2.0% | -2.1% | 0.0% | -0.4%
F gases | 56 | 65 | 90 | 68 | 20 | 22 | 22 | 1.5% | 3.3% | -2.7% | -11.5% | 0.8% | 0.2%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 4 849 | 4 491 | 4 176 | 3 306 | 2 809 | 2 498 | 2 133 | -0.8% | -0.7% | -2.3% | -1.6% | -1.2% | -1.6%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 4 006 | 3 759 | 3 572 | 2 852 | 2 485 | 2 196 | 1 877 | -0.6% | -0.5% | -2.2% | -1.4% | -1.2% | -1.6%
Power generation/District heating | 1 427 | 1 283 | 1 235 | 861 | 698 | 597 | 488 | -1.1% | -0.4% | -3.5% | -2.1% | -1.5% | -2.0%
Industry | 745 | 602 | 453 | 363 | 296 | 261 | 214 | -2.1% | -2.8% | -2.2% | -2.0% | -1.2% | -2.0%
Buildings | 724 | 652 | 660 | 497 | 449 | 353 | 279 | -1.1% | 0.1% | -2.8% | -1.0% | -2.4% | -2.3%
Agriculture | 84 | 72 | 59 | 58 | 48 | 34 | 22 | -1.5% | -2.0% | -0.2% | -1.8% | -3.5% | -4.1%
Transport | 764 | 900 | 925 | 855 | 795 | 769 | 718 | 1.7% | 0.3% | -0.8% | -0.7% | -0.3% | -0.7%
Other | 262 | 251 | 241 | 219 | 198 | 181 | 156 | -0.4% | -0.4% | -0.9% | -1.0% | -0.9% | -1.5%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 13 | 60 | 237 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 15.3% | 16.5% | 14.6%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 11 | 47 | 177 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 15.2% | 15.5% | 14.3%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 13 | 46 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 27.9% | 24.7% | 13.6%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 14 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 7.3% | 4.2% | 29.4%
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 885 | 939 | 843 | 802 | 861 | 829 | 807 | 0.6% | -1.1% | -0.5% | 0.7% | -0.4% | -0.3%
Coal | 313 | 219 | 168 | 116 | 90 | 70 | 54 | -3.5% | -2.6% | -3.6% | -2.5% | -2.5% | -2.5%
Oil | 134 | 174 | 100 | 93 | 78 | 56 | 41 | 2.7% | -5.4% | -0.7% | -1.8% | -3.2% | -3.2%
Natural gas | 154 | 192 | 146 | 104 | 118 | 110 | 106 | 2.2% | -2.7% | -3.3% | 1.3% | -0.6% | -0.4%
Biomass | 44 | 63 | 130 | 165 | 209 | 208 | 222 | 3.7% | 7.5% | 2.4% | 2.4% | 0.0% | 0.6%
Nuclear¹ | 210 | 250 | 242 | 223 | 226 | 214 | 182 | 1.7% | -0.3% | -0.8% | 0.1% | -0.5% | -1.6%
Hydro | 27 | 33 | 35 | 33 | 33 | 32 | 31 | 2.3% | 0.5% | -0.5% | 0.0% | -0.4% | -0.3%
Other renewables | 3 | 6 | 21 | 68 | 108 | 138 | 171 | 8.0% | 12.6% | 12.4% | 4.7% | 2.5% | 2.1%
Net Imports | 760 | 762 | 893 | 756 | 706 | 691 | 683 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 135 | 104 | 114 | 102 | 63 | 49 | 64 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | 480 | 451 | 472 | 398 | 374 | 370 | 345 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | 141 | 204 | 302 | 237 | 246 | 243 | 234 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 2 | 19 | 21 | 25 | 34 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 6 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 4 | 2 | 1 | 0 | - 1 | - 1 | - 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 1 645 | 1 701 | 1 736 | 1 559 | 1 567 | 1 520 | 1 490 | 0.3% | 0.2% | -1.1% | 0.1% | -0.3% | -0.2%
Coal | 447 | 324 | 282 | 218 | 153 | 119 | 119 | -3.2% | -1.4% | -2.6% | -3.5% | -2.5% | 0.0%
Oil | 614 | 626 | 572 | 491 | 452 | 426 | 386 | 0.2% | -0.9% | -1.5% | -0.8% | -0.6% | -1.0%
Natural gas | 295 | 396 | 447 | 341 | 364 | 353 | 339 | 3.0% | 1.2% | -2.7% | 0.7% | -0.3% | -0.4%
Biomass | 44 | 63 | 133 | 183 | 230 | 233 | 256 | 3.7% | 7.7% | 3.3% | 2.3% | 0.2% | 0.9%
Nuclear¹ | 210 | 250 | 242 | 223 | 226 | 214 | 182 | 1.7% | -0.3% | -0.8% | 0.1% | -0.5% | -1.6%
Hydro | 27 | 33 | 35 | 33 | 33 | 32 | 31 | 2.3% | 0.5% | -0.5% | 0.0% | -0.4% | -0.3%
Other renewables | 3 | 6 | 21 | 68 | 108 | 138 | 171 | 8.0% | 12.6% | 12.4% | 4.7% | 2.5% | 2.1%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 1 645 | 1 701 | 1 736 | 1 559 | 1 567 | 1 520 | 1 490 | 0.3% | 0.2% | -1.1% | 0.1% | -0.3% | -0.2%
Energy for Power Generation | 636 | 674 | 721 | 648 | 680 | 698 | 733 | 0.6% | 0.7% | -1.1% | 0.5% | 0.3% | 0.5%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 99 | 94 | 110 | 103 | 106 | 104 | 105 | -0.5% | 1.6% | -0.6% | 0.3% | -0.2% | 0.0%
Final consumption | 1 152 | 1 197 | 1 217 | 1 116 | 1 135 | 1 097 | 1 065 | 0.4% | 0.2% | -0.9% | 0.2% | -0.3% | -0.3%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 190 | 165 | 139 | 125 | 119 | 110 | 102 | -1.4% | -1.7% | -1.0% | -0.5% | -0.8% | -0.7%
Other Industry | 175 | 163 | 145 | 139 | 142 | 139 | 137 | -0.8% | -1.1% | -0.5% | 0.2% | -0.2% | -0.2%
Non-Energy Use | 100 | 113 | 108 | 106 | 118 | 120 | 117 | 1.2% | -0.4% | -0.2% | 1.1% | 0.2% | -0.3%
Residential | 276 | 289 | 312 | 264 | 269 | 240 | 221 | 0.5% | 0.8% | -1.6% | 0.2% | -1.1% | -0.9%
Services | 118 | 133 | 166 | 152 | 170 | 173 | 181 | 1.3% | 2.2% | -0.9% | 1.1% | 0.2% | 0.5%
Agriculture | 33 | 29 | 26 | 25 | 27 | 28 | 30 | -1.4% | -1.1% | -0.1% | 0.5% | 0.5% | 0.5%
Road | 237 | 281 | 299 | 284 | 270 | 265 | 256 | 1.7% | 0.6% | -0.5% | -0.5% | -0.2% | -0.3%
Rail | 10 | 10 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 0.1% | -1.7% | -0.2% | 0.8% | 0.2% | 0.2%
Aviation | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 2.3% | -0.4% | -0.4% | 0.2% | 1.0% | 0.5%
Other Transport | 7 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | -1.0% | -0.8% | -1.1% | 0.3% | -0.3% | -1.0%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 396 | 385 | 423 | 324 | 315 | 315 | 351 | -0.3% | 0.9% | -2.6% | -0.3% | 0.0% | 1.1%
Coal | 285 | 234 | 209 | 156 | 106 | 85 | 93 | -2.0% | -1.1% | -2.8% | -3.9% | -2.2% | 1.0%
Oil | 55 | 41 | 23 | 11 | 8 | 6 | 6 | -2.9% | -5.5% | -6.9% | -3.2% | -3.2% | 0.2%
Gas | 50 | 94 | 141 | 86 | 108 | 122 | 131 | 6.6% | 4.1% | -4.8% | 2.2% | 1.3% | 0.7%
Biomass & Waste | 6 | 15 | 49 | 69 | 92 | 101 | 119 | 9.8% | 12.9% | 3.4% | 2.9% | 1.0% | 1.6%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 4.0% | 1.6% | 6.9% | 4.2% | 0.8% | 2.3%
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 2 594 | 3 031 | 3 356 | 3 297 | 3 619 | 3 881 | 4 232 | 1.6% | 1.0% | -0.2% | 0.9% | 0.7% | 0.9%
Coal | 1 050 | 966 | 862 | 664 | 480 | 415 | 471 | -0.8% | -1.1% | -2.6% | -3.2% | -1.4% | 1.3%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 42 | 210 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 17.4%
Oil | 224 | 181 | 87 | 49 | 35 | 26 | 27 | -2.1% | -7.1% | -5.5% | -3.3% | -3.1% | 0.4%
Gas | 193 | 480 | 763 | 475 | 597 | 683 | 744 | 9.5% | 4.8% | -4.6% | 2.3% | 1.3% | 0.9%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 34 | 130 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 14.4%
Biomass & Waste | 20 | 46 | 143 | 235 | 327 | 367 | 446 | 8.9% | 12.0% | 5.1% | 3.4% | 1.2% | 2.0%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 52.1%
Nuclear | 795 | 945 | 917 | 847 | 863 | 827 | 724 | 1.7% | -0.3% | -0.8% | 0.2% | -0.4% | -1.3%
Hydro | 309 | 386 | 407 | 387 | 386 | 373 | 363 | 2.3% | 0.5% | -0.5% | 0.0% | -0.4% | -0.3%
Wind | 1 | 22 | 149 | 409 | 558 | 723 | 953 | 39.8% | 21.0% | 10.6% | 3.1% | 2.6% | 2.8%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 23 | 173 | 267 | 327 | 356 | 33.0% | n.s. | 22.5% | 4.5% | 2.0% | 0.9%
Other | 3 | 5 | 6 | 59 | 107 | 142 | 148 | 4.0% | 1.6% | 26.4% | 6.2% | 2.9% | 0.4%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 635 | 719 | 919 | 1 150 | 1 353 | 1 424 | 1 430 | 1.3% | 2.5% | 2.3% | 1.6% | 0.5% | 0.0%
Coal | 223 | 201 | 192 | 166 | 127 | 101 | 92 | -1.0% | -0.4% | -1.4% | -2.7% | -2.3% | -0.9%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 30 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 15.9%
Oil | 95 | 81 | 65 | 39 | 30 | 23 | 21 | -1.5% | -2.2% | -5.1% | -2.5% | -2.6% | -1.1%
Gas | 65 | 129 | 218 | 243 | 300 | 311 | 268 | 7.1% | 5.4% | 1.1% | 2.1% | 0.3% | -1.5%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 19 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 15.0%
Biomass & Waste | 10 | 17 | 48 | 68 | 88 | 96 | 95 | 5.9% | 10.9% | 3.6% | 2.6% | 0.9% | -0.2%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 46.4%
Nuclear | 126 | 137 | 131 | 120 | 120 | 112 | 96 | 0.9% | -0.4% | -0.9% | 0.0% | -0.6% | -1.5%
Hydro | 116 | 140 | 148 | 155 | 156 | 152 | 149 | 1.9% | 0.5% | 0.5% | 0.1% | -0.2% | -0.2%
Wind | 0 | 12 | 85 | 193 | 262 | 301 | 362 | 40.0% | 21.4% | 8.5% | 3.1% | 1.4% | 1.9%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 31 | 148 | 231 | 283 | 307 | 36.9% | n.s. | 17.1% | 4.6% | 2.1% | 0.8%
Other | 0 | 1 | 1 | 18 | 39 | 45 | 42 | 2.0% | 2.4% | 37.3% | 8.1% | 1.3% | -0.8%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 1 152 | 1 197 | 1 217 | 1 116 | 1 135 | 1 097 | 1 065 | 0.4% | 0.2% | -0.9% | 0.2% | -0.3% | -0.3%
Coal | 141 | 73 | 57 | 46 | 32 | 20 | 12 | -6.3% | -2.5% | -2.1% | -3.8% | -4.6% | -5.1%
Oil | 503 | 540 | 505 | 447 | 415 | 393 | 356 | 0.7% | -0.7% | -1.2% | -0.8% | -0.5% | -1.0%
Gas | 229 | 273 | 279 | 230 | 233 | 209 | 188 | 1.8% | 0.2% | -1.9% | 0.1% | -1.1% | -1.1%
Electricity | 186 | 218 | 244 | 239 | 262 | 280 | 305 | 1.6% | 1.2% | -0.2% | 0.9% | 0.7% | 0.9%
Heat | 55 | 45 | 55 | 50 | 69 | 74 | 78 | -1.9% | 1.9% | -0.9% | 3.3% | 0.7% | 0.6%
Biomass & Other | 38 | 48 | 78 | 103 | 126 | 120 | 125 | 2.3% | 4.9% | 2.9% | 2.0% | -0.4% | 0.4%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 6% | 8% | 12% | 21% | 27% | 31% | 36% | 2.5% | 4.7% | 5.4% | 2.6% | 1.3% | 1.5%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 466 | 441 | 393 | 370 | 379 | 369 | 356 | -0.5% | -1.1% | -0.6% | 0.2% | -0.3% | -0.4%
Coal | 93 | 60 | 44 | 37 | 29 | 19 | 11 | -4.2% | -3.1% | -1.6% | -2.6% | -4.0% | -4.9%
Oil | 139 | 144 | 127 | 113 | 119 | 121 | 111 | 0.3% | -1.3% | -1.2% | 0.5% | 0.1% | -0.9%
Gas | 114 | 118 | 97 | 84 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 0.4% | -1.9% | -1.4% | -1.1% | 0.0% | 0.1%
Electricity | 85 | 91 | 89 | 87 | 90 | 95 | 100 | 0.7% | -0.3% | -0.2% | 0.3% | 0.6% | 0.5%
Heat | 21 | 11 | 15 | 16 | 23 | 22 | 21 | -6.5% | 3.6% | 0.3% | 3.7% | -0.3% | -0.3%
Biomass & Other | 14 | 17 | 22 | 33 | 43 | 36 | 35 | 1.9% | 2.6% | 4.3% | 2.8% | -1.8% | -0.2%
Buildings | 394 | 423 | 478 | 416 | 439 | 413 | 401 | 0.7% | 1.2% | -1.4% | 0.5% | -0.6% | -0.3%
Coal | 46 | 12 | 12 | 8 | 3 | 1 | 0 | -12.8% | 0.0% | -3.7% | -10.8% | -15.0% | -17.1%
Oil | 89 | 80 | 63 | 44 | 29 | 20 | 14 | -1.1% | -2.4% | -3.5% | -4.1% | -3.8% | -3.5%
Gas | 110 | 150 | 177 | 139 | 148 | 123 | 100 | 3.2% | 1.6% | -2.4% | 0.6% | -1.8% | -2.0%
Electricity | 90 | 116 | 146 | 141 | 157 | 167 | 180 | 2.5% | 2.3% | -0.3% | 1.1% | 0.6% | 0.8%
Heat | 34 | 35 | 40 | 34 | 47 | 52 | 57 | 0.2% | 1.3% | -1.4% | 3.1% | 1.1% | 0.9%
Biomass & Other | 24 | 30 | 41 | 49 | 55 | 51 | 50 | 2.3% | 3.2% | 2.0% | 1.0% | -0.6% | -0.2%
Agriculture | 33 | 29 | 26 | 25 | 27 | 28 | 30 | -1.4% | -1.1% | -0.1% | 0.5% | 0.5% | 0.5%
Coal | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -4.9% | 0.8% | -2.4% | -7.7% | -9.2% | -10.3%
Oil | 21 | 18 | 14 | 14 | 12 | 9 | 6 | -1.2% | -2.3% | -0.1% | -1.6% | -3.5% | -4.3%
Gas | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 2 | -1.6% | -1.0% | 0.3% | -1.1% | -2.5% | -3.0%
Electricity | 5 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 9 | 11 | -1.7% | 1.3% | 0.2% | 2.9% | 3.4% | 2.4%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 8 | 11 | 2.4% | 4.4% | 0.1% | 9.3% | 6.1% | 3.1%
Transport | 259 | 305 | 320 | 303 | 291 | 286 | 278 | 1.6% | 0.5% | -0.5% | -0.4% | -0.2% | -0.3%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -26.4% | 1.7% | -3.5% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0%
Oil | 254 | 297 | 300 | 276 | 254 | 244 | 226 | 1.6% | 0.1% | -0.8% | -0.8% | -0.4% | -0.8%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 5.3% | 12.9% | 7.4% | 7.7% | 3.6% | 2.0%
Electricity | 5 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 14 | 1.3% | -1.4% | 1.8% | 3.0% | 1.6% | 3.5%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 1 | 14 | 19 | 23 | 25 | 29 | n.s. | 34.1% | 3.3% | 2.1% | 0.8% | 1.4%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 99 | 94 | 110 | 103 | 106 | 104 | 105 | -0.5% | 1.6% | -0.6% | 0.3% | -0.2% | 0.0%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

EFTA | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 11 | 12 | 13 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 0.7% | 0.9% | 1.2% | 0.9% | 0.7% | 0.5%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 34 | 39 | 42 | 44 | 48 | 53 | 58 | 1.5% | 0.7% | 0.5% | 0.9% | 0.9% | 1.0%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 48 | 56 | 61 | 64 | 70 | 77 | 85 | 1.5% | 0.9% | 0.4% | 0.9% | 0.9% | 1.0%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -4.8% | -2.7% | 0.1% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0%
Share Value Added - Industry¹ (%) | 32 | 33 | 32 | 29 | 27 | 25 | 22 | 0.3% | -0.4% | -0.8% | -0.8% | -0.8% | -1.0%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 65 | 65 | 67 | 70 | 72 | 74 | 76 | 0.0% | 0.2% | 0.4% | 0.3% | 0.3% | 0.3%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 12 | 18 | 13 | 14 | 16 | 18 | -3.4% | 3.6% | -2.8% | 0.9% | 1.0% | 1.1%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 77 | 84 | 99 | 119 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.6% | 0.9% | 1.6% | 1.9%
Gas | 18 | 21 | 30 | 46 | 51 | 60 | 73 | 1.4% | 3.8% | 4.4% | 1.0% | 1.6% | 2.0%
GHG emissions (MtCO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 90 | 79 | 77 | 90 | 72 | 66 | 51 | -1.4% | -0.2% | 1.6% | -2.1% | -0.9% | -2.6%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 103 | 104 | 106 | 116 | 101 | 99 | 86 | 0.1% | 0.2% | 0.9% | -1.4% | -0.2% | -1.4%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 101 | 102 | 104 | 114 | 100 | 98 | 85 | 0.0% | 0.2% | 1.0% | -1.3% | -0.2% | -1.4%
CO₂ | 75 | 79 | 84 | 96 | 85 | 83 | 70 | 0.5% | 0.7% | 1.4% | -1.2% | -0.3% | -1.6%
CH₄ | 10 | 9 | 9 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | -0.5% | -0.8% | -1.6% | -1.1% | 0.2% | -0.2%
N₂O | 11 | 10 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | -0.4% | -2.1% | 0.2% | -1.0% | 0.4% | -0.1%
F gases | 6 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -5.7% | -2.2% | -1.9% | -9.9% | 0.2% | -0.9%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 89 | 90 | 93 | 104 | 89 | 87 | 74 | 0.1% | 0.3% | 1.1% | -1.5% | -0.3% | -1.6%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 67 | 70 | 77 | 89 | 77 | 74 | 62 | 0.5% | 0.9% | 1.4% | -1.4% | -0.4% | -1.8%
Power generation/District heating | 1 | 1 | 3 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 4 | -2.5% | 13.3% | 11.4% | 0.2% | 2.1% | -8.9%
Industry | 10 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 8 | -0.4% | 0.0% | -1.2% | -0.2% | 0.0% | -1.0%
Buildings | 20 | 18 | 18 | 11 | 8 | 7 | 5 | -1.1% | 0.2% | -4.5% | -3.0% | -2.3% | -2.1%
Agriculture | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2.1% | -0.7% | -2.5% | -1.7% | -2.7% | -3.8%
Transport | 25 | 28 | 31 | 33 | 28 | 25 | 21 | 1.1% | 1.0% | 0.5% | -1.4% | -1.3% | -1.6%
Other | 8 | 11 | 13 | 26 | 22 | 23 | 23 | 3.0% | 1.5% | 7.3% | -1.7% | 0.3% | -0.1%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 10 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 19.8% | 19.5% | 15.1%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 7 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 19.0% | 18.8% | 14.6%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 33.2% | 8.0%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 17.7% | 3.3% | 34.6%
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 127 | 230 | 221 | 193 | 158 | 116 | 93 | 6.2% | -0.4% | -1.4% | -1.9% | -3.1% | -2.2%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 9.0% | 12.1% | 1.1% | 2.4% | 2.3% | 0.2%
Oil | 83 | 162 | 102 | 85 | 54 | 25 | 11 | 6.9% | -4.5% | -1.8% | -4.5% | -7.4% | -8.1%
Natural gas | 21 | 41 | 89 | 74 | 60 | 43 | 33 | 6.8% | 8.0% | -1.8% | -2.0% | -3.4% | -2.4%
Biomass | 2 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 2.4% | 1.9% | -0.8% | 6.6% | -0.4% | -0.5%
Nuclear¹ | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 11 | 12 | 11 | 1.1% | 0.0% | 0.1% | 4.3% | 1.5% | -1.5%
Hydro | 13 | 16 | 14 | 16 | 16 | 17 | 17 | 1.8% | -1.1% | 1.2% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.1%
Other renewables | 0 | 1 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 13 | 16.1% | 13.1% | 3.4% | 4.3% | 2.1% | 2.0%
Net Imports | - 80 | - 177 | - 156 | - 123 | - 86 | - 40 | - 17 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | - 62 | - 141 | - 79 | - 62 | - 34 | - 8 | 4 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | - 18 | - 34 | - 78 | - 59 | - 48 | - 30 | - 20 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | - 1 | - 2 | - 2 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | - 2 | - 2 | 1 | - 2 | - 2 | - 2 | - 2 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 46 | 54 | 66 | 69 | 73 | 76 | 76 | 1.5% | 2.0% | 0.6% | 0.5% | 0.5% | 0.0%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 0.0% | -2.5% | 4.2% | 5.1% | 4.2% | 0.6%
Oil | 21 | 21 | 24 | 23 | 20 | 17 | 14 | 0.0% | 1.5% | -0.3% | -1.7% | -1.5% | -1.6%
Natural gas | 4 | 7 | 11 | 15 | 13 | 13 | 14 | 6.2% | 5.0% | 3.2% | -1.6% | 0.4% | 0.5%
Biomass | 2 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 2.4% | 1.9% | -3.2% | 4.7% | 1.0% | 1.4%
Nuclear¹ | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 11 | 12 | 11 | 1.1% | 0.0% | 0.1% | 4.3% | 1.5% | -1.5%
Hydro | 13 | 16 | 14 | 16 | 16 | 17 | 17 | 1.8% | -1.1% | 1.2% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.1%
Other renewables | 0 | 1 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 13 | 16.1% | 13.1% | 3.4% | 4.3% | 2.1% | 2.0%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 46 | 54 | 66 | 69 | 73 | 76 | 76 | 1.5% | 2.0% | 0.6% | 0.5% | 0.5% | 0.0%
Energy for Power Generation | 21 | 25 | 28 | 32 | 39 | 44 | 45 | 2.0% | 0.9% | 1.4% | 2.0% | 1.1% | 0.4%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 2 | 3 | 11 | 14 | 13 | 13 | 14 | 4.6% | 15.0% | 1.9% | -0.8% | 0.7% | 0.3%
Final consumption | 37 | 41 | 45 | 43 | 43 | 44 | 45 | 1.0% | 0.9% | -0.4% | 0.1% | 0.3% | 0.2%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 1.6% | -0.6% | -0.3% | -0.2% | -0.3% | -0.4%
Other Industry | 6 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 1.2% | 0.3% | 0.6% | 0.8% | 0.7% | 0.4%
Non-Energy Use | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1.3% | 0.2% | 0.8% | -0.3% | -0.3% | -0.6%
Residential | 10 | 10 | 11 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 | -0.1% | 1.4% | -1.8% | 0.1% | 0.4% | 0.5%
Services | 5 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 1.0% | 1.9% | -1.5% | 0.6% | 0.9% | 1.1%
Agriculture | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3.4% | -0.6% | -1.3% | 1.0% | 0.8% | 0.8%
Road | 8 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 1.4% | 0.9% | 0.4% | -0.7% | -0.5% | -0.9%
Rail | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.3% | 1.4% | 0.2% | 1.1% | 1.0% | 0.8%
Aviation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5.3% | 1.4% | 2.6% | 1.6% | 1.6% | 1.1%
Other Transport | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.9% | 1.3% | -1.6% | 0.3% | -0.2% | -1.0%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 1 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 2.8% | 7.6% | 2.8% | 1.1% | 1.7% | 1.5%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | -5.0% | 1.6% | 32.3% | 10.3% | 6.2% | 0.9%
Oil | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -9.4% | -7.2% | 31.7% | -4.3% | -4.4% | -11.5%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2.2% | 16.9% | 7.1% | -5.8% | 0.3% | 1.3%
Biomass & Waste | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3.8% | 3.4% | -10.9% | 9.4% | -1.0% | 5.4%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 16.0% | 12.9% | 1.0% | 3.4% | 0.1% | -1.4%
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 182 | 218 | 208 | 248 | 279 | 311 | 343 | 1.8% | -0.5% | 1.8% | 1.2% | 1.1% | 1.0%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 5 | 10 | 11 | -5.1% | 3.8% | 33.8% | 10.9% | 6.4% | 0.9%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 7 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 17.3%
Oil | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | -4.9% | -8.2% | 31.5% | -4.1% | -4.2% | -11.4%
Gas | 0 | 1 | 6 | 9 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 12.5% | 18.6% | 4.4% | -5.3% | 1.9% | 1.8%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 5.5%
Biomass & Waste | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 8 | 6.9% | 3.5% | -6.8% | 11.0% | -0.4% | 7.0%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 24 | 26 | 26 | 27 | 42 | 49 | 42 | 1.1% | 0.0% | 0.2% | 4.5% | 1.7% | -1.5%
Hydro | 157 | 187 | 168 | 189 | 191 | 194 | 195 | 1.8% | -1.1% | 1.2% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.1%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 1 | 11 | 18 | 32 | 58 | n.s. | 39.0% | 28.3% | 4.9% | 5.9% | 6.3%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 5 | 9 | 13 | 25.5% | 20.1% | 33.8% | 6.2% | 5.4% | 4.4%
Other | 0 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 16.0% | 12.9% | 1.0% | 3.5% | 0.4% | -0.6%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 45 | 49 | 55 | 74 | 93 | 108 | 119 | 1.0% | 1.1% | 3.0% | 2.3% | 1.5% | 1.0%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 1.4% | 3.4% | 20.3% | 8.9% | 5.4% | 3.3%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 19.4%
Oil | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | -5.3% | 1.9% | 14.6% | 2.5% | 1.5% | 1.7%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 2 | 9 | 15 | 17 | 17 | 10.2% | 20.2% | 17.5% | 5.4% | 1.4% | 0.3%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 16.6%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 7.1% | -3.1% | 12.5% | 7.2% | 1.8% | 5.0%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 0.8% | 0.2% | 2.2% | 4.3% | 1.5% | -1.7%
Hydro | 41 | 45 | 48 | 49 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 1.0% | 0.7% | 0.2% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.1%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 9 | 14 | 18 | n.s. | 40.6% | 25.3% | 6.5% | 5.2% | 2.4%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 6 | 9 | 13 | 25.9% | 19.9% | 37.2% | 6.1% | 5.1% | 3.2%
Other | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 14.4% | 12.8% | 8.5% | 4.5% | 1.3% | 0.6%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 37 | 41 | 45 | 43 | 43 | 44 | 45 | 1.0% | 0.9% | -0.4% | 0.1% | 0.3% | 0.2%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.2% | -3.1% | 0.2% | 0.7% | 1.0% | -0.6%
Oil | 19 | 19 | 20 | 17 | 14 | 11 | 9 | 0.0% | 0.3% | -1.3% | -2.2% | -2.0% | -2.2%
Gas | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 7.0% | 2.2% | 0.3% | 1.5% | 0.9% | 0.2%
Electricity | 13 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 19 | 22 | 24 | 1.4% | 1.1% | 0.4% | 1.3% | 1.2% | 1.0%
Heat | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2.6% | 4.9% | 0.0% | 2.8% | 1.9% | 1.1%
Biomass & Other | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 1.9% | 1.7% | -1.4% | 2.4% | 1.3% | 1.0%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 41% | 45% | 39% | 46% | 53% | 57% | 66% | 0.8% | -1.4% | 1.8% | 1.2% | 0.9% | 1.3%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 12 | 14 | 14 | 15 | 15 | 16 | 16 | 1.3% | 0.0% | 0.4% | 0.3% | 0.3% | 0.1%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.2% | -3.2% | 0.3% | 0.7% | 1.0% | -0.6%
Oil | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | -1.2% | 0.0% | -1.3% | -1.8% | -1.9% | -1.9%
Gas | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 11.9% | 1.7% | 0.9% | 0.7% | 0.5% | -0.1%
Electricity | 6 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 1.3% | 0.3% | 1.3% | 0.9% | 0.8% | 0.5%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7.9% | 2.6% | 0.3% | -0.2% | -0.3% | -0.2%
Biomass & Other | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5.7% | -1.7% | -1.0% | 2.0% | 0.6% | 1.2%
Buildings | 15 | 15 | 18 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 0.3% | 1.6% | -1.7% | 0.3% | 0.6% | 0.7%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -5.6% | -1.2% | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 6 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | -1.8% | -0.5% | -5.7% | -4.4% | -3.6% | -3.1%
Gas | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 3.7% | 3.1% | -1.0% | -0.6% | -0.7% | -1.2%
Electricity | 7 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 1.3% | 1.8% | -0.3% | 1.1% | 1.2% | 1.2%
Heat | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 1.7% | 5.3% | 0.0% | 3.2% | 2.1% | 1.2%
Biomass & Other | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -0.9% | 3.3% | -2.7% | -0.2% | -0.9% | -0.3%
Agriculture | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3.4% | -0.6% | -1.3% | 1.0% | 0.8% | 0.8%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1.9% | -0.3% | -2.6% | -1.7% | -2.8% | -3.9%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7.3% | -9.1% | 0.5% | -1.2% | -1.9% | -2.7%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 6.5% | 0.4% | 0.9% | 2.6% | 2.4% | 2.1%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 41.3% | -3.4% | 6.3% | 14.1% | 5.7% | 3.4%
Transport | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 1.4% | 1.0% | 0.4% | -0.5% | -0.3% | -0.7%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 8 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 9 | 7 | 6 | 1.5% | 0.8% | 0.1% | -1.9% | -1.8% | -2.1%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | 19.9% | 17.6% | 4.9% | 2.5%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0.1% | 1.7% | 1.6% | 9.0% | 3.9% | 2.2%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | 6.6% | 8.9% | 4.3% | 1.5%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 2 | 3 | 11 | 14 | 13 | 13 | 14 | 4.6% | 15.0% | 1.9% | -0.8% | 0.7% | 0.3%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Rest Balkans | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 24 | 23 | 23 | 22 | 21 | 20 | 19 | -0.5% | -0.3% | -0.2% | -0.3% | -0.6% | -0.7%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 5 | 4 | 7 | 8 | 11 | 15 | 20 | -0.9% | 4.1% | 1.9% | 3.1% | 3.6% | 2.8%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 0 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 14.0% | 4.6% | 1.9% | 3.1% | 3.6% | 2.8%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 22 | 15 | 12 | 10 | 9 | 8 | 7 | -3.6% | -2.6% | -1.2% | -1.7% | -1.4% | -0.8%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 31 | 24 | 27 | 27 | 26 | 25 | 24 | -2.6% | 1.3% | 0.1% | -0.3% | -0.4% | -0.5%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 47 | 61 | 61 | 62 | 65 | 67 | 69 | 2.6% | 0.0% | 0.2% | 0.4% | 0.3% | 0.3%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 12 | 18 | 13 | 14 | 16 | 18 | -3.4% | 3.6% | -2.8% | 0.9% | 1.0% | 1.1%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 77 | 84 | 99 | 119 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.6% | 0.9% | 1.6% | 1.9%
Gas | 18 | 21 | 30 | 46 | 51 | 60 | 73 | 1.4% | 3.8% | 4.4% | 1.0% | 1.6% | 2.0%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 129 | 75 | 118 | 120 | 120 | 104 | 81 | -5.3% | 4.6% | 0.2% | 0.0% | -1.4% | -2.5%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 129 | 94 | 119 | 121 | 121 | 111 | 92 | -3.1% | 2.3% | 0.2% | 0.0% | -0.9% | -1.9%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 129 | 92 | 118 | 116 | 116 | 106 | 84 | -3.3% | 2.5% | -0.2% | 0.0% | -0.9% | -2.3%
CO₂ | 101 | 71 | 88 | 82 | 84 | 79 | 63 | -3.4% | 2.1% | -0.7% | 0.2% | -0.6% | -2.2%
CH₄ | 17 | 12 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 9 | 8 | -3.5% | -0.7% | -0.1% | -1.4% | -0.5% | -0.9%
N₂O | 9 | 6 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | -4.4% | 5.4% | 0.5% | 0.6% | 0.2% | -0.2%
F gases | 1 | 3 | 9 | 12 | 12 | 7 | 1 | 8.5% | 11.5% | 2.8% | -0.5% | -5.0% | -14.3%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 113 | 81 | 104 | 100 | 100 | 90 | 68 | -3.3% | 2.6% | -0.4% | -0.1% | -1.0% | -2.8%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 97 | 69 | 84 | 78 | 79 | 74 | 58 | -3.3% | 2.0% | -0.8% | 0.1% | -0.7% | -2.4%
Power generation/District heating | 52 | 47 | 52 | 48 | 48 | 42 | 28 | -1.0% | 1.0% | -0.8% | 0.1% | -1.4% | -4.1%
Industry | 16 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 7 | -6.8% | 1.1% | -1.7% | 0.2% | 0.1% | -0.5%
Buildings | 14 | 5 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | -10.3% | 1.5% | -3.5% | -1.2% | -1.0% | -1.7%
Agriculture | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9.7% | -4.7% | 4.1% | 0.7% | 0.4% | -0.5%
Transport | 8 | 6 | 13 | 13 | 12 | 12 | 12 | -2.4% | 7.2% | -0.3% | -0.5% | 0.2% | -0.1%
Other | 6 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 8 | -9.6% | 6.7% | 2.1% | 2.1% | 1.8% | -0.4%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 31.3% | 18.2%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 30.1% | 18.6%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 23.7%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 8.6%
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 20 | 18 | 21 | 13 | 15 | 17 | 19 | -1.0% | 1.5% | -4.5% | 1.2% | 1.2% | 1.1%
Coal | 14 | 13 | 14 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | -1.1% | 1.2% | -11.6% | 1.2% | -0.6% | -1.8%
Oil | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | -5.0% | 2.2% | 3.9% | -1.4% | -2.0% | -3.1%
Natural gas | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -1.4% | -6.4% | 5.3% | 4.7% | 1.4% | 0.6%
Biomass | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | -0.2% | 2.1% | 6.3% | 0.7% | 1.5% | 1.4%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 7.3% | 11.7%
Hydro | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3.7% | 3.9% | -1.6% | 1.9% | 1.7% | 1.5%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | n.s. | 19.5% | 31.4% | 17.5% | 11.8% | 7.4%
Net Imports | 12 | 5 | 10 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 14 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 2 | 0 | 1 | 10 | 9 | 7 | 4 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | 7 | 4 | 7 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 5 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | - 2 | - 1 | - 1 | - 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 32 | 24 | 31 | 29 | 31 | 34 | 33 | -3.1% | 2.7% | -0.7% | 0.8% | 0.8% | -0.2%
Coal | 16 | 13 | 15 | 14 | 14 | 11 | 8 | -2.2% | 1.6% | -0.7% | -0.3% | -2.3% | -3.4%
Oil | 9 | 5 | 9 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | -6.4% | 5.8% | -1.7% | -0.7% | 0.1% | -0.7%
Natural gas | 4 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 6 | -6.8% | 1.8% | -1.8% | 6.7% | 5.8% | -0.4%
Biomass | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | -0.2% | 2.3% | 0.6% | 3.1% | 2.5% | 1.8%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 7.3% | 11.7%
Hydro | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3.7% | 3.9% | -1.6% | 1.9% | 1.7% | 1.5%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | n.s. | 19.5% | 31.4% | 17.5% | 11.8% | 7.4%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 32 | 24 | 31 | 29 | 31 | 34 | 33 | -3.1% | 2.7% | -0.7% | 0.8% | 0.8% | -0.2%
Energy for Power Generation | 15 | 14 | 16 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 17 | -0.6% | 1.5% | -0.9% | 1.1% | 0.7% | -0.5%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | -5.3% | 5.9% | 4.1% | 2.4% | 2.1% | 0.4%
Final consumption | 21 | 13 | 19 | 18 | 19 | 21 | 23 | -4.4% | 3.6% | -0.7% | 0.9% | 1.1% | 0.5%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 0 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 5.2% | 14.3% | -2.8% | -0.1% | -0.5% | -1.1%
Other Industry | 7 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | -8.3% | -3.4% | 1.1% | 2.1% | 2.1% | 1.3%
Non-Energy Use | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -13.4% | 10.4% | -5.5% | 1.2% | 1.5% | 0.7%
Residential | 4 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 1.0% | 1.8% | -0.4% | 0.8% | 0.9% | 0.3%
Services | 4 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | -9.8% | 2.6% | -1.0% | 1.6% | 2.1% | 1.3%
Agriculture | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11.2% | -3.1% | 2.8% | 1.1% | 1.2% | 1.0%
Road | 3 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | -1.1% | 6.9% | 0.0% | 0.3% | 0.8% | 0.4%
Rail | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.1% | 18.1% | -3.0% | 0.6% | 0.8% | 0.5%
Aviation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 3.0% | 3.3% | 2.2%
Other Transport | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | 4.8% | 8.0% | 1.8% | 1.7% | 0.6%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 13 | 12 | 13 | 12 | 13 | 12 | 9 | -1.1% | 1.0% | -0.9% | 0.6% | -0.5% | -3.0%
Coal | 12 | 11 | 13 | 12 | 11 | 8 | 5 | -0.4% | 1.0% | -0.6% | -0.5% | -2.9% | -4.5%
Oil | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | -12.5% | -2.9% | -24.5% | 33.6% | 7.8% | -1.5%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 3 | -7.4% | 7.7% | -12.8% | 34.6% | 10.4% | -1.5%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 14.8% | 11.2% | 7.2%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 65 | 59 | 79 | 76 | 93 | 112 | 125 | -0.9% | 3.0% | -0.4% | 2.0% | 2.0% | 1.1%
Coal | 44 | 35 | 45 | 46 | 47 | 38 | 25 | -2.3% | 2.6% | 0.2% | 0.3% | -2.1% | -4.3%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 47.6%
Oil | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | -11.9% | -12.4% | -13.7% | 33.7% | 7.7% | -1.3%
Gas | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 13 | 12 | -11.4% | 0.3% | -3.9% | 31.6% | 11.4% | -0.5%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 17.4% | 12.4% | 7.8%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Hydro | 16 | 23 | 34 | 29 | 34 | 40 | 47 | 3.7% | 3.9% | -1.6% | 1.9% | 1.7% | 1.5%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 12 | 24 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 18.2% | 12.2% | 7.0%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 11 | n.s. | n.s. | 51.8% | 21.2% | 14.1% | 9.4%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 20.0% | 14.9%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 26 | 13 | 16 | 20 | 23 | 31 | 43 | -6.7% | 2.6% | 1.8% | 1.6% | 2.9% | 3.4%
Coal | 25 | 8 | 8 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 12 | -10.5% | 0.4% | 2.3% | 0.1% | 0.3% | 0.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 44.5%
Oil | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | -0.6% | 2.4% | -2.6% | -3.3% | 2.8% | 2.9%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | -1.1% | 31.4% | -1.5% | 0.5% | -0.5% | 2.1%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 13.7% | 12.1% | 8.5%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Hydro | 0 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 9 | n.s. | 0.9% | 2.3% | 1.8% | 1.7% | 1.5%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 5 | 9 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 17.4% | 11.4% | 6.3%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 9 | n.s. | n.s. | 52.1% | 21.5% | 14.4% | 9.7%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 14.4%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 21 | 13 | 19 | 18 | 19 | 21 | 23 | -4.4% | 3.6% | -0.7% | 0.9% | 1.1% | 0.5%
Coal | 4 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | -7.0% | 1.2% | -1.8% | -0.3% | -0.9% | -1.3%
Oil | 8 | 4 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 5 | -6.1% | 6.3% | -1.2% | -1.0% | -0.4% | -0.6%
Gas | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | -7.6% | 0.0% | -3.2% | 4.7% | 3.1% | 1.1%
Electricity | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 9 | -0.8% | 2.5% | 0.8% | 1.9% | 1.9% | 1.1%
Heat | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | -1.9% | 5.2% | -1.4% | 2.3% | 2.0% | 1.3%
Biomass & Other | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | -0.2% | 2.2% | -0.1% | 1.8% | 1.9% | 1.1%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 15% | 26% | 26% | 25% | 30% | 38% | 49% | 5.2% | 0.2% | -0.4% | 1.9% | 2.3% | 2.6%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 9 | 4 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 7 | -7.9% | 3.7% | -1.7% | 1.2% | 1.2% | 0.5%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -2.4% | 1.3% | -0.4% | 0.5% | -0.1% | -0.7%
Oil | 4 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -15.1% | 7.7% | -3.5% | -1.2% | -1.0% | -1.4%
Gas | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -2.4% | -0.6% | -6.3% | 3.3% | 2.9% | 1.2%
Electricity | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | -7.8% | 5.3% | 1.1% | 2.3% | 1.9% | 1.1%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -6.1% | 9.0% | -5.7% | -0.2% | -0.3% | -0.2%
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | -3.4% | 8.9% | 3.8% | 4.8% | 3.2%
Buildings | 9 | 6 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | -3.1% | 2.0% | -0.5% | 1.0% | 1.2% | 0.6%
Coal | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -12.7% | 2.1% | -5.0% | -3.5% | -5.1% | -7.5%
Oil | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -1.0% | 1.1% | -3.6% | -2.7% | -1.9% | -1.8%
Gas | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -14.8% | 1.1% | 0.1% | 3.6% | 2.2% | 0.1%
Electricity | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 3.1% | 1.5% | 0.6% | 1.2% | 1.6% | 1.0%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.0% | 3.7% | 0.3% | 2.9% | 2.4% | 1.5%
Biomass & Other | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | -1.2% | 2.8% | -1.0% | 0.7% | 0.8% | 0.2%
Agriculture | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11.2% | -3.1% | 2.8% | 1.1% | 1.2% | 1.0%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.3% | -29.6% | -5.0% | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 16.2% | -2.0% | 3.3% | 0.7% | 0.4% | -0.5%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | 12.6% | 0.6% | 0.4% | -0.3%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5.0% | 6.0% | -1.5% | 2.2% | 2.9% | 3.1%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | -13.8% | -7.8% | 5.5% | 9.4% | 8.7%
Transport | 3 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | -1.0% | 7.3% | -0.1% | 0.4% | 0.9% | 0.4%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 3 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | -0.9% | 7.3% | -0.4% | -0.9% | -0.2% | -0.4%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | 19.2% | 18.9% | 5.5% | 2.5%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | -5.5% | 3.9% | 6.9% | 15.2% | 5.5% | 2.6%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 15.1% | 5.2% | 2.8%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | -5.3% | 5.9% | 4.1% | 2.4% | 2.1% | 0.4%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Russia | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 148 | 146 | 143 | 143 | 139 | 133 | 129 | -0.1% | -0.2% | 0.0% | -0.3% | -0.4% | -0.3%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 13 | 9 | 14 | 16 | 20 | 24 | 25 | -3.8% | 5.1% | 1.3% | 2.3% | 1.8% | 0.4%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 6 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 11 | -3.8% | 5.1% | 1.1% | 2.3% | 1.8% | 0.4%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 17 | 6 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | -9.0% | -5.0% | 1.7% | -0.6% | -0.4% | -0.1%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 48 | 38 | 35 | 32 | 31 | 30 | 30 | -2.4% | -0.9% | -0.7% | -0.4% | -0.4% | -0.1%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 35 | 56 | 61 | 63 | 65 | 66 | 66 | 4.8% | 1.0% | 0.3% | 0.2% | 0.2% | 0.0%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 12 | 18 | 13 | 14 | 16 | 17 | -3.4% | 3.6% | -3.1% | 1.0% | 1.0% | 0.8%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 77 | 84 | 99 | 119 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.6% | 0.9% | 1.6% | 1.9%
Gas | 18 | 21 | 30 | 46 | 51 | 60 | 73 | 1.4% | 3.8% | 4.4% | 1.0% | 1.6% | 2.0%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 3 428 | 1 649 | 1 612 | 1 742 | 1 948 | 1 591 | 1 227 | -7.1% | -0.2% | 0.8% | 1.1% | -2.0% | -2.6%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 3 428 | 2 108 | 2 230 | 2 177 | 2 181 | 1 728 | 1 335 | -4.7% | 0.6% | -0.2% | 0.0% | -2.3% | -2.5%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 3 300 | 2 092 | 2 218 | 2 171 | 2 181 | 1 728 | 1 254 | -4.5% | 0.6% | -0.2% | 0.0% | -2.3% | -3.2%
CO₂ | 2 418 | 1 497 | 1 563 | 1 519 | 1 509 | 1 298 | 898 | -4.7% | 0.4% | -0.3% | -0.1% | -1.5% | -3.6%
CH₄ | 593 | 435 | 491 | 469 | 488 | 260 | 197 | -3.1% | 1.2% | -0.5% | 0.4% | -6.1% | -2.7%
N₂O | 248 | 131 | 150 | 165 | 172 | 168 | 158 | -6.2% | 1.3% | 1.0% | 0.5% | -0.2% | -0.6%
F gases | 41 | 29 | 14 | 18 | 11 | 2 | 1 | -3.5% | -6.8% | 2.2% | -4.3% | -15.5% | -9.3%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 2 978 | 1 938 | 2 077 | 2 017 | 2 013 | 1 558 | 1 086 | -4.2% | 0.7% | -0.3% | 0.0% | -2.5% | -3.6%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 2 285 | 1 420 | 1 458 | 1 427 | 1 418 | 1 214 | 830 | -4.6% | 0.3% | -0.2% | -0.1% | -1.5% | -3.7%
Power generation/District heating | 795 | 586 | 623 | 604 | 610 | 471 | 268 | -3.0% | 0.6% | -0.3% | 0.1% | -2.6% | -5.5%
Industry | 227 | 157 | 140 | 150 | 154 | 137 | 105 | -3.6% | -1.1% | 0.7% | 0.2% | -1.1% | -2.7%
Buildings | 336 | 170 | 137 | 107 | 105 | 99 | 66 | -6.6% | -2.1% | -2.5% | -0.2% | -0.6% | -4.0%
Agriculture | 49 | 21 | 14 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 11 | -8.3% | -4.1% | -0.4% | 0.8% | -0.1% | -2.6%
Transport | 252 | 112 | 157 | 184 | 191 | 185 | 158 | -7.8% | 3.4% | 1.6% | 0.3% | -0.3% | -1.6%
Other | 626 | 375 | 386 | 368 | 344 | 307 | 223 | -5.0% | 0.3% | -0.5% | -0.7% | -1.1% | -3.2%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 40 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 28.9%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 9 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 25.9%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 25 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 27.5%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 1 234 | 944 | 1 229 | 1 301 | 1 538 | 1 662 | 1 706 | -2.6% | 2.7% | 0.6% | 1.7% | 0.8% | 0.3%
Coal | 164 | 130 | 169 | 155 | 207 | 219 | 227 | -2.3% | 2.7% | -0.8% | 2.9% | 0.6% | 0.4%
Oil | 526 | 325 | 510 | 539 | 570 | 557 | 497 | -4.7% | 4.6% | 0.6% | 0.6% | -0.2% | -1.1%
Natural gas | 491 | 436 | 486 | 523 | 649 | 723 | 794 | -1.2% | 1.1% | 0.7% | 2.2% | 1.1% | 0.9%
Biomass | 8 | 5 | 4 | 16 | 35 | 44 | 52 | -5.5% | -0.9% | 13.8% | 8.6% | 2.2% | 1.6%
Nuclear¹ | 31 | 35 | 45 | 51 | 58 | 93 | 103 | 1.0% | 2.7% | 1.3% | 1.2% | 4.8% | 1.1%
Hydro | 14 | 14 | 14 | 16 | 16 | 18 | 20 | 0.0% | 0.2% | 0.8% | 0.4% | 1.0% | 1.0%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 7 | 13 | 7.6% | 24.1% | 12.2% | 6.3% | 10.1% | 6.9%
Net Imports | - 353 | - 324 | - 539 | - 611 | - 829 | - 965 | -1 106 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 11 | - 10 | - 68 | - 33 | - 66 | - 111 | - 161 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | - 265 | - 199 | - 370 | - 367 | - 408 | - 407 | - 373 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | - 103 | - 117 | - 103 | - 208 | - 352 | - 454 | - 588 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 4 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 21 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | - 1 | - 2 | - 3 | - 3 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | - 1 | - 1 | - 2 | - 2 | - 2 | - 2 | - 2 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 880 | 619 | 690 | 690 | 709 | 697 | 600 | -3.5% | 1.1% | 0.0% | 0.3% | -0.2% | -1.5%
Coal | 175 | 120 | 101 | 122 | 141 | 109 | 66 | -3.7% | -1.7% | 1.9% | 1.4% | -2.6% | -4.9%
Oil | 261 | 126 | 140 | 172 | 162 | 150 | 124 | -7.0% | 1.1% | 2.1% | -0.6% | -0.7% | -1.9%
Natural gas | 388 | 319 | 384 | 315 | 297 | 269 | 206 | -1.9% | 1.9% | -2.0% | -0.6% | -1.0% | -2.7%
Biomass | 12 | 7 | 7 | 16 | 36 | 55 | 74 | -5.6% | 0.0% | 8.7% | 8.6% | 4.4% | 2.9%
Nuclear¹ | 31 | 35 | 45 | 51 | 58 | 93 | 103 | 1.0% | 2.7% | 1.3% | 1.2% | 4.8% | 1.1%
Hydro | 14 | 14 | 14 | 16 | 16 | 18 | 20 | 0.0% | 0.2% | 0.8% | 0.4% | 1.0% | 1.0%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 7 | 13 | 7.6% | 24.1% | 12.2% | 6.3% | 10.1% | 6.9%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 880 | 619 | 690 | 690 | 709 | 697 | 600 | -3.5% | 1.1% | 0.0% | 0.3% | -0.2% | -1.5%
Energy for Power Generation | 325 | 252 | 286 | 282 | 288 | 289 | 252 | -2.5% | 1.2% | -0.1% | 0.2% | 0.0% | -1.3%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 224 | 154 | 154 | 148 | 148 | 146 | 134 | -3.6% | 0.0% | -0.4% | 0.0% | -0.1% | -0.9%
Final consumption | 603 | 400 | 425 | 426 | 448 | 443 | 390 | -4.0% | 0.6% | 0.0% | 0.5% | -0.1% | -1.3%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 102 | 78 | 91 | 93 | 97 | 88 | 72 | -2.7% | 1.6% | 0.2% | 0.4% | -0.9% | -2.0%
Other Industry | 128 | 65 | 52 | 56 | 57 | 56 | 51 | -6.5% | -2.2% | 0.6% | 0.3% | -0.2% | -0.9%
Non-Energy Use | 40 | 36 | 66 | 74 | 79 | 80 | 71 | -1.0% | 6.2% | 1.2% | 0.7% | 0.0% | -1.2%
Residential | 168 | 140 | 111 | 97 | 95 | 95 | 83 | -1.8% | -2.3% | -1.4% | -0.2% | -0.1% | -1.3%
Services | 62 | 25 | 37 | 34 | 41 | 44 | 39 | -8.7% | 3.9% | -0.7% | 1.7% | 0.8% | -1.2%
Agriculture | 22 | 9 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | -8.3% | -4.4% | -0.2% | 1.0% | 0.8% | 0.4%
Road | 52 | 34 | 48 | 50 | 55 | 57 | 52 | -4.1% | 3.4% | 0.5% | 0.8% | 0.3% | -0.9%
Rail | 12 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | -7.6% | 2.1% | 0.8% | 0.2% | 0.0% | -0.6%
Aviation | 9 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 7 | -6.9% | 1.5% | 1.5% | 1.6% | 0.6% | -0.9%
Other Transport | 7 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | -14.7% | -1.4% | 6.7% | 1.1% | -0.4% | -2.1%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 279 | 204 | 226 | 214 | 211 | 171 | 116 | -3.1% | 1.0% | -0.5% | -0.1% | -2.1% | -3.8%
Coal | 63 | 63 | 59 | 66 | 77 | 53 | 27 | 0.0% | -0.6% | 1.0% | 1.6% | -3.7% | -6.5%
Oil | 46 | 12 | 4 | 9 | 5 | 4 | 3 | -12.6% | -10.2% | 8.5% | -5.3% | -1.8% | -4.1%
Gas | 170 | 127 | 160 | 134 | 123 | 107 | 76 | -2.9% | 2.4% | -1.8% | -0.9% | -1.4% | -3.3%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 10 | 29.4% | 1.7% | 9.1% | 1.9% | 2.8% | 3.1%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7.6% | 24.2% | 8.3% | 5.5% | 1.0% | 2.3%
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 1 082 | 878 | 1 038 | 1 093 | 1 261 | 1 356 | 1 254 | -2.1% | 1.7% | 0.5% | 1.4% | 0.7% | -0.8%
Coal | 157 | 176 | 166 | 202 | 269 | 196 | 104 | 1.1% | -0.6% | 2.0% | 2.9% | -3.1% | -6.2%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 10 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 30.9%
Oil | 129 | 33 | 9 | 41 | 23 | 20 | 13 | -12.7% | -11.9% | 15.9% | -5.4% | -1.8% | -4.0%
Gas | 512 | 370 | 521 | 450 | 523 | 499 | 373 | -3.2% | 3.5% | -1.4% | 1.5% | -0.5% | -2.9%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 45 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 36.4%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 3 | 3 | 15 | 19 | 29 | 47 | 52.6% | 0.9% | 18.7% | 2.4% | 4.1% | 5.0%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 118 | 131 | 170 | 196 | 224 | 371 | 417 | 1.0% | 2.7% | 1.4% | 1.3% | 5.2% | 1.2%
Hydro | 166 | 165 | 168 | 183 | 190 | 210 | 231 | 0.0% | 0.2% | 0.8% | 0.4% | 1.0% | 1.0%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 7 | 20 | 40 | n.s. | 7.2% | n.s. | 5.4% | 11.4% | 6.9%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 9 | 26 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 15.6% | 13.6% | 11.0%
Other | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 7.6% | 24.2% | 8.3% | 5.7% | 1.9% | 3.9%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 144 | 211 | 231 | 231 | 245 | 290 | 317 | 3.9% | 0.9% | 0.0% | 0.6% | 1.7% | 0.9%
Coal | 42 | 42 | 42 | 38 | 42 | 43 | 42 | 0.0% | 0.0% | -1.1% | 1.1% | 0.2% | -0.2%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 31.0%
Oil | 16 | 16 | 16 | 13 | 8 | 6 | 5 | 0.0% | 0.0% | -1.8% | -4.4% | -2.7% | -1.7%
Gas | 86 | 88 | 104 | 100 | 106 | 116 | 110 | 0.3% | 1.7% | -0.4% | 0.6% | 1.0% | -0.6%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 36.9%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 36.8% | 0.0% | 13.4% | 2.1% | 4.1% | 5.2%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 20 | 23 | 25 | 28 | 46 | 51 | n.s. | 1.3% | 1.0% | 1.1% | 5.0% | 1.1%
Hydro | 0 | 44 | 45 | 49 | 51 | 56 | 61 | n.s. | 0.2% | 0.8% | 0.4% | 1.0% | 1.0%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 4 | 11 | 19 | n.s. | 19.6% | n.s. | 5.0% | 9.9% | 5.7%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 8 | 20 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 10.8% | 10.6% | 10.3%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | 14.6% | 6.8% | 5.5% | 1.5% | 3.3%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 603 | 400 | 425 | 426 | 448 | 443 | 390 | -4.0% | 0.6% | 0.0% | 0.5% | -0.1% | -1.3%
Coal | 68 | 29 | 28 | 33 | 35 | 27 | 17 | -8.3% | -0.2% | 1.6% | 0.6% | -2.4% | -4.5%
Oil | 145 | 91 | 109 | 125 | 122 | 114 | 95 | -4.6% | 1.9% | 1.4% | -0.2% | -0.7% | -1.9%
Gas | 110 | 90 | 110 | 97 | 106 | 107 | 88 | -2.0% | 2.0% | -1.3% | 1.0% | 0.1% | -2.0%
Electricity | 68 | 50 | 60 | 63 | 73 | 79 | 73 | -2.9% | 1.8% | 0.5% | 1.4% | 0.7% | -0.7%
Heat | 203 | 137 | 115 | 102 | 99 | 99 | 98 | -3.9% | -1.8% | -1.2% | -0.2% | 0.0% | -0.1%
Biomass & Other | 8 | 3 | 2 | 6 | 11 | 17 | 19 | -9.3% | -2.5% | 9.5% | 7.0% | 3.7% | 1.4%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 6% | 8% | 7% | 8% | 9% | 12% | 18% | 2.1% | -0.9% | 1.5% | 1.5% | 2.9% | 3.7%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 270 | 179 | 210 | 223 | 234 | 224 | 194 | -4.0% | 1.6% | 0.6% | 0.5% | -0.4% | -1.4%
Coal | 28 | 19 | 24 | 30 | 33 | 26 | 17 | -3.9% | 2.6% | 2.3% | 0.8% | -2.3% | -4.3%
Oil | 44 | 36 | 43 | 52 | 51 | 48 | 41 | -2.0% | 1.9% | 2.0% | -0.2% | -0.6% | -1.4%
Gas | 52 | 43 | 66 | 67 | 71 | 70 | 59 | -1.9% | 4.5% | 0.1% | 0.6% | -0.2% | -1.7%
Electricity | 41 | 27 | 28 | 30 | 34 | 36 | 34 | -4.2% | 0.5% | 0.6% | 1.4% | 0.6% | -0.8%
Heat | 105 | 55 | 48 | 42 | 40 | 39 | 37 | -6.4% | -1.4% | -1.3% | -0.3% | -0.4% | -0.4%
Biomass & Other | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 6 | n.s. | -2.9% | 13.2% | 8.9% | 3.9% | 1.3%
Buildings | 231 | 166 | 148 | 131 | 136 | 139 | 122 | -3.3% | -1.1% | -1.2% | 0.4% | 0.2% | -1.3%
Coal | 40 | 10 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | -13.1% | -8.8% | -4.0% | -2.3% | -5.0% | -11.2%
Oil | 14 | 7 | 6 | 9 | 7 | 5 | 3 | -7.0% | -0.6% | 3.9% | -3.2% | -2.7% | -4.1%
Gas | 57 | 47 | 43 | 29 | 32 | 33 | 23 | -1.9% | -0.8% | -4.1% | 1.2% | 0.3% | -3.7%
Electricity | 15 | 18 | 26 | 26 | 30 | 31 | 27 | 1.7% | 3.8% | 0.3% | 1.2% | 0.5% | -1.3%
Heat | 98 | 82 | 67 | 60 | 59 | 60 | 61 | -1.7% | -2.0% | -1.1% | -0.2% | 0.2% | 0.1%
Biomass & Other | 7 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 7 | -10.8% | -2.6% | 8.4% | 4.1% | 1.8% | -0.7%
Agriculture | 22 | 9 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | -8.3% | -4.4% | -0.2% | 1.0% | 0.8% | 0.4%
Coal | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -7.1% | -11.5% | -3.4% | 0.0% | -1.2% | -4.3%
Oil | 14 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | -8.7% | -4.2% | -0.4% | 0.9% | -0.1% | -2.6%
Gas | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -0.8% | 0.9% | 0.6% | 0.7% | -0.1% | -2.0%
Electricity | 6 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | -7.7% | -6.2% | 0.1% | 1.7% | 1.9% | 1.9%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | -15.8% | 1.1% | 0.4% | 0.0% | 10.2% | 11.7%
Transport | 80 | 46 | 61 | 66 | 72 | 74 | 67 | -5.4% | 3.0% | 0.7% | 0.8% | 0.3% | -0.9%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 73 | 42 | 56 | 60 | 60 | 57 | 47 | -5.3% | 2.8% | 0.6% | 0.1% | -0.5% | -2.0%
Gas | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 6 | -23.1% | 3.4% | 11.9% | 19.6% | 6.2% | 4.8%
Electricity | 6 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 9 | 9 | -5.5% | 4.5% | 1.1% | 2.5% | 1.9% | 0.6%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 5 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 23.0% | 7.5% | 3.1%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 224 | 154 | 154 | 148 | 148 | 146 | 134 | -3.6% | 0.0% | -0.4% | 0.0% | -0.1% | -0.9%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Ukraine | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 51 | 49 | 46 | 44 | 41 | 38 | 35 | -0.5% | -0.7% | -0.4% | -0.7% | -0.8% | -0.7%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 8 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 10 | 15 | 21 | -7.5% | 5.0% | 1.0% | 4.2% | 3.9% | 3.5%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 3 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 7 | -7.5% | 5.0% | 0.7% | 4.2% | 3.9% | 3.5%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 26 | 17 | 8 | 12 | 10 | 8 | 7 | -4.0% | -7.0% | 4.0% | -2.5% | -1.6% | -1.0%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 45 | 36 | 31 | 26 | 25 | 24 | 23 | -2.0% | -1.5% | -1.9% | -0.2% | -0.4% | -0.5%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 30 | 47 | 60 | 62 | 65 | 67 | 69 | 4.6% | 2.6% | 0.2% | 0.5% | 0.3% | 0.3%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 12 | 18 | 13 | 14 | 16 | 17 | -3.4% | 3.6% | -3.1% | 1.0% | 1.0% | 0.8%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 77 | 84 | 99 | 119 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.6% | 0.9% | 1.6% | 1.9%
Gas | 18 | 21 | 30 | 46 | 51 | 60 | 73 | 1.4% | 3.8% | 4.4% | 1.0% | 1.6% | 2.0%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 804 | 345 | 311 | 260 | 300 | 241 | 244 | -8.1% | -1.1% | -1.8% | 1.4% | -2.2% | 0.2%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 873 | 396 | 349 | 286 | 322 | 261 | 264 | -7.6% | -1.3% | -2.0% | 1.2% | -2.1% | 0.1%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 873 | 396 | 349 | 286 | 322 | 261 | 264 | -7.6% | -1.3% | -2.0% | 1.2% | -2.1% | 0.1%
CO₂ | 652 | 277 | 253 | 200 | 240 | 200 | 208 | -8.2% | -0.9% | -2.3% | 1.8% | -1.8% | 0.4%
CH₄ | 162 | 93 | 66 | 53 | 47 | 29 | 24 | -5.4% | -3.3% | -2.2% | -1.2% | -4.8% | -1.7%
N₂O | 59 | 26 | 29 | 32 | 35 | 32 | 31 | -7.7% | 0.9% | 1.0% | 0.8% | -0.8% | -0.2%
F gases | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -5.6% | 17.0% | 0.4% | -10.0% | -11.1% | -11.8%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 770 | 359 | 314 | 248 | 282 | 220 | 225 | -7.3% | -1.3% | -2.3% | 1.3% | -2.4% | 0.2%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 613 | 258 | 234 | 182 | 221 | 180 | 190 | -8.3% | -1.0% | -2.5% | 2.0% | -2.0% | 0.5%
Power generation/District heating | 209 | 77 | 93 | 80 | 113 | 72 | 84 | -9.5% | 1.9% | -1.4% | 3.4% | -4.4% | 1.6%
Industry | 127 | 47 | 31 | 25 | 28 | 27 | 24 | -9.5% | -3.9% | -2.2% | 1.0% | -0.3% | -1.1%
Buildings | 56 | 44 | 37 | 21 | 19 | 17 | 15 | -2.5% | -1.8% | -5.5% | -0.9% | -1.2% | -0.9%
Agriculture | 23 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | -17.2% | 2.4% | 0.0% | 1.1% | 0.5% | -0.3%
Transport | 53 | 17 | 30 | 25 | 27 | 28 | 28 | -10.6% | 5.5% | -1.8% | 0.7% | 0.5% | -0.1%
Other | 144 | 69 | 38 | 26 | 29 | 32 | 33 | -7.1% | -5.8% | -3.8% | 1.3% | 0.8% | 0.5%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 21.4%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 20.4%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 33.6%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 5.8%
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 105 | 71 | 80 | 76 | 74 | 78 | 71 | -3.8% | 1.1% | -0.4% | -0.3% | 0.5% | -0.9%
Coal | 57 | 32 | 34 | 30 | 23 | 13 | 6 | -5.5% | 0.6% | -1.3% | -2.6% | -5.3% | -7.7%
Oil | 6 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | -3.2% | -0.2% | -2.6% | 1.8% | 1.3% | 0.4%
Natural gas | 21 | 13 | 15 | 17 | 18 | 18 | 17 | -4.5% | 1.4% | 0.9% | 0.7% | 0.0% | -0.5%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | -2.2% | 18.6% | -1.4% | 3.2% | 2.7% | 3.7%
Nuclear¹ | 20 | 20 | 24 | 23 | 23 | 32 | 31 | 0.2% | 1.4% | -0.2% | 0.0% | 3.4% | -0.5%
Hydro | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.7% | 1.4% | -0.1% | -0.1% | 0.3% | 0.0%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 6 | 8 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 12.1% | 7.8% | 2.5%
Net Imports | 148 | 58 | 53 | 20 | 37 | 37 | 49 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 18 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 18 | 15 | 22 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | 62 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 10 | 11 | 11 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | 71 | 49 | 40 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 15 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | - 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 253 | 130 | 133 | 97 | 111 | 114 | 120 | -6.4% | 0.2% | -3.1% | 1.4% | 0.3% | 0.5%
Coal | 75 | 34 | 39 | 33 | 41 | 28 | 28 | -7.5% | 1.2% | -1.6% | 2.3% | -3.7% | -0.3%
Oil | 67 | 12 | 13 | 11 | 13 | 15 | 15 | -15.9% | 1.0% | -1.4% | 1.4% | 1.2% | 0.4%
Natural gas | 92 | 62 | 55 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 32 | -3.8% | -1.2% | -7.3% | 0.3% | 0.4% | 1.3%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | -2.2% | 18.9% | -0.8% | 5.2% | 4.3% | 3.3%
Nuclear¹ | 20 | 20 | 24 | 23 | 23 | 32 | 31 | 0.2% | 1.4% | -0.2% | 0.0% | 3.4% | -0.5%
Hydro | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.7% | 1.4% | -0.1% | -0.1% | 0.3% | 0.0%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 6 | 8 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 12.1% | 7.8% | 2.5%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 253 | 130 | 133 | 97 | 111 | 114 | 120 | -6.4% | 0.2% | -3.1% | 1.4% | 0.3% | 0.5%
Energy for Power Generation | 81 | 44 | 51 | 48 | 61 | 65 | 71 | -5.9% | 1.4% | -0.6% | 2.3% | 0.7% | 1.0%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 60 | 34 | 30 | 12 | 12 | 13 | 14 | -5.4% | -1.3% | -8.8% | 0.3% | 0.5% | 0.8%
Final consumption | 160 | 74 | 75 | 55 | 61 | 64 | 65 | -7.4% | 0.2% | -3.1% | 1.1% | 0.4% | 0.2%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 27 | 13 | 22 | 16 | 17 | 15 | 12 | -7.0% | 5.5% | -3.2% | 0.4% | -1.2% | -2.0%
Other Industry | 61 | 24 | 8 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 10 | -8.8% | -10.9% | -3.7% | 2.9% | 2.0% | 1.6%
Non-Energy Use | 6 | 1 | 6 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 5 | -15.4% | 16.4% | -6.0% | 2.3% | 1.9% | 1.4%
Residential | 32 | 24 | 24 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 15 | -2.8% | -0.1% | -4.1% | 0.3% | -0.2% | -0.3%
Services | 3 | 2 | 5 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 9 | -0.7% | 6.6% | -0.4% | 3.1% | 1.9% | 1.5%
Agriculture | 9 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | -16.6% | 1.2% | -0.1% | 1.2% | 1.2% | 1.2%
Road | 18 | 6 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 10 | -9.6% | 2.9% | -1.3% | 1.2% | 1.1% | 0.7%
Rail | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -6.9% | -0.5% | -1.7% | 1.7% | 1.4% | 1.1%
Aviation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Other Transport | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | -7.1% | 2.7% | 1.4% | 1.0%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 60 | 23 | 26 | 23 | 33 | 25 | 31 | -9.3% | 1.5% | -1.4% | 3.7% | -2.9% | 2.2%
Coal | 35 | 14 | 19 | 16 | 22 | 10 | 12 | -8.5% | 3.0% | -1.9% | 3.2% | -7.5% | 1.6%
Oil | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | -30.9% | 0.3% | 1.9% | 6.8% | 5.0% | 2.6%
Gas | 12 | 8 | 6 | 7 | 10 | 12 | 15 | -4.2% | -2.5% | 0.4% | 4.3% | 1.8% | 2.6%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | -40.3% | n.s. | 9.9% | 3.5%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 299 | 171 | 189 | 189 | 267 | 316 | 361 | -5.4% | 1.0% | 0.0% | 3.5% | 1.7% | 1.3%
Coal | 114 | 52 | 70 | 57 | 86 | 44 | 52 | -7.6% | 3.0% | -2.0% | 4.2% | -6.4% | 1.7%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 37.4%
Oil | 48 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 6 | 7 | -30.9% | -3.6% | 8.0% | 7.0% | 5.1% | 2.7%
Gas | 50 | 30 | 16 | 19 | 41 | 57 | 76 | -5.0% | -6.3% | 2.0% | 7.8% | 3.4% | 2.9%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 38.6%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 6 | 9 | n.s. | n.s. | -27.0% | n.s. | 9.9% | 3.5%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 76 | 77 | 89 | 88 | 88 | 126 | 123 | 0.2% | 1.4% | -0.2% | 0.0% | 3.7% | -0.2%
Hydro | 11 | 11 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 0.7% | 1.4% | -0.1% | -0.1% | 0.3% | 0.0%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 26 | 54 | 73 | n.s. | 23.6% | n.s. | 13.8% | 7.5% | 3.0%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 8 | 9 | 7 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 7.2% | 1.4% | -3.3%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 19.2% | 13.3%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 42 | 52 | 54 | 46 | 66 | 86 | 90 | 2.2% | 0.3% | -1.5% | 3.6% | 2.8% | 0.4%
Coal | 23 | 22 | 22 | 12 | 16 | 18 | 19 | -0.2% | -0.1% | -5.5% | 2.8% | 1.2% | 0.3%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 37.5%
Oil | 7 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | -18.2% | 0.0% | -9.1% | 10.1% | 5.7% | 2.3%
Gas | 12 | 14 | 12 | 8 | 12 | 16 | 18 | 0.8% | -1.0% | -4.7% | 5.0% | 2.8% | 0.9%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 38.8%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | 32.9% | 9.7% | -1.6% | -3.2%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 11 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 18 | 17 | n.s. | 1.6% | -0.1% | -0.2% | 3.5% | -0.4%
Hydro | 0 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | n.s. | 1.5% | 0.3% | -0.1% | 0.3% | 0.0%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 8 | 16 | 21 | n.s. | n.s. | 39.3% | 12.1% | 6.9% | 2.6%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 7 | 7 | 5 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 6.6% | 1.1% | -3.4%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 12.8%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 160 | 74 | 75 | 55 | 61 | 64 | 65 | -7.4% | 0.2% | -3.1% | 1.1% | 0.4% | 0.2%
Coal | 35 | 15 | 13 | 12 | 13 | 11 | 9 | -8.4% | -1.3% | -1.0% | 0.9% | -1.2% | -2.3%
Oil | 43 | 11 | 13 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 13 | -13.0% | 1.7% | -1.5% | 1.2% | 0.8% | 0.2%
Gas | 33 | 26 | 25 | 12 | 11 | 11 | 11 | -2.6% | -0.2% | -6.8% | -0.8% | -0.6% | -0.2%
Electricity | 18 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 16 | 19 | 22 | -5.8% | 1.7% | 0.0% | 3.6% | 1.7% | 1.4%
Heat | 31 | 13 | 12 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | -8.0% | -0.6% | -5.9% | 0.1% | 1.1% | 0.4%
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | -2.2% | 14.7% | 4.8% | 0.4% | 0.4% | 2.4%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 2% | 3% | 4% | 7% | 10% | 15% | 19% | 2.8% | 4.7% | 4.6% | 3.7% | 4.6% | 2.1%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 95 | 39 | 36 | 25 | 28 | 28 | 27 | -8.6% | -0.8% | -3.7% | 1.2% | 0.2% | -0.2%
Coal | 27 | 12 | 12 | 11 | 13 | 11 | 9 | -7.9% | 0.2% | -0.6% | 0.9% | -1.2% | -2.2%
Oil | 15 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | -16.8% | -0.4% | -2.5% | 3.1% | 2.4% | 1.5%
Gas | 23 | 12 | 11 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | -6.5% | -1.2% | -9.1% | -0.3% | 0.1% | 0.0%
Electricity | 13 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | -8.4% | 0.9% | -2.0% | 2.8% | 1.8% | 1.4%
Heat | 16 | 7 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | -8.0% | -3.6% | -6.2% | -0.2% | -0.3% | -0.2%
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | -0.7% | 7.1% | 2.5% | 5.5%
Buildings | 35 | 27 | 28 | 20 | 22 | 23 | 24 | -2.6% | 0.7% | -3.4% | 1.0% | 0.4% | 0.3%
Coal | 7 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -9.0% | -13.1% | -8.1% | -1.0% | -3.1% | -5.8%
Oil | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -13.8% | -7.5% | 4.8% | 7.2% | 2.6% | 1.6%
Gas | 10 | 14 | 14 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 3.2% | 0.5% | -5.5% | -1.4% | -1.5% | -1.1%
Electricity | 1 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 8.5% | 3.7% | 2.2% | 4.1% | 1.4% | 1.0%
Heat | 14 | 6 | 8 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 6 | -8.1% | 2.1% | -5.6% | 0.2% | 1.8% | 0.7%
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -2.2% | 14.0% | 3.9% | -1.3% | -2.8% | -0.3%
Agriculture | 9 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | -16.6% | 1.2% | -0.1% | 1.2% | 1.2% | 1.2%
Coal | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | -9.7% | 0.0% | -0.9% | -2.1%
Oil | 6 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | -15.7% | 1.5% | 0.3% | 1.1% | 0.5% | -0.3%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | -2.4% | 0.9% | 0.5% | -0.1%
Electricity | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | -15.9% | -4.2% | -0.5% | 1.9% | 3.8% | 4.7%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | -1.4% | 0.0% | 9.3% | 10.8%
Transport | 21 | 7 | 10 | 8 | 9 | 11 | 11 | -9.9% | 2.6% | -1.4% | 1.3% | 1.2% | 0.7%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | -15.8% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0%
Oil | 20 | 7 | 9 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | -10.3% | 2.7% | -1.6% | 0.4% | 0.2% | -0.5%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | 0.7% | 18.6% | 7.0% | 5.7%
Electricity | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | -4.7% | 0.1% | -0.6% | 4.4% | 3.2% | 2.2%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 8.1% | 6.7% | 4.3%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 60 | 34 | 30 | 12 | 12 | 13 | 14 | -5.4% | -1.3% | -8.8% | 0.3% | 0.5% | 0.8%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Rest CIS | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 77 | 81 | 88 | 98 | 105 | 110 | 114 | 0.5% | 0.8% | 1.1% | 0.7% | 0.5% | 0.3%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 5 | 3 | 6 | 10 | 15 | 22 | 27 | -4.0% | 7.5% | 4.3% | 4.6% | 3.4% | 2.4%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 2 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 10 | -4.1% | 7.4% | 4.3% | 4.6% | 3.4% | 2.4%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 20 | 20 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 6 | -0.4% | -7.3% | -0.9% | -1.8% | -0.9% | -0.5%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 26 | 35 | 44 | 35 | 33 | 31 | 30 | 3.0% | 2.1% | -2.2% | -0.4% | -0.6% | -0.5%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 53 | 45 | 47 | 57 | 60 | 62 | 64 | -1.7% | 0.5% | 1.9% | 0.5% | 0.4% | 0.3%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 12 | 18 | 13 | 14 | 16 | 17 | -3.4% | 3.6% | -3.1% | 1.0% | 1.0% | 0.8%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 77 | 84 | 99 | 119 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.6% | 0.9% | 1.6% | 1.9%
Gas | 18 | 21 | 30 | 46 | 51 | 60 | 73 | 1.4% | 3.8% | 4.4% | 1.0% | 1.6% | 2.0%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 926 | 546 | 739 | 897 | 948 | 1 064 | 1 131 | -5.1% | 3.1% | 2.0% | 0.6% | 1.2% | 0.6%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 955 | 588 | 798 | 951 | 996 | 1 106 | 1 170 | -4.7% | 3.1% | 1.8% | 0.5% | 1.1% | 0.6%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 955 | 586 | 788 | 941 | 988 | 1 098 | 1 163 | -4.8% | 3.0% | 1.8% | 0.5% | 1.1% | 0.6%
CO₂ | 709 | 407 | 536 | 697 | 759 | 859 | 921 | -5.4% | 2.8% | 2.7% | 0.8% | 1.2% | 0.7%
CH₄ | 174 | 133 | 193 | 181 | 166 | 174 | 176 | -2.6% | 3.8% | -0.6% | -0.9% | 0.5% | 0.1%
N₂O | 69 | 45 | 56 | 59 | 61 | 64 | 64 | -4.2% | 2.3% | 0.5% | 0.3% | 0.4% | 0.1%
F gases | 3 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | -9.0% | 10.0% | 0.2% | -6.8% | -3.3% | -5.7%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 829 | 503 | 678 | 829 | 875 | 982 | 1 045 | -4.9% | 3.0% | 2.0% | 0.5% | 1.2% | 0.6%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 674 | 374 | 489 | 642 | 699 | 792 | 849 | -5.7% | 2.7% | 2.8% | 0.9% | 1.3% | 0.7%
Power generation/District heating | 248 | 152 | 165 | 229 | 258 | 291 | 297 | -4.8% | 0.8% | 3.3% | 1.2% | 1.2% | 0.2%
Industry | 128 | 51 | 81 | 117 | 110 | 118 | 125 | -8.8% | 4.7% | 3.7% | -0.5% | 0.7% | 0.6%
Buildings | 159 | 83 | 104 | 129 | 136 | 159 | 182 | -6.3% | 2.3% | 2.1% | 0.6% | 1.6% | 1.4%
Agriculture | 13 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 9 | 9 | -4.2% | -0.4% | 1.8% | 0.3% | -0.4% | -0.7%
Transport | 56 | 27 | 41 | 50 | 53 | 57 | 59 | -6.9% | 4.1% | 1.9% | 0.6% | 0.7% | 0.4%
Other | 70 | 53 | 90 | 109 | 132 | 157 | 177 | -2.9% | 5.5% | 2.0% | 1.9% | 1.8% | 1.2%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 6 | 26 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 22.9% | 20.1% | 16.2%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 12 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 22.5% | 19.5% | 17.8%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 13 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 34.1% | 21.2% | 15.0%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 0.2% | 1.3% | 11.9%
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 214 | 194 | 308 | 434 | 568 | 625 | 653 | -1.0% | 4.7% | 3.5% | 2.7% | 1.0% | 0.4%
Coal | 52 | 36 | 51 | 69 | 74 | 69 | 71 | -3.6% | 3.6% | 3.0% | 0.8% | -0.7% | 0.3%
Oil | 47 | 66 | 148 | 192 | 225 | 218 | 200 | 3.4% | 8.4% | 2.7% | 1.6% | -0.3% | -0.9%
Natural gas | 109 | 86 | 101 | 163 | 253 | 314 | 347 | -2.4% | 1.6% | 4.9% | 4.5% | 2.2% | 1.0%
Biomass | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 5.3% | 1.6% | 7.1% | 3.3% | 1.9% | 1.8%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 8 | 12 | n.s. | 2.2% | 3.3% | 15.1% | 7.7% | 4.6%
Hydro | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | -0.6% | 2.3% | -0.4% | 0.8% | 0.1% | 0.0%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 5 | 10 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 40.9% | 12.2% | 7.6%
Net Imports | 35 | - 45 | - 120 | - 181 | - 273 | - 273 | - 251 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 0 | - 14 | - 14 | - 21 | - 32 | - 27 | - 26 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | 46 | - 30 | - 113 | - 138 | - 171 | - 161 | - 143 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | - 13 | - 2 | 7 | - 24 | - 76 | - 98 | - 100 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 7 | 14 | 19 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - 1 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 248 | 150 | 188 | 252 | 295 | 352 | 402 | -4.9% | 2.3% | 3.0% | 1.6% | 1.8% | 1.3%
Coal | 52 | 23 | 37 | 48 | 42 | 42 | 45 | -8.0% | 5.2% | 2.6% | -1.3% | 0.1% | 0.6%
Oil | 93 | 36 | 35 | 54 | 54 | 57 | 56 | -9.1% | -0.3% | 4.4% | 0.1% | 0.5% | -0.1%
Natural gas | 96 | 84 | 108 | 140 | 176 | 216 | 247 | -1.4% | 2.6% | 2.6% | 2.3% | 2.1% | 1.4%
Biomass | 1 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 12 | 19 | 25 | 6.6% | 3.0% | 9.2% | 8.4% | 4.8% | 2.9%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 8 | 12 | n.s. | 2.2% | 3.3% | 15.1% | 7.7% | 4.6%
Hydro | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | -0.6% | 2.3% | -0.4% | 0.8% | 0.1% | 0.0%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 5 | 10 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 40.9% | 12.2% | 7.6%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 248 | 150 | 188 | 252 | 295 | 352 | 402 | -4.9% | 2.3% | 3.0% | 1.6% | 1.8% | 1.3%
Energy for Power Generation | 84 | 56 | 63 | 85 | 105 | 128 | 148 | -4.0% | 1.1% | 3.0% | 2.1% | 2.0% | 1.5%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 27 | 22 | 36 | 49 | 60 | 72 | 82 | -2.1% | 5.2% | 3.1% | 2.0% | 1.9% | 1.3%
Final consumption | 189 | 100 | 121 | 158 | 179 | 214 | 246 | -6.2% | 1.9% | 2.7% | 1.3% | 1.8% | 1.4%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 8 | 5 | 13 | 15 | 15 | 16 | 16 | -3.6% | 8.9% | 1.4% | -0.1% | 0.5% | 0.4%
Other Industry | 51 | 23 | 26 | 38 | 43 | 51 | 59 | -7.8% | 1.2% | 3.9% | 1.3% | 1.8% | 1.4%
Non-Energy Use | 15 | 7 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 12 | 13 | -7.6% | -1.8% | 3.0% | 2.3% | 2.0% | 1.3%
Residential | 14 | 27 | 31 | 35 | 37 | 42 | 48 | 7.0% | 1.1% | 1.5% | 0.5% | 1.3% | 1.3%
Services | 72 | 22 | 25 | 37 | 45 | 58 | 70 | -11.1% | 1.4% | 3.8% | 2.1% | 2.5% | 1.9%
Agriculture | 8 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 9 | 10 | -5.1% | -0.4% | 2.2% | 2.2% | 1.9% | 1.5%
Road | 18 | 9 | 14 | 18 | 20 | 23 | 25 | -6.5% | 4.5% | 2.0% | 1.2% | 1.4% | 1.0%
Rail | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | -7.3% | 1.2% | 0.8% | 2.1% | 1.4% | 0.8%
Aviation | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -1.0% | -1.0% | 2.2% | 4.6% | 3.7% | 1.2%
Other Transport | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -7.8% | 4.9% | 0.5% | 3.7% | 2.3% | 1.1%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 80 | 51 | 57 | 79 | 94 | 110 | 120 | -4.3% | 1.0% | 3.3% | 1.8% | 1.6% | 0.9%
Coal | 28 | 16 | 19 | 28 | 27 | 28 | 31 | -5.5% | 2.0% | 3.6% | -0.2% | 0.5% | 1.0%
Oil | 19 | 7 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | -9.8% | -19.6% | 18.1% | -2.0% | 2.3% | -3.1%
Gas | 32 | 29 | 37 | 45 | 60 | 72 | 78 | -1.2% | 2.5% | 2.2% | 2.9% | 1.8% | 0.8%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 7 | n.s. | n.s. | 31.9% | 8.1% | 4.5% | 3.5%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 295 | 201 | 256 | 362 | 493 | 642 | 788 | -3.8% | 2.4% | 3.5% | 3.1% | 2.7% | 2.1%
Coal | 73 | 38 | 69 | 100 | 106 | 121 | 141 | -6.3% | 6.1% | 3.7% | 0.6% | 1.4% | 1.5%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 14 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 22.5%
Oil | 53 | 23 | 2 | 18 | 15 | 19 | 14 | -8.1% | -19.9% | 22.0% | -2.0% | 2.3% | -3.1%
Gas | 116 | 88 | 119 | 178 | 273 | 346 | 397 | -2.7% | 3.0% | 4.1% | 4.4% | 2.4% | 1.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 28 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 22.0%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 11 | 21 | 32 | n.s. | n.s. | 40.7% | 14.2% | 7.0% | 4.5%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 15 | 32 | 51 | n.s. | 2.2% | 3.4% | 15.7% | 7.9% | 4.7%
Hydro | 52 | 49 | 62 | 60 | 65 | 65 | 65 | -0.6% | 2.3% | -0.4% | 0.8% | 0.1% | 0.0%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 28 | 66 | n.s. | n.s. | 39.8% | 39.4% | 14.7% | 8.9%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 10 | 23 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 29.5% | 14.4% | 8.8%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 16.6% | 12.4%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 50 | 66 | 69 | 68 | 94 | 126 | 170 | 2.8% | 0.4% | -0.2% | 3.3% | 3.0% | 3.0%
Coal | 15 | 15 | 15 | 16 | 18 | 20 | 24 | -0.2% | 0.3% | 0.3% | 1.6% | 0.9% | 1.8%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 22.6%
Oil | 14 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 5 | 4 | 4 | -6.2% | -0.5% | 0.3% | -4.1% | -0.9% | 0.2%
Gas | 22 | 29 | 30 | 27 | 45 | 59 | 72 | 2.9% | 0.3% | -0.7% | 5.0% | 2.7% | 2.1%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 22.3%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | 2.9% | 8.7% | 6.4% | 4.6%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 7 | n.s. | 0.0% | 2.1% | 15.5% | 7.7% | 4.5%
Hydro | 0 | 15 | 17 | 17 | 18 | 18 | 18 | n.s. | 1.0% | -0.2% | 0.8% | 0.1% | 0.0%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 11 | 24 | n.s. | n.s. | 34.6% | 38.5% | 14.0% | 8.2%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 7 | 16 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 29.8% | 14.6% | 8.9%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 11.9%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 189 | 100 | 121 | 158 | 179 | 214 | 246 | -6.2% | 1.9% | 2.7% | 1.3% | 1.8% | 1.4%
Coal | 23 | 7 | 17 | 19 | 12 | 10 | 9 | -11.6% | 9.6% | 0.8% | -3.9% | -1.9% | -1.2%
Oil | 60 | 24 | 30 | 40 | 41 | 43 | 44 | -8.8% | 2.2% | 3.1% | 0.3% | 0.4% | 0.2%
Gas | 53 | 40 | 41 | 57 | 70 | 89 | 105 | -2.9% | 0.4% | 3.3% | 2.1% | 2.4% | 1.7%
Electricity | 23 | 13 | 16 | 24 | 33 | 43 | 53 | -5.0% | 2.0% | 3.9% | 3.2% | 2.7% | 2.1%
Heat | 29 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 16 | 17 | -6.4% | 0.0% | -0.3% | 0.5% | 0.6% | 0.6%
Biomass & Other | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 7 | 12 | 17 | 5.2% | 0.7% | 7.6% | 8.3% | 5.4% | 3.6%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 5% | 7% | 7% | 6% | 9% | 12% | 15% | 4.3% | -0.5% | -1.2% | 3.8% | 2.8% | 2.2%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 74 | 35 | 44 | 60 | 67 | 79 | 89 | -7.2% | 2.4% | 3.1% | 1.1% | 1.6% | 1.2%
Coal | 19 | 6 | 12 | 14 | 10 | 9 | 8 | -10.8% | 7.3% | 1.9% | -3.7% | -1.1% | -0.6%
Oil | 22 | 7 | 6 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | -11.1% | -0.7% | 5.4% | 1.0% | 0.9% | 0.7%
Gas | 12 | 11 | 13 | 20 | 26 | 31 | 36 | -0.9% | 1.3% | 4.5% | 2.6% | 2.1% | 1.4%
Electricity | 13 | 6 | 8 | 11 | 14 | 19 | 23 | -8.1% | 3.4% | 3.1% | 3.2% | 2.7% | 2.0%
Heat | 8 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | -3.8% | -0.2% | -2.7% | -0.2% | -0.3% | -0.2%
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 4 | n.s. | -2.0% | 23.3% | 12.9% | 6.5% | 3.3%
Buildings | 86 | 49 | 56 | 72 | 82 | 100 | 118 | -5.4% | 1.2% | 2.6% | 1.3% | 2.0% | 1.6%
Coal | 5 | 1 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | -14.9% | 18.3% | -2.2% | -5.0% | -6.6% | -6.8%
Oil | 16 | 4 | 6 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 8 | -12.1% | 3.9% | 3.5% | -0.7% | -0.4% | -0.2%
Gas | 39 | 28 | 28 | 36 | 43 | 55 | 66 | -3.3% | -0.1% | 2.7% | 1.7% | 2.5% | 1.8%
Electricity | 4 | 5 | 6 | 10 | 13 | 17 | 20 | 1.8% | 1.0% | 5.6% | 2.6% | 2.5% | 2.0%
Heat | 21 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 13 | -7.6% | 0.2% | 0.8% | 0.7% | 0.8% | 0.8%
Biomass & Other | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 7 | 10 | 4.7% | 0.3% | 6.2% | 5.7% | 4.3% | 3.4%
Agriculture | 8 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 9 | 10 | -5.1% | -0.4% | 2.2% | 2.2% | 1.9% | 1.5%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -26.7% | 43.6% | -0.8% | -2.1% | -2.7% | -2.7%
Oil | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | -1.8% | -1.8% | 2.0% | 0.5% | -0.3% | -0.7%
Gas | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -17.0% | 3.6% | 2.3% | 0.7% | 0.1% | -0.3%
Electricity | 4 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | -5.6% | -0.4% | 2.6% | 3.2% | 2.8% | 2.3%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 8.3% | 18.2% | 3.3% | 15.1% | 7.1% | 3.9%
Transport | 21 | 11 | 16 | 20 | 22 | 26 | 29 | -6.4% | 4.0% | 2.0% | 1.4% | 1.5% | 1.0%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -9.9% | 3.8% | 4.4% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0%
Oil | 20 | 10 | 15 | 18 | 19 | 19 | 20 | -6.2% | 3.8% | 1.9% | 0.3% | 0.5% | 0.1%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | -7.0% | 12.3% | 3.7% | 8.0% | 4.7% | 3.5%
Electricity | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | -10.3% | 6.1% | 1.6% | 8.1% | 4.1% | 2.4%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | 28.9% | 20.8% | 7.9% | 4.5%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 27 | 22 | 36 | 49 | 60 | 72 | 82 | -2.1% | 5.2% | 3.1% | 2.0% | 1.9% | 1.3%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Argentina | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 33 | 37 | 41 | 46 | 49 | 53 | 55 | 1.2% | 1.1% | 1.0% | 0.8% | 0.7% | 0.5%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 7 | 10 | 13 | 15 | 19 | 23 | 28 | 3.3% | 2.7% | 1.4% | 2.2% | 1.9% | 1.7%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 4 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 10 | 12 | 15 | 3.3% | 2.7% | 1.4% | 2.2% | 1.9% | 1.7%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 8 | 5 | 8 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | -4.6% | 5.3% | -3.5% | -0.6% | -0.4% | -0.3%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 36 | 28 | 30 | 27 | 26 | 25 | 24 | -2.4% | 0.6% | -0.9% | -0.4% | -0.4% | -0.4%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 56 | 67 | 62 | 67 | 68 | 69 | 71 | 1.8% | -0.8% | 0.8% | 0.2% | 0.2% | 0.2%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 12 | 8 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 17 | 19 | -4.2% | 5.6% | 0.8% | 0.7% | 1.0% | 1.3%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 77 | 84 | 99 | 119 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.6% | 0.9% | 1.6% | 1.9%
Gas | 17 | 26 | 22 | 25 | 38 | 54 | 71 | 4.7% | -1.9% | 1.5% | 4.3% | 3.6% | 2.7%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 318 | 356 | 383 | 380 | 402 | 271 | 247 | 1.1% | 0.8% | -0.1% | 0.6% | -3.9% | -0.9%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 359 | 404 | 426 | 410 | 426 | 330 | 325 | 1.2% | 0.5% | -0.4% | 0.4% | -2.5% | -0.1%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 242 | 285 | 321 | 327 | 360 | 330 | 325 | 1.6% | 1.2% | 0.2% | 1.0% | -0.9% | -0.1%
CO₂ | 107 | 150 | 185 | 185 | 206 | 201 | 202 | 3.5% | 2.1% | 0.0% | 1.1% | -0.3% | 0.1%
CH₄ | 98 | 97 | 85 | 88 | 95 | 76 | 72 | -0.2% | -1.2% | 0.3% | 0.8% | -2.2% | -0.6%
N₂O | 35 | 38 | 50 | 54 | 58 | 52 | 51 | 0.9% | 2.9% | 0.6% | 0.8% | -1.0% | -0.3%
F gases | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | -19.9% | 9.2% | 1.2% | -0.1% | -6.2% | -12.9%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 133 | 179 | 213 | 212 | 238 | 225 | 226 | 3.0% | 1.8% | 0.0% | 1.2% | -0.6% | 0.0%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 101 | 143 | 176 | 175 | 195 | 189 | 190 | 3.5% | 2.1% | -0.1% | 1.1% | -0.3% | 0.0%
Power generation/District heating | 19 | 30 | 45 | 43 | 58 | 55 | 58 | 4.6% | 4.2% | -0.4% | 3.0% | -0.5% | 0.5%
Industry | 15 | 25 | 29 | 29 | 33 | 35 | 36 | 5.3% | 1.5% | 0.0% | 1.1% | 0.5% | 0.4%
Buildings | 18 | 20 | 27 | 27 | 25 | 21 | 19 | 1.0% | 3.0% | -0.1% | -0.7% | -1.5% | -1.3%
Agriculture | 5 | 8 | 11 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 11 | 5.1% | 3.3% | -0.7% | 1.3% | 0.5% | -0.4%
Transport | 29 | 41 | 44 | 48 | 47 | 43 | 42 | 3.7% | 0.5% | 0.9% | -0.2% | -0.8% | -0.3%
Other | 15 | 18 | 21 | 19 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 1.9% | 1.3% | -1.2% | 1.4% | 0.4% | 0.4%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 7 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 23.4%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 6 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 25.1%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 19.1%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 8.4%
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 46 | 79 | 80 | 71 | 77 | 92 | 107 | 5.6% | 0.1% | -1.1% | 0.8% | 1.8% | 1.5%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.6% | -12.3% | 9.9% | 7.0% | 3.9% | 2.0%
Oil | 26 | 41 | 37 | 34 | 48 | 54 | 57 | 4.7% | -1.2% | -0.8% | 3.5% | 1.3% | 0.5%
Natural gas | 15 | 31 | 33 | 22 | 8 | 3 | 3 | 7.6% | 0.7% | -3.9% | -9.2% | -8.8% | -1.1%
Biomass | 2 | 3 | 5 | 8 | 11 | 15 | 20 | 6.4% | 6.4% | 4.0% | 3.3% | 3.2% | 2.9%
Nuclear¹ | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 10 | 15 | -1.6% | 1.5% | 3.2% | 5.8% | 8.4% | 4.1%
Hydro | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4.7% | 1.6% | -0.3% | 1.1% | 1.3% | 1.1%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 8 | n.s. | -3.3% | n.s. | 2.6% | 10.2% | 3.3%
Net Imports | - 2 | - 18 | 0 | 11 | 18 | 13 | 12 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 9 | 12 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | - 7 | - 18 | - 5 | - 7 | - 21 | - 31 | - 34 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | 4 | 0 | 5 | 17 | 35 | 37 | 38 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | - 2 | - 3 | - 3 | - 5 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | - 1 | - 1 | - 1 | - 1 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 44 | 61 | 80 | 82 | 95 | 105 | 119 | 3.4% | 2.7% | 0.2% | 1.5% | 1.0% | 1.2%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 9 | 12 | -6.3% | 7.1% | 7.1% | 10.0% | 5.7% | 2.7%
Oil | 19 | 23 | 31 | 27 | 27 | 23 | 22 | 2.0% | 3.0% | -1.4% | -0.1% | -1.4% | -0.5%
Natural gas | 19 | 30 | 38 | 39 | 44 | 41 | 41 | 4.9% | 2.2% | 0.3% | 1.2% | -0.8% | 0.1%
Biomass | 2 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 12 | 15 | 6.4% | 6.4% | 0.7% | 3.7% | 3.7% | 2.7%
Nuclear¹ | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 10 | 15 | -1.6% | 1.5% | 3.2% | 5.8% | 8.4% | 4.1%
Hydro | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4.7% | 1.6% | -0.3% | 1.1% | 1.3% | 1.1%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 8 | n.s. | -3.3% | n.s. | 2.6% | 10.2% | 3.3%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 44 | 61 | 80 | 82 | 95 | 105 | 119 | 3.4% | 2.7% | 0.2% | 1.5% | 1.0% | 1.2%
Energy for Power Generation | 11 | 16 | 23 | 24 | 32 | 40 | 51 | 4.2% | 3.4% | 0.3% | 3.0% | 2.4% | 2.3%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 6 | 5 | 11 | 9 | 11 | 13 | 14 | -2.0% | 8.8% | -2.3% | 2.0% | 1.3% | 1.4%
Final consumption | 31 | 47 | 56 | 62 | 69 | 75 | 81 | 4.3% | 1.8% | 1.0% | 1.1% | 0.8% | 0.8%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 1 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 13.4% | 1.7% | 1.4% | -1.4% | -0.8% | -0.8%
Other Industry | 8 | 12 | 14 | 14 | 17 | 20 | 23 | 4.2% | 0.8% | 0.2% | 2.4% | 1.6% | 1.4%
Non-Energy Use | 2 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 9.2% | 0.8% | 3.0% | 1.7% | 1.1% | 1.0%
Residential | 6 | 9 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 3.9% | 3.0% | 0.9% | 0.0% | 0.1% | 0.3%
Services | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 0.2% | 4.2% | 0.6% | 2.4% | 1.8% | 1.5%
Agriculture | 2 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5.3% | 3.5% | -0.5% | 1.2% | 1.1% | 1.0%
Road | 9 | 12 | 14 | 16 | 17 | 17 | 18 | 3.4% | 1.3% | 1.3% | 0.5% | 0.2% | 0.4%
Rail | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5.2% | 2.5% | 0.3% | 2.1% | 1.7% | 1.4%
Aviation | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -3.3% | -3.0% | 2.4% | 3.6% | 2.7% | 2.3%
Other Transport | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 24.0% | 14.7% | 0.7% | 2.7% | 1.6% | 1.1%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 7 | 12 | 18 | 17 | 22 | 21 | 23 | 5.2% | 3.9% | -0.9% | 2.9% | -0.6% | 1.3%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 3.8% | 5.1% | 7.9% | 8.4% | 5.2% | 2.2%
Oil | 2 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 1 | -6.1% | 15.6% | -0.2% | -3.1% | -13.1% | 0.8%
Gas | 5 | 11 | 13 | 10 | 14 | 12 | 12 | 7.4% | 1.7% | -1.9% | 3.3% | -2.0% | 0.1%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 6.6% | 13.5% | -2.0% | 5.3% | 5.9% | 4.8%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 51 | 89 | 126 | 143 | 191 | 248 | 307 | 5.7% | 3.5% | 1.3% | 3.0% | 2.6% | 2.2%
Coal | 1 | 2 | 3 | 6 | 17 | 31 | 40 | 11.4% | 4.7% | 8.6% | 10.3% | 6.1% | 2.5%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 37.3%
Oil | 5 | 3 | 17 | 16 | 12 | 3 | 3 | -5.4% | 19.2% | -0.4% | -2.8% | -12.8% | 1.0%
Gas | 20 | 49 | 63 | 56 | 79 | 65 | 66 | 9.4% | 2.6% | -1.2% | 3.5% | -1.8% | 0.1%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 29.0%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 8 | 13 | 20.2% | 12.5% | -2.0% | 7.3% | 7.9% | 5.7%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 7 | 6 | 7 | 10 | 18 | 41 | 62 | -1.6% | 1.5% | 3.4% | 6.1% | 8.7% | 4.2%
Hydro | 18 | 29 | 34 | 33 | 37 | 41 | 46 | 4.7% | 1.6% | -0.3% | 1.1% | 1.3% | 1.1%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 24 | 53 | 65 | n.s. | -3.3% | n.s. | 2.0% | 8.2% | 2.1%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 11 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 21.5% | 14.0% | 9.6%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 27.1% | 16.3% | 13.3%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 17 | 23 | 32 | 43 | 48 | 69 | 84 | 2.9% | 3.6% | 2.9% | 1.1% | 3.7% | 1.9%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 6 | -1.9% | 0.0% | 5.1% | 8.0% | 6.9% | 2.6%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 37.2%
Oil | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | -3.8% | 4.9% | 2.5% | -3.1% | 1.1% | 1.4%
Gas | 7 | 11 | 17 | 19 | 19 | 20 | 18 | 4.8% | 4.8% | 1.2% | -0.3% | 0.7% | -1.0%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 29.4%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 19.6% | 12.8% | -1.2% | 2.1% | 7.8% | 5.7%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 6 | 9 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 5.6% | 5.8% | 8.5% | 3.9%
Hydro | 7 | 9 | 11 | 11 | 13 | 14 | 16 | 3.0% | 2.1% | 0.4% | 1.1% | 1.2% | 1.0%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 8 | 16 | 19 | n.s. | 13.6% | n.s. | 1.9% | 7.6% | 1.6%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 10 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 22.2% | 14.3% | 10.0%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 15.8% | 12.8%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 31 | 47 | 56 | 62 | 69 | 75 | 81 | 4.3% | 1.8% | 1.0% | 1.1% | 0.8% | 0.8%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 0.1% | 1.0% | 2.9% | 8.0% | 3.4% | 1.5%
Oil | 16 | 22 | 25 | 24 | 25 | 24 | 23 | 3.6% | 1.1% | -0.1% | 0.3% | -0.5% | -0.5%
Gas | 10 | 15 | 19 | 22 | 22 | 21 | 21 | 4.4% | 2.6% | 1.5% | -0.1% | -0.3% | 0.0%
Electricity | 4 | 6 | 10 | 11 | 15 | 19 | 23 | 6.4% | 4.1% | 1.4% | 2.7% | 2.4% | 2.1%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 41.5% | 5.8%
Biomass & Other | 1 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 6.4% | -3.2% | 4.7% | 4.8% | 3.8% | 2.8%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 10% | 12% | 9% | 13% | 17% | 27% | 32% | 1.5% | -2.1% | 3.4% | 2.8% | 4.5% | 2.0%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 11 | 19 | 21 | 24 | 28 | 31 | 35 | 6.0% | 1.0% | 1.0% | 1.7% | 1.2% | 1.1%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 0.1% | 1.0% | 2.9% | 8.0% | 3.4% | 1.5%
Oil | 3 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 9.3% | 0.6% | -0.3% | 0.3% | -0.6% | -0.5%
Gas | 4 | 7 | 8 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 4.3% | 2.1% | 2.1% | 0.9% | 0.7% | 0.7%
Electricity | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 9 | 4.8% | 3.3% | 0.8% | 2.8% | 2.5% | 2.3%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 7.0% | -8.1% | 0.9% | 4.5% | 3.6% | 3.1%
Buildings | 9 | 12 | 16 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 22 | 2.9% | 3.3% | 0.9% | 0.6% | 0.6% | 0.7%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -3.5% | 4.1% | -3.8% | -1.2% | -1.4% | -1.2%
Gas | 5 | 7 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 2.8% | 2.7% | 0.8% | -0.6% | -1.5% | -1.4%
Electricity | 2 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 8.1% | 4.7% | 1.9% | 1.6% | 1.5% | 1.4%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 41.5% | 5.8%
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2.8% | -3.7% | 6.6% | 8.3% | 4.1% | 2.5%
Agriculture | 2 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5.3% | 3.5% | -0.5% | 1.2% | 1.1% | 1.0%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5.1% | 3.3% | -0.7% | 1.3% | 0.5% | -0.4%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.5% | 5.2% | 0.5% | 2.1% | 7.2% | 7.8%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | 10.4% | 2.8% | 0.0% | 6.7% | 7.8%
Transport | 10 | 13 | 15 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 3.1% | 1.3% | 1.4% | 0.7% | 0.4% | 0.5%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 9 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 12 | 12 | 2.1% | 0.4% | 0.8% | 0.2% | -0.8% | -0.5%
Gas | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 22.7% | 4.7% | 1.9% | -2.3% | -1.0% | 0.9%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5.2% | 2.5% | 3.9% | 28.1% | 7.5% | 3.4%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | 8.7% | 3.8% | 3.5% | 2.0%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 6 | 5 | 11 | 9 | 11 | 13 | 14 | -2.0% | 8.8% | -2.3% | 2.0% | 1.3% | 1.4%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Brazil | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 150 | 176 | 199 | 216 | 229 | 236 | 238 | 1.6% | 1.2% | 0.8% | 0.6% | 0.3% | 0.1%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 7 | 8 | 10 | 10 | 12 | 15 | 18 | 1.0% | 2.4% | -0.4% | 2.0% | 2.4% | 2.0%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 4 | 4 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 10 | 1.0% | 2.4% | -0.2% | 2.0% | 2.4% | 2.0%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 8 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | -3.8% | -1.3% | 0.8% | -0.9% | -0.9% | -0.6%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 39 | 27 | 27 | 22 | 22 | 20 | 19 | -3.6% | 0.3% | -2.1% | -0.3% | -0.6% | -0.7%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 53 | 68 | 68 | 72 | 74 | 75 | 77 | 2.5% | 0.0% | 0.7% | 0.1% | 0.2% | 0.2%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 12 | 8 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 17 | 19 | -4.2% | 5.6% | 0.8% | 0.7% | 1.0% | 1.3%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 77 | 84 | 99 | 119 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.6% | 0.9% | 1.6% | 1.9%
Gas | 17 | 26 | 22 | 25 | 38 | 54 | 71 | 4.7% | -1.9% | 1.5% | 4.3% | 3.6% | 2.7%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 1 381 | 2 080 | 1 279 | 1 209 | 1 150 | 913 | 749 | 4.2% | -4.7% | -0.6% | -0.5% | -2.3% | -2.0%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 1 381 | 2 080 | 1 279 | 1 209 | 1 162 | 1 114 | 1 108 | 4.2% | -4.7% | -0.6% | -0.4% | -0.4% | -0.1%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 620 | 816 | 962 | 1 049 | 1 098 | 1 114 | 1 108 | 2.8% | 1.7% | 0.9% | 0.5% | 0.1% | -0.1%
CO₂ | 214 | 334 | 423 | 464 | 501 | 574 | 606 | 4.6% | 2.4% | 0.9% | 0.8% | 1.4% | 0.5%
CH₄ | 285 | 338 | 357 | 383 | 384 | 338 | 311 | 1.7% | 0.6% | 0.7% | 0.0% | -1.3% | -0.9%
N₂O | 118 | 142 | 175 | 195 | 206 | 198 | 190 | 1.9% | 2.1% | 1.1% | 0.5% | -0.4% | -0.4%
F gases | 4 | 2 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 4 | 1 | -5.9% | 12.0% | 0.6% | -0.6% | -5.4% | -14.9%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 267 | 398 | 498 | 548 | 579 | 641 | 665 | 4.1% | 2.3% | 1.0% | 0.5% | 1.0% | 0.4%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 186 | 295 | 379 | 414 | 442 | 505 | 533 | 4.7% | 2.6% | 0.9% | 0.6% | 1.3% | 0.5%
Power generation/District heating | 10 | 27 | 40 | 30 | 18 | 37 | 54 | 10.5% | 4.0% | -2.8% | -4.7% | 7.4% | 3.8%
Industry | 52 | 85 | 100 | 111 | 137 | 167 | 185 | 5.0% | 1.6% | 1.1% | 2.1% | 2.0% | 1.0%
Buildings | 20 | 25 | 23 | 19 | 15 | 13 | 12 | 2.2% | -0.6% | -2.2% | -2.1% | -1.4% | -0.8%
Agriculture | 10 | 14 | 19 | 19 | 20 | 20 | 18 | 3.5% | 2.5% | 0.0% | 0.6% | 0.0% | -0.8%
Transport | 80 | 124 | 171 | 200 | 213 | 225 | 216 | 4.5% | 3.3% | 1.6% | 0.6% | 0.6% | -0.4%
Other | 13 | 19 | 26 | 36 | 38 | 43 | 46 | 3.3% | 3.4% | 3.4% | 0.6% | 1.0% | 0.9%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 12 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 34.0% | 19.8%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 11 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 38.4% | 19.5%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 20.9% | 11.3%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 9.2% | 30.8%
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 94 | 143 | 241 | 409 | 456 | 521 | 626 | 4.2% | 5.4% | 5.5% | 1.1% | 1.3% | 1.9%
Coal | 1 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 6.9% | -2.1% | 2.2% | -1.1% | 2.5% | 2.3%
Oil | 32 | 63 | 106 | 209 | 194 | 184 | 186 | 6.9% | 5.3% | 7.0% | -0.7% | -0.5% | 0.1%
Natural gas | 3 | 6 | 12 | 18 | 24 | 32 | 52 | 9.3% | 6.9% | 4.3% | 2.9% | 2.7% | 5.0%
Biomass | 40 | 43 | 82 | 130 | 170 | 217 | 283 | 0.8% | 6.6% | 4.8% | 2.7% | 2.5% | 2.7%
Nuclear¹ | 1 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 13 | 19 | 10.5% | 9.2% | 1.6% | 2.3% | 8.4% | 4.4%
Hydro | 18 | 26 | 35 | 37 | 42 | 38 | 37 | 3.9% | 2.9% | 0.7% | 1.3% | -1.2% | 0.0%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 1 | 8 | 18 | 35 | 45 | n.s. | 33.7% | 30.2% | 8.5% | 7.2% | 2.5%
Net Imports | 36 | 41 | 24 | - 125 | - 130 | - 132 | - 188 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 7 | 10 | 12 | 14 | 14 | 19 | 24 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | 26 | 25 | - 1 | - 99 | - 77 | - 59 | - 64 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | 1 | 2 | 11 | 7 | 4 | 6 | - 5 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | - 49 | - 73 | - 93 | - 131 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 1 | 0 | - 1 | 0 | - 1 | - 7 | - 15 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 2 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 131 | 184 | 265 | 284 | 327 | 389 | 438 | 3.5% | 3.7% | 0.7% | 1.4% | 1.8% | 1.2%
Coal | 8 | 13 | 14 | 17 | 17 | 22 | 28 | 5.1% | 1.0% | 1.7% | -0.3% | 3.0% | 2.3%
Oil | 58 | 88 | 105 | 110 | 118 | 125 | 123 | 4.2% | 1.7% | 0.5% | 0.7% | 0.6% | -0.2%
Natural gas | 3 | 8 | 23 | 25 | 29 | 38 | 47 | 9.2% | 11.4% | 0.7% | 1.4% | 2.8% | 2.3%
Biomass | 40 | 43 | 82 | 81 | 98 | 124 | 151 | 0.8% | 6.6% | -0.1% | 1.9% | 2.4% | 2.1%
Nuclear¹ | 1 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 13 | 19 | 10.5% | 9.2% | 1.6% | 2.3% | 8.4% | 4.4%
Hydro | 18 | 26 | 35 | 37 | 42 | 38 | 37 | 3.9% | 2.9% | 0.7% | 1.3% | -1.2% | 0.0%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 1 | 8 | 18 | 35 | 45 | n.s. | 33.7% | 30.2% | 8.5% | 7.2% | 2.5%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 131 | 184 | 265 | 284 | 327 | 389 | 438 | 3.5% | 3.7% | 0.7% | 1.4% | 1.8% | 1.2%
Energy for Power Generation | 22 | 37 | 58 | 64 | 76 | 105 | 135 | 5.5% | 4.6% | 0.9% | 1.7% | 3.3% | 2.6%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 20 | 24 | 44 | 51 | 66 | 81 | 94 | 1.9% | 6.4% | 1.5% | 2.5% | 2.2% | 1.4%
Final consumption | 113 | 156 | 215 | 230 | 262 | 299 | 321 | 3.3% | 3.2% | 0.7% | 1.3% | 1.3% | 0.7%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 21 | 28 | 32 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 34 | 2.9% | 1.6% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.2% | 0.1%
Other Industry | 21 | 32 | 51 | 53 | 68 | 85 | 97 | 4.0% | 4.9% | 0.4% | 2.5% | 2.2% | 1.4%
Non-Energy Use | 9 | 14 | 17 | 15 | 17 | 19 | 21 | 3.7% | 2.2% | -1.2% | 1.4% | 1.2% | 0.6%
Residential | 18 | 21 | 24 | 23 | 24 | 26 | 29 | 1.4% | 1.4% | -0.4% | 0.4% | 1.1% | 0.8%
Services | 5 | 8 | 11 | 13 | 16 | 21 | 26 | 5.2% | 2.7% | 2.1% | 2.1% | 2.7% | 2.2%
Agriculture | 6 | 7 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 2.0% | 3.1% | 0.8% | 0.7% | 0.7% | 0.6%
Road | 29 | 43 | 65 | 76 | 85 | 93 | 91 | 3.9% | 4.2% | 1.7% | 1.1% | 0.8% | -0.2%
Rail | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -2.0% | 7.6% | 0.5% | 0.7% | 0.9% | 0.7%
Aviation | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 5.1% | 0.2% | 0.3% | 2.3% | 2.5% | 1.8%
Other Transport | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | -1.6% | 4.1% | -1.5% | 2.2% | 1.7% | 0.9%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 4 | 9 | 19 | 15 | 11 | 20 | 34 | 10.4% | 7.4% | -2.6% | -3.1% | 6.3% | 5.4%
Coal | 1 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 7 | 10 | 8.3% | -0.2% | 3.5% | -3.1% | 8.1% | 4.2%
Oil | 1 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11.7% | -0.4% | -17.2% | -45.4% | 35.8% | 28.2%
Gas | 0 | 1 | 7 | 5 | 2 | 4 | 8 | 28.1% | 22.8% | -3.7% | -5.9% | 5.6% | 6.2%
Biomass & Waste | 1 | 2 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 9 | 15 | 7.7% | 14.0% | -0.9% | -0.3% | 5.4% | 5.7%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 223 | 349 | 515 | 592 | 741 | 955 | 1 167 | 4.6% | 4.0% | 1.4% | 2.3% | 2.6% | 2.0%
Coal | 5 | 11 | 11 | 20 | 15 | 36 | 55 | 8.8% | 0.3% | 5.6% | -2.3% | 8.8% | 4.3%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 40.8%
Oil | 5 | 15 | 16 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 11.9% | 0.6% | -16.8% | -45.4% | 35.8% | 28.3%
Gas | 0 | 4 | 36 | 25 | 14 | 24 | 46 | 28.7% | 24.5% | -3.8% | -5.3% | 5.5% | 6.5%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 28.3%
Biomass & Waste | 4 | 8 | 31 | 26 | 25 | 42 | 74 | 7.4% | 14.9% | -1.8% | -0.5% | 5.4% | 5.8%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 2 | 6 | 15 | 17 | 22 | 51 | 78 | 10.5% | 9.2% | 1.7% | 2.4% | 8.7% | 4.5%
Hydro | 207 | 304 | 403 | 431 | 490 | 436 | 434 | 3.9% | 2.9% | 0.7% | 1.3% | -1.2% | 0.0%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 2 | 67 | 142 | 269 | 350 | n.s. | n.s. | 41.0% | 7.8% | 6.6% | 2.7%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 32 | 96 | 124 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 25.1% | 11.4% | 2.6%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | 25.7% | 25.5% | 16.3% | 13.1%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 54 | 74 | 112 | 199 | 276 | 366 | 410 | 3.3% | 4.2% | 5.9% | 3.3% | 2.9% | 1.1%
Coal | 1 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 8 | 13 | 15 | 2.7% | -2.0% | 12.6% | 4.1% | 5.2% | 1.7%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 41.2%
Oil | 4 | 6 | 8 | 21 | 24 | 26 | 28 | 3.5% | 2.9% | 9.8% | 1.6% | 0.8% | 0.5%
Gas | 0 | 1 | 11 | 17 | 23 | 29 | 25 | 12.0% | 23.2% | 4.0% | 3.4% | 2.4% | -1.7%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 29.0%
Biomass & Waste | 1 | 2 | 8 | 20 | 23 | 26 | 25 | 5.1% | 16.0% | 9.6% | 1.8% | 0.9% | -0.1%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 7 | 11 | 11.8% | 0.0% | 2.1% | 2.3% | 8.4% | 4.2%
Hydro | 46 | 61 | 81 | 106 | 120 | 107 | 106 | 3.0% | 2.8% | 2.8% | 1.3% | -1.2% | 0.0%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 1 | 27 | 54 | 95 | 116 | n.s. | 46.8% | 40.0% | 7.2% | 5.9% | 2.1%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 21 | 63 | 84 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 25.5% | 11.8% | 2.8%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 24.8% | 15.8% | 12.5%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 113 | 156 | 215 | 230 | 262 | 299 | 321 | 3.3% | 3.2% | 0.7% | 1.3% | 1.3% | 0.7%
Coal | 6 | 9 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 15 | 16 | 3.9% | 2.4% | 0.9% | 0.7% | 1.2% | 1.0%
Oil | 53 | 80 | 94 | 102 | 110 | 117 | 114 | 4.2% | 1.6% | 0.8% | 0.7% | 0.7% | -0.2%
Gas | 2 | 5 | 13 | 13 | 19 | 25 | 30 | 7.2% | 10.0% | 0.6% | 3.9% | 2.7% | 1.5%
Electricity | 18 | 28 | 38 | 42 | 53 | 69 | 83 | 4.3% | 3.1% | 1.2% | 2.3% | 2.6% | 2.0%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 | n.s. | 28.4% | 16.2% | 4.1% | 3.9% | 1.4%
Biomass & Other | 34 | 35 | 60 | 59 | 65 | 69 | 73 | 0.4% | 5.4% | -0.2% | 1.0% | 0.7% | 0.5%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 48% | 41% | 46% | 47% | 53% | 56% | 59% | -1.5% | 1.1% | 0.2% | 1.2% | 0.6% | 0.4%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 52 | 73 | 100 | 101 | 119 | 138 | 151 | 3.5% | 3.3% | 0.1% | 1.6% | 1.5% | 1.0%
Coal | 6 | 9 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 15 | 16 | 3.9% | 2.4% | 0.9% | 0.7% | 1.2% | 1.0%
Oil | 17 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 32 | 37 | 39 | 4.6% | 0.3% | -0.2% | 1.7% | 1.4% | 0.6%
Gas | 2 | 4 | 10 | 11 | 16 | 21 | 23 | 7.0% | 8.8% | 1.1% | 3.8% | 2.6% | 1.0%
Electricity | 10 | 13 | 17 | 17 | 22 | 28 | 33 | 2.7% | 3.3% | -0.3% | 2.7% | 2.4% | 1.6%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 17 | 20 | 34 | 34 | 35 | 37 | 40 | 2.0% | 5.3% | -0.2% | 0.4% | 0.5% | 0.7%
Buildings | 23 | 29 | 34 | 36 | 40 | 48 | 55 | 2.3% | 1.8% | 0.4% | 1.1% | 1.8% | 1.5%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 6 | 8 | 7 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 2.2% | -0.9% | -2.6% | -3.8% | -2.7% | -2.1%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1.9% | 7.3% | 2.7% | 8.8% | 2.2% | 1.4%
Electricity | 8 | 14 | 19 | 23 | 27 | 34 | 41 | 5.9% | 3.0% | 2.0% | 1.7% | 2.4% | 1.9%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 | n.s. | 28.4% | 16.2% | 4.1% | 3.9% | 1.4%
Biomass & Other | 9 | 7 | 8 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | -2.1% | 1.1% | -3.5% | -0.1% | 0.2% | 0.6%
Agriculture | 6 | 7 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 2.0% | 3.1% | 0.8% | 0.7% | 0.7% | 0.6%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 3 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 3.5% | 2.5% | 0.0% | 0.6% | 0.0% | -0.8%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Electricity | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 6.8% | 3.2% | 4.9% | 1.3% | 1.5% | 1.5%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | -2.8% | 4.4% | -0.5% | 0.3% | 1.5% | 2.4%
Transport | 33 | 47 | 70 | 82 | 92 | 101 | 101 | 3.7% | 4.0% | 1.5% | 1.2% | 0.9% | 0.0%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 27 | 41 | 54 | 64 | 68 | 71 | 67 | 4.5% | 2.7% | 1.7% | 0.6% | 0.5% | -0.6%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | n.s. | 21.9% | -3.2% | 1.7% | 4.5% | 4.8%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 6 | 0.5% | 2.9% | 3.0% | 19.6% | 11.3% | 5.8%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 6 | 6 | 15 | 17 | 22 | 24 | 24 | -0.3% | 9.3% | 1.3% | 2.5% | 1.1% | -0.1%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 20 | 24 | 44 | 51 | 66 | 81 | 94 | 1.9% | 6.4% | 1.5% | 2.5% | 2.2% | 1.4%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Canada | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 28 | 31 | 34 | 38 | 40 | 42 | 44 | 1.0% | 1.1% | 1.0% | 0.7% | 0.5% | 0.4%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 27 | 33 | 35 | 38 | 43 | 50 | 58 | 1.9% | 0.8% | 0.9% | 1.2% | 1.4% | 1.5%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 28 | 33 | 36 | 40 | 45 | 52 | 60 | 1.8% | 0.8% | 1.0% | 1.2% | 1.4% | 1.5%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | -1.7% | -0.7% | 2.0% | -0.4% | -0.4% | -0.3%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 34 | 32 | 29 | 28 | 26 | 23 | 19 | -0.8% | -1.1% | -0.2% | -0.9% | -1.2% | -1.6%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 64 | 67 | 70 | 70 | 73 | 76 | 79 | 0.5% | 0.5% | 0.0% | 0.4% | 0.4% | 0.4%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 12 | 8 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 15 | -4.2% | 5.6% | 0.4% | 0.1% | 0.3% | 0.7%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 77 | 84 | 99 | 119 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.6% | 0.9% | 1.6% | 1.9%
Gas | 17 | 26 | 22 | 25 | 38 | 54 | 71 | 4.7% | -1.9% | 1.5% | 4.3% | 3.6% | 2.7%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 511 | 661 | 760 | 766 | 558 | 520 | 320 | 2.6% | 1.4% | 0.1% | -3.1% | -0.7% | -4.8%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 606 | 728 | 760 | 772 | 666 | 646 | 460 | 1.8% | 0.4% | 0.2% | -1.5% | -0.3% | -3.3%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 587 | 716 | 701 | 700 | 615 | 557 | 431 | 2.0% | -0.2% | 0.0% | -1.3% | -1.0% | -2.5%
CO₂ | 446 | 551 | 543 | 559 | 494 | 436 | 323 | 2.1% | -0.1% | 0.3% | -1.2% | -1.3% | -2.9%
CH₄ | 72 | 95 | 89 | 75 | 64 | 68 | 59 | 2.8% | -0.7% | -1.7% | -1.6% | 0.6% | -1.3%
N₂O | 59 | 60 | 60 | 58 | 54 | 52 | 48 | 0.2% | 0.1% | -0.4% | -0.7% | -0.4% | -0.7%
F gases | 11 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 3 | 1 | 1 | -0.4% | -1.2% | -0.6% | -9.4% | -7.5% | -8.6%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 541 | 660 | 646 | 646 | 562 | 502 | 377 | 2.0% | -0.2% | 0.0% | -1.4% | -1.1% | -2.8%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 420 | 517 | 514 | 527 | 466 | 411 | 302 | 2.1% | -0.1% | 0.3% | -1.2% | -1.2% | -3.0%
Power generation/District heating | 97 | 134 | 109 | 61 | 35 | 7 | - 14 | 3.3% | -2.1% | -5.5% | -5.4% | -14.9% | n.s.
Industry | 76 | 82 | 63 | 75 | 62 | 52 | 40 | 0.8% | -2.6% | 1.7% | -1.9% | -1.8% | -2.5%
Buildings | 74 | 85 | 72 | 76 | 69 | 60 | 51 | 1.5% | -1.7% | 0.6% | -0.9% | -1.5% | -1.6%
Agriculture | 8 | 10 | 15 | 17 | 16 | 13 | 9 | 3.1% | 3.6% | 1.4% | -0.4% | -2.2% | -3.7%
Transport | 115 | 136 | 158 | 162 | 146 | 126 | 103 | 1.7% | 1.5% | 0.3% | -1.1% | -1.5% | -2.0%
Other | 51 | 69 | 98 | 135 | 137 | 154 | 114 | 3.1% | 3.6% | 3.3% | 0.1% | 1.1% | -3.0%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 7 | 33 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 33.5% | 16.7% | 17.6%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 11 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 36.3% | 17.5% | 8.1%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 45.4% | 11.3% | -3.1%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 22 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 5.2% | 30.3% | 44.0%
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 276 | 382 | 398 | 595 | 719 | 909 | 916 | 3.3% | 0.4% | 4.1% | 1.9% | 2.4% | 0.1%
Coal | 37 | 37 | 34 | 23 | 67 | 96 | 75 | 0.2% | -0.8% | -4.0% | 11.5% | 3.6% | -2.4%
Oil | 96 | 133 | 162 | 266 | 321 | 435 | 427 | 3.3% | 2.0% | 5.1% | 1.9% | 3.1% | -0.2%
Natural gas | 90 | 150 | 132 | 208 | 184 | 192 | 198 | 5.2% | -1.3% | 4.7% | -1.2% | 0.4% | 0.3%
Biomass | 8 | 12 | 14 | 31 | 56 | 62 | 79 | 3.8% | 2.0% | 8.1% | 6.0% | 1.0% | 2.4%
Nuclear¹ | 19 | 19 | 24 | 28 | 45 | 71 | 73 | 0.0% | 2.2% | 1.4% | 4.9% | 4.8% | 0.3%
Hydro | 26 | 31 | 30 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 37 | 1.9% | -0.2% | 1.1% | 0.4% | 0.3% | 0.3%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 10 | 17 | 26 | n.s. | 42.2% | 20.4% | 7.1% | 5.1% | 4.4%
Net Imports | - 64 | - 130 | - 145 | - 329 | - 437 | - 607 | - 613 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | - 12 | - 6 | - 12 | - 9 | - 54 | - 81 | - 67 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | - 16 | - 46 | - 78 | - 191 | - 257 | - 385 | - 393 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | - 36 | - 76 | - 53 | - 112 | - 101 | - 117 | - 130 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | - 12 | - 20 | - 17 | - 17 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - 1 | - 2 | - 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | - 3 | - 2 | - 5 | - 5 | - 5 | - 5 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 212 | 252 | 253 | 266 | 281 | 302 | 302 | 1.7% | 0.0% | 0.5% | 0.6% | 0.7% | 0.0%
Coal | 24 | 31 | 22 | 14 | 13 | 14 | 9 | 2.5% | -3.4% | -4.6% | -0.7% | 1.0% | -5.0%
Oil | 80 | 87 | 85 | 75 | 64 | 49 | 34 | 0.8% | -0.3% | -1.1% | -1.7% | -2.5% | -3.8%
Natural gas | 55 | 74 | 79 | 96 | 84 | 76 | 68 | 3.1% | 0.6% | 2.0% | -1.4% | -1.0% | -1.1%
Biomass | 8 | 12 | 14 | 19 | 37 | 46 | 62 | 3.7% | 1.9% | 3.1% | 6.8% | 2.1% | 3.2%
Nuclear¹ | 19 | 19 | 24 | 28 | 45 | 71 | 73 | 0.0% | 2.2% | 1.4% | 4.9% | 4.8% | 0.3%
Hydro | 26 | 31 | 30 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 37 | 1.9% | -0.2% | 1.1% | 0.4% | 0.3% | 0.3%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 10 | 17 | 26 | n.s. | 42.2% | 20.4% | 7.1% | 5.1% | 4.4%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 212 | 252 | 253 | 266 | 281 | 302 | 302 | 1.7% | 0.0% | 0.5% | 0.6% | 0.7% | 0.0%
Energy for Power Generation | 72 | 89 | 89 | 88 | 106 | 128 | 144 | 2.2% | 0.0% | -0.1% | 1.8% | 1.9% | 1.2%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 20 | 19 | 17 | 18 | 26 | 39 | 37 | -0.5% | -1.1% | 0.7% | 3.6% | 4.0% | -0.5%
Final consumption | 157 | 185 | 189 | 204 | 205 | 204 | 201 | 1.7% | 0.2% | 0.8% | 0.0% | -0.1% | -0.1%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 11 | 12 | 11 | 12 | 10 | 8 | 7 | 0.9% | -1.0% | 0.9% | -2.3% | -1.9% | -1.3%
Other Industry | 37 | 44 | 33 | 39 | 40 | 39 | 39 | 1.7% | -2.9% | 1.8% | 0.1% | -0.2% | 0.0%
Non-Energy Use | 15 | 20 | 23 | 25 | 24 | 23 | 22 | 2.9% | 1.7% | 0.6% | -0.4% | -0.5% | -0.4%
Residential | 29 | 31 | 33 | 35 | 36 | 37 | 37 | 0.7% | 0.7% | 0.4% | 0.4% | 0.2% | 0.1%
Services | 22 | 27 | 25 | 26 | 30 | 34 | 39 | 2.2% | -0.7% | 0.4% | 1.4% | 1.3% | 1.3%
Agriculture | 3 | 4 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 2.6% | 2.8% | 1.5% | 0.9% | 0.8% | 0.7%
Road | 33 | 39 | 49 | 51 | 49 | 46 | 40 | 1.7% | 2.2% | 0.5% | -0.4% | -0.7% | -1.4%
Rail | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | -0.7% | 0.2% | 1.0% | -0.1% | -0.2% | -0.2%
Aviation | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 2.4% | -0.7% | 2.7% | 0.1% | -0.1% | 0.0%
Other Transport | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0.1% | 6.6% | -3.6% | 0.7% | -0.2% | -0.7%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 27 | 39 | 34 | 22 | 16 | 4 | 7 | 3.9% | -1.3% | -4.5% | -3.0% | -13.3% | 6.4%
Coal | 20 | 27 | 19 | 9 | 6 | 2 | 1 | 2.9% | -3.3% | -6.9% | -3.6% | -12.5% | -4.0%
Oil | 4 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -1.9% | -4.3% | -29.0% | -34.2% | n.s. | n.s.
Gas | 2 | 7 | 11 | 10 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 14.7% | 4.4% | -0.9% | -8.9% | -15.1% | 2.3%
Biomass & Waste | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 1 | 5 | 7.8% | 0.7% | 0.1% | 10.2% | -13.1% | 14.0%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 482 | 605 | 599 | 651 | 766 | 899 | 1 032 | 2.3% | -0.1% | 0.8% | 1.7% | 1.6% | 1.4%
Coal | 82 | 118 | 80 | 35 | 26 | 9 | 6 | 3.6% | -3.8% | -8.0% | -2.7% | -10.7% | -3.8%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 15.4%
Oil | 16 | 15 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -1.1% | -6.1% | -28.4% | -33.6% | n.s. | n.s.
Gas | 10 | 33 | 52 | 51 | 23 | 5 | 6 | 13.2% | 4.4% | -0.1% | -7.5% | -14.4% | 2.1%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | -3.1%
Biomass & Waste | 4 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 25 | 7 | 26 | 7.2% | 1.4% | -0.2% | 10.6% | -12.1% | 14.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 26 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 53.1%
Nuclear | 73 | 73 | 91 | 105 | 175 | 285 | 296 | 0.0% | 2.2% | 1.5% | 5.2% | 5.0% | 0.4%
Hydro | 297 | 359 | 351 | 393 | 408 | 422 | 435 | 1.9% | -0.2% | 1.1% | 0.4% | 0.3% | 0.3%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 9 | 57 | 107 | 167 | 245 | n.s. | 41.9% | 20.7% | 6.5% | 4.5% | 3.9%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 17 | n.s. | 27.7% | 18.3% | 10.1% | 11.6% | 13.2%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 25.2% | 16.0% | 12.7%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 103 | 111 | 131 | 170 | 206 | 251 | 299 | 0.7% | 1.7% | 2.6% | 2.0% | 2.0% | 1.8%
Coal | 19 | 18 | 14 | 9 | 7 | 6 | 6 | -0.8% | -2.3% | -4.5% | -2.9% | -1.3% | -0.3%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 17.3%
Oil | 7 | 8 | 7 | 20 | 20 | 21 | 23 | 0.5% | -0.9% | 10.8% | 0.4% | 0.0% | 1.0%
Gas | 4 | 7 | 13 | 17 | 21 | 23 | 24 | 5.9% | 7.0% | 2.9% | 2.1% | 0.9% | 0.6%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 15.4%
Biomass & Waste | 1 | 1 | 5 | 4 | 8 | 12 | 23 | 2.2% | 15.1% | -1.5% | 6.8% | 5.0% | 6.1%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 13 | 10 | 13 | 14 | 22 | 37 | 38 | -2.2% | 2.3% | 0.7% | 5.1% | 5.1% | 0.3%
Hydro | 59 | 67 | 75 | 81 | 84 | 87 | 89 | 1.3% | 1.1% | 0.7% | 0.4% | 0.3% | 0.3%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 4 | 24 | 42 | 60 | 82 | n.s. | 39.9% | 19.4% | 5.8% | 3.8% | 3.1%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 14 | n.s. | 44.3% | 21.4% | 3.2% | 7.3% | 10.1%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 24.5% | 15.5% | 12.2%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 157 | 185 | 189 | 204 | 205 | 204 | 201 | 1.7% | 0.2% | 0.8% | 0.0% | -0.1% | -0.1%
Coal | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 0.8% | -1.4% | -0.1% | -0.4% | 0.7% | 0.4%
Oil | 69 | 80 | 92 | 94 | 83 | 70 | 56 | 1.6% | 1.4% | 0.2% | -1.2% | -1.7% | -2.2%
Gas | 40 | 49 | 40 | 49 | 45 | 40 | 36 | 1.9% | -2.0% | 2.1% | -0.9% | -1.1% | -1.0%
Electricity | 36 | 41 | 41 | 42 | 50 | 60 | 69 | 1.4% | 0.0% | 0.3% | 1.8% | 1.7% | 1.5%
Heat | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 2.5% | -5.9% | 5.8% | 5.9% | 6.2% | 4.0%
Biomass & Other | 7 | 10 | 11 | 14 | 22 | 27 | 32 | 3.1% | 1.6% | 2.5% | 4.2% | 2.2% | 1.6%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 22% | 24% | 25% | 29% | 38% | 45% | 55% | 0.6% | 0.4% | 1.5% | 2.8% | 1.9% | 2.0%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 63 | 76 | 67 | 76 | 73 | 70 | 68 | 1.8% | -1.2% | 1.3% | -0.4% | -0.5% | -0.3%
Coal | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 0.9% | -1.4% | -0.1% | -0.4% | 0.7% | 0.4%
Oil | 18 | 22 | 27 | 26 | 23 | 19 | 16 | 2.0% | 1.9% | -0.2% | -1.4% | -1.9% | -1.8%
Gas | 20 | 23 | 16 | 22 | 20 | 18 | 16 | 1.5% | -3.9% | 3.6% | -1.3% | -1.0% | -1.2%
Electricity | 14 | 17 | 15 | 16 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 1.9% | -1.5% | 0.3% | 1.2% | 0.8% | 0.5%
Heat | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2.5% | -6.6% | 4.7% | -0.2% | -0.3% | -0.2%
Biomass & Other | 6 | 8 | 6 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 12 | 3.1% | -3.1% | 3.1% | 1.7% | 0.6% | 1.8%
Buildings | 50 | 58 | 58 | 61 | 66 | 71 | 76 | 1.4% | 0.1% | 0.4% | 0.9% | 0.7% | 0.7%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -3.1% | -1.1% | -9.4% | -4.5% | -10.5% | n.s.
Oil | 9 | 9 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 0.0% | -5.0% | -0.5% | 0.4% | -0.3% | -0.9%
Gas | 20 | 25 | 24 | 26 | 23 | 19 | 15 | 2.3% | -0.5% | 0.9% | -1.2% | -1.9% | -1.9%
Electricity | 20 | 23 | 25 | 25 | 30 | 35 | 41 | 1.0% | 0.9% | 0.2% | 1.6% | 1.7% | 1.7%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4.4% | 17.3% | 14.0% | 18.6% | 9.7% | 5.1%
Biomass & Other | 1 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 8 | 10 | 12 | 2.1% | 9.4% | 0.2% | 5.6% | 2.4% | 1.3%
Agriculture | 3 | 4 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 2.6% | 2.8% | 1.5% | 0.9% | 0.8% | 0.7%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 3.3% | 4.2% | 1.1% | -0.4% | -2.3% | -3.9%
Gas | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1.6% | -0.3% | 4.2% | -0.2% | -1.6% | -2.6%
Electricity | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1.1% | -0.2% | 1.0% | 3.2% | 4.5% | 3.7%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 26.2% | 11.4% | 5.6%
Transport | 40 | 47 | 57 | 61 | 59 | 55 | 49 | 1.6% | 2.0% | 0.5% | -0.3% | -0.6% | -1.2%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 40 | 47 | 56 | 58 | 51 | 43 | 33 | 1.6% | 1.9% | 0.3% | -1.3% | -1.8% | -2.5%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 3.6% | -2.2% | 23.3% | 17.9% | 5.3% | 4.3%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 5 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 27.3% | 7.6% | 3.4%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 6 | n.s. | 24.2% | 6.2% | 7.1% | 3.5% | 0.3%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 20 | 19 | 17 | 18 | 26 | 39 | 37 | -0.5% | -1.1% | 0.7% | 3.6% | 4.0% | -0.5%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Chile | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 13 | 15 | 17 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 1.4% | 1.2% | 1.0% | 0.7% | 0.4% | 0.2%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 7 | 11 | 15 | 18 | 22 | 26 | 30 | 4.9% | 2.7% | 2.2% | 2.1% | 1.5% | 1.3%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 4 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 13 | 15 | 18 | 4.9% | 2.7% | 2.2% | 2.1% | 1.5% | 1.3%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 9 | 6 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | -3.8% | -5.2% | 0.9% | -0.5% | -0.3% | -0.2%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 41 | 32 | 40 | 32 | 31 | 30 | 29 | -2.5% | 2.1% | -2.0% | -0.4% | -0.4% | -0.4%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 50 | 62 | 57 | 64 | 65 | 66 | 68 | 2.2% | -0.8% | 1.1% | 0.2% | 0.2% | 0.2%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 12 | 8 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 17 | 19 | -4.2% | 5.6% | 0.8% | 0.7% | 1.0% | 1.3%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 77 | 84 | 99 | 119 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.6% | 0.9% | 1.6% | 1.9%
Gas | 17 | 26 | 22 | 25 | 38 | 54 | 71 | 4.7% | -1.9% | 1.5% | 4.3% | 3.6% | 2.7%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 55 | 66 | 96 | 115 | 75 | 66 | 47 | 1.9% | 3.7% | 1.8% | -4.1% | -1.3% | -3.4%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 55 | 79 | 111 | 127 | 130 | 135 | 125 | 3.7% | 3.5% | 1.4% | 0.2% | 0.4% | -0.8%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 50 | 79 | 103 | 127 | 130 | 135 | 125 | 4.7% | 2.7% | 2.1% | 0.2% | 0.4% | -0.8%
CO₂ | 33 | 55 | 77 | 96 | 104 | 108 | 100 | 5.2% | 3.4% | 2.3% | 0.8% | 0.4% | -0.8%
CH₄ | 12 | 17 | 18 | 22 | 17 | 18 | 17 | 3.6% | 0.6% | 1.8% | -2.1% | 0.4% | -0.6%
N₂O | 5 | 7 | 8 | 10 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 3.0% | 1.8% | 1.7% | -1.5% | 0.1% | -0.7%
F gases | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -8.4% | 1.9% | 0.2% | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 40 | 67 | 89 | 110 | 115 | 120 | 111 | 5.2% | 2.9% | 2.2% | 0.4% | 0.4% | -0.7%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 30 | 50 | 71 | 88 | 94 | 97 | 89 | 5.3% | 3.5% | 2.2% | 0.7% | 0.3% | -0.9%
Power generation/District heating | 8 | 14 | 25 | 36 | 40 | 40 | 35 | 5.2% | 6.4% | 3.6% | 1.0% | 0.1% | -1.2%
Industry | 7 | 11 | 14 | 16 | 17 | 19 | 18 | 4.9% | 2.3% | 1.6% | 0.3% | 1.3% | -0.6%
Buildings | 3 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 3.7% | 1.7% | -0.6% | -1.3% | -0.4% | -1.5%
Agriculture | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3.7% | 4.6% | -1.6% | 0.4% | -0.6% | -2.0%
Transport | 9 | 17 | 19 | 24 | 26 | 25 | 24 | 6.7% | 0.9% | 2.4% | 0.8% | -0.1% | -0.6%
Other | 2 | 3 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 2.7% | 8.3% | -0.9% | 1.9% | 0.8% | -1.0%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 6 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 23.5% | 20.8%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 27.1% | 20.8%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 27.8% | 21.1%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 2.9% | 20.9%
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 7 | 8 | 9 | 14 | 20 | 27 | 34 | 1.1% | 0.8% | 4.3% | 3.9% | 2.8% | 2.5%
Coal | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | -15.4% | 0.5% | 23.3% | 1.0% | 1.1% | 0.7%
Oil | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -9.3% | 4.2% | -5.0% | 3.9% | 3.5% | 2.7%
Natural gas | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 6 | 8 | 1.2% | -0.3% | -0.5% | 9.2% | 4.7% | 3.5%
Biomass | 3 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 10 | 13 | 15 | 4.6% | 0.5% | 4.3% | 3.6% | 2.1% | 2.0%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 11.8% | 13.9%
Hydro | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 7.6% | 1.6% | 0.7% | 1.4% | 1.2% | 1.1%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | 37.3% | 6.8% | 6.8% | 5.1%
Net Imports | 6 | 17 | 22 | 25 | 26 | 24 | 20 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 1 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 7 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | 5 | 10 | 14 | 17 | 16 | 14 | 13 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | 0 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | - 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 14 | 25 | 31 | 38 | 46 | 51 | 53 | 6.1% | 2.1% | 2.3% | 1.7% | 1.1% | 0.5%
Coal | 2 | 3 | 4 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 2.3% | 3.8% | 5.2% | 1.0% | 1.2% | 0.3%
Oil | 6 | 10 | 15 | 17 | 16 | 15 | 14 | 4.9% | 3.7% | 1.4% | -0.5% | -0.8% | -0.8%
Natural gas | 1 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 7 | 15.9% | -1.5% | -2.0% | 5.7% | 2.0% | -1.0%
Biomass | 3 | 4 | 5 | 8 | 11 | 14 | 16 | 4.6% | 0.5% | 5.0% | 4.1% | 1.9% | 1.7%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 11.8% | 13.9%
Hydro | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 7.6% | 1.6% | 0.7% | 1.4% | 1.2% | 1.1%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | 37.3% | 6.8% | 6.8% | 5.1%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 14 | 25 | 31 | 38 | 46 | 51 | 53 | 6.1% | 2.1% | 2.3% | 1.7% | 1.1% | 0.5%
Energy for Power Generation | 3 | 6 | 10 | 15 | 19 | 22 | 24 | 7.2% | 4.7% | 4.3% | 2.5% | 1.5% | 1.1%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5.9% | 2.3% | -1.2% | 5.7% | 3.5% | 1.8%
Final consumption | 11 | 21 | 24 | 29 | 33 | 36 | 38 | 6.2% | 1.5% | 1.8% | 1.4% | 1.0% | 0.5%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4.1% | -0.3% | 5.4% | -0.1% | 0.3% | -0.8%
Other Industry | 3 | 6 | 8 | 11 | 13 | 15 | 16 | 7.1% | 2.8% | 2.7% | 2.1% | 1.4% | 1.0%
Non-Energy Use | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 10.1% | -8.2% | -3.8% | 0.5% | 1.1% | 0.2%
Residential | 3 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4.5% | 0.9% | -0.2% | 0.1% | 0.3% | 0.0%
Services | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2.7% | 8.2% | 1.3% | 1.9% | 1.5% | 1.0%
Agriculture | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4.3% | 4.2% | -1.3% | 1.3% | 0.9% | 0.7%
Road | 3 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 6.8% | 2.2% | 2.7% | 1.5% | 0.7% | 0.2%
Rail | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.2% | 8.1% | 1.3% | 1.1% | 0.6% | 0.4%
Aviation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7.4% | 4.8% | 1.7% | 0.8% | 0.4% | -0.1%
Other Transport | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2.0% | 2.2% | 0.9% | 2.6% | 1.0% | 0.1%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 2 | 5 | 8 | 12 | 15 | 17 | 17 | 7.1% | 5.6% | 4.4% | 2.4% | 1.0% | 0.3%
Coal | 2 | 2 | 4 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 2.4% | 6.5% | 5.7% | 0.7% | 0.4% | 0.1%
Oil | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | -0.4% | 14.4% | 0.5% | -1.8% | -2.5% | 2.9%
Gas | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 38.7% | 0.6% | -2.7% | 6.2% | 0.8% | -4.5%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 13.5% | 1.0% | 18.8% | 6.9% | 2.9% | 1.7%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 18 | 40 | 60 | 83 | 108 | 133 | 157 | 8.5% | 4.2% | 3.2% | 2.7% | 2.1% | 1.7%
Coal | 7 | 8 | 17 | 30 | 33 | 36 | 38 | 2.6% | 7.1% | 6.0% | 1.0% | 0.9% | 0.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 6 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 26.9%
Oil | 2 | 2 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 5 | 7 | -0.4% | 17.4% | -0.3% | -1.8% | -2.6% | 3.1%
Gas | 0 | 10 | 11 | 7 | 13 | 14 | 9 | 49.4% | 0.2% | -4.0% | 6.0% | 0.8% | -4.6%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 1 | 2 | 7 | 16 | 22 | 27 | 13.4% | 9.1% | 12.6% | 7.9% | 3.3% | 2.0%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Hydro | 9 | 19 | 22 | 23 | 27 | 30 | 34 | 7.6% | 1.6% | 0.7% | 1.4% | 1.2% | 1.1%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 10 | 19 | 27 | n.s. | n.s. | 31.1% | 7.2% | 6.8% | 3.4%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 6 | 15 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 5.0% | 8.8% | 9.8%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 25.6% | 17.2% | 12.7%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 5 | 10 | 16 | 26 | 34 | 44 | 52 | 8.0% | 4.9% | 4.7% | 2.6% | 2.7% | 1.7%
Coal | 1 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 8 | 6.5% | 0.9% | 7.1% | 2.5% | 2.8% | -0.3%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 27.0%
Oil | 1 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | -0.9% | 13.9% | 1.4% | 0.6% | -0.1% | 0.0%
Gas | 0 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 43.0% | 4.8% | -2.5% | 0.7% | -1.4% | -6.7%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4.3% | 12.3% | 7.6% | 1.8% | 4.2% | 1.2%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Hydro | 2 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 5.8% | 2.8% | 2.1% | 1.4% | 1.2% | 1.1%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 6 | 10 | 13 | n.s. | n.s. | 33.0% | 6.9% | 5.9% | 2.4%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 12 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 4.7% | 4.3% | 6.2%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 16.7% | 12.2%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 11 | 21 | 24 | 29 | 33 | 36 | 38 | 6.2% | 1.5% | 1.8% | 1.4% | 1.0% | 0.5%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1.0% | -5.6% | 8.9% | 1.9% | 3.9% | 0.2%
Oil | 5 | 9 | 12 | 14 | 14 | 13 | 11 | 5.3% | 2.8% | 1.6% | -0.3% | -0.6% | -1.2%
Gas | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 13.4% | -3.3% | -3.3% | 5.1% | 2.9% | 0.9%
Electricity | 1 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 12 | 9.0% | 4.1% | 2.9% | 2.7% | 2.1% | 1.7%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 7.1% | 4.7% | 4.3%
Biomass & Other | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 4.1% | 0.4% | 2.3% | 2.4% | 0.9% | 1.3%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 33% | 31% | 26% | 30% | 36% | 42% | 50% | -0.7% | -1.4% | 1.1% | 2.0% | 1.5% | 1.8%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 4 | 9 | 10 | 12 | 15 | 17 | 18 | 7.5% | 0.6% | 2.4% | 1.8% | 1.3% | 0.8%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1.7% | -5.5% | 8.9% | 1.9% | 3.9% | 0.2%
Oil | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3.5% | 4.6% | 1.2% | -1.3% | -0.9% | -2.0%
Gas | 1 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 14.9% | -4.8% | -6.2% | 3.8% | 2.9% | 1.1%
Electricity | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9.7% | 3.4% | 3.3% | 2.7% | 2.0% | 1.6%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | -0.2% | -0.3% | -0.2%
Biomass & Other | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 5.3% | -0.3% | 8.1% | 3.4% | 0.3% | 1.6%
Buildings | 4 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 4.3% | 2.0% | 0.1% | 0.6% | 0.6% | 0.3%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -15.5% | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3.6% | 1.1% | -1.2% | -3.3% | -2.1% | -2.6%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5.4% | 4.5% | 1.5% | 2.9% | 1.8% | -0.6%
Electricity | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 7.8% | 5.6% | 1.9% | 1.3% | 1.1% | 1.0%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 7.2% | 4.7% | 4.3%
Biomass & Other | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3.7% | 0.7% | -0.9% | 0.5% | 0.3% | 0.0%
Agriculture | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4.3% | 4.2% | -1.3% | 1.3% | 0.9% | 0.7%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -13.4% | -8.8% | -4.5% | -1.2% | -2.3% | -4.1%
Oil | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8.3% | 5.0% | -1.6% | 0.4% | -0.6% | -2.0%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5.7% | -6.8% | 7.3% | 4.8% | 5.0% | 4.7%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 10.8% | 7.3%
Transport | 3 | 6 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 6.4% | 2.3% | 2.5% | 1.5% | 0.7% | 0.2%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 3 | 6 | 7 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 6.4% | 2.3% | 2.3% | 0.4% | -0.4% | -0.9%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3.5% | 8.5% | 21.5% | 17.1% | 4.4% | 2.1%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0.4% | 7.0% | 3.7% | 22.0% | 7.3% | 3.7%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 21.5% | 7.5% | 4.3%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5.9% | 2.3% | -1.2% | 5.7% | 3.5% | 1.8%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Mexico | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 86 | 103 | 119 | 135 | 148 | 158 | 164 | 1.8% | 1.4% | 1.3% | 0.9% | 0.6% | 0.4%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 10 | 12 | 12 | 14 | 18 | 23 | 29 | 1.7% | 0.3% | 1.4% | 2.2% | 2.5% | 2.4%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 7 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 11 | 15 | 18 | 1.7% | 0.3% | 1.3% | 2.2% | 2.5% | 2.4%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 8 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | -7.7% | -0.2% | 0.4% | -0.9% | -0.8% | -0.6%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 28 | 35 | 35 | 32 | 32 | 30 | 28 | 2.1% | 0.1% | -0.8% | -0.3% | -0.5% | -0.6%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 64 | 62 | 61 | 64 | 65 | 67 | 69 | -0.3% | 0.0% | 0.4% | 0.2% | 0.3% | 0.3%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 12 | 8 | 13 | 12 | 12 | 13 | 16 | -4.2% | 5.6% | -0.7% | -0.2% | 1.0% | 1.6%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 77 | 84 | 99 | 119 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.6% | 0.9% | 1.6% | 1.9%
Gas | 17 | 26 | 22 | 25 | 38 | 54 | 71 | 4.7% | -1.9% | 1.5% | 4.3% | 3.6% | 2.7%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 485 | 589 | 718 | 737 | 623 | 615 | 568 | 2.0% | 2.0% | 0.3% | -1.7% | -0.1% | -0.8%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 498 | 613 | 731 | 737 | 725 | 740 | 728 | 2.1% | 1.8% | 0.1% | -0.2% | 0.2% | -0.2%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 445 | 561 | 694 | 726 | 725 | 727 | 728 | 2.3% | 2.2% | 0.4% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0%
CO₂ | 284 | 381 | 452 | 507 | 532 | 539 | 546 | 3.0% | 1.7% | 1.2% | 0.5% | 0.1% | 0.1%
CH₄ | 103 | 118 | 166 | 136 | 112 | 109 | 106 | 1.3% | 3.4% | -2.0% | -1.9% | -0.3% | -0.3%
N₂O | 56 | 58 | 69 | 72 | 70 | 72 | 74 | 0.3% | 1.7% | 0.4% | -0.3% | 0.4% | 0.2%
F gases | 1 | 3 | 8 | 12 | 11 | 7 | 1 | 7.9% | 10.1% | 3.6% | -0.3% | -5.3% | -16.2%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 352 | 474 | 602 | 626 | 633 | 631 | 630 | 3.0% | 2.4% | 0.4% | 0.1% | 0.0% | 0.0%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 262 | 346 | 412 | 460 | 480 | 480 | 481 | 2.8% | 1.8% | 1.1% | 0.4% | 0.0% | 0.0%
Power generation/District heating | 63 | 112 | 122 | 157 | 181 | 175 | 167 | 5.9% | 0.9% | 2.5% | 1.4% | -0.3% | -0.5%
Industry | 55 | 52 | 47 | 60 | 56 | 57 | 61 | -0.6% | -1.0% | 2.5% | -0.8% | 0.2% | 0.7%
Buildings | 24 | 31 | 28 | 26 | 25 | 23 | 23 | 2.5% | -1.1% | -0.5% | -0.7% | -0.5% | -0.3%
Agriculture | 5 | 7 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 6 | 2.6% | 2.6% | 0.7% | -0.8% | -1.5% | -1.6%
Transport | 83 | 104 | 148 | 142 | 139 | 145 | 152 | 2.3% | 3.6% | -0.4% | -0.3% | 0.4% | 0.5%
Other | 31 | 39 | 57 | 63 | 71 | 72 | 72 | 2.5% | 3.9% | 1.1% | 1.1% | 0.2% | 0.0%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 12 | 40 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 49.5% | 19.7% | 12.6%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 9 | 29 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 46.8% | 19.8% | 12.6%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 9 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 19.7% | 10.9%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 23.7% | 16.3% | 26.5%
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 196 | 230 | 221 | 186 | 185 | 182 | 202 | 1.6% | -0.4% | -1.7% | 0.0% | -0.2% | 1.0%
Coal | 3 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 10 | 14 | 6.8% | 1.7% | -0.1% | 1.1% | 3.2% | 3.6%
Oil | 155 | 174 | 148 | 115 | 90 | 52 | 33 | 1.1% | -1.5% | -2.5% | -2.4% | -5.4% | -4.5%
Natural gas | 23 | 32 | 48 | 43 | 41 | 37 | 33 | 3.4% | 4.2% | -0.9% | -0.6% | -1.0% | -1.0%
Biomass | 9 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 15 | 25 | 33 | 0.4% | -0.7% | -0.8% | 6.9% | 5.0% | 2.9%
Nuclear¹ | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 8 | 21 | 39 | 10.8% | -3.3% | 6.9% | 10.8% | 9.6% | 6.3%
Hydro | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3.5% | 1.1% | -1.1% | 0.3% | 0.0% | 0.0%
Other renewables | 4 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 21 | 36 | 48 | 1.5% | 1.5% | 2.6% | 10.6% | 5.5% | 3.1%
Net Imports | - 81 | - 84 | - 45 | 12 | 50 | 96 | 124 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 10 | 16 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | - 82 | - 83 | - 54 | - 22 | - 3 | 30 | 49 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | 1 | - 3 | 6 | 28 | 45 | 52 | 53 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 6 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 115 | 145 | 176 | 198 | 236 | 278 | 327 | 2.4% | 2.0% | 1.2% | 1.7% | 1.7% | 1.6%
Coal | 4 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 13 | 20 | 29 | 6.6% | 3.3% | 2.0% | 1.6% | 4.0% | 4.1%
Oil | 72 | 90 | 95 | 93 | 87 | 82 | 82 | 2.2% | 0.5% | -0.2% | -0.6% | -0.6% | 0.0%
Natural gas | 23 | 29 | 53 | 71 | 86 | 88 | 86 | 2.3% | 6.3% | 3.0% | 1.8% | 0.3% | -0.3%
Biomass | 9 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 17 | 29 | 39 | 0.4% | -0.7% | 0.6% | 6.8% | 5.2% | 3.2%
Nuclear¹ | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 8 | 21 | 39 | 10.8% | -3.3% | 6.9% | 10.8% | 9.6% | 6.3%
Hydro | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3.5% | 1.1% | -1.1% | 0.3% | 0.0% | 0.0%
Other renewables | 4 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 21 | 36 | 48 | 1.5% | 1.5% | 2.6% | 10.6% | 5.5% | 3.1%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 115 | 145 | 176 | 198 | 236 | 278 | 327 | 2.4% | 2.0% | 1.2% | 1.7% | 1.7% | 1.6%
Energy for Power Generation | 28 | 48 | 56 | 73 | 102 | 132 | 166 | 5.5% | 1.5% | 2.7% | 3.5% | 2.6% | 2.4%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 11 | 13 | 25 | 29 | 36 | 43 | 50 | 1.2% | 7.0% | 1.6% | 2.1% | 1.8% | 1.5%
Final consumption | 84 | 99 | 114 | 122 | 137 | 160 | 187 | 1.6% | 1.4% | 0.7% | 1.2% | 1.6% | 1.5%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 15 | 14 | 12 | 13 | 12 | 13 | 15 | -0.5% | -1.6% | 0.6% | -0.3% | 0.7% | 1.1%
Other Industry | 12 | 14 | 16 | 25 | 30 | 38 | 46 | 2.1% | 1.0% | 4.6% | 2.0% | 2.2% | 2.0%
Non-Energy Use | 9 | 10 | 8 | 6 | 7 | 9 | 10 | 0.8% | -1.9% | -2.4% | 1.1% | 1.9% | 1.8%
Residential | 16 | 18 | 18 | 17 | 19 | 20 | 23 | 1.4% | -0.1% | -0.5% | 0.9% | 1.0% | 1.0%
Services | 2 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 9 | 12 | 15 | 4.7% | 3.1% | 3.2% | 3.4% | 2.8% | 2.6%
Agriculture | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 2.4% | 2.2% | 1.2% | 1.4% | 1.3% | 1.2%
Road | 27 | 34 | 50 | 49 | 53 | 61 | 70 | 2.3% | 4.0% | -0.3% | 0.8% | 1.4% | 1.3%
Rail | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -1.0% | 0.5% | 1.0% | 1.3% | 1.6% | 1.6%
Aviation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | 1.1% | -8.4% | 3.0% | 3.5% | 3.0%
Other Transport | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 11.4% | -5.6% | 0.0% | 1.5% | 1.4% | 0.9%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 21 | 38 | 45 | 59 | 70 | 72 | 76 | 6.1% | 1.8% | 2.8% | 1.7% | 0.3% | 0.6%
Coal | 2 | 5 | 8 | 8 | 10 | 14 | 20 | 10.0% | 5.3% | 0.6% | 1.7% | 3.4% | 3.9%
Oil | 15 | 23 | 10 | 12 | 13 | 9 | 8 | 4.3% | -7.9% | 2.1% | 0.5% | -3.8% | -0.4%
Gas | 3 | 9 | 25 | 36 | 43 | 42 | 37 | 9.7% | 11.3% | 3.7% | 1.7% | -0.3% | -1.3%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 6 | 9 | n.s. | 4.1% | 3.6% | 5.8% | 8.1% | 4.3%
Other | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1.4% | 1.2% | -1.1% | 9.6% | 3.0% | 1.3%
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 116 | 204 | 271 | 365 | 524 | 708 | 913 | 5.8% | 2.9% | 3.0% | 3.7% | 3.1% | 2.6%
Coal | 8 | 19 | 33 | 35 | 43 | 65 | 100 | 9.6% | 5.3% | 0.7% | 2.0% | 4.3% | 4.5%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 22 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 21.8%
Oil | 62 | 94 | 44 | 53 | 56 | 39 | 37 | 4.3% | -7.4% | 1.9% | 0.6% | -3.6% | -0.4%
Gas | 14 | 41 | 141 | 196 | 245 | 241 | 213 | 11.1% | 13.0% | 3.4% | 2.3% | -0.2% | -1.2%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 27 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 12.3%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 11 | 28 | 45 | n.s. | 4.9% | -0.6% | 15.8% | 9.9% | 4.9%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 35.2%
Nuclear | 3 | 8 | 6 | 12 | 34 | 86 | 159 | 10.8% | -3.3% | 7.0% | 11.3% | 9.8% | 6.4%
Hydro | 23 | 33 | 37 | 33 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 3.5% | 1.1% | -1.1% | 0.3% | 0.0% | 0.0%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 1 | 26 | 75 | 158 | 214 | 34.2% | 51.9% | 35.7% | 11.1% | 7.7% | 3.1%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 11 | 37 | 85 | 19.9% | 8.0% | 37.8% | 22.8% | 13.2% | 8.7%
Other | 5 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 15 | 21 | 25 | 1.4% | 1.2% | -1.1% | 9.7% | 3.2% | 1.9%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 27 | 42 | 62 | 78 | 116 | 175 | 225 | 4.6% | 3.9% | 2.3% | 4.0% | 4.2% | 2.6%
Coal | 1 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 9 | 14 | 15.6% | 1.7% | 0.1% | 0.3% | 3.7% | 4.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 21.9%
Oil | 12 | 16 | 14 | 11 | 11 | 8 | 8 | 2.9% | -1.4% | -1.8% | -0.3% | -3.2% | 0.1%
Gas | 5 | 9 | 28 | 34 | 43 | 49 | 39 | 7.1% | 11.7% | 2.2% | 2.2% | 1.4% | -2.1%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 13.1%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 6 | n.s. | 1.2% | -1.0% | 13.8% | 10.0% | 5.0%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 35.3%
Nuclear | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 11 | 20 | 7.7% | 0.0% | 0.4% | 11.2% | 9.8% | 6.4%
Hydro | 8 | 10 | 12 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 2.1% | 1.8% | 0.5% | 0.3% | 0.0% | 0.0%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 1 | 10 | 26 | 53 | 68 | n.s. | n.s. | 34.3% | 10.3% | 7.1% | 2.6%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 9 | 26 | 53 | 19.9% | 8.0% | 47.5% | 20.3% | 11.0% | 7.4%
Other | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2.0% | 1.2% | -1.5% | 10.1% | 2.8% | 1.8%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 84 | 99 | 114 | 122 | 137 | 160 | 187 | 1.6% | 1.4% | 0.7% | 1.2% | 1.6% | 1.5%
Coal | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 1.2% | -0.1% | 6.1% | 0.1% | 2.0% | 2.5%
Oil | 51 | 62 | 74 | 70 | 64 | 63 | 63 | 1.9% | 1.8% | -0.6% | -0.9% | -0.1% | 0.0%
Gas | 14 | 13 | 13 | 16 | 20 | 23 | 27 | -0.9% | -0.2% | 2.4% | 2.0% | 1.7% | 1.4%
Electricity | 9 | 14 | 18 | 25 | 36 | 49 | 64 | 4.9% | 2.5% | 3.6% | 3.7% | 3.1% | 2.6%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 9.6% | 10.4% | 4.2% | 15.7% | 8.5% | 5.8%
Biomass & Other | 9 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 12 | 19 | 24 | -0.4% | -1.2% | -0.5% | 6.1% | 4.1% | 2.8%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 14% | 12% | 10% | 10% | 19% | 30% | 36% | -1.3% | -2.0% | 0.3% | 6.4% | 4.4% | 2.0%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 36 | 38 | 36 | 44 | 50 | 60 | 71 | 0.7% | -0.6% | 2.0% | 1.3% | 1.8% | 1.8%
Coal | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 1.2% | -0.1% | 6.1% | 0.1% | 2.0% | 2.5%
Oil | 14 | 14 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 0.1% | -2.2% | -0.5% | -0.5% | 0.2% | 0.4%
Gas | 13 | 12 | 12 | 14 | 13 | 13 | 14 | -0.9% | -0.4% | 1.5% | -0.5% | 0.4% | 0.6%
Electricity | 5 | 9 | 10 | 14 | 19 | 25 | 32 | 6.4% | 1.5% | 3.7% | 2.9% | 2.8% | 2.5%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | 10.4% | 5.9% | -0.2% | -0.3% | -0.2%
Biomass & Other | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8 | -3.4% | -2.9% | 5.1% | 9.1% | 4.4% | 2.9%
Buildings | 18 | 22 | 23 | 23 | 28 | 32 | 38 | 1.8% | 0.5% | 0.4% | 1.6% | 1.6% | 1.6%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 7 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 2.8% | -1.5% | -1.5% | -2.6% | -2.2% | -1.5%
Gas | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | -1.6% | 3.4% | 6.8% | 5.8% | 2.6% | 1.2%
Electricity | 3 | 5 | 7 | 10 | 13 | 17 | 21 | 3.2% | 4.5% | 3.1% | 3.0% | 2.6% | 2.4%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 9.6% | 10.4% | 4.1% | 16.2% | 8.6% | 5.9%
Biomass & Other | 7 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 0.3% | -0.9% | -2.7% | 0.9% | 0.2% | -0.3%
Agriculture | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 2.4% | 2.2% | 1.2% | 1.4% | 1.3% | 1.2%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2.6% | 2.6% | 0.7% | -0.8% | -1.5% | -1.6%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Electricity | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1.7% | 0.9% | 2.6% | 3.3% | 3.2% | 2.7%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 32.9% | 7.9% | 3.7%
Transport | 29 | 36 | 52 | 51 | 55 | 63 | 72 | 2.4% | 3.7% | -0.2% | 0.8% | 1.5% | 1.3%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 28 | 36 | 52 | 49 | 46 | 46 | 47 | 2.4% | 3.7% | -0.5% | -0.7% | 0.1% | 0.2%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 6 | 8 | n.s. | 7.8% | 51.4% | 16.9% | 4.8% | 3.0%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 6 | 8 | 3.2% | 0.8% | 14.9% | 22.7% | 6.2% | 3.7%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 6 | 10 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 20.4% | 8.4% | 4.8%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 11 | 13 | 25 | 29 | 36 | 43 | 50 | 1.2% | 7.0% | 1.6% | 2.1% | 1.8% | 1.5%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

United States | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 253 | 283 | 310 | 334 | 356 | 374 | 389 | 1.1% | 0.9% | 0.7% | 0.6% | 0.5% | 0.4%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 33 | 41 | 44 | 50 | 56 | 64 | 71 | 2.3% | 0.7% | 1.4% | 1.1% | 1.2% | 1.1%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 33 | 41 | 44 | 50 | 56 | 64 | 71 | 2.3% | 0.7% | 1.4% | 1.1% | 1.2% | 1.1%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -1.5% | -0.1% | 1.0% | -0.5% | -0.5% | -0.4%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 24 | 23 | 20 | 20 | 19 | 18 | 16 | -0.3% | -1.3% | -0.2% | -0.6% | -0.7% | -0.8%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 75 | 76 | 78 | 79 | 80 | 81 | 83 | 0.1% | 0.4% | 0.0% | 0.2% | 0.2% | 0.2%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 12 | 8 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 15 | -4.2% | 5.6% | 0.4% | 0.1% | 0.3% | 0.7%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 77 | 84 | 99 | 119 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.6% | 0.9% | 1.6% | 1.9%
Gas | 17 | 26 | 22 | 25 | 38 | 54 | 71 | 4.7% | -1.9% | 1.5% | 4.3% | 3.6% | 2.7%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 5 233 | 6 146 | 5 691 | 5 150 | 3 514 | 3 008 | 2 327 | 1.6% | -0.8% | -1.0% | -3.8% | -1.5% | -2.5%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 6 056 | 6 830 | 6 649 | 6 025 | 4 331 | 3 679 | 2 965 | 1.2% | -0.3% | -1.0% | -3.2% | -1.6% | -2.1%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 6 056 | 6 829 | 6 649 | 6 025 | 4 331 | 3 679 | 2 965 | 1.2% | -0.3% | -1.0% | -3.2% | -1.6% | -2.1%
CO₂ | 4 938 | 5 721 | 5 515 | 5 042 | 3 577 | 2 961 | 2 284 | 1.5% | -0.4% | -0.9% | -3.4% | -1.9% | -2.6%
CH₄ | 633 | 588 | 581 | 450 | 320 | 307 | 284 | -0.7% | -0.1% | -2.5% | -3.4% | -0.4% | -0.8%
N₂O | 395 | 384 | 404 | 402 | 387 | 392 | 389 | -0.3% | 0.5% | 0.0% | -0.4% | 0.1% | -0.1%
F gases | 90 | 136 | 150 | 131 | 47 | 19 | 8 | 4.2% | 1.0% | -1.4% | -9.8% | -8.7% | -8.1%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 5 582 | 6 355 | 6 115 | 5 506 | 3 834 | 3 171 | 2 462 | 1.3% | -0.4% | -1.0% | -3.6% | -1.9% | -2.5%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 4 809 | 5 587 | 5 390 | 4 913 | 3 463 | 2 848 | 2 181 | 1.5% | -0.4% | -0.9% | -3.4% | -1.9% | -2.6%
Power generation/District heating | 1 866 | 2 372 | 2 332 | 1 777 | 1 011 | 681 | 359 | 2.4% | -0.2% | -2.7% | -5.5% | -3.9% | -6.2%
Industry | 581 | 524 | 428 | 445 | 330 | 298 | 226 | -1.0% | -2.0% | 0.4% | -3.0% | -1.0% | -2.7%
Buildings | 544 | 602 | 545 | 503 | 376 | 319 | 255 | 1.0% | -1.0% | -0.8% | -2.9% | -1.6% | -2.2%
Agriculture | 46 | 45 | 53 | 55 | 41 | 30 | 20 | -0.2% | 1.8% | 0.4% | -2.9% | -3.1% | -4.1%
Transport | 1 424 | 1 713 | 1 677 | 1 725 | 1 404 | 1 269 | 1 141 | 1.9% | -0.2% | 0.3% | -2.0% | -1.0% | -1.1%
Other | 349 | 331 | 354 | 407 | 300 | 251 | 180 | -0.5% | 0.7% | 1.4% | -3.0% | -1.8% | -3.3%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 62 | 421 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 57.7% | 18.6% | 21.1%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 41 | 122 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 16.4% | 11.6%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 13 | 30 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 57.0% | 18.5% | 9.0%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 269 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 0.5% | n.s. | 41.4%
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 1 623 | 1 692 | 1 777 | 2 052 | 1 925 | 2 010 | 2 119 | 0.4% | 0.5% | 1.5% | -0.6% | 0.4% | 0.5%
Coal | 488 | 542 | 540 | 372 | 285 | 342 | 433 | 1.1% | -0.1% | -3.6% | -2.7% | 1.9% | 2.4%
Oil | 433 | 376 | 355 | 628 | 550 | 431 | 336 | -1.4% | -0.6% | 5.9% | -1.3% | -2.4% | -2.5%
Natural gas | 420 | 448 | 499 | 624 | 439 | 393 | 370 | 0.7% | 1.1% | 2.3% | -3.5% | -1.1% | -0.6%
Biomass | 82 | 76 | 112 | 120 | 147 | 176 | 236 | -0.8% | 3.9% | 0.7% | 2.1% | 1.8% | 3.0%
Nuclear¹ | 162 | 211 | 222 | 212 | 281 | 351 | 401 | 2.7% | 0.5% | -0.5% | 2.8% | 2.3% | 1.3%
Hydro | 25 | 24 | 25 | 24 | 25 | 25 | 25 | -0.3% | 0.2% | -0.1% | 0.3% | 0.0% | 0.0%
Other renewables | 14 | 15 | 25 | 71 | 199 | 292 | 319 | 0.3% | 5.6% | 11.0% | 10.8% | 3.9% | 0.9%
Net Imports | 329 | 590 | 472 | 247 | 211 | 172 | 139 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | - 32 | - 9 | - 37 | - 81 | - 126 | - 212 | - 299 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | 340 | 496 | 450 | 176 | 110 | 160 | 192 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | 21 | 100 | 58 | 114 | 92 | 36 | 2 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 28 | 121 | 179 | 243 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | - 1 | 4 | 9 | 5 | - 4 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 1 953 | 2 282 | 2 249 | 2 299 | 2 136 | 2 181 | 2 258 | 1.6% | -0.1% | 0.2% | -0.7% | 0.2% | 0.3%
Coal | 456 | 534 | 503 | 292 | 158 | 130 | 134 | 1.6% | -0.6% | -5.3% | -5.9% | -2.0% | 0.3%
Oil | 772 | 871 | 805 | 804 | 659 | 591 | 528 | 1.2% | -0.8% | 0.0% | -2.0% | -1.1% | -1.1%
Natural gas | 441 | 548 | 556 | 738 | 531 | 429 | 372 | 2.2% | 0.2% | 2.9% | -3.2% | -2.1% | -1.4%
Biomass | 82 | 76 | 112 | 148 | 268 | 355 | 479 | -0.8% | 3.9% | 2.8% | 6.1% | 2.8% | 3.1%
Nuclear¹ | 162 | 211 | 222 | 212 | 281 | 351 | 401 | 2.7% | 0.5% | -0.5% | 2.8% | 2.3% | 1.3%
Hydro | 25 | 24 | 25 | 24 | 25 | 25 | 25 | -0.3% | 0.2% | -0.1% | 0.3% | 0.0% | 0.0%
Other renewables | 14 | 15 | 25 | 71 | 199 | 292 | 319 | 0.3% | 5.6% | 11.0% | 10.8% | 3.9% | 0.9%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 1 953 | 2 282 | 2 249 | 2 299 | 2 136 | 2 181 | 2 258 | 1.6% | -0.1% | 0.2% | -0.7% | 0.2% | 0.3%
Energy for Power Generation | 754 | 931 | 958 | 901 | 883 | 969 | 1 107 | 2.1% | 0.3% | -0.6% | -0.2% | 0.9% | 1.3%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 127 | 124 | 160 | 254 | 274 | 287 | 291 | -0.2% | 2.6% | 4.7% | 0.8% | 0.5% | 0.2%
Final consumption | 1 300 | 1 538 | 1 489 | 1 531 | 1 430 | 1 457 | 1 463 | 1.7% | -0.3% | 0.3% | -0.7% | 0.2% | 0.0%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 127 | 152 | 97 | 95 | 76 | 72 | 68 | 1.8% | -4.4% | -0.2% | -2.2% | -0.5% | -0.6%
Other Industry | 181 | 185 | 169 | 192 | 181 | 183 | 184 | 0.2% | -0.9% | 1.3% | -0.6% | 0.2% | 0.0%
Non-Energy Use | 119 | 153 | 135 | 122 | 117 | 121 | 121 | 2.5% | -1.2% | -1.1% | -0.4% | 0.3% | 0.0%
Residential | 224 | 265 | 268 | 259 | 237 | 242 | 243 | 1.7% | 0.1% | -0.3% | -0.9% | 0.2% | 0.1%
Services | 157 | 193 | 217 | 232 | 233 | 259 | 283 | 2.1% | 1.2% | 0.7% | 0.1% | 1.0% | 0.9%
Agriculture | 14 | 14 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | -0.2% | 2.2% | 0.9% | 0.5% | 0.4% | 0.3%
Road | 397 | 493 | 522 | 532 | 481 | 469 | 454 | 2.2% | 0.6% | 0.2% | -1.0% | -0.3% | -0.3%
Rail | 11 | 10 | 9 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 15 | -0.5% | -1.3% | 3.9% | 0.4% | 0.3% | 0.2%
Aviation | 64 | 68 | 49 | 57 | 61 | 66 | 65 | 0.7% | -3.2% | 1.5% | 0.6% | 0.7% | -0.1%
Other Transport | 6 | 4 | 4 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 9 | -4.3% | 0.5% | 7.6% | 0.4% | 0.4% | -0.5%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 554 | 681 | 686 | 594 | 378 | 302 | 363 | 2.1% | 0.1% | -1.4% | -4.4% | -2.2% | 1.9%
Coal | 392 | 492 | 469 | 255 | 125 | 84 | 78 | 2.3% | -0.5% | -5.9% | -6.9% | -4.0% | -0.7%
Oil | 27 | 30 | 11 | 20 | 17 | 12 | 15 | 0.8% | -9.5% | 6.3% | -1.9% | -3.2% | 2.2%
Gas | 93 | 137 | 185 | 300 | 197 | 143 | 126 | 3.9% | 3.1% | 4.9% | -4.1% | -3.2% | -1.3%
Biomass & Waste | 40 | 21 | 20 | 17 | 34 | 57 | 139 | -6.0% | -0.5% | -1.6% | 7.0% | 5.4% | 9.2%
Other | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 6 | 6 | -0.9% | 1.9% | 4.3% | 7.9% | 2.0% | -0.6%
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 3 210 | 4 052 | 4 378 | 4 544 | 4 892 | 5 688 | 6 446 | 2.4% | 0.8% | 0.4% | 0.7% | 1.5% | 1.3%
Coal | 1 700 | 2 129 | 1 994 | 1 099 | 542 | 369 | 356 | 2.3% | -0.7% | -5.8% | -6.8% | -3.8% | -0.3%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 78 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 20.1%
Oil | 131 | 118 | 48 | 83 | 71 | 53 | 66 | -1.0% | -8.6% | 5.6% | -1.5% | -2.9% | 2.1%
Gas | 382 | 634 | 1 018 | 1 667 | 1 128 | 833 | 728 | 5.2% | 4.8% | 5.1% | -3.8% | -3.0% | -1.3%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 33 | 85 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 9.8%
Biomass & Waste | 79 | 72 | 75 | 63 | 145 | 261 | 682 | -0.9% | 0.5% | -1.7% | 8.6% | 6.1% | 10.1%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 311 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 51.1%
Nuclear | 612 | 798 | 839 | 802 | 1 085 | 1 393 | 1 615 | 2.7% | 0.5% | -0.5% | 3.1% | 2.5% | 1.5%
Hydro | 289 | 280 | 286 | 283 | 291 | 290 | 291 | -0.3% | 0.2% | -0.1% | 0.3% | 0.0% | 0.0%
Wind | 3 | 6 | 95 | 430 | 1 198 | 1 615 | 1 546 | 6.3% | 32.6% | 16.3% | 10.8% | 3.0% | -0.4%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 4 | 91 | 375 | 800 | 1 086 | 14.3% | 36.7% | 36.1% | 15.2% | 7.9% | 3.1%
Other | 16 | 15 | 18 | 27 | 58 | 73 | 75 | -0.9% | 1.9% | 4.3% | 8.0% | 2.3% | 0.3%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 739 | 859 | 1 040 | 1 090 | 1 388 | 1 707 | 1 787 | 1.5% | 1.9% | 0.5% | 2.4% | 2.1% | 0.5%
Coal | 271 | 321 | 319 | 218 | 116 | 92 | 95 | 1.7% | -0.1% | -3.7% | -6.1% | -2.3% | 0.3%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 10 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 20.1%
Oil | 82 | 130 | 56 | 32 | 33 | 31 | 31 | 4.7% | -8.1% | -5.3% | 0.3% | -0.8% | 0.1%
Gas | 176 | 190 | 407 | 445 | 433 | 372 | 214 | 0.8% | 7.9% | 0.9% | -0.3% | -1.5% | -5.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 13 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 11.3%
Biomass & Waste | 11 | 15 | 12 | 9 | 20 | 38 | 98 | 3.2% | -2.6% | -2.6% | 8.4% | 6.5% | 9.8%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 42 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 51.2%
Nuclear | 102 | 98 | 101 | 98 | 133 | 172 | 199 | -0.4% | 0.3% | -0.3% | 3.1% | 2.6% | 1.5%
Hydro | 92 | 99 | 101 | 103 | 106 | 106 | 106 | 0.7% | 0.2% | 0.2% | 0.3% | 0.0% | 0.0%
Wind | 2 | 2 | 39 | 133 | 332 | 441 | 418 | 4.5% | 32.3% | 13.0% | 9.6% | 2.9% | -0.5%
Solar | 0 | 1 | 3 | 48 | 206 | 447 | 615 | 2.3% | 18.9% | 31.7% | 15.8% | 8.0% | 3.2%
Other | 3 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 0.5% | -1.5% | 3.9% | 7.1% | 2.5% | 2.3%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 1 300 | 1 538 | 1 489 | 1 531 | 1 430 | 1 457 | 1 463 | 1.7% | -0.3% | 0.3% | -0.7% | 0.2% | 0.0%
Coal | 58 | 39 | 31 | 25 | 21 | 28 | 30 | -3.8% | -2.4% | -2.1% | -1.6% | 3.0% | 0.6%
Oil | 683 | 793 | 761 | 736 | 600 | 539 | 476 | 1.5% | -0.4% | -0.3% | -2.0% | -1.1% | -1.2%
Gas | 288 | 345 | 295 | 318 | 248 | 217 | 187 | 1.8% | -1.6% | 0.8% | -2.5% | -1.3% | -1.5%
Electricity | 226 | 301 | 326 | 337 | 364 | 424 | 481 | 2.9% | 0.8% | 0.4% | 0.8% | 1.5% | 1.3%
Heat | 2 | 7 | 8 | 10 | 21 | 30 | 42 | 11.3% | 1.3% | 2.2% | 7.6% | 3.6% | 3.2%
Biomass & Other | 43 | 52 | 69 | 104 | 175 | 218 | 249 | 2.1% | 2.8% | 4.2% | 5.4% | 2.2% | 1.3%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 6% | 6% | 8% | 13% | 30% | 42% | 51% | -0.4% | 2.9% | 4.8% | 9.3% | 3.4% | 1.8%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 427 | 490 | 402 | 408 | 374 | 376 | 373 | 1.4% | -2.0% | 0.2% | -0.9% | 0.1% | -0.1%
Coal | 53 | 37 | 29 | 24 | 21 | 28 | 30 | -3.6% | -2.3% | -2.1% | -1.4% | 3.1% | 0.6%
Oil | 147 | 160 | 150 | 124 | 112 | 104 | 93 | 0.8% | -0.6% | -1.9% | -0.9% | -0.7% | -1.1%
Gas | 124 | 155 | 111 | 142 | 105 | 92 | 80 | 2.3% | -3.3% | 2.5% | -2.9% | -1.3% | -1.4%
Electricity | 75 | 98 | 74 | 75 | 74 | 76 | 76 | 2.8% | -2.7% | 0.1% | -0.1% | 0.3% | 0.0%
Heat | 0 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | n.s. | 2.2% | -0.2% | -0.2% | -0.3% | -0.2%
Biomass & Other | 29 | 36 | 32 | 39 | 56 | 71 | 89 | 2.2% | -1.1% | 2.0% | 3.7% | 2.3% | 2.3%
Buildings | 381 | 458 | 485 | 492 | 471 | 501 | 526 | 1.8% | 0.6% | 0.1% | -0.4% | 0.6% | 0.5%
Coal | 5 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -7.0% | -3.8% | -3.4% | -11.1% | -12.1% | -15.3%
Oil | 45 | 48 | 36 | 32 | 34 | 35 | 31 | 0.5% | -2.8% | -1.0% | 0.6% | 0.2% | -1.2%
Gas | 164 | 189 | 182 | 170 | 114 | 89 | 67 | 1.5% | -0.4% | -0.7% | -3.9% | -2.5% | -2.8%
Electricity | 152 | 202 | 251 | 259 | 258 | 291 | 324 | 2.9% | 2.2% | 0.3% | -0.1% | 1.2% | 1.1%
Heat | 2 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 16 | 25 | 37 | 1.7% | -0.2% | 5.5% | 12.6% | 4.6% | 3.8%
Biomass & Other | 14 | 13 | 12 | 24 | 48 | 61 | 67 | -0.3% | -0.7% | 7.1% | 7.2% | 2.4% | 0.9%
Agriculture | 14 | 14 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | -0.2% | 2.2% | 0.9% | 0.5% | 0.4% | 0.3%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 14 | 14 | 16 | 16 | 12 | 9 | 6 | -0.2% | 1.1% | 0.5% | -2.9% | -3.2% | -4.2%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | -1.6% | -1.9% | -2.1% | -2.8%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 24.2% | 6.5% | 4.1%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 9 | 11 | n.s. | n.s. | 13.2% | 15.4% | 4.7% | 2.8%
Transport | 477 | 576 | 584 | 611 | 565 | 558 | 543 | 1.9% | 0.1% | 0.5% | -0.8% | -0.1% | -0.3%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 477 | 572 | 559 | 564 | 441 | 391 | 346 | 1.8% | -0.2% | 0.1% | -2.4% | -1.2% | -1.2%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 1 | 6 | 28 | 36 | 39 | n.s. | 10.2% | 24.2% | 17.0% | 2.5% | 1.0%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 31 | 54 | 76 | 0.7% | 3.6% | 18.7% | 26.2% | 5.7% | 3.5%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 3 | 24 | 39 | 65 | 78 | 82 | n.s. | 22.5% | 4.9% | 5.2% | 1.8% | 0.5%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 127 | 124 | 160 | 254 | 274 | 287 | 291 | -0.2% | 2.6% | 4.7% | 0.8% | 0.5% | 0.2%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Rest Central America | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 63 | 74 | 84 | 93 | 102 | 109 | 113 | 1.6% | 1.3% | 1.1% | 0.9% | 0.6% | 0.4%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 13 | 3.2% | 2.7% | 2.4% | 2.8% | 2.9% | 2.8%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 3 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 9 | 11 | 1.7% | 1.7% | 1.9% | 2.8% | 2.9% | 2.8%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 8 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 4 | -3.9% | 0.4% | 1.5% | -2.1% | -1.6% | -1.2%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 37 | 40 | 42 | 27 | 26 | 25 | 25 | 0.9% | 0.4% | -4.4% | -0.2% | -0.2% | -0.3%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 55 | 55 | 53 | 67 | 69 | 70 | 71 | -0.1% | -0.4% | 2.4% | 0.2% | 0.2% | 0.2%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 12 | 8 | 13 | 12 | 12 | 13 | 16 | -4.2% | 5.6% | -0.7% | -0.2% | 1.0% | 1.6%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 77 | 84 | 99 | 119 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.6% | 0.9% | 1.6% | 1.9%
Gas | 17 | 26 | 22 | 25 | 38 | 54 | 71 | 4.7% | -1.9% | 1.5% | 4.3% | 3.6% | 2.7%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 282 | 293 | 322 | 365 | 385 | 266 | 264 | 0.4% | 1.0% | 1.2% | 0.5% | -3.6% | -0.1%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 295 | 328 | 349 | 365 | 385 | 349 | 367 | 1.1% | 0.6% | 0.4% | 0.5% | -1.0% | 0.5%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 168 | 202 | 253 | 284 | 331 | 349 | 367 | 1.8% | 2.3% | 1.2% | 1.5% | 0.5% | 0.5%
CO₂ | 95 | 126 | 163 | 186 | 218 | 246 | 263 | 2.9% | 2.6% | 1.3% | 1.6% | 1.2% | 0.7%
CH₄ | 48 | 51 | 64 | 70 | 80 | 73 | 74 | 0.6% | 2.3% | 0.8% | 1.4% | -0.9% | 0.1%
N₂O | 25 | 24 | 24 | 27 | 32 | 29 | 30 | -0.7% | 0.2% | 1.3% | 1.4% | -0.7% | 0.1%
F gases | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | n.s. | 16.9% | -0.8% | 0.1% | -5.3% | -16.7%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 117 | 153 | 203 | 228 | 267 | 292 | 311 | 2.7% | 2.9% | 1.2% | 1.6% | 0.9% | 0.6%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 85 | 111 | 138 | 163 | 190 | 213 | 226 | 2.7% | 2.2% | 1.7% | 1.5% | 1.2% | 0.6%
Power generation/District heating | 23 | 37 | 51 | 56 | 60 | 68 | 69 | 4.7% | 3.4% | 0.9% | 0.6% | 1.2% | 0.1%
Industry | 22 | 23 | 25 | 34 | 42 | 47 | 52 | 0.4% | 0.8% | 3.1% | 2.3% | 1.2% | 0.9%
Buildings | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 11 | 13 | 13 | 0.8% | -0.2% | 0.6% | 1.9% | 1.3% | 0.2%
Agriculture | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -1.6% | -4.4% | 0.1% | 1.2% | 0.7% | -0.2%
Transport | 20 | 31 | 40 | 44 | 50 | 54 | 58 | 4.6% | 2.4% | 1.0% | 1.2% | 0.8% | 0.8%
Other | 10 | 10 | 13 | 20 | 26 | 31 | 34 | -0.1% | 2.6% | 4.5% | 3.0% | 1.6% | 1.0%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 8 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 23.3%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 8 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 23.9%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 13.3%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 8.0%
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 33 | 42 | 70 | 63 | 56 | 68 | 87 | 2.6% | 5.1% | -1.0% | -1.2% | 1.9% | 2.5%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 9 | 10 | 11 | 8 | 11 | 14 | 17 | 1.9% | 0.1% | -2.2% | 2.8% | 2.4% | 1.6%
Natural gas | 4 | 13 | 38 | 24 | 4 | 4 | 7 | 11.7% | 11.0% | -4.6% | -16.9% | 1.4% | 4.5%
Biomass | 18 | 16 | 16 | 23 | 24 | 28 | 34 | -1.5% | 0.5% | 3.6% | 0.1% | 1.5% | 2.0%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 17.3% | 13.4%
Hydro | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2.8% | 3.4% | 0.5% | 0.6% | 0.4% | 0.3%
Other renewables | 1 | 2 | 3 | 6 | 16 | 20 | 28 | 9.2% | 6.1% | 6.5% | 10.6% | 2.5% | 3.4%
Net Imports | 18 | 20 | 10 | 31 | 65 | 75 | 83 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 9 | 15 | 20 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | 17 | 24 | 26 | 32 | 29 | 26 | 26 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | 0 | - 4 | - 18 | 2 | 31 | 38 | 40 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | - 6 | - 4 | - 3 | - 3 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 51 | 62 | 80 | 94 | 122 | 144 | 170 | 2.0% | 2.5% | 1.7% | 2.6% | 1.7% | 1.7%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 9 | 15 | 20 | 5.8% | 13.5% | 10.5% | 9.1% | 5.7% | 3.0%
Oil | 26 | 34 | 37 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 43 | 2.8% | 0.8% | 0.8% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.7%
Natural gas | 5 | 9 | 20 | 26 | 35 | 42 | 46 | 6.6% | 8.2% | 2.7% | 3.1% | 1.8% | 1.0%
Biomass | 18 | 16 | 16 | 17 | 20 | 24 | 30 | -1.5% | 0.5% | 0.4% | 1.6% | 2.0% | 2.2%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 17.3% | 13.4%
Hydro | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2.8% | 3.4% | 0.5% | 0.6% | 0.4% | 0.3%
Other renewables | 1 | 2 | 3 | 6 | 16 | 20 | 28 | 9.2% | 6.1% | 6.5% | 10.6% | 2.5% | 3.4%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 51 | 62 | 80 | 94 | 122 | 144 | 170 | 2.0% | 2.5% | 1.7% | 2.6% | 1.7% | 1.7%
Energy for Power Generation | 11 | 16 | 24 | 28 | 41 | 48 | 59 | 4.3% | 4.0% | 1.3% | 3.9% | 1.6% | 2.1%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 6 | 6 | 6 | 8 | 11 | 15 | 19 | -0.4% | -0.4% | 4.0% | 3.2% | 3.0% | 2.4%
Final consumption | 38 | 46 | 57 | 68 | 84 | 101 | 120 | 1.7% | 2.2% | 1.8% | 2.1% | 1.9% | 1.8%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 6.4% | 4.9% | 1.1% | 1.0% | 0.6% | 0.5%
Other Industry | 14 | 12 | 11 | 16 | 20 | 25 | 30 | -0.9% | -0.9% | 3.3% | 2.4% | 2.1% | 2.0%
Non-Energy Use | 3 | 6 | 11 | 14 | 19 | 24 | 30 | 7.3% | 6.6% | 2.2% | 3.1% | 2.5% | 2.3%
Residential | 11 | 13 | 16 | 17 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 1.4% | 2.5% | 0.9% | 0.7% | 0.8% | 0.6%
Services | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 10 | 1.8% | 4.2% | 2.5% | 3.5% | 3.2% | 2.6%
Agriculture | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -1.3% | -1.6% | 1.2% | 1.4% | 1.5% | 1.4%
Road | 8 | 11 | 13 | 15 | 18 | 21 | 25 | 3.9% | 1.6% | 1.2% | 1.9% | 1.7% | 1.6%
Rail | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -8.6% | 10.0% | 4.7% | 2.1% | 1.9% | 1.6%
Aviation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4.7% | 9.3% | 1.4% | 4.0% | 3.6% | 3.2%
Other Transport | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -8.9% | -1.5% | 0.0% | 3.3% | 2.5% | 2.1%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 9 | 13 | 19 | 20 | 23 | 25 | 28 | 4.0% | 3.7% | 0.3% | 1.4% | 1.0% | 1.1%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 8 | 10 | 33.6% | 14.9% | 9.3% | 8.8% | 6.4% | 2.5%
Oil | 7 | 10 | 13 | 12 | 10 | 6 | 5 | 4.3% | 2.4% | -0.1% | -2.6% | -4.1% | -2.0%
Gas | 1 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 5.6% | 6.8% | 1.0% | 2.9% | 2.4% | -0.1%
Biomass & Waste | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | -1.9% | 5.7% | -6.1% | 8.9% | 2.0% | 4.6%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9.1% | 5.5% | 4.7% | 10.1% | 0.1% | 2.2%
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 43 | 68 | 95 | 117 | 158 | 221 | 300 | 4.8% | 3.3% | 2.1% | 3.0% | 3.4% | 3.1%
Coal | 0 | 1 | 3 | 8 | 21 | 41 | 54 | 33.5% | 14.7% | 10.1% | 9.9% | 7.1% | 2.8%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 38.7%
Oil | 24 | 40 | 47 | 55 | 42 | 27 | 23 | 5.4% | 1.8% | 1.4% | -2.7% | -4.1% | -1.9%
Gas | 4 | 7 | 14 | 17 | 23 | 31 | 33 | 6.6% | 7.4% | 1.8% | 3.4% | 3.0% | 0.7%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 26.1%
Biomass & Waste | 2 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 8 | 20 | -0.1% | 4.7% | -7.4% | 9.4% | 8.9% | 9.2%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Hydro | 13 | 17 | 23 | 24 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 2.8% | 3.4% | 0.5% | 0.6% | 0.4% | 0.3%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 18 | 45 | 75 | n.s. | 12.3% | 24.1% | 13.7% | 9.4% | 5.3%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 11 | 27 | 48 | n.s. | -15.9% | n.s. | 22.6% | 9.8% | 5.9%
Other | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 14 | 14 | 18 | 9.1% | 5.5% | 4.7% | 10.1% | 0.3% | 2.6%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 13 | 18 | 25 | 30 | 40 | 60 | 85 | 3.6% | 2.9% | 1.9% | 2.9% | 4.2% | 3.5%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 6 | 8 | 5.6% | 1.1% | 10.6% | 8.2% | 6.8% | 3.6%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 39.1%
Oil | 8 | 11 | 15 | 15 | 12 | 10 | 8 | 3.6% | 2.7% | 0.0% | -2.0% | -1.3% | -2.3%
Gas | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 4.3% | 3.6% | 2.7% | 0.8% | 1.8% | 2.3%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 26.6%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 6.1% | 5.1% | 1.2% | -1.8% | 4.1% | 9.6%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Hydro | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 2.3% | 2.9% | 1.2% | 0.6% | 0.4% | 0.3%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 6 | 14 | 22 | n.s. | 14.9% | 21.3% | 12.8% | 8.8% | 5.0%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 6 | 16 | 28 | n.s. | -15.9% | n.s. | 23.0% | 9.9% | 5.8%
Other | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 9.3% | 2.4% | 4.3% | 8.9% | 1.4% | 1.6%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 38 | 46 | 57 | 68 | 84 | 101 | 120 | 1.7% | 2.2% | 1.8% | 2.1% | 1.9% | 1.8%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 7 | -1.0% | 12.3% | 9.7% | 8.8% | 4.7% | 3.1%
Oil | 17 | 21 | 23 | 25 | 28 | 31 | 35 | 2.1% | 0.9% | 1.0% | 1.1% | 1.1% | 1.1%
Gas | 3 | 6 | 12 | 17 | 23 | 27 | 30 | 8.1% | 7.0% | 3.0% | 3.2% | 1.6% | 1.2%
Electricity | 3 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 11 | 16 | 22 | 4.6% | 3.7% | 2.1% | 3.1% | 3.5% | 3.1%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 8.0% | 3.3% | 3.0%
Biomass & Other | 15 | 14 | 14 | 16 | 16 | 19 | 23 | -1.2% | 0.4% | 0.9% | 0.6% | 1.7% | 1.8%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 45% | 36% | 35% | 33% | 35% | 41% | 48% | -2.1% | -0.4% | -0.5% | 0.6% | 1.6% | 1.5%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 17 | 19 | 24 | 31 | 40 | 50 | 62 | 1.2% | 2.2% | 2.7% | 2.7% | 2.2% | 2.1%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 7 | -1.0% | 12.3% | 9.7% | 8.8% | 4.7% | 3.1%
Oil | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 10 | 12 | 15 | 0.2% | -0.8% | 2.1% | 2.2% | 2.2% | 2.3%
Gas | 3 | 6 | 12 | 16 | 20 | 22 | 24 | 8.0% | 7.2% | 2.5% | 2.3% | 1.1% | 1.0%
Electricity | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 4.5% | 2.7% | 2.9% | 3.7% | 3.4% | 3.2%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 6 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 7 | -3.7% | -6.2% | 2.8% | 0.9% | 4.2% | 3.7%
Buildings | 13 | 15 | 19 | 21 | 24 | 28 | 31 | 1.5% | 2.7% | 1.1% | 1.2% | 1.4% | 1.2%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0.4% | 0.0% | -1.4% | -1.6% | -1.2% | -1.2%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 11.9% | -2.6% | 19.4% | 9.5% | 3.8% | 1.1%
Electricity | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 4.8% | 4.1% | 1.7% | 1.9% | 2.6% | 2.5%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 8.0% | 3.3% | 3.0%
Biomass & Other | 8 | 9 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 0.8% | 3.1% | 0.4% | 0.0% | 0.3% | 0.2%
Agriculture | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -1.3% | -1.6% | 1.2% | 1.4% | 1.5% | 1.4%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -1.6% | -4.4% | 0.1% | 1.2% | 0.7% | -0.2%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -1.4% | 10.5% | 2.3% | 2.1% | 2.3% | 2.4%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3.1% | -2.7% | 4.5% | 0.0% | 2.6% | 4.3%
Transport | 8 | 12 | 14 | 15 | 19 | 22 | 26 | 3.2% | 1.6% | 1.2% | 2.0% | 1.8% | 1.7%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 7 | 11 | 13 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 4.3% | 2.2% | 0.9% | 0.8% | 0.5% | 0.5%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 17.7% | 5.3% | 3.5%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | -0.7% | 10.0% | 7.6% | 31.3% | 9.8% | 5.1%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | -4.9% | -12.0% | 4.4% | 10.6% | 7.3% | 5.3%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 6 | 6 | 6 | 8 | 11 | 15 | 19 | -0.4% | -0.4% | 4.0% | 3.2% | 3.0% | 2.4%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Rest South America | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 102 | 122 | 140 | 158 | 173 | 184 | 192 | 1.8% | 1.4% | 1.2% | 0.9% | 0.6% | 0.4%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 6 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 16 | 22 | 30 | 0.9% | 2.6% | 2.8% | 3.4% | 3.4% | 3.2%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 3 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 10 | 14 | 0.8% | 2.5% | 2.8% | 3.4% | 3.4% | 3.2%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 12 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 6 | -3.8% | -0.7% | 0.4% | -1.2% | -0.9% | -0.6%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 43 | 37 | 42 | 34 | 32 | 30 | 28 | -1.5% | 1.3% | -2.2% | -0.4% | -0.6% | -0.8%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 45 | 55 | 50 | 59 | 61 | 64 | 66 | 2.0% | -0.8% | 1.5% | 0.4% | 0.4% | 0.4%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 12 | 8 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 17 | 19 | -4.2% | 5.6% | 0.8% | 0.7% | 1.0% | 1.3%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 77 | 84 | 99 | 119 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.6% | 0.9% | 1.6% | 1.9%
Gas | 17 | 26 | 22 | 25 | 38 | 54 | 71 | 4.7% | -1.9% | 1.5% | 4.3% | 3.6% | 2.7%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 872 | 914 | 1 122 | 1 085 | 1 109 | 207 | 47 | 0.5% | 2.1% | -0.3% | 0.2% | -15.5% | -13.7%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 891 | 985 | 1 183 | 1 085 | 1 109 | 896 | 930 | 1.0% | 1.8% | -0.9% | 0.2% | -2.1% | 0.4%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 414 | 504 | 661 | 719 | 830 | 846 | 865 | 2.0% | 2.7% | 0.8% | 1.4% | 0.2% | 0.2%
CO₂ | 206 | 265 | 378 | 420 | 507 | 577 | 609 | 2.6% | 3.6% | 1.1% | 1.9% | 1.3% | 0.5%
CH₄ | 152 | 182 | 210 | 221 | 239 | 195 | 185 | 1.8% | 1.4% | 0.5% | 0.8% | -2.0% | -0.5%
N₂O | 53 | 55 | 70 | 73 | 79 | 72 | 70 | 0.4% | 2.3% | 0.5% | 0.8% | -1.0% | -0.3%
F gases | 4 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 1 | -8.2% | 8.2% | 1.5% | 0.5% | -5.9% | -10.1%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 266 | 338 | 463 | 515 | 613 | 662 | 691 | 2.4% | 3.2% | 1.1% | 1.8% | 0.8% | 0.4%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 188 | 238 | 348 | 388 | 466 | 528 | 554 | 2.4% | 3.9% | 1.1% | 1.8% | 1.3% | 0.5%
Power generation/District heating | 29 | 31 | 62 | 61 | 88 | 109 | 111 | 0.7% | 7.0% | -0.1% | 3.7% | 2.1% | 0.2%
Industry | 44 | 56 | 84 | 91 | 112 | 130 | 143 | 2.5% | 4.1% | 0.8% | 2.1% | 1.5% | 1.0%
Buildings | 17 | 19 | 22 | 25 | 29 | 32 | 33 | 1.6% | 1.1% | 1.6% | 1.2% | 1.1% | 0.3%
Agriculture | 2 | 5 | 6 | 9 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 7.3% | 2.9% | 3.8% | 1.7% | 1.0% | 0.1%
Transport | 65 | 80 | 119 | 145 | 160 | 161 | 161 | 2.1% | 4.1% | 2.0% | 0.9% | 0.1% | 0.0%
Other | 31 | 46 | 55 | 56 | 67 | 86 | 95 | 4.0% | 1.8% | 0.1% | 1.8% | 2.5% | 1.1%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 24 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 22.4%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 23 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 22.5%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 19.0%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 23.5%
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 218 | 317 | 362 | 454 | 621 | 740 | 764 | 3.8% | 1.3% | 2.3% | 3.2% | 1.8% | 0.3%
Coal | 15 | 31 | 51 | 72 | 155 | 134 | 42 | 7.6% | 5.1% | 3.5% | 8.0% | -1.4% | -11.0%
Oil | 155 | 229 | 227 | 255 | 259 | 343 | 388 | 3.9% | -0.1% | 1.1% | 0.2% | 2.8% | 1.3%
Natural gas | 25 | 31 | 53 | 72 | 120 | 130 | 138 | 2.3% | 5.4% | 3.2% | 5.2% | 0.8% | 0.6%
Biomass | 13 | 11 | 13 | 33 | 58 | 88 | 129 | -2.2% | 2.1% | 9.6% | 5.9% | 4.3% | 3.9%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 9 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 30.3% | 17.1% | 9.1%
Hydro | 10 | 16 | 18 | 21 | 24 | 26 | 29 | 4.6% | 1.5% | 1.6% | 1.1% | 1.0% | 1.0%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 15 | 28 | n.s. | -11.4% | 54.5% | 15.5% | 11.3% | 6.4%
Net Imports | - 129 | - 206 | - 208 | - 281 | - 402 | - 466 | - 430 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | - 11 | - 28 | - 46 | - 64 | - 135 | - 99 | 2 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | - 111 | - 173 | - 143 | - 165 | - 169 | - 257 | - 305 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | - 4 | - 1 | - 15 | - 33 | - 67 | - 70 | - 69 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | - 15 | - 26 | - 35 | - 50 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - 1 | - 2 | - 4 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | - 2 | - 4 | - 4 | - 4 | - 4 | - 4 | - 4 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 89 | 111 | 154 | 174 | 220 | 274 | 334 | 2.3% | 3.3% | 1.2% | 2.4% | 2.2% | 2.0%
Coal | 4 | 3 | 4 | 8 | 20 | 35 | 43 | -0.9% | 2.4% | 5.8% | 10.0% | 6.1% | 2.1%
Oil | 44 | 55 | 84 | 90 | 90 | 86 | 83 | 2.3% | 4.3% | 0.7% | 0.0% | -0.5% | -0.3%
Natural gas | 20 | 30 | 38 | 39 | 53 | 60 | 69 | 4.0% | 2.2% | 0.4% | 3.0% | 1.3% | 1.4%
Biomass | 13 | 11 | 13 | 18 | 32 | 53 | 79 | -2.2% | 2.1% | 3.2% | 6.0% | 5.2% | 4.0%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 9 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 30.3% | 17.1% | 9.1%
Hydro | 10 | 16 | 18 | 21 | 24 | 26 | 29 | 4.6% | 1.5% | 1.6% | 1.1% | 1.0% | 1.0%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 15 | 28 | n.s. | -11.4% | 54.5% | 15.5% | 11.3% | 6.4%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 89 | 111 | 154 | 174 | 220 | 274 | 334 | 2.3% | 3.3% | 1.2% | 2.4% | 2.2% | 2.0%
Energy for Power Generation | 21 | 27 | 42 | 46 | 64 | 89 | 119 | 2.8% | 4.3% | 0.9% | 3.4% | 3.3% | 3.0%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 9 | 14 | 18 | 20 | 30 | 45 | 61 | 3.9% | 3.0% | 1.0% | 3.8% | 4.2% | 3.2%
Final consumption | 67 | 82 | 111 | 131 | 162 | 196 | 232 | 2.0% | 3.1% | 1.7% | 2.1% | 1.9% | 1.7%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 9 | 12 | 17 | 16 | 19 | 23 | 26 | 3.0% | 3.3% | -0.5% | 1.8% | 1.6% | 1.4%
Other Industry | 13 | 15 | 24 | 31 | 42 | 56 | 70 | 1.6% | 4.7% | 2.7% | 3.1% | 2.8% | 2.4%
Non-Energy Use | 2 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 10.1% | -4.8% | -0.7% | 1.7% | 1.6% | 1.4%
Residential | 16 | 16 | 18 | 19 | 22 | 25 | 27 | -0.3% | 1.6% | 0.7% | 1.1% | 1.3% | 1.1%
Services | 3 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 12 | 17 | 23 | 3.6% | 4.0% | 3.1% | 3.9% | 3.7% | 3.1%
Agriculture | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 2.4% | 2.4% | 2.7% | 1.5% | 1.5% | 1.4%
Road | 22 | 27 | 39 | 48 | 57 | 64 | 71 | 2.2% | 3.7% | 2.2% | 1.8% | 1.2% | 1.0%
Rail | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -2.7% | 1.3% | 4.8% | 1.6% | 1.6% | 1.5%
Aviation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | -0.8% | 1.1% | 3.9% | 4.6% | 3.4% | 1.0%
Other Transport | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | -5.5% | 2.7% | 3.6% | 4.0% | 3.0% | 2.4%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 11 | 12 | 24 | 23 | 34 | 44 | 53 | 0.9% | 7.2% | -0.1% | 3.9% | 2.5% | 1.9%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 9 | 18 | 21 | -4.2% | 7.9% | 5.5% | 14.0% | 7.4% | 1.4%
Oil | 3 | 4 | 9 | 9 | 7 | 3 | 3 | 1.9% | 7.8% | 0.6% | -3.4% | -8.3% | -0.5%
Gas | 6 | 7 | 12 | 9 | 13 | 11 | 13 | 0.9% | 6.2% | -2.7% | 3.7% | -1.5% | 1.2%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 11 | 16 | 1.7% | 17.7% | 6.3% | 9.1% | 7.8% | 3.8%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 154 | 226 | 303 | 363 | 499 | 707 | 953 | 3.9% | 3.0% | 1.8% | 3.2% | 3.6% | 3.0%
Coal | 4 | 3 | 5 | 11 | 45 | 96 | 111 | -3.7% | 6.9% | 8.0% | 15.4% | 7.9% | 1.5%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 17 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 36.7%
Oil | 13 | 16 | 32 | 41 | 29 | 13 | 12 | 2.2% | 7.5% | 2.4% | -3.3% | -8.0% | -0.4%
Gas | 21 | 25 | 50 | 43 | 67 | 62 | 71 | 1.8% | 7.0% | -1.4% | 4.5% | -0.8% | 1.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 24.2%
Biomass & Waste | 1 | 1 | 4 | 8 | 21 | 50 | 77 | 3.6% | 19.1% | 6.4% | 10.4% | 8.8% | 4.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 15 | 37 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 30.4% | 17.2% | 9.2%
Hydro | 116 | 182 | 212 | 247 | 277 | 307 | 340 | 4.6% | 1.5% | 1.6% | 1.1% | 1.0% | 1.0%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 32 | 88 | 158 | n.s. | n.s. | 54.9% | 13.8% | 10.6% | 6.0%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 24 | 76 | 143 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 19.5% | 12.3% | 6.6%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | 26.1% | 25.5% | 18.3% | 14.6%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 43 | 55 | 65 | 96 | 135 | 229 | 337 | 2.5% | 1.8% | 4.0% | 3.5% | 5.4% | 4.0%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 6 | 16 | 21 | 4.7% | -0.2% | 7.0% | 14.3% | 9.4% | 3.1%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 37.4%
Oil | 6 | 9 | 8 | 15 | 15 | 18 | 24 | 3.3% | -0.6% | 6.1% | 0.4% | 1.9% | 2.6%
Gas | 8 | 10 | 16 | 26 | 26 | 33 | 40 | 1.8% | 5.3% | 4.9% | 0.1% | 2.5% | 1.9%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 25.5%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 8 | 15 | 1.9% | 14.0% | 10.1% | 7.5% | 9.8% | 6.3%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 6 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 30.2% | 17.0% | 9.1%
Hydro | 28 | 36 | 40 | 44 | 50 | 55 | 61 | 2.4% | 1.1% | 1.1% | 1.2% | 1.0% | 1.0%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 20 | 50 | 82 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 12.8% | 9.4% | 5.0%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 14 | 46 | 89 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 20.0% | 12.5% | 6.7%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 24.8% | 17.7% | 14.1%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 67 | 82 | 111 | 131 | 162 | 196 | 232 | 2.0% | 3.1% | 1.7% | 2.1% | 1.9% | 1.7%
Coal | 2 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 9 | 13 | 15 | 2.6% | -2.2% | 6.9% | 6.9% | 3.4% | 1.9%
Oil | 36 | 46 | 60 | 70 | 73 | 72 | 70 | 2.6% | 2.7% | 1.5% | 0.4% | -0.2% | -0.3%
Gas | 8 | 11 | 19 | 19 | 25 | 31 | 35 | 3.3% | 5.9% | 0.0% | 2.8% | 2.0% | 1.4%
Electricity | 8 | 12 | 17 | 23 | 32 | 47 | 65 | 3.4% | 4.0% | 2.7% | 3.6% | 3.9% | 3.2%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | -17.4% | 30.9% | 11.0% | 11.1% | 8.3%
Biomass & Other | 13 | 10 | 12 | 15 | 22 | 32 | 44 | -2.3% | 1.3% | 2.0% | 4.2% | 3.8% | 3.3%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 34% | 32% | 26% | 27% | 34% | 43% | 52% | -0.5% | -1.9% | 0.4% | 2.1% | 2.5% | 1.8%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 24 | 32 | 44 | 50 | 65 | 82 | 101 | 3.1% | 3.1% | 1.3% | 2.6% | 2.4% | 2.1%
Coal | 2 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 9 | 13 | 15 | 3.0% | -2.2% | 7.0% | 6.9% | 3.4% | 2.0%
Oil | 8 | 12 | 15 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 4.8% | 2.1% | 0.4% | 0.2% | -0.1% | -0.3%
Gas | 7 | 9 | 16 | 14 | 15 | 17 | 19 | 2.3% | 5.5% | -1.4% | 1.1% | 1.3% | 1.1%
Electricity | 4 | 5 | 7 | 10 | 14 | 21 | 30 | 2.2% | 3.9% | 3.7% | 3.7% | 4.0% | 3.3%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 3 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 10 | 15 | 21 | 1.0% | 2.1% | 4.4% | 5.2% | 4.0% | 3.6%
Buildings | 19 | 20 | 24 | 28 | 34 | 42 | 51 | 0.4% | 2.1% | 1.3% | 2.0% | 2.2% | 1.9%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -5.9% | -3.0% | 3.5% | -0.8% | -2.9% | -5.6%
Oil | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 0.4% | 0.3% | -0.1% | -2.3% | -0.8% | -0.7%
Gas | 1 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 7 | 9 | 9 | 10.0% | 4.1% | 5.1% | 5.3% | 2.4% | 0.9%
Electricity | 4 | 7 | 10 | 12 | 15 | 19 | 25 | 4.2% | 4.1% | 1.9% | 2.2% | 2.6% | 2.7%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | -17.4% | 30.9% | 11.0% | 11.1% | 8.3%
Biomass & Other | 9 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 11 | -3.4% | 0.7% | -0.4% | 1.7% | 1.9% | 1.4%
Agriculture | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 2.4% | 2.4% | 2.7% | 1.5% | 1.5% | 1.4%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 7.2% | 3.0% | 3.8% | 1.7% | 1.0% | 0.1%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | 2.1% | 1.5% | 1.0% | 0.3%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7.7% | 5.2% | 4.0% | 2.5% | 2.8% | 3.0%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -3.4% | 0.2% | -1.5% | 0.0% | 2.4% | 4.2%
Transport | 23 | 27 | 39 | 49 | 59 | 66 | 73 | 2.0% | 3.7% | 2.2% | 1.8% | 1.2% | 1.0%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 22 | 27 | 38 | 46 | 50 | 49 | 47 | 1.9% | 3.4% | 2.0% | 0.7% | -0.2% | -0.3%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 28.3% | 23.7% | 2.2% | 8.1% | 4.0% | 2.9%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 6 | 9 | 0.7% | 1.3% | 11.3% | 39.5% | 9.4% | 4.3%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 7 | 10 | -22.0% | n.s. | 18.2% | 12.0% | 7.1% | 4.7%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 9 | 14 | 18 | 20 | 30 | 45 | 61 | 3.9% | 3.0% | 1.0% | 3.8% | 4.2% | 3.2%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Egypt | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 56 | 68 | 82 | 101 | 117 | 134 | 151 | 1.9% | 1.8% | 2.1% | 1.5% | 1.4% | 1.2%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 10 | 14 | 18 | 2.3% | 2.9% | 1.5% | 4.2% | 3.6% | 2.7%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 2.3% | 2.9% | 1.6% | 4.2% | 3.6% | 2.7%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 19 | 17 | 14 | 10 | 8 | 7 | 6 | -1.4% | -1.8% | -3.4% | -2.6% | -1.5% | -0.9%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 29 | 33 | 38 | 37 | 37 | 34 | 31 | 1.4% | 1.3% | -0.2% | -0.1% | -0.7% | -1.0%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 52 | 50 | 49 | 53 | 56 | 59 | 63 | -0.3% | -0.3% | 0.9% | 0.5% | 0.6% | 0.6%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 12 | 18 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 18 | -3.4% | 3.6% | -3.0% | 0.5% | 1.3% | 1.4%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 77 | 84 | 99 | 119 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.6% | 0.9% | 1.6% | 1.9%
Gas | 18 | 21 | 30 | 46 | 51 | 60 | 73 | 1.4% | 3.8% | 4.4% | 1.0% | 1.6% | 2.0%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 138 | 172 | 273 | 313 | 408 | 486 | 558 | 2.2% | 4.8% | 1.4% | 2.7% | 1.8% | 1.4%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 138 | 172 | 274 | 314 | 408 | 486 | 558 | 2.2% | 4.7% | 1.4% | 2.7% | 1.8% | 1.4%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 138 | 172 | 274 | 314 | 408 | 486 | 558 | 2.2% | 4.7% | 1.4% | 2.7% | 1.8% | 1.4%
CO₂ | 92 | 116 | 197 | 228 | 308 | 399 | 468 | 2.3% | 5.5% | 1.4% | 3.1% | 2.6% | 1.6%
CH₄ | 25 | 36 | 48 | 51 | 59 | 53 | 56 | 3.7% | 3.0% | 0.5% | 1.4% | -1.0% | 0.5%
N₂O | 19 | 18 | 24 | 31 | 37 | 32 | 34 | -0.8% | 3.2% | 2.5% | 2.0% | -1.6% | 0.6%
F gases | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 3.5% | 2.8% | 0.8% | 0.6% | -7.3% | -5.8%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 120 | 147 | 245 | 277 | 367 | 443 | 513 | 2.1% | 5.3% | 1.2% | 2.9% | 1.9% | 1.5%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 81 | 99 | 171 | 193 | 258 | 335 | 393 | 2.1% | 5.6% | 1.2% | 2.9% | 2.6% | 1.6%
Power generation/District heating | 22 | 27 | 62 | 77 | 102 | 136 | 163 | 2.0% | 8.7% | 2.1% | 2.9% | 3.0% | 1.8%
Industry | 26 | 23 | 30 | 32 | 40 | 47 | 51 | -1.1% | 2.6% | 0.7% | 2.2% | 1.8% | 0.8%
Buildings | 11 | 12 | 18 | 18 | 25 | 33 | 37 | 1.6% | 3.7% | 0.2% | 3.2% | 2.7% | 1.2%
Agriculture | 0 | 0 | 7 | 8 | 10 | 11 | 11 | n.s. | 40.6% | 1.3% | 1.9% | 1.2% | 0.1%
Transport | 16 | 29 | 39 | 45 | 63 | 82 | 98 | 6.1% | 3.1% | 1.5% | 3.5% | 2.6% | 1.8%
Other | 6 | 8 | 16 | 14 | 19 | 26 | 33 | 2.1% | 7.1% | -1.5% | 3.4% | 3.2% | 2.3%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 12 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 31.4%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 34.0%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 30.5%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 1.0%
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 54 | 55 | 88 | 89 | 112 | 148 | 185 | 0.2% | 4.8% | 0.1% | 2.4% | 2.8% | 2.2%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 45 | 35 | 34 | 26 | 21 | 17 | 17 | -2.4% | -0.2% | -2.8% | -2.4% | -1.6% | -0.4%
Natural gas | 7 | 17 | 51 | 58 | 85 | 117 | 147 | 9.9% | 11.3% | 1.3% | 3.9% | 3.3% | 2.2%
Biomass | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | -1.7% | 1.7% | -1.8% | 2.3% | 1.3% | 0.5%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 6.0% | 15.8%
Hydro | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3.3% | -0.5% | 1.0% | 0.8% | 0.3% | 0.3%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 4 | 10 | 18 | 14.1% | 16.7% | 33.0% | 4.5% | 9.8% | 5.9%
Net Imports | - 22 | - 14 | - 15 | - 2 | 7 | 12 | 13 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 7 | 13 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | - 23 | - 12 | - 1 | 10 | 24 | 34 | 42 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | 0 | - 3 | - 15 | - 14 | - 20 | - 30 | - 43 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 32 | 41 | 73 | 87 | 119 | 161 | 198 | 2.4% | 6.0% | 1.9% | 3.2% | 3.0% | 2.1%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 7 | 13 | 2.4% | -6.2% | 14.1% | 7.4% | 8.1% | 5.8%
Oil | 22 | 23 | 34 | 36 | 44 | 52 | 58 | 0.3% | 3.9% | 0.8% | 2.0% | 1.6% | 1.2%
Natural gas | 7 | 14 | 36 | 44 | 65 | 88 | 104 | 7.9% | 9.5% | 2.2% | 3.9% | 3.1% | 1.7%
Biomass | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | -1.9% | 1.7% | -1.6% | 2.8% | 2.5% | 1.4%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 6.0% | 15.8%
Hydro | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3.3% | -0.5% | 1.0% | 0.8% | 0.3% | 0.3%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 4 | 10 | 18 | 14.1% | 16.7% | 33.0% | 4.5% | 9.8% | 5.9%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 32 | 41 | 73 | 87 | 119 | 161 | 198 | 2.4% | 6.0% | 1.9% | 3.2% | 3.0% | 2.1%
Energy for Power Generation | 9 | 12 | 26 | 35 | 46 | 65 | 85 | 3.1% | 8.0% | 3.0% | 2.8% | 3.6% | 2.7%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 2 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 11 | 15 | 0.6% | 5.6% | 1.2% | 4.5% | 4.2% | 3.0%
Final consumption | 24 | 32 | 53 | 63 | 87 | 116 | 142 | 2.8% | 5.3% | 1.7% | 3.3% | 3.0% | 2.0%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1.0% | -5.3% | 10.5% | -1.3% | -0.9% | -0.7%
Other Industry | 10 | 9 | 14 | 15 | 20 | 26 | 31 | -0.3% | 4.1% | 0.7% | 3.0% | 2.6% | 1.5%
Non-Energy Use | 2 | 3 | 7 | 8 | 12 | 16 | 19 | 4.0% | 7.7% | 1.8% | 4.2% | 3.0% | 1.8%
Residential | 6 | 7 | 12 | 14 | 19 | 25 | 30 | 2.8% | 4.9% | 2.0% | 2.7% | 2.8% | 1.9%
Services | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 8 | 12 | 11.3% | 6.9% | 3.5% | 4.1% | 5.0% | 3.8%
Agriculture | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 10.1% | 24.9% | 2.1% | 2.1% | 2.1% | 1.8%
Road | 5 | 8 | 14 | 16 | 24 | 32 | 40 | 4.9% | 5.1% | 1.8% | 3.8% | 3.1% | 2.2%
Rail | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 4.6% | 4.0% | 3.1%
Aviation | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 8.0% | 2.5% | 1.2% | 5.6% | 4.6% | 3.4%
Other Transport | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | -3.5% | -5.3% | 4.9% | 3.4% | 2.2%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 8 | 11 | 25 | 31 | 41 | 54 | 66 | 3.0% | 8.6% | 2.3% | 2.7% | 2.8% | 2.1%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 9 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 31.4% | 12.5% | 6.9%
Oil | 4 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | -6.9% | 10.1% | -0.5% | 1.1% | -0.2% | 1.4%
Gas | 4 | 9 | 20 | 26 | 34 | 44 | 51 | 8.3% | 8.3% | 2.9% | 2.7% | 2.6% | 1.5%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 14.7%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 42 | 78 | 147 | 212 | 289 | 433 | 587 | 6.3% | 6.5% | 3.7% | 3.2% | 4.1% | 3.1%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 23 | 46 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 31.7% | 12.8% | 7.1%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 42.2%
Oil | 13 | 22 | 20 | 22 | 25 | 24 | 28 | 5.2% | -1.2% | 1.0% | 1.2% | -0.1% | 1.5%
Gas | 19 | 42 | 112 | 149 | 200 | 261 | 305 | 8.3% | 10.3% | 2.8% | 3.0% | 2.7% | 1.6%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 15 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 35.1%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 15.2%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Hydro | 10 | 14 | 13 | 14 | 16 | 16 | 17 | 3.3% | -0.5% | 1.0% | 0.8% | 0.3% | 0.3%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 1 | 26 | 39 | 96 | 150 | n.s. | 27.0% | 33.1% | 4.1% | 9.5% | 4.5%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 12 | 39 | n.s. | n.s. | 28.8% | 23.6% | 15.4% | 12.6%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 19.4% | 15.0%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 12 | 19 | 26 | 51 | 67 | 104 | 148 | 5.1% | 3.3% | 6.8% | 2.8% | 4.5% | 3.6%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 6 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 31.9% | 13.0% | 7.1%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 42.1%
Oil | 4 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 3.5% | -2.5% | 2.9% | 1.4% | -1.4% | 1.7%
Gas | 5 | 10 | 18 | 33 | 42 | 56 | 66 | 8.3% | 6.2% | 6.1% | 2.4% | 2.9% | 1.6%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 35.6%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 15.2%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Hydro | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 0.3% | 0.2% | 0.7% | 0.8% | 0.3% | 0.3%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 1 | 8 | 12 | 28 | 42 | n.s. | 40.0% | 31.0% | 3.8% | 8.9% | 4.2%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 7 | 22 | n.s. | n.s. | 29.0% | 23.8% | 15.5% | 12.6%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 18.8% | 14.5%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 24 | 32 | 53 | 63 | 87 | 116 | 142 | 2.8% | 5.3% | 1.7% | 3.3% | 3.0% | 2.0%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 1.0% | -5.3% | 12.2% | 2.7% | 3.2% | 2.3%
Oil | 16 | 20 | 30 | 32 | 39 | 46 | 52 | 2.2% | 3.8% | 0.7% | 2.0% | 1.8% | 1.1%
Gas | 2 | 4 | 11 | 14 | 24 | 34 | 41 | 5.0% | 10.7% | 2.4% | 5.8% | 3.6% | 1.8%
Electricity | 3 | 6 | 11 | 14 | 20 | 30 | 40 | 5.9% | 6.8% | 3.0% | 3.2% | 4.2% | 3.2%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 2.9% | 8.5% | 7.6%
Biomass & Other | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | -1.9% | 1.7% | -1.3% | 3.9% | 3.7% | 3.0%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 11% | 8% | 6% | 9% | 9% | 14% | 19% | -2.6% | -3.6% | 4.1% | 0.5% | 4.4% | 3.0%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 13 | 13 | 21 | 24 | 33 | 44 | 51 | 0.6% | 4.8% | 1.3% | 3.2% | 2.7% | 1.5%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 1.0% | -5.3% | 12.2% | 2.7% | 3.2% | 2.3%
Oil | 8 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 11 | 13 | -0.9% | 1.0% | 0.5% | 1.5% | 1.7% | 1.2%
Gas | 2 | 4 | 10 | 11 | 16 | 21 | 24 | 4.4% | 10.4% | 1.4% | 3.9% | 2.6% | 1.2%
Electricity | 1 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 11 | 3.8% | 5.2% | 0.9% | 3.9% | 4.1% | 2.8%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 38.4% | 5.8% | -2.0%
Buildings | 6 | 9 | 14 | 18 | 24 | 33 | 41 | 3.6% | 5.2% | 2.2% | 2.9% | 3.3% | 2.4%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 3 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1.1% | 3.1% | -1.9% | -2.8% | -2.1% | -2.0%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 6 | 11 | 13 | 16.9% | 9.7% | 9.7% | 11.6% | 5.0% | 2.1%
Electricity | 2 | 3 | 7 | 10 | 12 | 18 | 23 | 7.5% | 7.7% | 3.7% | 2.4% | 3.7% | 2.9%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 2.9% | 8.5% | 7.6%
Biomass & Other | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2.1% | 1.7% | -1.6% | 0.0% | -1.5% | -0.5%
Agriculture | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 10.1% | 24.9% | 2.1% | 2.1% | 2.1% | 1.8%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | n.s. | 40.6% | 1.3% | 1.9% | 1.2% | 0.1%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 6.9% | 6.9% | 5.5% | 2.8% | 3.8% | 4.4%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 11.9%
Transport | 5 | 10 | 15 | 17 | 26 | 35 | 44 | 6.0% | 4.5% | 1.6% | 3.9% | 3.2% | 2.3%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 5 | 10 | 15 | 17 | 23 | 29 | 33 | 6.0% | 4.3% | 1.4% | 3.2% | 2.3% | 1.5%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | 4.2% | 10.5% | 7.0% | 4.9%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 27.6% | 10.8% | 5.4%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 25.6% | 11.7% | 6.5%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 2 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 11 | 15 | 0.6% | 5.6% | 1.2% | 4.5% | 4.2% | 3.0%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Algeria & Libya | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 30 | 37 | 42 | 50 | 56 | 60 | 65 | 1.9% | 1.5% | 1.6% | 1.1% | 0.8% | 0.7%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 5 | 7 | 6 | 8 | 12 | 16 | 21 | 2.9% | -0.7% | 2.6% | 3.9% | 3.1% | 2.3%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 3.7% | 2.6% | 0.8% | 3.9% | 3.1% | 2.3%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 8 | 5 | 7 | 10 | 8 | 7 | 7 | -3.9% | 2.6% | 4.1% | -1.9% | -1.1% | -0.6%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 33 | 34 | 62 | 45 | 43 | 39 | 35 | 0.5% | 6.0% | -3.1% | -0.5% | -0.9% | -1.0%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 59 | 60 | 32 | 45 | 49 | 53 | 58 | 0.2% | -6.2% | 3.6% | 0.8% | 0.9% | 0.8%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 12 | 18 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 18 | -3.4% | 3.6% | -3.0% | 0.5% | 1.3% | 1.4%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 77 | 84 | 99 | 119 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.6% | 0.9% | 1.6% | 1.9%
Gas | 18 | 21 | 30 | 46 | 51 | 60 | 73 | 1.4% | 3.8% | 4.4% | 1.0% | 1.6% | 2.0%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 169 | 198 | 253 | 350 | 428 | 503 | 531 | 1.6% | 2.5% | 3.3% | 2.0% | 1.6% | 0.6%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 169 | 199 | 254 | 351 | 429 | 504 | 533 | 1.6% | 2.5% | 3.3% | 2.0% | 1.6% | 0.6%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 167 | 197 | 252 | 348 | 427 | 501 | 531 | 1.7% | 2.5% | 3.3% | 2.1% | 1.6% | 0.6%
CO₂ | 113 | 134 | 179 | 282 | 374 | 448 | 479 | 1.7% | 3.0% | 4.7% | 2.8% | 1.8% | 0.7%
CH₄ | 48 | 57 | 64 | 54 | 42 | 42 | 41 | 1.7% | 1.2% | -1.7% | -2.5% | 0.0% | -0.4%
N₂O | 6 | 5 | 7 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | -0.4% | 2.9% | 3.5% | 0.1% | 0.4% | 0.4%
F gases | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4.0% | 3.0% | 2.9% | -4.0% | -0.4% | -2.8%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 159 | 189 | 242 | 334 | 412 | 486 | 515 | 1.7% | 2.5% | 3.3% | 2.1% | 1.6% | 0.6%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 80 | 102 | 145 | 232 | 312 | 379 | 408 | 2.5% | 3.5% | 4.8% | 3.0% | 2.0% | 0.7%
Power generation/District heating | 18 | 32 | 47 | 65 | 101 | 137 | 150 | 5.8% | 4.1% | 3.3% | 4.4% | 3.1% | 0.9%
Industry | 8 | 10 | 15 | 22 | 24 | 22 | 19 | 2.0% | 4.2% | 4.3% | 0.6% | -0.8% | -1.1%
Buildings | 10 | 14 | 20 | 30 | 35 | 37 | 36 | 3.6% | 3.7% | 4.4% | 1.5% | 0.5% | -0.1%
Agriculture | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.9% | 17.6% | 6.6% | 1.5% | 0.9% | 0.0%
Transport | 18 | 23 | 46 | 80 | 104 | 122 | 131 | 2.6% | 7.1% | 5.8% | 2.6% | 1.6% | 0.7%
Other | 26 | 24 | 17 | 34 | 48 | 61 | 71 | -0.9% | -3.4% | 7.0% | 3.6% | 2.5% | 1.4%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 20 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 24.4% | 32.5%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 2.7% | 32.3%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 19 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 36.1% | 32.9%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 0.9% | 6.2%
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 179 | 227 | 255 | 218 | 289 | 341 | 369 | 2.4% | 1.1% | -1.5% | 2.8% | 1.7% | 0.8%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 133 | 150 | 174 | 125 | 134 | 136 | 139 | 1.2% | 1.5% | -3.3% | 0.7% | 0.1% | 0.2%
Natural gas | 46 | 77 | 80 | 93 | 153 | 203 | 226 | 5.3% | 0.4% | 1.5% | 5.1% | 2.8% | 1.1%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3.6% | 1.1% | 11.3% | 6.7% | 3.0% | -1.7%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 0.4%
Hydro | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -8.8% | 12.4% | 6.4% | 0.5% | 0.6% | 0.9%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 15.0% | 20.2% | 14.9%
Net Imports | - 145 | - 185 | - 195 | - 123 | - 158 | - 179 | - 182 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | - 116 | - 129 | - 144 | - 78 | - 77 | - 73 | - 75 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | - 30 | - 56 | - 51 | - 45 | - 81 | - 108 | - 113 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 34 | 43 | 60 | 96 | 131 | 163 | 187 | 2.3% | 3.5% | 4.8% | 3.2% | 2.2% | 1.4%
Coal | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2.6% | -4.1% | 0.4% | 8.4% | 7.5% | 5.9%
Oil | 17 | 21 | 30 | 47 | 57 | 62 | 64 | 2.0% | 3.8% | 4.4% | 2.0% | 1.0% | 0.2%
Natural gas | 16 | 21 | 29 | 48 | 72 | 95 | 113 | 2.6% | 3.3% | 5.1% | 4.2% | 2.8% | 1.7%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 3.6% | 1.1% | 9.2% | 8.9% | 6.8% | 4.1%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 0.4%
Hydro | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -8.8% | 12.4% | 6.4% | 0.5% | 0.6% | 0.9%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 15.0% | 20.2% | 14.9%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 34 | 43 | 60 | 96 | 131 | 163 | 187 | 2.3% | 3.5% | 4.8% | 3.2% | 2.2% | 1.4%
Energy for Power Generation | 7 | 12 | 19 | 26 | 41 | 57 | 71 | 5.8% | 4.5% | 3.3% | 4.6% | 3.4% | 2.3%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 11 | 9 | 7 | 12 | 19 | 26 | 32 | -1.9% | -2.6% | 6.3% | 4.4% | 3.1% | 2.1%
Final consumption | 18 | 24 | 40 | 65 | 85 | 101 | 111 | 3.0% | 5.0% | 5.0% | 2.7% | 1.7% | 1.0%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | -1.6% | 12.1% | 6.7% | -0.3% | -1.2% | -1.2%
Other Industry | 3 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 3.3% | 2.0% | 3.8% | 2.6% | 1.2% | 0.4%
Non-Energy Use | 3 | 5 | 5 | 8 | 11 | 13 | 13 | 3.5% | 1.5% | 3.9% | 3.3% | 1.4% | 0.8%
Residential | 4 | 6 | 8 | 12 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 4.5% | 3.0% | 4.3% | 1.8% | 1.1% | 0.7%
Services | 0 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 10 | 13 | 4.3% | 17.7% | 4.6% | 4.6% | 3.4% | 2.4%
Agriculture | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.9% | 10.0% | 2.5% | 2.4% | 2.1% | 1.9%
Road | 7 | 8 | 16 | 28 | 38 | 47 | 53 | 2.2% | 6.5% | 5.9% | 3.1% | 2.1% | 1.2%
Rail | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.2% | 9.5% | 2.9% | 0.5% | 0.4% | 0.2%
Aviation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7.2% | 26.5% | 8.8% | 4.3% | 3.1% | 0.7%
Other Transport | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.9% | 9.8% | 4.5% | 3.8% | 2.3% | 1.1%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 7 | 12 | 19 | 26 | 40 | 56 | 68 | 5.9% | 4.5% | 3.3% | 4.6% | 3.3% | 2.0%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 30.3% | 14.3% | 8.3%
Oil | 3 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 7 | 5.1% | 0.5% | 2.7% | 1.4% | 0.6% | -0.9%
Gas | 4 | 7 | 14 | 19 | 33 | 47 | 58 | 6.3% | 6.5% | 3.5% | 5.4% | 3.6% | 2.1%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 27.4% | 14.0%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 27 | 43 | 81 | 130 | 222 | 333 | 423 | 4.6% | 6.5% | 4.8% | 5.5% | 4.1% | 2.4%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 11 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 30.6% | 14.6% | 8.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 53.3%
Oil | 11 | 13 | 18 | 27 | 31 | 34 | 32 | 1.5% | 3.6% | 4.0% | 1.5% | 0.8% | -0.7%
Gas | 16 | 30 | 62 | 102 | 188 | 286 | 353 | 6.4% | 7.6% | 5.0% | 6.3% | 4.3% | 2.1%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 43 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 47.4%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 7 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 27.7% | 14.5%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Hydro | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -8.8% | 12.4% | 6.4% | 0.5% | 0.6% | 0.9%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 16 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 23.6% | 17.5% | 13.6%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | 37.9% | 4.6% | 11.6% | 14.2%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 18.0% | 15.9%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 8 | 11 | 20 | 30 | 39 | 55 | 76 | 2.7% | 6.2% | 4.4% | 2.6% | 3.5% | 3.4%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 30.8% | 14.5% | 8.3%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 49.2%
Oil | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 10 | -0.5% | -0.1% | 2.7% | 2.8% | 2.9% | 1.0%
Gas | 4 | 6 | 15 | 24 | 31 | 42 | 54 | 5.8% | 9.1% | 4.7% | 2.4% | 3.1% | 2.7%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 47.5%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 27.6% | 14.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Hydro | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.4% | 0.0% | -0.8% | 0.5% | 0.6% | 0.9%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 6 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 22.7% | 16.7% | 12.8%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | 48.1% | 2.2% | 8.7% | 13.3%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 15.4%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 18 | 24 | 40 | 65 | 85 | 101 | 111 | 3.0% | 5.0% | 5.0% | 2.7% | 1.7% | 1.0%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | -3.2% | -0.9% | 1.1% | 5.4% | 2.5% | 0.0%
Oil | 12 | 15 | 23 | 38 | 47 | 52 | 54 | 2.3% | 4.9% | 4.9% | 2.1% | 1.1% | 0.4%
Gas | 4 | 7 | 11 | 18 | 23 | 26 | 28 | 4.6% | 4.6% | 5.5% | 2.5% | 1.2% | 0.6%
Electricity | 2 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 13 | 19 | 24 | 4.7% | 7.5% | 3.8% | 5.5% | 4.1% | 2.4%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 35.6% | 16.6%
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 3.6% | 1.1% | 14.4% | 6.3% | 5.8% | 3.4%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 1% | 1% | 1% | 1% | 1% | 3% | 6% | 0.0% | -3.6% | 2.2% | 4.3% | 7.9% | 8.1%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 7 | 9 | 12 | 19 | 24 | 26 | 27 | 2.9% | 3.0% | 4.4% | 2.3% | 0.9% | 0.3%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | -3.2% | -0.9% | 1.1% | 5.4% | 2.5% | 0.0%
Oil | 2 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 2.6% | 2.8% | 3.3% | 2.8% | 0.8% | 0.3%
Gas | 3 | 5 | 6 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 11 | 3.7% | 3.1% | 4.8% | 1.1% | 0.1% | -0.1%
Electricity | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 2.7% | 4.0% | 6.3% | 5.0% | 3.1% | 1.4%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | -0.3% | 2.7% | 2.1%
Buildings | 4 | 7 | 11 | 17 | 22 | 26 | 30 | 4.5% | 5.3% | 4.4% | 2.6% | 1.9% | 1.4%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 2.3% | 1.0% | 2.1% | -0.6% | -1.1% | -1.0%
Gas | 1 | 2 | 4 | 8 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 6.9% | 7.5% | 6.3% | 2.7% | 1.2% | 0.2%
Electricity | 1 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 10 | 13 | 6.6% | 9.0% | 2.9% | 4.8% | 3.6% | 2.3%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 35.6% | 16.6%
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3.6% | 1.1% | 13.0% | 1.7% | 2.3% | 1.3%
Agriculture | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.9% | 10.0% | 2.5% | 2.4% | 2.1% | 1.9%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.9% | 12.0% | 1.6% | 1.6% | 0.9% | -0.1%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | 11.8% | 1.5% | 0.9% | 0.1%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1.0% | 8.8% | 1.1% | 2.7% | 2.5% | 2.3%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 14.2% | 10.5%
Transport | 7 | 9 | 16 | 29 | 39 | 48 | 54 | 2.2% | 6.6% | 5.9% | 3.1% | 2.1% | 1.2%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 7 | 9 | 16 | 28 | 35 | 40 | 42 | 2.2% | 6.6% | 5.7% | 2.3% | 1.3% | 0.5%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 5 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 21.5% | 6.8% | 3.8%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 3.0% | 7.5% | 7.7% | 26.7% | 9.9% | 4.6%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 33.6% | 9.7% | 4.7%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 11 | 9 | 7 | 12 | 19 | 26 | 32 | -1.9% | -2.6% | 6.3% | 4.4% | 3.1% | 2.1%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Morocco & Tunisia | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 33 | 39 | 43 | 49 | 53 | 56 | 58 | 1.6% | 1.1% | 1.2% | 0.8% | 0.5% | 0.3%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 3 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 11 | 16 | 23 | 1.7% | 3.7% | 3.2% | 4.2% | 4.1% | 3.4%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 8 | 11 | 1.9% | 3.7% | 3.1% | 4.2% | 4.1% | 3.4%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 17 | 13 | 12 | 10 | 8 | 7 | 6 | -3.2% | -0.1% | -2.0% | -2.3% | -1.5% | -0.9%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 32 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 29 | 26 | 22 | -0.6% | -0.2% | 0.0% | -0.3% | -1.1% | -1.6%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 51 | 57 | 58 | 60 | 63 | 67 | 72 | 1.2% | 0.1% | 0.4% | 0.5% | 0.6% | 0.6%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 12 | 18 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 18 | -3.4% | 3.6% | -3.0% | 0.5% | 1.3% | 1.4%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 77 | 84 | 99 | 119 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.6% | 0.9% | 1.6% | 1.9%
Gas | 18 | 21 | 30 | 46 | 51 | 60 | 73 | 1.4% | 3.8% | 4.4% | 1.0% | 1.6% | 2.0%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 50 | 69 | 104 | 133 | 158 | 184 | 204 | 3.2% | 4.2% | 2.6% | 1.7% | 1.5% | 1.0%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 59 | 79 | 104 | 133 | 161 | 186 | 207 | 3.0% | 2.8% | 2.5% | 1.9% | 1.5% | 1.1%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 58 | 78 | 103 | 132 | 161 | 186 | 207 | 3.0% | 2.9% | 2.5% | 2.0% | 1.5% | 1.1%
CO₂ | 37 | 54 | 77 | 101 | 131 | 152 | 171 | 3.8% | 3.6% | 2.8% | 2.6% | 1.5% | 1.1%
CH₄ | 13 | 16 | 18 | 21 | 21 | 24 | 25 | 2.1% | 1.3% | 1.4% | -0.3% | 1.4% | 0.7%
N₂O | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 11 | -0.2% | 0.6% | 1.3% | -0.2% | 1.1% | 0.8%
F gases | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 45 | 64 | 89 | 117 | 145 | 170 | 189 | 3.5% | 3.4% | 2.7% | 2.2% | 1.6% | 1.1%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 32 | 47 | 67 | 89 | 114 | 132 | 148 | 4.0% | 3.7% | 2.8% | 2.6% | 1.5% | 1.1%
Power generation/District heating | 12 | 17 | 24 | 33 | 43 | 50 | 55 | 3.9% | 3.7% | 3.1% | 2.7% | 1.5% | 0.9%
Industry | 8 | 8 | 11 | 14 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 0.0% | 2.3% | 2.8% | 2.2% | 0.4% | 0.8%
Buildings | 3 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 14 | 18 | 22 | 5.8% | 2.9% | 2.5% | 5.2% | 2.5% | 2.1%
Agriculture | 2 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 6.6% | 4.7% | 2.1% | -0.5% | -2.4% | -2.6%
Transport | 6 | 12 | 17 | 24 | 29 | 36 | 41 | 6.4% | 3.8% | 3.2% | 2.1% | 2.1% | 1.5%
Other | 1 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 4.8% | 9.7% | 1.0% | 3.2% | 1.7% | 1.7%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 13 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 29.9% | 14.6%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 10 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 29.2% | 16.0%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 35.8% | 11.4%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 6.0% | 1.1%
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 7 | 8 | 10 | 11 | 19 | 29 | 40 | 0.8% | 2.5% | 1.0% | 5.6% | 4.5% | 3.4%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -22.5% | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 9 | 12 | -2.2% | 0.6% | -0.9% | 4.7% | 4.0% | 3.0%
Natural gas | 0 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 8 | 12 | 18 | 17.5% | 6.0% | 3.2% | 6.3% | 4.7% | 3.8%
Biomass | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2.7% | 1.2% | -2.6% | 3.6% | -0.2% | -0.3%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 12.0% | 12.2%
Hydro | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -4.7% | 16.8% | -2.9% | 1.5% | 0.5% | 0.4%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 8 | n.s. | 29.8% | 25.6% | 8.6% | 8.5% | 4.9%
Net Imports | 5 | 11 | 17 | 24 | 29 | 29 | 29 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 1 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 11 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | 3 | 7 | 11 | 16 | 16 | 14 | 13 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | 1 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 7 | 7 | 5 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 12 | 18 | 27 | 35 | 47 | 58 | 70 | 3.9% | 4.0% | 2.8% | 3.0% | 2.0% | 1.9%
Coal | 1 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 11 | 8.4% | 0.2% | 4.4% | 2.5% | 3.3% | 3.3%
Oil | 8 | 10 | 16 | 20 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 2.4% | 4.1% | 2.7% | 0.8% | 0.3% | 0.7%
Natural gas | 1 | 3 | 6 | 7 | 14 | 19 | 23 | 8.2% | 7.4% | 2.6% | 6.9% | 2.9% | 1.9%
Biomass | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2.7% | 1.2% | -2.4% | 3.4% | -0.2% | -0.4%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 12.0% | 12.2%
Hydro | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -4.7% | 16.8% | -2.9% | 1.5% | 0.5% | 0.4%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 8 | n.s. | 29.8% | 25.6% | 8.6% | 8.5% | 4.9%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 12 | 18 | 27 | 35 | 47 | 58 | 70 | 3.9% | 4.0% | 2.8% | 3.0% | 2.0% | 1.9%
Energy for Power Generation | 4 | 5 | 8 | 12 | 17 | 23 | 30 | 3.7% | 4.4% | 3.4% | 3.7% | 3.0% | 2.9%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4.3% | 13.5% | 3.6% | 4.4% | 1.8% | 1.6%
Final consumption | 9 | 14 | 20 | 26 | 35 | 43 | 51 | 4.2% | 3.6% | 2.6% | 2.9% | 2.1% | 1.8%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 0.1% | 20.9% | 4.1% | 1.9% | 0.7% | 1.0%
Other Industry | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 1.2% | -2.5% | 2.5% | 3.9% | 2.0% | 1.6%
Non-Energy Use | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8.5% | 4.7% | 3.4% | 0.0% | -0.7% | -0.2%
Residential | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 4.5% | 2.9% | 1.4% | 2.9% | 1.5% | 1.6%
Services | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 3.6% | 4.9% | 0.8% | 6.2% | 4.1% | 3.6%
Agriculture | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 6.5% | 4.9% | 2.3% | 1.8% | 1.7% | 1.5%
Road | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 14 | 16 | 6.1% | 3.6% | 3.2% | 2.8% | 2.6% | 1.9%
Rail | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5.7% | 3.4% | 2.0% | 0.9% | 0.8% | 0.6%
Aviation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | 6.5% | 4.3% | 4.8% | 2.5%
Other Transport | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 9.9% | 5.3% | 4.0% | 2.9% | 2.6% | 1.7%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 4 | 5 | 8 | 10 | 14 | 17 | 21 | 3.8% | 4.1% | 2.8% | 3.1% | 1.9% | 2.2%
Coal | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 10.9% | 2.7% | 3.4% | 1.1% | 3.1% | 3.3%
Oil | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | -5.9% | 1.7% | 6.4% | 2.1% | -0.6% | 1.8%
Gas | 1 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 7 | 9 | 10 | 9.2% | 6.2% | 0.7% | 5.2% | 2.1% | 1.5%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 15 | 23 | 40 | 61 | 97 | 148 | 207 | 4.3% | 5.4% | 4.3% | 4.8% | 4.3% | 3.4%
Coal | 2 | 9 | 11 | 16 | 19 | 27 | 39 | 14.8% | 2.2% | 4.0% | 1.7% | 3.7% | 3.8%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 12 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 20.1%
Oil | 8 | 5 | 6 | 11 | 13 | 13 | 15 | -5.8% | 2.4% | 6.3% | 2.3% | -0.3% | 1.9%
Gas | 4 | 9 | 19 | 20 | 36 | 46 | 55 | 9.6% | 7.2% | 0.9% | 5.7% | 2.6% | 1.7%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 9 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 12.6%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Hydro | 1 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | -4.7% | 16.8% | -2.9% | 1.5% | 0.5% | 0.4%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 1 | 10 | 20 | 38 | 57 | n.s. | 24.8% | 29.3% | 6.8% | 6.5% | 4.2%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 21 | 37 | n.s. | n.s. | 21.4% | 29.1% | 13.9% | 5.8%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 29.1% | 18.4% | 13.7%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 4 | 7 | 10 | 17 | 26 | 45 | 63 | 6.8% | 3.5% | 5.2% | 4.6% | 5.5% | 3.5%
Coal | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 12.1% | 2.1% | 4.5% | 3.6% | 2.5% | 2.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 20.2%
Oil | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3.4% | -0.6% | 1.1% | 1.8% | 2.2% | 1.7%
Gas | 1 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 10.7% | 7.7% | 2.6% | 2.0% | 2.6% | 1.7%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 13.3%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Hydro | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4.3% | 1.4% | 1.8% | 1.5% | 0.5% | 0.4%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 7 | 13 | 18 | n.s. | 18.7% | 27.9% | 6.3% | 5.9% | 3.6%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 12 | 22 | n.s. | n.s. | 21.6% | 29.3% | 14.0% | 5.8%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 17.8% | 13.2%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 9 | 14 | 20 | 26 | 35 | 43 | 51 | 4.2% | 3.6% | 2.6% | 2.9% | 2.1% | 1.8%
Coal | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2.8% | -30.6% | 37.3% | 11.2% | 3.1% | 2.8%
Oil | 6 | 9 | 14 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 4.3% | 4.1% | 2.1% | 0.6% | 0.5% | 0.6%
Gas | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 6 | 9 | 11 | 6.1% | 6.1% | 8.2% | 9.4% | 3.7% | 2.4%
Electricity | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 11 | 15 | 5.2% | 5.5% | 3.7% | 4.5% | 4.2% | 3.3%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | 6.2% | -4.0% | 2.7% | 12.6%
Biomass & Other | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2.7% | 1.2% | -2.4% | 2.8% | 1.0% | 1.3%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 16% | 14% | 13% | 11% | 13% | 18% | 22% | -1.6% | -1.0% | -1.7% | 2.2% | 3.3% | 2.0%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 3 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 11 | 13 | 1.7% | 3.2% | 3.3% | 2.5% | 1.2% | 1.2%
Coal | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2.8% | -30.6% | 37.3% | 11.2% | 3.1% | 2.8%
Oil | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | -0.3% | 5.5% | 2.0% | -1.0% | -2.0% | -1.0%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 5.1% | 5.7% | 2.1% | 5.7% | 2.3% | 0.8%
Electricity | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 4.3% | 3.1% | 5.4% | 4.3% | 3.3% | 2.4%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | 1.5% | 3.6% | 3.8% | -3.3% | -4.9%
Buildings | 3 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 10 | 13 | 16 | 4.3% | 3.4% | 1.2% | 3.9% | 2.4% | 2.4%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 5.5% | 2.6% | -1.3% | -0.4% | -0.3% | 0.6%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 10.1% | 6.9% | 16.7% | 10.8% | 3.7% | 2.5%
Electricity | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 6.4% | 7.6% | 2.3% | 3.3% | 3.7% | 3.4%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | 6.2% | -4.0% | 2.7% | 12.6%
Biomass & Other | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2.3% | 1.2% | -3.1% | -1.1% | -2.8% | -2.3%
Agriculture | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 6.5% | 4.9% | 2.3% | 1.8% | 1.7% | 1.5%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 6.6% | 4.7% | 2.1% | -0.5% | -2.4% | -2.6%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | 13.9% | 0.0% | -1.4% | -1.6%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 6.1% | 6.9% | 3.7% | 7.9% | 7.0% | 4.5%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 9.8% | 3.6%
Transport | 2 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 12 | 15 | 18 | 6.3% | 3.8% | 3.3% | 2.7% | 2.5% | 1.9%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 2 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 13 | 14 | 6.4% | 3.8% | 3.1% | 1.7% | 1.8% | 1.2%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 21.4% | 8.0% | 4.6%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2.8% | -1.8% | 7.5% | 20.5% | 9.5% | 4.9%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 20.7% | 4.3% | 3.9%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4.3% | 13.5% | 3.6% | 4.4% | 1.8% | 1.6%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

South Africa | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 37 | 45 | 52 | 57 | 60 | 63 | 66 | 2.0% | 1.4% | 0.9% | 0.6% | 0.5% | 0.4%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 8 | 7 | 9 | 10 | 13 | 18 | 21 | -0.2% | 2.1% | 0.9% | 2.6% | 3.0% | 1.8%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 8 | 11 | 13 | -0.2% | 2.0% | 0.8% | 2.6% | 3.0% | 1.8%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 5 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | -3.4% | -2.2% | -1.2% | -0.7% | -0.6% | -0.3%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 40 | 32 | 30 | 29 | 26 | 23 | 21 | -2.3% | -0.5% | -0.5% | -0.8% | -1.2% | -1.0%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 55 | 65 | 67 | 69 | 71 | 75 | 77 | 1.6% | 0.4% | 0.3% | 0.3% | 0.4% | 0.3%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 12 | 18 | 13 | 16 | 19 | 21 | -3.4% | 3.6% | -3.2% | 2.1% | 1.8% | 1.4%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 77 | 84 | 99 | 119 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.6% | 0.9% | 1.6% | 1.9%
Gas | 18 | 21 | 30 | 46 | 51 | 60 | 73 | 1.4% | 3.8% | 4.4% | 1.0% | 1.6% | 2.0%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 351 | 403 | 511 | 560 | 523 | 547 | 542 | 1.4% | 2.4% | 0.9% | -0.7% | 0.4% | -0.1%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 351 | 405 | 511 | 560 | 524 | 548 | 544 | 1.5% | 2.3% | 0.9% | -0.7% | 0.4% | -0.1%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 347 | 402 | 510 | 547 | 520 | 518 | 512 | 1.5% | 2.4% | 0.7% | -0.5% | 0.0% | -0.1%
CO₂ | 275 | 324 | 426 | 458 | 450 | 447 | 443 | 1.7% | 2.8% | 0.7% | -0.2% | -0.1% | -0.1%
CH₄ | 51 | 57 | 63 | 67 | 49 | 50 | 48 | 1.2% | 1.0% | 0.6% | -3.0% | 0.1% | -0.4%
N₂O | 20 | 19 | 18 | 19 | 19 | 20 | 20 | -0.4% | -0.4% | 0.7% | 0.0% | 0.3% | 0.1%
F gases | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0.6% | 5.2% | 0.2% | -4.4% | -2.0% | -4.7%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 315 | 370 | 476 | 511 | 485 | 483 | 476 | 1.6% | 2.5% | 0.7% | -0.5% | -0.1% | -0.1%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 254 | 304 | 405 | 426 | 411 | 398 | 390 | 1.8% | 2.9% | 0.5% | -0.4% | -0.3% | -0.2%
Power generation/District heating | 142 | 188 | 242 | 201 | 196 | 189 | 179 | 2.8% | 2.6% | -1.8% | -0.2% | -0.4% | -0.6%
Industry | 32 | 28 | 42 | 35 | 30 | 27 | 24 | -1.3% | 4.2% | -1.7% | -1.5% | -1.3% | -0.9%
Buildings | 12 | 9 | 17 | 27 | 20 | 15 | 12 | -2.2% | 6.3% | 4.8% | -2.8% | -2.9% | -2.1%
Agriculture | 3 | 4 | 3 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 2.0% | -1.1% | 6.4% | 0.0% | -0.5% | -0.8%
Transport | 29 | 36 | 42 | 55 | 60 | 68 | 73 | 2.0% | 1.5% | 2.8% | 0.9% | 1.3% | 0.6%
Other | 36 | 40 | 60 | 102 | 98 | 94 | 96 | 1.1% | 4.1% | 5.4% | -0.4% | -0.4% | 0.3%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 11 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 24.3% | 15.2%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 11 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 26.4% | 15.3%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 7.6% | 9.2%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 1.2% | 11.2%
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 108 | 153 | 166 | 168 | 227 | 244 | 248 | 3.6% | 0.8% | 0.1% | 3.1% | 0.7% | 0.2%
Coal | 91 | 128 | 145 | 145 | 194 | 199 | 197 | 3.5% | 1.3% | 0.0% | 2.9% | 0.3% | -0.1%
Oil | 5 | 10 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 6 | 3 | 7.2% | -8.0% | 4.2% | 1.3% | -2.7% | -7.5%
Natural gas | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | -0.8% | -1.0% | -5.8% | 11.8% | 0.9% | 1.3%
Biomass | 8 | 9 | 11 | 9 | 12 | 15 | 15 | 1.9% | 1.4% | -1.5% | 2.9% | 1.7% | 0.6%
Nuclear¹ | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 13 | 16 | 4.4% | -0.7% | 0.2% | 5.3% | 8.7% | 2.6%
Hydro | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3.3% | 2.6% | -0.9% | 2.8% | 1.6% | 1.5%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 5 | 9 | 13 | n.s. | n.s. | 37.5% | 11.6% | 5.1% | 4.3%
Net Imports | - 21 | - 47 | - 27 | - 31 | - 85 | - 89 | - 84 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | - 23 | - 46 | - 45 | - 50 | - 106 | - 119 | - 118 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | 3 | - 2 | 15 | 13 | 12 | 17 | 20 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | - 1 | 0 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 12 | 13 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 87 | 106 | 138 | 137 | 142 | 155 | 164 | 2.0% | 2.7% | -0.1% | 0.4% | 0.9% | 0.6%
Coal | 68 | 82 | 100 | 96 | 88 | 80 | 78 | 1.9% | 2.1% | -0.5% | -0.8% | -1.0% | -0.2%
Oil | 9 | 9 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 22 | 22 | 0.2% | 8.5% | 0.0% | 0.3% | 1.0% | 0.0%
Natural gas | 0 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 8 | 14 | 15 | 10.9% | 10.7% | 1.5% | 5.9% | 6.2% | 0.6%
Biomass | 8 | 9 | 11 | 12 | 15 | 17 | 17 | 1.9% | 1.4% | 0.8% | 2.2% | 1.3% | 0.5%
Nuclear¹ | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 13 | 16 | 4.4% | -0.7% | 0.2% | 5.3% | 8.7% | 2.6%
Hydro | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3.3% | 2.6% | -0.9% | 2.8% | 1.6% | 1.5%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 5 | 9 | 13 | n.s. | n.s. | 37.5% | 11.6% | 5.1% | 4.3%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 87 | 106 | 138 | 137 | 142 | 155 | 164 | 2.0% | 2.7% | -0.1% | 0.4% | 0.9% | 0.6%
Energy for Power Generation | 38 | 51 | 64 | 56 | 62 | 74 | 83 | 3.0% | 2.4% | -1.3% | 1.0% | 1.8% | 1.2%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 8 | 13 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 26 | 4.8% | 4.8% | 0.5% | 0.2% | 0.4% | 0.8%
Final consumption | 52 | 57 | 70 | 75 | 79 | 85 | 90 | 0.8% | 2.1% | 0.7% | 0.5% | 0.8% | 0.5%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 10 | 7 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 8 | -3.5% | 3.4% | -0.2% | -0.6% | -0.7% | -0.5%
Other Industry | 13 | 14 | 18 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 17 | 0.9% | 2.7% | -1.4% | 0.3% | 0.3% | 0.4%
Non-Energy Use | 4 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2.8% | -2.6% | -4.7% | 0.3% | 0.4% | 0.0%
Residential | 10 | 12 | 15 | 16 | 16 | 15 | 14 | 1.5% | 2.2% | 0.9% | -0.3% | -0.4% | -0.6%
Services | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 8 | 9 | 2.5% | 1.8% | 2.4% | 0.6% | 1.6% | 1.5%
Agriculture | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 1.7% | 0.3% | 4.5% | 1.5% | 1.5% | 1.1%
Road | 9 | 11 | 15 | 20 | 23 | 28 | 31 | 1.8% | 3.0% | 2.8% | 1.5% | 1.9% | 1.1%
Rail | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5.2% | -6.5% | 2.9% | 1.6% | 1.8% | 1.0%
Aviation | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 5.7% | 5.0% | 2.9% | 3.3% | 3.7% | 2.2%
Other Transport | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | 4.5% | 32.7% | 1.9% | 1.9% | 0.7%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 36 | 47 | 61 | 51 | 51 | 53 | 53 | 2.9% | 2.6% | -1.8% | 0.0% | 0.3% | 0.1%
Coal | 36 | 47 | 61 | 50 | 48 | 43 | 42 | 2.8% | 2.6% | -1.9% | -0.5% | -1.0% | -0.2%
Oil | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | 19.4% | 7.4% | 5.0% | 1.8%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 6 | 6 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 37.1% | 14.7% | -0.3%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | n.s. | -0.7% | 11.6% | 10.4% | 10.1% | 5.9%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 167 | 211 | 260 | 241 | 298 | 383 | 460 | 2.3% | 2.1% | -0.7% | 2.1% | 2.6% | 1.8%
Coal | 156 | 193 | 242 | 204 | 201 | 191 | 193 | 2.2% | 2.3% | -1.7% | -0.1% | -0.5% | 0.1%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 11 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 22.1%
Oil | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 5 | n.s. | n.s. | 19.0% | 7.9% | 5.6% | 2.2%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 29 | 31 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 35.2% | 14.7% | 0.5%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 19.3%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 10 | 19 | n.s. | -0.7% | 11.6% | 14.3% | 11.8% | 6.5%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 8 | 13 | 12 | 12 | 21 | 51 | 67 | 4.4% | -0.7% | 0.2% | 5.6% | 9.1% | 2.8%
Hydro | 3 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 3.3% | 2.6% | -0.9% | 2.8% | 1.6% | 1.5%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 38 | 71 | 109 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 16.4% | 6.5% | 4.5%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 18 | 21 | 28 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 6.6% | 1.2% | 3.0%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 28.8% | 17.3% | 12.6%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 35 | 41 | 44 | 54 | 76 | 96 | 124 | 1.7% | 0.7% | 2.1% | 3.4% | 2.4% | 2.5%
Coal | 31 | 37 | 38 | 35 | 34 | 32 | 35 | 1.8% | 0.2% | -0.7% | -0.5% | -0.6% | 0.9%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 22.0%
Oil | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 29.8% | 0.0% | -1.2% | 2.2% | 6.1% | 4.9%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 7 | n.s. | n.s. | 2.7% | 3.4% | 4.0% | 1.7%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 19.4%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | n.s. | 0.0% | 11.8% | 9.3% | 11.7% | 6.5%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 7 | 9 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.2% | 5.4% | 8.9% | 2.5%
Hydro | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 0.3% | 0.1% | 0.8% | 2.8% | 1.6% | 1.5%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 16 | 29 | 43 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 15.4% | 5.9% | 3.8%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 15 | 17 | 23 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 6.9% | 1.3% | 3.0%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 16.7% | 12.1%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 52 | 57 | 70 | 75 | 79 | 85 | 90 | 0.8% | 2.1% | 0.7% | 0.5% | 0.8% | 0.5%
Coal | 17 | 16 | 16 | 15 | 12 | 8 | 7 | -0.9% | -0.1% | 0.0% | -2.8% | -3.2% | -2.4%
Oil | 15 | 16 | 23 | 28 | 28 | 30 | 30 | 0.7% | 3.6% | 2.1% | 0.1% | 0.6% | 0.1%
Gas | 0 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 9 | 5.6% | 15.2% | 0.5% | 4.3% | 2.9% | 1.3%
Electricity | 12 | 15 | 17 | 16 | 20 | 26 | 31 | 2.3% | 1.5% | -0.6% | 2.2% | 2.5% | 1.8%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | 11.6% | 6.0% | 6.7% | 5.9%
Biomass & Other | 8 | 9 | 11 | 11 | 13 | 13 | 12 | 1.8% | 1.5% | 0.3% | 1.3% | 0.3% | -0.5%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 16% | 17% | 16% | 17% | 23% | 27% | 32% | 0.8% | -0.8% | 0.8% | 3.1% | 1.6% | 1.7%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 27 | 27 | 32 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | -0.2% | 2.0% | -1.4% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.1%
Coal | 15 | 14 | 12 | 9 | 7 | 6 | 5 | -0.4% | -1.5% | -2.5% | -2.3% | -2.1% | -1.4%
Oil | 4 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | -6.6% | 9.4% | -0.6% | -1.1% | -1.0% | -1.2%
Gas | 0 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 5.5% | 15.6% | -0.7% | 0.5% | -0.1% | -1.0%
Electricity | 7 | 8 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 13 | 14 | 1.6% | 2.2% | -0.8% | 1.3% | 1.4% | 1.3%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 1.3% | 1.6% | -1.1% | 3.9% | 0.7% | 0.1%
Buildings | 14 | 16 | 20 | 22 | 22 | 23 | 23 | 1.7% | 2.1% | 1.3% | -0.1% | 0.2% | 0.2%
Coal | 2 | 1 | 3 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 1 | -4.6% | 8.3% | 5.7% | -3.8% | -5.8% | -6.0%
Oil | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5.0% | 1.6% | -0.6% | -3.1% | -0.6% | -0.1%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 8.2% | -4.5% | 26.0% | 14.0% | 6.9% | 2.7%
Electricity | 4 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 10 | 12 | 3.4% | 0.7% | -0.6% | 2.0% | 2.9% | 2.0%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | 11.6% | 6.0% | 6.7% | 5.9%
Biomass & Other | 6 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 6 | 1.9% | 1.4% | 0.4% | -0.2% | -1.4% | -2.5%
Agriculture | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 1.7% | 0.3% | 4.5% | 1.5% | 1.5% | 1.1%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3.3% | -0.3% | 22.6% | -1.7% | -2.6% | -2.6%
Oil | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2.0% | -1.2% | 4.5% | 0.4% | -0.1% | -0.6%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.8% | 4.1% | 0.2% | 3.1% | 3.3% | 2.6%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 9.3% | 4.4%
Transport | 10 | 12 | 16 | 22 | 26 | 31 | 35 | 2.1% | 2.8% | 2.9% | 1.6% | 2.0% | 1.1%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 10 | 12 | 16 | 21 | 22 | 24 | 25 | 2.1% | 3.0% | 2.7% | 0.4% | 0.9% | 0.4%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 20.3% | 6.0% | 3.2%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 2.9% | -4.1% | 1.8% | 15.3% | 7.3% | 3.3%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 17.6% | 7.9% | 3.6%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 8 | 13 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 26 | 4.8% | 4.8% | 0.5% | 0.2% | 0.4% | 0.8%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Rest Sub-Saharan Africa | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 475 | 625 | 825 | 1 084 | 1 393 | 1 749 | 2 138 | 2.8% | 2.8% | 2.8% | 2.5% | 2.3% | 2.0%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 6 | -0.3% | 3.6% | 3.0% | 3.9% | 4.0% | 4.0%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | -0.5% | 3.5% | 2.9% | 3.9% | 4.0% | 4.0%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 32 | 27 | 23 | 17 | 11 | 8 | 6 | -1.7% | -1.6% | -2.8% | -4.4% | -3.1% | -2.1%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 29 | 33 | 29 | 27 | 29 | 30 | 29 | 1.3% | -1.2% | -0.7% | 0.6% | 0.2% | -0.2%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 39 | 40 | 47 | 55 | 60 | 62 | 64 | 0.2% | 1.8% | 1.5% | 0.8% | 0.4% | 0.3%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 12 | 18 | 13 | 16 | 19 | 21 | -3.4% | 3.6% | -3.2% | 2.1% | 1.8% | 1.4%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 77 | 84 | 99 | 119 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.6% | 0.9% | 1.6% | 1.9%
Gas | 18 | 21 | 30 | 46 | 51 | 60 | 73 | 1.4% | 3.8% | 4.4% | 1.0% | 1.6% | 2.0%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 1 701 | 1 841 | 1 878 | 2 480 | 2 708 | 2 899 | 3 240 | 0.8% | 0.2% | 2.8% | 0.9% | 0.7% | 1.1%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 1 701 | 1 841 | 1 878 | 2 480 | 2 708 | 3 131 | 3 936 | 0.8% | 0.2% | 2.8% | 0.9% | 1.5% | 2.3%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 629 | 759 | 884 | 1 248 | 1 558 | 2 086 | 2 641 | 1.9% | 1.5% | 3.5% | 2.2% | 3.0% | 2.4%
CO₂ | 160 | 208 | 241 | 452 | 751 | 1 180 | 1 666 | 2.7% | 1.5% | 6.5% | 5.2% | 4.6% | 3.5%
CH₄ | 310 | 394 | 454 | 591 | 596 | 695 | 765 | 2.4% | 1.4% | 2.7% | 0.1% | 1.5% | 1.0%
N₂O | 157 | 155 | 186 | 201 | 206 | 207 | 207 | -0.2% | 1.9% | 0.8% | 0.3% | 0.0% | 0.0%
F gases | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | -0.2% | 3.7% | 5.9% | 0.1% | -0.4% | -3.8%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 329 | 399 | 459 | 800 | 1 118 | 1 677 | 2 264 | 1.9% | 1.4% | 5.7% | 3.4% | 4.1% | 3.0%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 99 | 130 | 192 | 365 | 573 | 875 | 1 221 | 2.8% | 4.0% | 6.6% | 4.6% | 4.3% | 3.4%
Power generation/District heating | 20 | 27 | 40 | 107 | 175 | 276 | 372 | 3.0% | 4.0% | 10.2% | 5.1% | 4.7% | 3.0%
Industry | 21 | 19 | 28 | 51 | 86 | 126 | 164 | -1.2% | 4.1% | 6.2% | 5.3% | 3.9% | 2.6%
Buildings | 12 | 17 | 24 | 39 | 54 | 73 | 97 | 3.6% | 3.4% | 4.8% | 3.3% | 3.1% | 2.9%
Agriculture | 2 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 6.2% | 0.4% | 3.8% | 1.4% | 1.1% | 0.4%
Transport | 38 | 52 | 83 | 140 | 210 | 322 | 477 | 3.2% | 4.7% | 5.4% | 4.2% | 4.4% | 4.0%
Other | 5 | 10 | 13 | 22 | 41 | 70 | 103 | 8.3% | 2.2% | 5.8% | 6.2% | 5.6% | 3.9%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 38 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 29.0% | 22.4%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 37 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 30.4% | 22.4%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 17.8% | 23.3%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 2.2% | 23.6%
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 309 | 438 | 611 | 529 | 643 | 762 | 899 | 3.6% | 3.4% | -1.4% | 2.0% | 1.7% | 1.7%
Coal | 4 | 4 | 3 | 42 | 12 | 18 | 27 | -0.5% | -4.0% | 31.5% | -11.6% | 4.0% | 4.2%
Oil | 151 | 227 | 310 | 213 | 222 | 211 | 216 | 4.1% | 3.2% | -3.7% | 0.4% | -0.5% | 0.2%
Natural gas | 5 | 15 | 46 | 60 | 106 | 152 | 188 | 12.2% | 11.6% | 2.7% | 5.8% | 3.7% | 2.2%
Biomass | 144 | 186 | 243 | 197 | 273 | 334 | 388 | 2.6% | 2.7% | -2.1% | 3.3% | 2.0% | 1.5%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 22.5% | 19.0%
Hydro | 4 | 5 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 12 | 14 | 3.1% | 4.4% | 1.4% | 1.7% | 1.5% | 1.6%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 1 | 9 | 20 | 34 | 65 | 2.9% | 13.0% | 21.2% | 8.4% | 5.7% | 6.7%
Net Imports | - 127 | - 200 | - 287 | - 105 | - 100 | - 73 | - 24 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 1 | 0 | 1 | - 30 | 19 | 38 | 55 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | - 127 | - 192 | - 256 | - 117 | - 96 | - 39 | 24 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | - 1 | - 8 | - 32 | - 35 | - 56 | - 59 | - 49 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 78 | 40 | - 7 | - 52 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | - 2 | - 7 | - 6 | - 3 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 181 | 237 | 323 | 424 | 544 | 688 | 875 | 2.7% | 3.1% | 2.7% | 2.5% | 2.4% | 2.4%
Coal | 5 | 4 | 3 | 11 | 31 | 56 | 82 | -1.9% | -1.3% | 12.4% | 10.7% | 6.2% | 3.9%
Oil | 25 | 34 | 54 | 96 | 126 | 172 | 241 | 3.3% | 4.7% | 5.9% | 2.7% | 3.1% | 3.4%
Natural gas | 4 | 8 | 14 | 25 | 50 | 93 | 140 | 7.2% | 6.1% | 6.1% | 7.3% | 6.3% | 4.2%
Biomass | 144 | 186 | 243 | 275 | 313 | 327 | 335 | 2.6% | 2.7% | 1.3% | 1.3% | 0.4% | 0.3%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 22.5% | 19.0%
Hydro | 4 | 5 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 12 | 14 | 3.1% | 4.4% | 1.4% | 1.7% | 1.5% | 1.6%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 1 | 9 | 20 | 34 | 65 | 2.9% | 13.0% | 21.2% | 8.4% | 5.7% | 6.7%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 181 | 237 | 323 | 424 | 544 | 688 | 875 | 2.7% | 3.1% | 2.7% | 2.5% | 2.4% | 2.4%
Energy for Power Generation | 11 | 15 | 24 | 54 | 88 | 140 | 222 | 3.5% | 4.8% | 8.5% | 5.0% | 4.7% | 4.7%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 2 | 4 | 6 | 11 | 27 | 45 | 68 | 8.1% | 4.3% | 6.3% | 9.7% | 5.2% | 4.3%
Final consumption | 174 | 225 | 304 | 379 | 466 | 571 | 704 | 2.6% | 3.1% | 2.2% | 2.1% | 2.1% | 2.1%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8 | -3.9% | 0.1% | 7.8% | 4.4% | 4.0% | 3.8%
Other Industry | 14 | 17 | 28 | 40 | 57 | 79 | 105 | 2.4% | 5.1% | 3.6% | 3.6% | 3.2% | 2.9%
Non-Energy Use | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 7 | 13 | 23 | 0.8% | 3.8% | 8.8% | 6.7% | 6.0% | 5.4%
Residential | 137 | 175 | 228 | 257 | 281 | 292 | 294 | 2.5% | 2.7% | 1.2% | 0.9% | 0.4% | 0.0%
Services | 6 | 9 | 10 | 17 | 27 | 41 | 61 | 3.8% | 1.6% | 5.3% | 4.5% | 4.3% | 4.1%
Agriculture | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4.7% | 1.1% | 2.9% | 1.3% | 1.5% | 1.6%
Road | 12 | 18 | 31 | 52 | 82 | 128 | 194 | 4.0% | 5.4% | 5.5% | 4.6% | 4.6% | 4.3%
Rail | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | -5.6% | -0.8% | 4.1% | 1.8% | 2.3% | 2.7%
Aviation | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 6 | 11 | 4.3% | 8.2% | 6.8% | 7.1% | 7.1% | 6.7%
Other Transport | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | -1.2% | 2.2% | 6.2% | 5.4% | 4.9% | 4.5%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 7 | 9 | 15 | 36 | 58 | 94 | 142 | 3.7% | 4.6% | 9.4% | 4.8% | 4.9% | 4.2%
Coal | 2 | 2 | 1 | 6 | 21 | 39 | 57 | -1.2% | -3.0% | 16.0% | 12.8% | 6.4% | 3.9%
Oil | 2 | 3 | 6 | 18 | 17 | 16 | 21 | 4.2% | 5.6% | 11.8% | -0.7% | -0.4% | 2.7%
Gas | 2 | 4 | 7 | 10 | 16 | 30 | 43 | 7.1% | 6.1% | 4.4% | 4.6% | 6.2% | 3.7%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 8 | 19 | 4.1% | 6.2% | 4.6% | 13.2% | 10.2% | 9.6%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2.9% | 13.0% | 20.1% | 4.8% | 0.0% | 1.3%
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 66 | 90 | 147 | 277 | 483 | 861 | 1 462 | 3.1% | 5.1% | 6.5% | 5.7% | 5.9% | 5.4%
Coal | 6 | 5 | 5 | 27 | 100 | 196 | 296 | -1.1% | -1.7% | 19.2% | 14.1% | 7.0% | 4.2%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 35 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 49.3%
Oil | 8 | 12 | 20 | 79 | 75 | 74 | 97 | 3.7% | 5.5% | 14.5% | -0.6% | -0.1% | 2.8%
Gas | 7 | 12 | 29 | 47 | 82 | 157 | 234 | 5.3% | 8.9% | 4.8% | 5.7% | 6.8% | 4.0%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 30.8%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 12 | 35 | 94 | 3.8% | 5.1% | 7.2% | 17.9% | 11.4% | 10.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Hydro | 44 | 59 | 90 | 103 | 122 | 142 | 167 | 3.1% | 4.4% | 1.4% | 1.7% | 1.5% | 1.6%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 43 | 127 | 313 | 21.8% | 11.3% | n.s. | 20.8% | 11.6% | 9.4%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 36 | 114 | 241 | n.s. | 39.0% | 42.1% | 27.3% | 12.1% | 7.8%
Other | 0 | 0 | 1 | 9 | 15 | 16 | 21 | 2.9% | 13.0% | 20.1% | 4.9% | 0.5% | 2.9%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 23 | 27 | 41 | 71 | 134 | 252 | 444 | 1.6% | 4.2% | 5.6% | 6.5% | 6.5% | 5.8%
Coal | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 15 | 28 | 45 | -0.5% | 1.4% | 7.6% | 13.8% | 6.3% | 4.7%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 49.6%
Oil | 4 | 5 | 8 | 20 | 29 | 36 | 43 | 1.2% | 5.0% | 9.6% | 3.9% | 2.3% | 1.6%
Gas | 3 | 6 | 11 | 18 | 20 | 32 | 49 | 8.2% | 6.6% | 5.3% | 1.2% | 4.8% | 4.3%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 31.4%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 5 | 14 | 1.0% | 7.6% | 1.4% | 15.4% | 10.9% | 11.0%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Hydro | 15 | 15 | 20 | 23 | 27 | 31 | 37 | 0.3% | 3.0% | 1.3% | 1.7% | 1.5% | 1.6%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 18 | 50 | 113 | n.s. | 13.2% | n.s. | 19.7% | 10.8% | 8.6%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 21 | 67 | 140 | n.s. | 39.0% | 42.4% | 27.6% | 12.2% | 7.7%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4.1% | 12.0% | 18.5% | 4.9% | 1.9% | 2.6%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 174 | 225 | 304 | 379 | 466 | 571 | 704 | 2.6% | 3.1% | 2.2% | 2.1% | 2.1% | 2.1%
Coal | 3 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 9 | 14 | 19 | -2.6% | 0.2% | 9.0% | 6.6% | 4.6% | 2.9%
Oil | 21 | 29 | 46 | 75 | 106 | 152 | 214 | 3.1% | 4.8% | 5.0% | 3.5% | 3.7% | 3.5%
Gas | 1 | 2 | 4 | 9 | 22 | 41 | 63 | 5.3% | 6.1% | 9.7% | 9.5% | 6.3% | 4.5%
Electricity | 4 | 6 | 10 | 19 | 34 | 61 | 103 | 3.3% | 5.6% | 6.4% | 5.8% | 6.0% | 5.4%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | 4.0% | 42.2% | 21.6% | 16.4%
Biomass & Other | 144 | 186 | 242 | 271 | 295 | 303 | 303 | 2.6% | 2.7% | 1.1% | 0.8% | 0.3% | 0.0%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 84% | 84% | 81% | 73% | 66% | 58% | 53% | 0.0% | -0.3% | -1.1% | -1.0% | -1.2% | -0.9%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 16 | 20 | 31 | 46 | 69 | 98 | 136 | 1.7% | 4.8% | 4.1% | 4.0% | 3.6% | 3.4%
Coal | 2 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 8 | 13 | 18 | -3.6% | -1.5% | 12.5% | 8.0% | 5.2% | 3.2%
Oil | 5 | 4 | 6 | 10 | 14 | 18 | 24 | -0.4% | 3.9% | 4.4% | 3.5% | 2.7% | 2.7%
Gas | 1 | 1 | 4 | 7 | 13 | 21 | 31 | 2.3% | 9.2% | 7.1% | 6.4% | 5.1% | 3.7%
Electricity | 2 | 3 | 4 | 8 | 15 | 25 | 41 | 1.9% | 4.2% | 7.0% | 5.8% | 5.6% | 5.0%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 7 | 10 | 16 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 23 | 3.9% | 5.1% | 1.1% | 0.8% | 0.4% | 1.3%
Buildings | 143 | 184 | 239 | 275 | 308 | 333 | 355 | 2.6% | 2.6% | 1.4% | 1.1% | 0.8% | 0.6%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -2.8% | 6.2% | 1.2% | -1.1% | -2.6% | -5.1%
Oil | 3 | 5 | 7 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 14 | 3.3% | 4.0% | 3.8% | 0.8% | 0.9% | 1.5%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 7 | 14 | 22 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 15.4% | 7.1% | 4.6%
Electricity | 2 | 3 | 6 | 11 | 18 | 31 | 51 | 4.9% | 7.0% | 5.9% | 5.2% | 5.6% | 5.3%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | 4.0% | 42.2% | 21.6% | 16.4%
Biomass & Other | 137 | 175 | 225 | 251 | 271 | 276 | 265 | 2.5% | 2.5% | 1.1% | 0.8% | 0.2% | -0.4%
Agriculture | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4.7% | 1.1% | 2.9% | 1.3% | 1.5% | 1.6%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 6.1% | 1.0% | 2.5% | -0.4% | -1.0% | -2.1%
Oil | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 6.4% | 0.0% | 4.8% | 2.3% | 1.9% | 1.1%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3.2% | -0.6% | 4.7% | 3.7% | 4.2% | 4.5%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3.2% | 2.3% | 1.2% | 0.4% | 1.0% | 1.9%
Transport | 13 | 19 | 32 | 55 | 86 | 136 | 208 | 3.8% | 5.3% | 5.5% | 4.6% | 4.7% | 4.4%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -21.2% | 1.4% | 2.7% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0%
Oil | 13 | 19 | 32 | 54 | 79 | 120 | 174 | 3.9% | 5.3% | 5.4% | 3.9% | 4.2% | 3.8%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 5 | 10 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 26.5% | 10.5% | 7.3%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 10 | n.s. | 4.7% | 32.7% | 41.8% | 13.5% | 8.2%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 6 | 14 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 22.4% | 6.7% | 8.2%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 2 | 4 | 6 | 11 | 27 | 45 | 68 | 8.1% | 4.3% | 6.3% | 9.7% | 5.2% | 4.3%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Iran | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 56 | 66 | 74 | 83 | 89 | 91 | 92 | 1.6% | 1.2% | 1.2% | 0.6% | 0.3% | 0.1%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 6 | 7 | 11 | 12 | 17 | 24 | 32 | 2.1% | 4.0% | 0.6% | 3.8% | 3.7% | 2.7%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 2.1% | 3.8% | 0.6% | 3.8% | 3.7% | 2.7%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 13 | 9 | 7 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 7 | -3.3% | -2.8% | 2.4% | -1.3% | -0.9% | -0.5%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 34 | 41 | 41 | 38 | 36 | 33 | 31 | 1.9% | 0.2% | -0.9% | -0.5% | -0.7% | -0.7%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 54 | 50 | 52 | 54 | 56 | 60 | 62 | -0.7% | 0.3% | 0.3% | 0.5% | 0.5% | 0.4%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 12 | 18 | 12 | 14 | 16 | 17 | -3.4% | 3.6% | -3.7% | 1.5% | 1.0% | 1.0%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 77 | 84 | 99 | 119 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.6% | 0.9% | 1.6% | 1.9%
Gas | 28 | 24 | 47 | 58 | 46 | 57 | 74 | -1.2% | 6.8% | 2.1% | -2.2% | 2.2% | 2.5%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 292 | 456 | 678 | 864 | 1 122 | 1 118 | 1 088 | 4.5% | 4.0% | 2.5% | 2.6% | 0.0% | -0.3%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 293 | 456 | 681 | 866 | 1 126 | 1 122 | 1 097 | 4.5% | 4.1% | 2.4% | 2.7% | 0.0% | -0.2%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 293 | 456 | 681 | 866 | 1 126 | 1 122 | 1 097 | 4.5% | 4.1% | 2.4% | 2.7% | 0.0% | -0.2%
CO₂ | 214 | 352 | 541 | 710 | 950 | 985 | 955 | 5.1% | 4.4% | 2.8% | 3.0% | 0.4% | -0.3%
CH₄ | 57 | 80 | 115 | 124 | 139 | 100 | 104 | 3.5% | 3.8% | 0.8% | 1.1% | -3.2% | 0.4%
N₂O | 19 | 23 | 23 | 29 | 34 | 35 | 37 | 1.6% | 0.2% | 2.3% | 1.6% | 0.3% | 0.5%
F gases | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 1 | -1.5% | -1.6% | 2.5% | 3.3% | -7.3% | -1.7%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 260 | 418 | 641 | 814 | 1 069 | 1 063 | 1 036 | 4.8% | 4.4% | 2.4% | 2.8% | -0.1% | -0.3%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 184 | 316 | 485 | 644 | 864 | 891 | 856 | 5.6% | 4.4% | 2.9% | 3.0% | 0.3% | -0.4%
Power generation/District heating | 36 | 69 | 131 | 195 | 305 | 349 | 333 | 6.8% | 6.6% | 4.0% | 4.6% | 1.4% | -0.5%
Industry | 38 | 43 | 84 | 132 | 201 | 211 | 217 | 1.4% | 6.9% | 4.6% | 4.3% | 0.5% | 0.3%
Buildings | 43 | 92 | 122 | 133 | 142 | 106 | 87 | 8.0% | 2.8% | 0.9% | 0.6% | -2.8% | -2.0%
Agriculture | 12 | 11 | 14 | 11 | 13 | 14 | 13 | -0.8% | 1.8% | -2.0% | 1.5% | 0.8% | -0.3%
Transport | 39 | 75 | 101 | 115 | 126 | 130 | 129 | 6.6% | 3.1% | 1.3% | 0.9% | 0.3% | -0.1%
Other | 16 | 26 | 34 | 58 | 78 | 81 | 78 | 4.9% | 2.5% | 5.5% | 3.1% | 0.3% | -0.4%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 44 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 32.3%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 33.0%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 41 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 32.4%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 10.4%
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 187 | 251 | 349 | 435 | 681 | 799 | 871 | 3.0% | 3.4% | 2.2% | 4.6% | 1.6% | 0.9%
Coal | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 8.0% | -0.4% | 0.2% | -0.9% | -2.0% | -2.2%
Oil | 164 | 200 | 221 | 223 | 263 | 282 | 344 | 2.0% | 1.0% | 0.1% | 1.7% | 0.7% | 2.0%
Natural gas | 22 | 49 | 126 | 207 | 410 | 504 | 505 | 8.5% | 9.9% | 5.1% | 7.1% | 2.1% | 0.0%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | -1.8% | 16.4% | 12.2% | 3.9% | 2.0% | 0.2%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 10 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 3.5% | 9.9% | 6.2%
Hydro | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | -5.0% | 10.1% | 5.4% | 0.6% | 0.8% | 0.7%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 6 | n.s. | 17.6% | 22.1% | 14.1% | 16.4% | 12.0%
Net Imports | - 117 | - 128 | - 141 | - 148 | - 287 | - 376 | - 432 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 7 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | - 113 | - 132 | - 138 | - 120 | - 134 | - 161 | - 224 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | - 4 | 3 | - 4 | - 28 | - 154 | - 220 | - 218 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | - 1 | 0 | 2 | 4 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | - 1 | - 1 | - 1 | - 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 70 | 123 | 208 | 287 | 394 | 422 | 440 | 5.8% | 5.4% | 3.3% | 3.2% | 0.7% | 0.4%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 10.8% | 0.2% | -1.8% | 5.8% | 7.8% | 4.5%
Oil | 51 | 69 | 83 | 103 | 129 | 121 | 120 | 2.9% | 1.9% | 2.2% | 2.3% | -0.7% | 0.0%
Natural gas | 17 | 53 | 122 | 179 | 256 | 283 | 287 | 11.7% | 8.8% | 3.9% | 3.7% | 1.0% | 0.1%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 8 | -1.8% | 16.4% | 8.6% | 6.8% | 6.4% | 4.4%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 10 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 3.5% | 9.9% | 6.2%
Hydro | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | -5.0% | 10.1% | 5.4% | 0.6% | 0.8% | 0.7%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 6 | n.s. | 17.6% | 22.1% | 14.1% | 16.4% | 12.0%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 70 | 123 | 208 | 287 | 394 | 422 | 440 | 5.8% | 5.4% | 3.3% | 3.2% | 0.7% | 0.4%
Energy for Power Generation | 14 | 27 | 52 | 78 | 123 | 152 | 169 | 7.2% | 6.8% | 4.1% | 4.6% | 2.2% | 1.1%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 6 | 9 | 15 | 23 | 33 | 36 | 40 | 5.1% | 4.5% | 4.7% | 3.5% | 1.1% | 0.9%
Final consumption | 55 | 95 | 157 | 213 | 285 | 299 | 308 | 5.6% | 5.2% | 3.1% | 2.9% | 0.5% | 0.3%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 1 | 3 | 9 | 14 | 25 | 24 | 23 | 17.6% | 12.1% | 4.7% | 5.5% | -0.5% | -0.2%
Other Industry | 14 | 16 | 30 | 48 | 70 | 78 | 84 | 1.7% | 6.4% | 4.9% | 3.7% | 1.1% | 0.7%
Non-Energy Use | 6 | 8 | 14 | 26 | 42 | 48 | 53 | 1.9% | 6.0% | 6.5% | 5.2% | 1.3% | 0.9%
Residential | 13 | 30 | 47 | 59 | 66 | 57 | 49 | 8.9% | 4.6% | 2.3% | 1.3% | -1.6% | -1.4%
Services | 4 | 9 | 11 | 13 | 19 | 21 | 23 | 7.4% | 2.3% | 1.5% | 3.5% | 1.4% | 0.7%
Agriculture | 4 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 13 | 0.4% | 4.0% | 1.3% | 2.0% | 1.9% | 1.6%
Road | 13 | 24 | 40 | 45 | 54 | 60 | 63 | 6.3% | 5.0% | 1.3% | 1.7% | 1.1% | 0.5%
Rail | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | 36.8% | 5.6% | 3.1% | 2.8% | 1.9%
Aviation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Other Transport | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | -30.1% | 4.7% | 3.6% | -0.2% | 0.7%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 13 | 27 | 51 | 75 | 119 | 143 | 152 | 7.5% | 6.7% | 3.9% | 4.7% | 1.9% | 0.6%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 22.3% | -3.1% | -6.6% | 28.3% | 13.4% | 6.5%
Oil | 6 | 7 | 13 | 23 | 32 | 17 | 15 | 1.5% | 6.1% | 5.7% | 3.5% | -6.1% | -1.4%
Gas | 7 | 19 | 38 | 52 | 85 | 123 | 129 | 11.2% | 7.0% | 3.2% | 5.0% | 3.7% | 0.5%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | 9.7% | 35.6% | 21.9% | 10.6%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 59 | 121 | 233 | 375 | 627 | 868 | 987 | 7.5% | 6.7% | 4.9% | 5.3% | 3.3% | 1.3%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 12 | 23 | 22.2% | -3.1% | -2.5% | 28.7% | 13.7% | 6.6%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 38.6%
Oil | 22 | 25 | 46 | 94 | 133 | 73 | 66 | 1.5% | 6.1% | 7.3% | 3.6% | -5.8% | -1.1%
Gas | 31 | 92 | 177 | 258 | 460 | 714 | 768 | 11.5% | 6.8% | 3.8% | 6.0% | 4.5% | 0.7%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 98 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 39.1%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 15 | n.s. | n.s. | 11.3% | 37.9% | 22.4% | 10.9%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 8 | 22 | 40 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 3.7% | 10.2% | 6.3%
Hydro | 6 | 4 | 10 | 16 | 17 | 19 | 20 | -5.0% | 10.1% | 5.4% | 0.6% | 0.8% | 0.7%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 20 | 46 | n.s. | 16.0% | 23.6% | 13.8% | 15.2% | 8.6%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 9 | n.s. | n.s. | 2.9% | 23.0% | 24.3% | 14.2%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 21.2% | 16.7%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 18 | 34 | 61 | 85 | 121 | 165 | 192 | 6.5% | 6.2% | 3.4% | 3.5% | 3.2% | 1.5%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 22.2% | n.s. | n.s. | 28.8% | 13.7% | 6.5%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 38.5%
Oil | 6 | 8 | 13 | 18 | 24 | 33 | 29 | 3.5% | 4.1% | 3.8% | 2.6% | 3.2% | -1.2%
Gas | 10 | 23 | 40 | 54 | 80 | 104 | 115 | 8.6% | 5.8% | 3.0% | 4.1% | 2.7% | 1.0%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 39.2%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | -2.6% | 38.1% | 22.3% | 10.9%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 6 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 3.5% | 10.0% | 6.1%
Hydro | 2 | 2 | 8 | 12 | 12 | 13 | 15 | 0.2% | 15.6% | 3.2% | 0.6% | 0.8% | 0.7%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 8 | 17 | n.s. | n.s. | 20.8% | 12.9% | 14.1% | 7.9%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | n.s. | n.s. | 3.0% | 22.9% | 24.3% | 14.3%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 16.1%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 55 | 95 | 157 | 213 | 285 | 299 | 308 | 5.6% | 5.2% | 3.1% | 2.9% | 0.5% | 0.3%
Coal | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 7.4% | -0.8% | 0.5% | 3.8% | 5.1% | 1.5%
Oil | 41 | 56 | 64 | 73 | 89 | 96 | 98 | 3.3% | 1.3% | 1.2% | 2.0% | 0.8% | 0.2%
Gas | 9 | 29 | 75 | 109 | 145 | 131 | 126 | 12.0% | 10.0% | 3.8% | 2.9% | -1.0% | -0.4%
Electricity | 4 | 8 | 16 | 27 | 45 | 63 | 71 | 6.7% | 7.0% | 5.3% | 5.4% | 3.3% | 1.3%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 31.7%
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 8 | -1.8% | 16.3% | 19.6% | 3.4% | 2.7% | 2.3%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 1% | 1% | 1% | 1% | 2% | 3% | 6% | -9.6% | 6.9% | 3.8% | 1.8% | 6.3% | 6.3%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 21 | 27 | 53 | 88 | 137 | 150 | 160 | 2.7% | 7.0% | 5.3% | 4.5% | 0.9% | 0.6%
Coal | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 7.2% | -0.7% | 0.5% | 3.8% | 5.2% | 1.5%
Oil | 12 | 12 | 16 | 19 | 33 | 42 | 47 | 0.3% | 2.6% | 1.9% | 5.6% | 2.3% | 1.2%
Gas | 7 | 11 | 31 | 59 | 88 | 86 | 86 | 4.6% | 11.2% | 6.8% | 4.0% | -0.2% | 0.0%
Electricity | 1 | 3 | 5 | 9 | 14 | 19 | 23 | 8.6% | 6.7% | 5.0% | 4.8% | 3.1% | 1.9%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 4.7% | 5.9% | 2.7%
Buildings | 17 | 39 | 58 | 72 | 85 | 78 | 72 | 8.6% | 4.1% | 2.2% | 1.7% | -0.9% | -0.8%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | -7.3% | -1.0% | -2.3% | -4.4% | -7.0%
Oil | 12 | 15 | 9 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 3.0% | -5.0% | -2.0% | -0.1% | -1.1% | -0.8%
Gas | 3 | 19 | 40 | 47 | 51 | 37 | 29 | 21.7% | 7.9% | 1.7% | 0.8% | -3.2% | -2.4%
Electricity | 3 | 5 | 8 | 14 | 23 | 31 | 32 | 5.3% | 6.5% | 5.1% | 5.2% | 3.1% | 0.3%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 31.7%
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | -1.8% | 16.3% | 18.4% | 1.0% | -1.1% | -0.8%
Agriculture | 4 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 13 | 0.4% | 4.0% | 1.3% | 2.0% | 1.9% | 1.6%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | -0.8% | 1.1% | -3.0% | 1.5% | 0.8% | -0.4%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | 6.6% | 1.5% | 1.0% | 0.0%
Electricity | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 9.4% | 10.2% | 5.9% | 2.5% | 2.8% | 2.6%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 14.1%
Transport | 13 | 25 | 40 | 45 | 54 | 60 | 63 | 6.6% | 4.7% | 1.4% | 1.7% | 1.1% | 0.5%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 13 | 25 | 35 | 43 | 44 | 44 | 41 | 6.6% | 3.4% | 2.0% | 0.4% | -0.1% | -0.6%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 5 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 10 | n.s. | n.s. | -7.0% | 8.5% | 3.6% | 2.8%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 6 | 8 | n.s. | 36.8% | 28.6% | 25.8% | 6.6% | 2.7%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 34.0% | 9.6% | 4.7%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 6 | 9 | 15 | 23 | 33 | 36 | 40 | 5.1% | 4.5% | 4.7% | 3.5% | 1.1% | 0.9%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Saudi Arabia | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 16 | 21 | 28 | 34 | 39 | 43 | 46 | 2.7% | 2.8% | 2.0% | 1.3% | 1.0% | 0.7%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 19 | 19 | 24 | 27 | 31 | 37 | 41 | 0.0% | 2.5% | 1.1% | 1.5% | 1.7% | 1.1%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 12 | 12 | 15 | 17 | 20 | 23 | 26 | 0.0% | 2.3% | 1.3% | 1.5% | 1.7% | 1.1%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 6 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | -1.5% | -7.1% | -0.5% | -0.2% | -0.2% | -0.1%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 49 | 54 | 58 | 46 | 44 | 42 | 40 | 1.0% | 0.8% | -2.4% | -0.4% | -0.5% | -0.4%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 45 | 41 | 39 | 52 | 54 | 56 | 58 | -1.0% | -0.5% | 2.8% | 0.4% | 0.4% | 0.3%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 12 | 18 | 12 | 14 | 16 | 17 | -3.4% | 3.6% | -3.7% | 1.5% | 1.0% | 1.0%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 77 | 84 | 99 | 119 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.6% | 0.9% | 1.6% | 1.9%
Gas | 28 | 24 | 47 | 58 | 46 | 57 | 74 | -1.2% | 6.8% | 2.1% | -2.2% | 2.2% | 2.5%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 211 | 316 | 545 | 739 | 798 | 665 | 546 | 4.1% | 5.6% | 3.1% | 0.8% | -1.8% | -2.0%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 211 | 316 | 545 | 739 | 799 | 666 | 548 | 4.1% | 5.6% | 3.1% | 0.8% | -1.8% | -1.9%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 211 | 316 | 545 | 739 | 799 | 666 | 548 | 4.1% | 5.6% | 3.1% | 0.8% | -1.8% | -1.9%
CO₂ | 171 | 266 | 477 | 641 | 703 | 604 | 490 | 4.5% | 6.0% | 3.0% | 0.9% | -1.5% | -2.1%
CH₄ | 31 | 43 | 60 | 88 | 85 | 55 | 51 | 3.5% | 3.4% | 3.8% | -0.3% | -4.3% | -0.7%
N₂O | 6 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 10 | 7 | 7 | 0.2% | 1.7% | 2.4% | 0.5% | -4.0% | -0.4%
F gases | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | -26.3% | 11.7% | 3.9% | 1.2% | -3.0% | -21.8%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 206 | 311 | 541 | 734 | 793 | 660 | 542 | 4.2% | 5.7% | 3.1% | 0.8% | -1.8% | -2.0%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 156 | 240 | 429 | 570 | 617 | 515 | 399 | 4.4% | 6.0% | 2.9% | 0.8% | -1.8% | -2.5%
Power generation/District heating | 59 | 104 | 181 | 251 | 254 | 195 | 94 | 5.9% | 5.7% | 3.4% | 0.1% | -2.6% | -7.1%
Industry | 28 | 53 | 112 | 146 | 167 | 150 | 144 | 6.5% | 7.8% | 2.7% | 1.4% | -1.1% | -0.4%
Buildings | 3 | 4 | 5 | 8 | 13 | 12 | 11 | 3.0% | 2.8% | 4.0% | 5.3% | -0.7% | -1.1%
Agriculture | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Transport | 49 | 61 | 106 | 142 | 156 | 133 | 126 | 2.1% | 5.8% | 2.9% | 0.9% | -1.6% | -0.5%
Other | 17 | 19 | 25 | 24 | 27 | 25 | 25 | 1.2% | 2.6% | -0.5% | 1.3% | -0.5% | -0.2%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 78 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 19.3%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 14.7%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 33 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 11.9%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 41 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 37.1%
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 380 | 491 | 559 | 787 | 891 | 1 005 | 1 081 | 2.6% | 1.3% | 3.5% | 1.2% | 1.2% | 0.7%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 352 | 450 | 486 | 688 | 709 | 752 | 807 | 2.5% | 0.8% | 3.5% | 0.3% | 0.6% | 0.7%
Natural gas | 28 | 41 | 72 | 98 | 180 | 246 | 263 | 3.9% | 5.8% | 3.1% | 6.3% | 3.2% | 0.7%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | -9.3% | 2.9% | n.s. | 3.0% | 6.2% | 3.9%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 5.5%
Hydro | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 8 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 13.8% | 8.8% | 5.4%
Net Imports | - 318 | - 393 | - 373 | - 553 | - 628 | - 765 | - 844 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 5 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | - 309 | - 383 | - 361 | - 544 | - 570 | - 651 | - 716 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | - 8 | - 10 | - 13 | - 9 | - 60 | - 121 | - 148 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 15 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 62 | 98 | 186 | 234 | 263 | 240 | 237 | 4.6% | 6.6% | 2.4% | 1.2% | -0.9% | -0.1%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 5 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 15.9% | 10.6% | 2.2%
Oil | 43 | 67 | 126 | 144 | 139 | 101 | 90 | 4.6% | 6.5% | 1.4% | -0.4% | -3.1% | -1.1%
Natural gas | 19 | 31 | 60 | 88 | 120 | 125 | 115 | 4.7% | 6.9% | 4.0% | 3.1% | 0.4% | -0.8%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 18 | -9.5% | 2.9% | n.s. | 5.8% | 15.4% | 14.1%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 5.5%
Hydro | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 8 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 13.8% | 8.8% | 5.4%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 62 | 98 | 186 | 234 | 263 | 240 | 237 | 4.6% | 6.6% | 2.4% | 1.2% | -0.9% | -0.1%
Energy for Power Generation | 22 | 37 | 65 | 92 | 98 | 90 | 89 | 5.6% | 5.7% | 3.6% | 0.6% | -0.8% | -0.1%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 6 | 5 | 17 | 4 | 6 | 6 | 8 | -0.4% | 12.3% | -13.7% | 3.3% | 1.3% | 1.9%
Final consumption | 39 | 64 | 121 | 164 | 191 | 178 | 179 | 4.9% | 6.6% | 3.1% | 1.6% | -0.7% | 0.0%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | 5.6% | 2.0% | 0.7% | 0.1%
Other Industry | 11 | 20 | 42 | 56 | 66 | 60 | 60 | 6.3% | 7.7% | 2.9% | 1.6% | -0.9% | 0.0%
Non-Energy Use | 7 | 14 | 25 | 34 | 40 | 37 | 37 | 7.1% | 5.7% | 3.0% | 1.6% | -0.6% | -0.1%
Residential | 3 | 6 | 11 | 15 | 18 | 17 | 18 | 5.9% | 6.1% | 3.5% | 1.4% | -0.2% | 0.2%
Services | 1 | 2 | 5 | 8 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 5.3% | 8.2% | 4.2% | 2.4% | 0.4% | 0.5%
Agriculture | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9.2% | 4.8% | 3.0% | 2.1% | 2.0% | 1.7%
Road | 16 | 20 | 35 | 46 | 53 | 48 | 48 | 2.2% | 5.8% | 3.0% | 1.3% | -1.0% | 0.0%
Rail | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Aviation | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2.0% | 0.5% | 2.9% | 0.0% | -4.6% | -0.9%
Other Transport | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 22 | 37 | 65 | 92 | 96 | 85 | 81 | 5.6% | 5.7% | 3.5% | 0.4% | -1.2% | -0.5%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 23.4% | 10.5% | 2.4%
Oil | 9 | 19 | 35 | 44 | 37 | 16 | 14 | 7.7% | 6.0% | 2.4% | -1.8% | -8.3% | -0.7%
Gas | 12 | 18 | 30 | 47 | 58 | 64 | 48 | 3.7% | 5.3% | 4.6% | 2.0% | 1.0% | -2.8%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 16 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 9.8% | 28.5% | 16.7%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 69 | 126 | 240 | 364 | 427 | 449 | 474 | 6.2% | 6.6% | 4.2% | 1.6% | 0.5% | 0.5%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 11 | 13 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 23.7% | 10.8% | 2.3%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 14.4%
Oil | 34 | 68 | 129 | 180 | 151 | 69 | 64 | 7.2% | 6.6% | 3.3% | -1.7% | -7.5% | -0.7%
Gas | 35 | 58 | 111 | 176 | 245 | 306 | 240 | 5.1% | 6.7% | 4.8% | 3.4% | 2.2% | -2.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 28 | 85 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 11.8%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 17 | 80 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 10.8% | 29.8% | 17.0%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 63 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 37.5%
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Hydro | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 23 | 29 | 33 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 13.2% | 2.5% | 1.2%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 18 | 44 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 23.3% | 23.1% | 9.1%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 29.5% | 16.2%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 24 | 31 | 60 | 93 | 94 | 106 | 117 | 2.6% | 6.8% | 4.5% | 0.1% | 1.3% | 0.9%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 23.8% | 10.9% | 2.0%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 14.1%
Oil | 13 | 18 | 33 | 50 | 41 | 34 | 32 | 3.2% | 6.4% | 4.4% | -2.1% | -1.9% | -0.6%
Gas | 11 | 13 | 27 | 40 | 41 | 46 | 33 | 1.9% | 7.2% | 3.9% | 0.4% | 1.2% | -3.2%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 11 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 11.7%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 11 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 10.8% | 29.9% | 16.6%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 37.3%
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Hydro | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 10 | 12 | 13 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 12.8% | 2.2% | 0.9%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 11 | 26 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 23.5% | 23.2% | 9.3%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 15.7%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 39 | 64 | 121 | 164 | 191 | 178 | 179 | 4.9% | 6.6% | 3.1% | 1.6% | -0.7% | 0.0%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 10.4% | 9.2% | 1.3%
Oil | 29 | 43 | 76 | 99 | 101 | 86 | 77 | 4.3% | 5.7% | 2.7% | 0.2% | -1.6% | -1.1%
Gas | 6 | 12 | 27 | 38 | 58 | 55 | 61 | 6.4% | 9.0% | 3.3% | 4.3% | -0.4% | 0.9%
Electricity | 5 | 9 | 17 | 26 | 30 | 32 | 34 | 6.1% | 7.4% | 4.0% | 1.6% | 0.6% | 0.6%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 7.1%
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | -9.6% | 2.9% | 55.4% | 6.5% | 6.1% | 6.0%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 0% | 0% | 0% | 1% | 2% | 6% | 14% | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 9.2% | 11.6% | 9.2%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 18 | 34 | 69 | 93 | 109 | 101 | 100 | 6.6% | 7.2% | 3.0% | 1.6% | -0.8% | 0.0%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 10.4% | 9.2% | 1.3%
Oil | 11 | 22 | 39 | 51 | 50 | 44 | 38 | 6.9% | 6.0% | 2.6% | -0.1% | -1.3% | -1.4%
Gas | 6 | 12 | 27 | 37 | 52 | 49 | 53 | 6.4% | 9.0% | 3.0% | 3.5% | -0.6% | 0.8%
Electricity | 1 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 4.2% | 8.7% | 6.7% | 2.5% | 0.9% | 0.7%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 0.1% | 1.1% | 6.9%
Buildings | 5 | 8 | 16 | 23 | 28 | 28 | 29 | 5.7% | 6.8% | 3.7% | 1.7% | 0.0% | 0.3%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 3.0% | 2.8% | 1.5% | -1.2% | -1.8% | -2.4%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 16.2% | 0.1% | -0.4%
Electricity | 4 | 7 | 15 | 21 | 23 | 22 | 22 | 6.3% | 7.3% | 3.5% | 0.9% | -0.3% | 0.2%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 7.1%
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -9.6% | 2.9% | 33.9% | 9.8% | 1.6% | 1.7%
Agriculture | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9.2% | 4.8% | 3.0% | 2.1% | 2.0% | 1.7%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9.2% | 4.8% | 3.0% | 2.1% | 2.0% | 1.7%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Transport | 16 | 20 | 35 | 47 | 54 | 48 | 49 | 2.2% | 5.6% | 3.0% | 1.3% | -1.0% | 0.0%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 16 | 20 | 35 | 47 | 50 | 41 | 38 | 2.2% | 5.6% | 2.9% | 0.6% | -1.9% | -0.8%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 5 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 24.6% | 3.2% | 3.0%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 31.8% | 8.8% | 3.2%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 41.4% | 13.3% | 6.9%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 6 | 5 | 17 | 4 | 6 | 6 | 8 | -0.4% | 12.3% | -13.7% | 3.3% | 1.3% | 1.9%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Turkey | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 54 | 63 | 72 | 82 | 88 | 93 | 96 | 1.6% | 1.3% | 1.3% | 0.6% | 0.6% | 0.3%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 8 | 10 | 13 | 16 | 21 | 26 | 31 | 2.0% | 2.5% | 2.4% | 2.8% | 2.2% | 1.6%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 5 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 13 | 16 | 19 | 2.0% | 2.5% | 2.5% | 2.8% | 2.2% | 1.6%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 18 | 11 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 7 | -4.6% | -1.8% | -1.3% | -0.7% | -0.5% | -0.3%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 32 | 31 | 26 | 26 | 25 | 24 | 23 | -0.3% | -1.7% | -0.1% | -0.5% | -0.5% | -0.4%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 50 | 57 | 64 | 66 | 68 | 69 | 70 | 1.4% | 1.1% | 0.2% | 0.3% | 0.2% | 0.2%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 12 | 18 | 13 | 14 | 16 | 18 | -3.4% | 3.6% | -2.8% | 0.9% | 1.0% | 1.1%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 77 | 84 | 99 | 119 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.6% | 0.9% | 1.6% | 1.9%
Gas | 18 | 21 | 30 | 46 | 51 | 60 | 73 | 1.4% | 3.8% | 4.4% | 1.0% | 1.6% | 2.0%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 137 | 238 | 309 | 421 | 532 | 522 | 407 | 5.6% | 2.6% | 3.1% | 2.4% | -0.2% | -2.5%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 181 | 288 | 367 | 464 | 571 | 593 | 504 | 4.7% | 2.4% | 2.4% | 2.1% | 0.4% | -1.6%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 181 | 288 | 367 | 464 | 567 | 593 | 504 | 4.7% | 2.4% | 2.4% | 2.0% | 0.4% | -1.6%
CO₂ | 135 | 216 | 291 | 375 | 472 | 519 | 445 | 4.8% | 3.0% | 2.6% | 2.3% | 1.0% | -1.5%
CH₄ | 34 | 53 | 57 | 65 | 68 | 52 | 40 | 4.7% | 0.7% | 1.3% | 0.5% | -2.7% | -2.5%
N₂O | 12 | 17 | 14 | 17 | 19 | 18 | 17 | 3.4% | -1.9% | 1.6% | 1.3% | -0.7% | -0.2%
F gases | 1 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 4 | 1 | 10.6% | 11.4% | 4.3% | 0.6% | -5.7% | -10.9%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 151 | 260 | 340 | 429 | 528 | 557 | 469 | 5.6% | 2.7% | 2.3% | 2.1% | 0.5% | -1.7%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 118 | 195 | 254 | 328 | 415 | 456 | 379 | 5.1% | 2.7% | 2.6% | 2.4% | 0.9% | -1.8%
Power generation/District heating | 31 | 68 | 96 | 116 | 179 | 207 | 164 | 8.1% | 3.6% | 1.9% | 4.5% | 1.4% | -2.3%
Industry | 28 | 52 | 44 | 41 | 45 | 52 | 46 | 6.5% | -1.7% | -0.7% | 0.9% | 1.5% | -1.3%
Buildings | 23 | 27 | 49 | 48 | 45 | 42 | 30 | 1.6% | 6.2% | -0.1% | -0.6% | -0.7% | -3.5%
Agriculture | 6 | 8 | 14 | 14 | 16 | 17 | 14 | 3.4% | 5.4% | -0.2% | 1.4% | 0.4% | -2.0%
Transport | 26 | 34 | 43 | 79 | 88 | 90 | 86 | 2.6% | 2.3% | 6.3% | 1.0% | 0.3% | -0.4%
Other | 4 | 6 | 8 | 30 | 42 | 48 | 39 | 3.2% | 3.3% | 13.9% | 3.6% | 1.2% | -1.9%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 20 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 24.2%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 15 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 22.0%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 35.4%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 41.6%
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 23 | 26 | 31 | 51 | 73 | 93 | 111 | 1.0% | 2.0% | 4.9% | 3.6% | 2.5% | 1.9%
Coal | 10 | 13 | 18 | 15 | 18 | 17 | 14 | 2.4% | 3.3% | -1.8% | 1.7% | -0.4% | -2.1%
Oil | 4 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 7 | -2.9% | -1.0% | 1.6% | 4.6% | 3.0% | 2.0%
Natural gas | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 11.6% | 0.7% | 3.3% | 8.0% | 7.8% | 5.1%
Biomass | 7 | 7 | 5 | 15 | 20 | 25 | 29 | -1.0% | -3.5% | 12.9% | 2.7% | 2.0% | 1.8%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 8 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 27.8% | 19.6% | 11.0%
Hydro | 2 | 3 | 4 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 2.9% | 5.3% | 4.2% | 1.9% | 1.1% | 0.7%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 1 | 10 | 20 | 30 | 38 | 13.1% | 14.3% | 22.9% | 7.2% | 4.1% | 2.5%
Net Imports | 26 | 50 | 73 | 85 | 104 | 117 | 103 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 4 | 10 | 14 | 21 | 38 | 44 | 34 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | 19 | 28 | 28 | 35 | 36 | 35 | 30 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | 3 | 12 | 31 | 36 | 37 | 43 | 43 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | - 8 | - 7 | - 7 | - 5 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 50 | 76 | 104 | 135 | 176 | 210 | 214 | 4.4% | 3.2% | 2.7% | 2.7% | 1.7% | 0.2%
Coal | 15 | 23 | 32 | 36 | 55 | 61 | 48 | 4.6% | 3.5% | 1.2% | 4.3% | 1.0% | -2.4%
Oil | 23 | 31 | 30 | 38 | 41 | 42 | 37 | 3.0% | -0.3% | 2.3% | 0.7% | 0.2% | -1.1%
Natural gas | 3 | 13 | 31 | 37 | 39 | 47 | 49 | 16.0% | 9.5% | 1.5% | 0.6% | 1.9% | 0.4%
Biomass | 7 | 7 | 5 | 7 | 13 | 18 | 25 | -1.0% | -3.5% | 5.0% | 5.5% | 3.5% | 3.2%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 8 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 27.8% | 19.6% | 11.0%
Hydro | 2 | 3 | 4 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 2.9% | 5.3% | 4.2% | 1.9% | 1.1% | 0.7%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 1 | 10 | 20 | 30 | 38 | 13.1% | 14.3% | 22.9% | 7.2% | 4.1% | 2.5%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 50 | 76 | 104 | 135 | 176 | 210 | 214 | 4.4% | 3.2% | 2.7% | 2.7% | 1.7% | 0.2%
Energy for Power Generation | 11 | 24 | 37 | 54 | 85 | 108 | 118 | 7.9% | 4.6% | 3.8% | 4.6% | 2.5% | 0.9%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 2 | 3 | 4 | 8 | 12 | 15 | 15 | 5.4% | 3.5% | 6.4% | 4.0% | 2.6% | 0.1%
Final consumption | 41 | 59 | 80 | 99 | 117 | 138 | 143 | 3.7% | 3.1% | 2.2% | 1.7% | 1.6% | 0.4%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 5 | 6 | 9 | 14 | 17 | 22 | 23 | 2.1% | 4.6% | 3.8% | 2.1% | 3.0% | 0.5%
Other Industry | 7 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 18 | 22 | 23 | 8.1% | 0.3% | -0.1% | 1.9% | 1.8% | 0.6%
Non-Energy Use | 3 | 4 | 7 | 8 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 2.3% | 7.3% | 1.2% | 1.7% | 1.6% | 0.3%
Residential | 15 | 18 | 23 | 22 | 23 | 26 | 25 | 1.8% | 2.7% | -0.4% | 0.6% | 1.0% | -0.3%
Services | 1 | 2 | 6 | 12 | 15 | 17 | 18 | 13.4% | 9.7% | 7.4% | 2.1% | 1.6% | 0.4%
Agriculture | 2 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 4.1% | 5.5% | -0.1% | 1.4% | 1.2% | 0.8%
Road | 8 | 11 | 13 | 22 | 27 | 31 | 32 | 2.3% | 2.4% | 5.2% | 2.0% | 1.2% | 0.4%
Rail | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.4% | -3.6% | 2.5% | 1.2% | 0.9% | 0.5%
Aviation | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9.5% | -5.7% | 3.7% | 4.4% | 2.9% | 1.7%
Other Transport | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -2.6% | 11.9% | 2.9% | 2.9% | 1.3% | -0.1%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 9 | 21 | 32 | 37 | 56 | 66 | 63 | 8.7% | 4.3% | 1.7% | 4.2% | 1.7% | -0.5%
Coal | 6 | 11 | 14 | 19 | 34 | 37 | 29 | 6.4% | 2.6% | 3.3% | 5.9% | 1.0% | -2.6%
Oil | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 8.9% | -14.3% | 0.5% | 4.4% | 7.9% | -1.1%
Gas | 2 | 7 | 17 | 16 | 18 | 23 | 25 | 13.3% | 8.7% | -0.4% | 1.1% | 2.3% | 0.9%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 6 | n.s. | 7.3% | 21.3% | 10.6% | 3.7% | 7.0%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -0.5% | 24.3% | 23.8% | 8.9% | 1.0% | -0.6%
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 58 | 125 | 211 | 301 | 438 | 602 | 719 | 8.1% | 5.4% | 3.6% | 3.8% | 3.2% | 1.8%
Coal | 20 | 38 | 55 | 76 | 138 | 159 | 126 | 6.6% | 3.7% | 3.3% | 6.1% | 1.4% | -2.3%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 13 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 33.2%
Oil | 4 | 9 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 9 | 8 | 9.0% | -13.5% | 1.9% | 4.5% | 8.0% | -0.9%
Gas | 10 | 46 | 98 | 99 | 107 | 131 | 146 | 16.3% | 7.8% | 0.1% | 0.8% | 2.0% | 1.1%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 42.0%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 9 | 15 | 31 | n.s. | 7.6% | 21.8% | 10.8% | 4.8% | 7.7%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 11 | 31 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 29.4% | 19.6% | 11.1%
Hydro | 23 | 31 | 52 | 78 | 94 | 104 | 112 | 2.9% | 5.3% | 4.2% | 1.9% | 1.1% | 0.7%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 3 | 32 | 51 | 111 | 167 | n.s. | 56.5% | 27.1% | 4.8% | 8.0% | 4.2%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 19 | 48 | 83 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 16.5% | 9.7% | 5.6%
Other | 0 | 0 | 1 | 6 | 13 | 15 | 16 | -0.5% | 24.3% | 23.7% | 8.9% | 1.3% | 0.3%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 17 | 27 | 49 | 102 | 140 | 206 | 256 | 5.0% | 6.1% | 7.6% | 3.2% | 3.9% | 2.2%
Coal | 6 | 7 | 12 | 17 | 24 | 28 | 27 | 2.9% | 5.1% | 3.5% | 3.4% | 1.8% | -0.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 33.1%
Oil | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | -2.7% | -0.4% | -2.0% | 1.9% | 4.5% | 1.0%
Gas | 2 | 7 | 18 | 31 | 37 | 49 | 50 | 12.3% | 10.0% | 5.6% | 1.7% | 2.8% | 0.1%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 43.0%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | n.s. | 11.5% | 21.7% | 5.5% | 4.3% | 7.9%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 5 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 29.1% | 19.4% | 10.8%
Hydro | 7 | 11 | 16 | 34 | 40 | 44 | 47 | 5.1% | 3.5% | 7.9% | 1.6% | 1.0% | 0.7%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 1 | 14 | 23 | 45 | 64 | n.s. | 53.0% | 26.9% | 4.6% | 7.1% | 3.4%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 12 | 31 | 54 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 16.8% | 9.9% | 5.7%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0.0% | 20.2% | 22.2% | 8.9% | 2.7% | 0.8%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 41 | 59 | 80 | 99 | 117 | 138 | 143 | 3.7% | 3.1% | 2.2% | 1.7% | 1.6% | 0.4%
Coal | 8 | 12 | 17 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 10 | 3.5% | 3.3% | -3.5% | 1.1% | 0.6% | -3.2%
Oil | 20 | 26 | 28 | 37 | 39 | 39 | 35 | 2.5% | 0.8% | 2.7% | 0.6% | 0.0% | -1.0%
Gas | 1 | 5 | 13 | 19 | 19 | 22 | 21 | 21.0% | 10.3% | 3.8% | 0.2% | 1.5% | -0.3%
Electricity | 4 | 8 | 15 | 21 | 31 | 43 | 51 | 7.9% | 5.9% | 3.7% | 3.9% | 3.3% | 1.8%
Heat | 0 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 12.4% | 9.2% | 3.6% | 1.2% | 1.7% | 1.8%
Biomass & Other | 7 | 6 | 4 | 6 | 10 | 15 | 18 | -1.1% | -3.7% | 3.8% | 4.6% | 3.6% | 2.4%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 24% | 16% | 13% | 19% | 26% | 34% | 44% | -3.7% | -2.4% | 4.3% | 3.0% | 2.6% | 2.7%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 15 | 24 | 32 | 37 | 45 | 55 | 58 | 5.3% | 2.7% | 1.4% | 2.0% | 2.2% | 0.5%
Coal | 5 | 10 | 9 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 9 | 6.5% | -0.8% | -3.6% | 2.5% | 2.5% | -1.7%
Oil | 6 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 2.9% | -0.2% | 0.8% | 0.1% | -0.4% | -1.3%
Gas | 1 | 2 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 10.1% | 14.0% | 2.7% | -0.6% | 0.7% | -0.3%
Electricity | 2 | 4 | 7 | 10 | 15 | 21 | 25 | 5.4% | 5.3% | 4.2% | 3.9% | 3.7% | 1.9%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 50.7% | 10.9% | 4.2% | -0.2% | -0.3% | -0.2%
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 6 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 11.0% | 5.4% | 2.7%
Buildings | 15 | 20 | 29 | 34 | 38 | 43 | 43 | 2.6% | 3.7% | 1.7% | 1.1% | 1.3% | 0.0%
Coal | 3 | 2 | 7 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 1 | -4.5% | 13.9% | -3.3% | -0.8% | -3.5% | -9.8%
Oil | 3 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1.4% | -8.7% | -1.7% | 0.8% | 0.8% | -0.6%
Gas | 0 | 3 | 6 | 10 | 9 | 10 | 9 | 50.4% | 7.5% | 4.5% | -0.6% | 1.0% | -1.6%
Electricity | 1 | 4 | 7 | 10 | 14 | 17 | 20 | 10.7% | 6.5% | 3.3% | 2.9% | 2.4% | 1.4%
Heat | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 7.4% | 8.0% | 3.0% | 2.2% | 2.9% | 2.7%
Biomass & Other | 7 | 6 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 7 | -1.1% | -3.7% | 1.1% | 1.7% | 1.1% | 0.2%
Agriculture | 2 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 4.1% | 5.5% | -0.1% | 1.4% | 1.2% | 0.8%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | 28.0% | 0.0% | -1.2% | -4.3%
Oil | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 3.4% | 5.3% | -0.3% | 1.4% | 0.4% | -2.0%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | 13.0% | 1.2% | 0.4% | -1.3%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 18.2% | 6.2% | 0.3% | 1.7% | 2.9% | 4.4%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 15.9%
Transport | 9 | 12 | 14 | 24 | 29 | 33 | 35 | 2.4% | 2.1% | 5.1% | 2.1% | 1.3% | 0.5%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 9 | 12 | 14 | 23 | 24 | 24 | 22 | 2.4% | 2.1% | 4.7% | 0.7% | -0.1% | -0.8%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 4 | n.s. | 36.7% | 16.8% | 19.2% | 6.4% | 3.3%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 8.3% | -6.5% | 22.3% | 22.3% | 5.9% | 3.0%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | 54.5% | 10.7% | 6.7% | 3.6%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 2 | 3 | 4 | 8 | 12 | 15 | 15 | 5.4% | 3.5% | 6.4% | 4.0% | 2.6% | 0.1%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Mediterranean Middle East | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 27 | 36 | 46 | 54 | 65 | 73 | 80 | 2.9% | 2.5% | 1.6% | 1.9% | 1.2% | 1.0%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 5 | 7 | 8 | 10 | 12 | 15 | 20 | 2.7% | 1.5% | 1.8% | 2.0% | 2.5% | 2.4%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 3 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 9 | 12 | 4.0% | -0.1% | 1.8% | 2.0% | 2.5% | 2.4%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 6 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -4.3% | -11.8% | 1.3% | -0.9% | -0.9% | -0.7%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 6 | 8 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 3.1% | -4.2% | 1.5% | -0.2% | -0.3% | -0.4%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 89 | 88 | 94 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 94 | 0.0% | 0.6% | -0.1% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 12 | 18 | 12 | 14 | 16 | 17 | -3.4% | 3.6% | -3.7% | 1.5% | 1.0% | 1.0%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 77 | 84 | 99 | 119 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.6% | 0.9% | 1.6% | 1.9%
Gas | 28 | 24 | 47 | 58 | 46 | 57 | 74 | -1.2% | 6.8% | 2.1% | -2.2% | 2.2% | 2.5%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 110 | 166 | 197 | 195 | 220 | 250 | 277 | 4.2% | 1.7% | -0.1% | 1.2% | 1.3% | 1.0%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 110 | 167 | 198 | 196 | 222 | 252 | 279 | 4.3% | 1.7% | -0.1% | 1.2% | 1.3% | 1.0%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 110 | 167 | 198 | 196 | 222 | 252 | 279 | 4.3% | 1.7% | -0.1% | 1.2% | 1.3% | 1.0%
CO₂ | 90 | 140 | 168 | 176 | 201 | 227 | 251 | 4.6% | 1.8% | 0.5% | 1.3% | 1.2% | 1.0%
CH₄ | 12 | 17 | 19 | 12 | 14 | 19 | 23 | 4.0% | 0.8% | -4.3% | 1.2% | 3.0% | 2.0%
N₂O | 7 | 7 | 8 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 0.6% | 1.2% | -7.7% | -0.7% | 0.7% | 0.4%
F gases | 1 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 3.4% | 6.6% | 4.5% | -1.3% | -4.2% | -8.6%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 101 | 157 | 187 | 194 | 219 | 249 | 275 | 4.5% | 1.7% | 0.4% | 1.2% | 1.3% | 1.0%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 81 | 127 | 158 | 164 | 185 | 207 | 228 | 4.6% | 2.2% | 0.3% | 1.2% | 1.1% | 1.0%
Power generation/District heating | 29 | 59 | 88 | 95 | 108 | 119 | 127 | 7.3% | 4.1% | 0.7% | 1.3% | 1.0% | 0.7%
Industry | 8 | 10 | 13 | 14 | 17 | 20 | 25 | 2.4% | 2.3% | 0.6% | 2.1% | 1.8% | 2.2%
Buildings | 14 | 17 | 18 | 14 | 13 | 13 | 14 | 2.1% | 0.9% | -3.0% | -0.5% | 0.4% | 0.8%
Agriculture | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4.0% | 2.5% | -3.2% | 0.7% | -0.1% | -0.2%
Transport | 21 | 31 | 31 | 34 | 38 | 43 | 48 | 4.0% | 0.1% | 1.0% | 1.0% | 1.3% | 0.9%
Other | 9 | 8 | 6 | 6 | 9 | 11 | 13 | -0.2% | -3.9% | 1.2% | 2.9% | 2.4% | 1.6%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 7 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 22.3% | 13.0%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 6 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 23.4% | 12.8%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 27.9% | 14.9%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 0.9% | 10.6%
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 22 | 33 | 31 | 11 | 20 | 31 | 48 | 4.0% | -0.6% | -9.7% | 5.8% | 4.5% | 4.7%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5.4% | 0.1% | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 20 | 27 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 3.1% | -3.1% | -50.6% | 19.3% | 28.3% | 15.9%
Natural gas | 1 | 4 | 9 | 9 | 14 | 19 | 25 | 12.2% | 7.8% | -0.6% | 4.4% | 3.3% | 2.6%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3.0% | 1.3% | 8.8% | 6.2% | 0.9% | 0.6%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 5 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 31.3% | 15.4% | 10.1%
Hydro | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.5% | -0.6% | 0.2% | 0.9% | 0.5% | 0.2%
Other renewables | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 8 | 12 | 4.8% | 6.7% | 2.4% | 10.6% | 5.4% | 5.1%
Net Imports | 5 | 10 | 27 | 47 | 52 | 59 | 63 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 2 | 7 | 8 | 11 | 14 | 19 | 23 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | 2 | 3 | 15 | 35 | 32 | 25 | 21 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | 0 | 0 | 5 | 1 | 5 | 12 | 11 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 7 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 27 | 43 | 58 | 58 | 72 | 89 | 111 | 4.8% | 3.0% | 0.0% | 2.1% | 2.2% | 2.2%
Coal | 2 | 7 | 8 | 11 | 14 | 19 | 23 | 11.2% | 1.4% | 4.3% | 2.0% | 3.0% | 1.9%
Oil | 23 | 31 | 35 | 35 | 32 | 26 | 26 | 3.2% | 1.1% | 0.1% | -0.8% | -2.2% | 0.2%
Natural gas | 1 | 5 | 15 | 10 | 19 | 31 | 36 | 12.4% | 11.8% | -4.0% | 6.9% | 5.0% | 1.5%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 8 | 2.9% | 1.3% | 12.4% | 11.6% | 9.5% | 8.4%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 5 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 31.3% | 15.4% | 10.1%
Hydro | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.5% | -0.6% | 0.2% | 0.9% | 0.5% | 0.2%
Other renewables | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 8 | 12 | 4.8% | 6.7% | 2.4% | 10.6% | 5.4% | 5.1%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 27 | 43 | 58 | 58 | 72 | 89 | 111 | 4.8% | 3.0% | 0.0% | 2.1% | 2.2% | 2.2%
Energy for Power Generation | 9 | 19 | 31 | 31 | 39 | 49 | 63 | 7.0% | 5.2% | 0.0% | 2.5% | 2.3% | 2.5%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 8 | -1.6% | -5.0% | 3.9% | 5.5% | 4.7% | 3.4%
Final consumption | 18 | 29 | 37 | 37 | 46 | 58 | 73 | 4.9% | 2.4% | 0.0% | 2.2% | 2.3% | 2.3%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 17.8% | 2.5% | -1.8% | 1.7% | 1.5% | 2.3%
Other Industry | 3 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 13 | 2.1% | 2.7% | 0.6% | 2.8% | 2.9% | 3.2%
Non-Energy Use | 1 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 11.9% | -1.9% | -1.6% | 2.2% | 2.0% | 2.1%
Residential | 3 | 6 | 8 | 7 | 9 | 10 | 13 | 6.2% | 3.3% | -1.0% | 1.6% | 1.9% | 2.0%
Services | 3 | 4 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 12 | 1.7% | 3.3% | -0.3% | 2.7% | 2.7% | 2.8%
Agriculture | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4.6% | 2.7% | -0.9% | 2.0% | 1.9% | 1.8%
Road | 6 | 9 | 12 | 14 | 17 | 21 | 25 | 3.7% | 3.1% | 1.2% | 2.1% | 2.3% | 1.9%
Rail | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Aviation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 32.7% | -12.2% | -2.4% | 4.0% | 3.9% | 3.2%
Other Transport | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | 5.8% | -2.2% | 2.6% | 2.1% | 1.8%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 9 | 18 | 29 | 29 | 34 | 40 | 46 | 7.3% | 5.2% | -0.2% | 1.7% | 1.5% | 1.5%
Coal | 2 | 6 | 7 | 11 | 13 | 17 | 19 | 10.6% | 1.7% | 3.7% | 1.8% | 2.7% | 1.5%
Oil | 6 | 9 | 9 | 12 | 10 | 4 | 4 | 4.5% | 0.3% | 2.4% | -1.5% | -8.8% | 0.7%
Gas | 1 | 2 | 13 | 6 | 11 | 17 | 17 | 13.8% | 18.1% | -6.7% | 5.4% | 4.9% | 0.2%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 5 | n.s. | n.s. | 9.6% | 25.3% | 13.8% | 10.5%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 38 | 85 | 136 | 137 | 183 | 256 | 359 | 8.5% | 4.8% | 0.1% | 3.0% | 3.4% | 3.5%
Coal | 10 | 29 | 34 | 49 | 59 | 78 | 93 | 10.9% | 1.6% | 3.6% | 1.9% | 2.9% | 1.8%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 24.9%
Oil | 21 | 42 | 39 | 50 | 43 | 18 | 19 | 7.0% | -0.8% | 2.7% | -1.5% | -8.5% | 0.8%
Gas | 3 | 10 | 59 | 30 | 53 | 92 | 101 | 13.6% | 19.3% | -6.5% | 5.8% | 5.6% | 1.0%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 17.5%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 8 | 24 | n.s. | n.s. | 11.5% | 26.5% | 14.5% | 11.0%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 8 | 20 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 31.5% | 15.5% | 10.2%
Hydro | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 1.5% | -0.6% | 0.2% | 0.9% | 0.5% | 0.2%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 22 | 53 | 11.6% | 13.9% | 44.1% | 29.2% | 14.8% | 9.1%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 15 | 26 | 45 | n.s. | n.s. | 37.7% | 17.2% | 6.1% | 5.5%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 30.1% | 16.1% | 12.5%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 11 | 20 | 27 | 38 | 49 | 62 | 91 | 6.4% | 2.8% | 3.3% | 2.7% | 2.4% | 3.9%
Coal | 2 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 10 | 12 | 14 | 7.8% | 1.2% | 4.1% | 3.7% | 1.7% | 1.5%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 24.9%
Oil | 7 | 9 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 2.9% | -4.3% | 1.5% | -0.9% | -2.1% | 0.7%
Gas | 1 | 5 | 15 | 19 | 18 | 16 | 17 | 19.5% | 11.5% | 2.9% | -0.8% | -1.2% | 0.9%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 17.8%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | 7.5% | 26.5% | 14.4% | 11.0%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 31.2% | 15.3% | 10.0%
Hydro | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4.6% | -2.0% | -0.4% | 0.9% | 0.5% | 0.2%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 9 | 19 | n.s. | 18.1% | 38.8% | 28.0% | 14.0% | 8.5%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 10 | 16 | 27 | n.s. | n.s. | 40.9% | 16.2% | 5.3% | 4.9%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 15.6% | 12.0%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 18 | 29 | 37 | 37 | 46 | 58 | 73 | 4.9% | 2.4% | 0.0% | 2.2% | 2.3% | 2.3%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 30.2% | -0.1% | 17.7% | 4.0% | 3.8% | 4.1%
Oil | 14 | 20 | 24 | 22 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 3.5% | 1.9% | -0.9% | -0.4% | -0.1% | 0.1%
Gas | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 7 | 11 | 15 | 11.5% | -2.5% | 3.8% | 9.7% | 5.2% | 3.2%
Electricity | 3 | 6 | 9 | 10 | 13 | 19 | 26 | 8.4% | 4.8% | 0.3% | 3.1% | 3.5% | 3.5%
Heat | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4.8% | 6.6% | 0.5% | 7.3% | 2.2% | 1.6%
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 2.9% | -0.1% | 11.4% | 9.7% | 8.2% | 5.8%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 4% | 4% | 5% | 6% | 13% | 20% | 29% | -0.7% | 1.4% | 3.0% | 7.9% | 4.3% | 3.6%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 5 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 12 | 16 | 21 | 6.9% | 0.9% | -0.5% | 2.5% | 2.5% | 2.8%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 30.2% | -0.1% | 17.7% | 4.0% | 3.8% | 4.1%
Oil | 4 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 2.7% | 1.1% | -1.6% | 0.5% | 0.2% | 0.6%
Gas | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 55.4% | -2.5% | -0.6% | 5.6% | 3.7% | 3.1%
Electricity | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 7.3% | 3.7% | -0.7% | 2.8% | 3.5% | 4.0%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | -0.2% | -0.3% | -0.2%
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 16.2% | 10.0% | 7.1%
Buildings | 7 | 10 | 14 | 13 | 16 | 20 | 25 | 4.1% | 3.3% | -0.7% | 2.1% | 2.3% | 2.4%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 4 | 5 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3.5% | 0.9% | -4.1% | -3.2% | -2.7% | -1.5%
Gas | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 11.2% | 5.1% | 2.7%
Electricity | 2 | 4 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 11 | 14 | 9.1% | 5.4% | 0.4% | 1.9% | 2.7% | 3.0%
Heat | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4.8% | 6.6% | 0.5% | 7.3% | 2.2% | 1.6%
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2.9% | -0.1% | 7.3% | 4.1% | 6.7% | 4.6%
Agriculture | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4.6% | 2.7% | -0.9% | 2.0% | 1.9% | 1.8%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4.0% | 2.5% | -3.2% | 0.7% | -0.1% | -0.2%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5.8% | 3.0% | 2.5% | 2.7% | 2.8% | 2.6%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 11.7% | 5.1%
Transport | 6 | 9 | 12 | 14 | 17 | 21 | 25 | 4.0% | 2.8% | 1.2% | 2.1% | 2.3% | 1.9%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 6 | 9 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 14 | 4.0% | 2.8% | 0.8% | 0.0% | 0.3% | 0.1%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 5 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 19.8% | 7.2% | 3.8%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 27.4% | 7.6% | 4.8%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 16.6% | 8.8% | 6.2%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 8 | -1.6% | -5.0% | 3.9% | 5.5% | 4.7% | 3.4%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Rest Persian Gulf | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 34 | 48 | 69 | 90 | 111 | 133 | 155 | 3.3% | 3.8% | 2.7% | 2.1% | 1.8% | 1.5%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 6 | 11 | 12 | 11 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 7.2% | 0.5% | -0.7% | 1.6% | 0.9% | 0.4%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 5 | 7 | 8 | 10 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 4.2% | 1.3% | 2.3% | 1.6% | 0.9% | 0.4%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4.8% | -4.8% | -11.9% | -0.7% | -0.3% | -0.1%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 4 | 17 | 29 | 24 | 24 | 23 | 23 | 16.5% | 5.6% | -1.9% | -0.2% | -0.1% | -0.1%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 96 | 82 | 70 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 77 | -1.5% | -1.6% | 0.8% | 0.1% | 0.0% | 0.0%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 12 | 18 | 12 | 14 | 16 | 17 | -3.4% | 3.6% | -3.7% | 1.5% | 1.0% | 1.0%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 77 | 84 | 99 | 119 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.6% | 0.9% | 1.6% | 1.9%
Gas | 28 | 24 | 47 | 58 | 46 | 57 | 74 | -1.2% | 6.8% | 2.1% | -2.2% | 2.2% | 2.5%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 284 | 413 | 685 | 930 | 1 130 | 1 058 | 1 021 | 3.8% | 5.2% | 3.1% | 2.0% | -0.7% | -0.4%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 284 | 415 | 686 | 931 | 1 131 | 1 059 | 1 023 | 3.8% | 5.2% | 3.1% | 2.0% | -0.7% | -0.3%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 284 | 415 | 686 | 931 | 1 131 | 1 059 | 1 023 | 3.8% | 5.2% | 3.1% | 2.0% | -0.7% | -0.3%
CO₂ | 214 | 319 | 540 | 731 | 918 | 910 | 873 | 4.1% | 5.4% | 3.1% | 2.3% | -0.1% | -0.4%
CH₄ | 57 | 85 | 131 | 187 | 198 | 137 | 140 | 4.2% | 4.4% | 3.7% | 0.5% | -3.6% | 0.2%
N₂O | 10 | 9 | 12 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 8 | -1.3% | 2.8% | -3.9% | 1.0% | -0.2% | -0.1%
F gases | 4 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 3 | 2 | -5.5% | 6.0% | 1.6% | 2.6% | -5.6% | -7.6%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 273 | 402 | 670 | 924 | 1 123 | 1 051 | 1 015 | 3.9% | 5.3% | 3.3% | 2.0% | -0.7% | -0.4%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 174 | 277 | 479 | 655 | 817 | 809 | 771 | 4.8% | 5.6% | 3.2% | 2.2% | -0.1% | -0.5%
Power generation/District heating | 60 | 105 | 207 | 257 | 318 | 320 | 294 | 5.7% | 7.1% | 2.2% | 2.1% | 0.1% | -0.9%
Industry | 44 | 67 | 112 | 181 | 241 | 225 | 219 | 4.3% | 5.3% | 4.9% | 2.9% | -0.7% | -0.3%
Buildings | 9 | 15 | 19 | 22 | 28 | 30 | 28 | 4.8% | 2.6% | 1.4% | 2.6% | 0.7% | -0.7%
Agriculture | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 11.0% | -5.2% | 0.8% | 1.4% | 0.4% | -0.7%
Transport | 42 | 55 | 83 | 106 | 113 | 113 | 113 | 2.8% | 4.2% | 2.5% | 0.6% | 0.0% | 0.0%
Other | 19 | 35 | 58 | 88 | 116 | 120 | 115 | 6.1% | 5.2% | 4.2% | 2.8% | 0.3% | -0.4%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 45 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 34.4%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 32.0%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 43 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 34.7%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 10.9%
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 351 | 539 | 719 | 1 109 | 1 333 | 1 381 | 1 413 | 4.4% | 2.9% | 4.4% | 1.9% | 0.4% | 0.2%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 314 | 460 | 517 | 762 | 814 | 882 | 950 | 3.9% | 1.2% | 3.9% | 0.7% | 0.8% | 0.7%
Natural gas | 36 | 79 | 202 | 346 | 516 | 493 | 452 | 8.1% | 9.8% | 5.5% | 4.1% | -0.5% | -0.9%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2.4% | 6.3% | 17.9% | 5.7% | 1.7% | -1.7%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 3.2%
Hydro | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -13.5% | 22.8% | 2.0% | 0.6% | 0.9% | 0.8%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 9 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 13.4% | 16.1% | 9.2%
Net Imports | - 282 | - 429 | - 518 | - 816 | - 960 | -1 000 | -1 023 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | - 279 | - 409 | - 433 | - 671 | - 724 | - 799 | - 866 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | - 3 | - 19 | - 86 | - 149 | - 240 | - 209 | - 169 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 69 | 111 | 202 | 293 | 373 | 381 | 390 | 4.8% | 6.2% | 3.8% | 2.4% | 0.2% | 0.2%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8 | n.s. | n.s. | 11.1% | 4.2% | 5.2% | 2.9%
Oil | 35 | 51 | 84 | 91 | 90 | 83 | 84 | 3.7% | 5.1% | 0.9% | -0.1% | -0.9% | 0.1%
Natural gas | 33 | 60 | 116 | 197 | 276 | 284 | 283 | 6.0% | 6.9% | 5.5% | 3.4% | 0.3% | 0.0%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 2.5% | 6.3% | 18.4% | 7.6% | 6.1% | 5.8%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 3.2%
Hydro | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -13.5% | 22.8% | 2.0% | 0.6% | 0.9% | 0.8%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 9 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 13.4% | 16.1% | 9.2%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 69 | 111 | 202 | 293 | 373 | 381 | 390 | 4.8% | 6.2% | 3.8% | 2.4% | 0.2% | 0.2%
Energy for Power Generation | 23 | 40 | 79 | 102 | 130 | 140 | 148 | 5.7% | 7.2% | 2.6% | 2.4% | 0.7% | 0.5%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 7 | 13 | 26 | 49 | 63 | 66 | 69 | 6.0% | 6.9% | 6.7% | 2.6% | 0.4% | 0.4%
Final consumption | 44 | 68 | 116 | 173 | 224 | 230 | 237 | 4.3% | 5.5% | 4.1% | 2.6% | 0.2% | 0.3%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 2 | 3 | 6 | 13 | 19 | 19 | 20 | 5.6% | 5.2% | 8.3% | 4.1% | 0.0% | 0.2%
Other Industry | 17 | 26 | 43 | 67 | 88 | 79 | 78 | 4.6% | 5.2% | 4.6% | 2.7% | -1.0% | -0.2%
Non-Energy Use | 5 | 6 | 13 | 20 | 28 | 31 | 33 | 3.5% | 7.1% | 4.5% | 3.5% | 1.1% | 0.6%
Residential | 6 | 9 | 14 | 18 | 23 | 27 | 29 | 4.4% | 4.2% | 2.8% | 2.4% | 1.5% | 0.7%
Services | 1 | 3 | 8 | 13 | 19 | 23 | 26 | 11.3% | 10.6% | 5.0% | 3.7% | 2.0% | 1.0%
Agriculture | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8.0% | -4.4% | 1.3% | 1.5% | 1.2% | 1.0%
Road | 14 | 19 | 32 | 41 | 46 | 49 | 51 | 3.3% | 5.1% | 2.6% | 1.1% | 0.5% | 0.5%
Rail | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Aviation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | 1.8% | 0.5% | -0.2% | 0.6%
Other Transport | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 23 | 40 | 79 | 102 | 129 | 136 | 138 | 5.8% | 7.1% | 2.5% | 2.4% | 0.5% | 0.2%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 25.5% | 10.9% | 6.1%
Oil | 9 | 14 | 26 | 24 | 19 | 5 | 5 | 5.0% | 6.6% | -0.9% | -2.3% | -12.2% | 0.3%
Gas | 14 | 26 | 53 | 77 | 109 | 128 | 127 | 6.3% | 7.4% | 3.9% | 3.5% | 1.6% | -0.1%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 17.9% | 11.6%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 79 | 140 | 284 | 454 | 637 | 757 | 839 | 5.9% | 7.4% | 4.8% | 3.5% | 1.7% | 1.0%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 9 | 16 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 25.8% | 11.2% | 6.2%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 39.5%
Oil | 31 | 53 | 62 | 102 | 80 | 23 | 24 | 5.6% | 1.6% | 5.1% | -2.3% | -11.8% | 0.4%
Gas | 45 | 86 | 218 | 343 | 537 | 681 | 706 | 6.7% | 9.7% | 4.7% | 4.6% | 2.4% | 0.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 93 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 39.8%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 15 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 18.5% | 12.1%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Hydro | 3 | 1 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | -13.5% | 22.8% | 2.0% | 0.6% | 0.9% | 0.8%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 14 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 30.1% | 20.9% | 13.5%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 9 | 28 | 56 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 12.8% | 12.1% | 7.0%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 29.2% | 17.9%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 26 | 35 | 68 | 116 | 132 | 159 | 179 | 2.9% | 6.9% | 5.5% | 1.3% | 1.9% | 1.2%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 25.8% | 11.3% | 6.3%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 39.7%
Oil | 14 | 14 | 16 | 25 | 18 | 16 | 16 | -0.1% | 1.2% | 4.9% | -3.4% | -1.2% | 0.2%
Gas | 10 | 18 | 50 | 86 | 105 | 121 | 118 | 5.7% | 10.5% | 5.6% | 2.1% | 1.4% | -0.2%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 40.0%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 18.6% | 12.2%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Hydro | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4.7% | -0.4% | 2.3% | 0.6% | 0.9% | 0.8%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 5 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 29.0% | 20.1% | 12.7%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 16 | 31 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 12.9% | 12.2% | 7.1%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 17.4%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 44 | 68 | 116 | 173 | 224 | 230 | 237 | 4.3% | 5.5% | 4.1% | 2.6% | 0.2% | 0.3%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | 10.8% | 2.3% | 2.9% | 0.3%
Oil | 24 | 33 | 53 | 67 | 74 | 81 | 80 | 3.3% | 4.7% | 2.5% | 1.0% | 0.8% | -0.1%
Gas | 15 | 25 | 43 | 72 | 102 | 90 | 89 | 5.2% | 5.7% | 5.3% | 3.6% | -1.3% | -0.1%
Electricity | 6 | 10 | 19 | 31 | 44 | 52 | 58 | 6.2% | 6.8% | 4.9% | 3.4% | 1.7% | 1.0%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 12.1%
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 2.5% | 6.3% | 17.5% | 8.1% | 6.1% | 3.7%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 1% | 0% | 0% | 1% | 1% | 3% | 6% | -11.7% | 9.8% | 5.1% | 3.5% | 10.2% | 7.5%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 23 | 36 | 61 | 100 | 135 | 130 | 130 | 4.5% | 5.6% | 5.0% | 3.1% | -0.4% | 0.0%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | 10.8% | 2.3% | 2.9% | 0.3%
Oil | 7 | 9 | 14 | 20 | 27 | 35 | 36 | 2.4% | 5.0% | 3.5% | 3.0% | 2.6% | 0.3%
Gas | 15 | 24 | 43 | 70 | 94 | 79 | 77 | 5.1% | 5.8% | 5.0% | 3.1% | -1.8% | -0.3%
Electricity | 1 | 3 | 4 | 7 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 6.3% | 3.1% | 7.5% | 4.0% | 0.8% | 1.0%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | -1.7% | 1.3% | 2.1%
Buildings | 7 | 12 | 22 | 32 | 43 | 51 | 55 | 5.7% | 6.1% | 3.7% | 3.0% | 1.8% | 0.9%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 3 | 4 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4.6% | 2.7% | -0.5% | -2.1% | -1.8% | -2.3%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 6 | 8 | 8 | 12.0% | -2.7% | 26.4% | 13.1% | 2.9% | 0.3%
Electricity | 4 | 7 | 16 | 24 | 32 | 37 | 41 | 6.2% | 7.9% | 4.2% | 2.8% | 1.7% | 0.8%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 12.1%
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2.5% | 6.3% | 10.0% | 3.7% | 2.9% | 0.8%
Agriculture | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8.0% | -4.4% | 1.3% | 1.5% | 1.2% | 1.0%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11.0% | -5.2% | 0.8% | 1.4% | 0.4% | -0.7%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -24.9% | 22.5% | 5.8% | 2.4% | 4.7% | 5.3%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 14.6%
Transport | 14 | 19 | 32 | 41 | 46 | 49 | 51 | 3.3% | 5.2% | 2.6% | 1.1% | 0.5% | 0.5%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 14 | 19 | 32 | 41 | 42 | 41 | 41 | 3.3% | 5.2% | 2.5% | 0.3% | -0.2% | -0.2%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 25.0% | 5.5% | 3.5%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 31.3% | 6.8% | 3.5%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 29.7% | 8.8% | 4.8%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 7 | 13 | 26 | 49 | 63 | 66 | 69 | 6.0% | 6.9% | 6.7% | 2.6% | 0.4% | 0.4%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

China | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 1 155 | 1 270 | 1 342 | 1 403 | 1 416 | 1 395 | 1 349 | 1.0% | 0.5% | 0.5% | 0.1% | -0.1% | -0.3%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 1 | 3 | 7 | 13 | 21 | 30 | 38 | 8.9% | 9.6% | 6.5% | 4.9% | 3.6% | 2.3%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 1 | 1 | 3 | 6 | 9 | 13 | 16 | 8.6% | 9.4% | 6.4% | 4.9% | 3.6% | 2.3%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 22 | 13 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 7 | -5.2% | -3.3% | -1.3% | -0.9% | -0.4% | -0.2%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 34 | 41 | 45 | 38 | 33 | 28 | 24 | 2.1% | 0.8% | -1.6% | -1.3% | -1.6% | -1.5%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 44 | 46 | 46 | 54 | 59 | 65 | 69 | 0.3% | 0.1% | 1.6% | 1.0% | 0.9% | 0.6%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 26 | 10 | 23 | 20 | 21 | 23 | 24 | -9.4% | 8.8% | -1.3% | 0.7% | 0.5% | 0.5%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 77 | 84 | 99 | 119 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.6% | 0.9% | 1.6% | 1.9%
Gas | 28 | 24 | 47 | 58 | 46 | 57 | 74 | -1.2% | 6.8% | 2.1% | -2.2% | 2.2% | 2.5%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 3 707 | 4 773 | 10 942 | 13 855 | 13 817 | 11 954 | 9 544 | 2.6% | 8.7% | 2.4% | 0.0% | -1.4% | -2.2%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 3 811 | 5 105 | 11 235 | 14 218 | 14 268 | 12 374 | 10 066 | 3.0% | 8.2% | 2.4% | 0.0% | -1.4% | -2.0%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 3 811 | 5 105 | 11 235 | 14 218 | 14 268 | 12 374 | 10 066 | 3.0% | 8.2% | 2.4% | 0.0% | -1.4% | -2.0%
CO₂ | 2 445 | 3 632 | 8 884 | 11 392 | 12 177 | 10 490 | 8 477 | 4.0% | 9.4% | 2.5% | 0.7% | -1.5% | -2.1%
CH₄ | 1 016 | 1 045 | 1 644 | 1 843 | 1 162 | 1 103 | 1 008 | 0.3% | 4.6% | 1.1% | -4.5% | -0.5% | -0.9%
N₂O | 338 | 378 | 529 | 644 | 597 | 583 | 542 | 1.1% | 3.4% | 2.0% | -0.8% | -0.2% | -0.7%
F gases | 13 | 51 | 177 | 339 | 332 | 198 | 39 | 14.8% | 13.3% | 6.7% | -0.2% | -5.0% | -15.0%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 3 035 | 4 316 | 10 231 | 13 047 | 13 290 | 11 385 | 9 116 | 3.6% | 9.0% | 2.5% | 0.2% | -1.5% | -2.2%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 2 206 | 3 196 | 7 737 | 9 751 | 10 326 | 8 601 | 6 719 | 3.8% | 9.2% | 2.3% | 0.6% | -1.8% | -2.4%
Power generation/District heating | 594 | 1 253 | 3 175 | 4 455 | 4 955 | 3 636 | 2 259 | 7.8% | 9.7% | 3.4% | 1.1% | -3.0% | -4.7%
Industry | 801 | 935 | 2 711 | 2 630 | 2 429 | 1 906 | 1 451 | 1.6% | 11.2% | -0.3% | -0.8% | -2.4% | -2.7%
Buildings | 417 | 319 | 502 | 619 | 566 | 457 | 438 | -2.6% | 4.6% | 2.1% | -0.9% | -2.1% | -0.4%
Agriculture | 89 | 49 | 89 | 112 | 105 | 80 | 57 | -5.9% | 6.3% | 2.3% | -0.7% | -2.7% | -3.4%
Transport | 115 | 249 | 524 | 989 | 1 231 | 1 401 | 1 445 | 8.0% | 7.7% | 6.5% | 2.2% | 1.3% | 0.3%
Other | 190 | 392 | 736 | 945 | 1 039 | 1 121 | 1 070 | 7.5% | 6.5% | 2.5% | 1.0% | 0.8% | -0.5%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 48 | 265 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 34.1% | 18.7%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 32 | 166 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 44.5% | 17.9%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 16 | 64 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 24.8% | 15.2%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 35 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 21.8% | n.s.
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 898 | 1 145 | 2 251 | 2 569 | 2 892 | 3 164 | 3 309 | 2.5% | 7.0% | 1.3% | 1.2% | 0.9% | 0.4%
Coal | 537 | 733 | 1 660 | 1 689 | 1 507 | 1 064 | 797 | 3.2% | 8.5% | 0.2% | -1.1% | -3.4% | -2.8%
Oil | 137 | 161 | 202 | 236 | 224 | 166 | 99 | 1.7% | 2.3% | 1.6% | -0.5% | -2.9% | -5.1%
Natural gas | 13 | 23 | 82 | 112 | 297 | 583 | 715 | 5.8% | 13.4% | 3.2% | 10.2% | 7.0% | 2.1%
Biomass | 201 | 203 | 214 | 252 | 297 | 345 | 378 | 0.1% | 0.5% | 1.7% | 1.7% | 1.5% | 0.9%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 4 | 19 | 85 | 258 | 545 | 709 | n.s. | 15.9% | 16.0% | 11.7% | 7.8% | 2.7%
Hydro | 11 | 19 | 62 | 121 | 149 | 154 | 154 | 5.8% | 12.5% | 6.9% | 2.1% | 0.3% | 0.0%
Other renewables | 0 | 1 | 12 | 73 | 161 | 307 | 458 | 29.4% | 27.6% | 19.4% | 8.2% | 6.7% | 4.1%
Net Imports | - 66 | 1 | 377 | 981 | 1 342 | 1 258 | 1 042 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | - 48 | - 65 | 135 | 341 | 380 | 196 | 50 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | - 20 | 65 | 230 | 507 | 636 | 753 | 777 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | 1 | 0 | 11 | 114 | 270 | 220 | 96 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 1 | 18 | 56 | 85 | 113 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 6 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | - 1 | - 1 | - 1 | - 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 832 | 1 146 | 2 628 | 3 550 | 4 234 | 4 422 | 4 351 | 3.3% | 8.6% | 3.1% | 1.8% | 0.4% | -0.2%
Coal | 489 | 668 | 1 795 | 2 030 | 1 886 | 1 260 | 847 | 3.2% | 10.4% | 1.2% | -0.7% | -4.0% | -3.9%
Oil | 117 | 227 | 432 | 743 | 860 | 919 | 875 | 6.8% | 6.7% | 5.6% | 1.5% | 0.7% | -0.5%
Natural gas | 15 | 23 | 93 | 226 | 567 | 803 | 811 | 4.7% | 14.8% | 9.3% | 9.6% | 3.6% | 0.1%
Biomass | 201 | 204 | 215 | 270 | 353 | 430 | 491 | 0.1% | 0.5% | 2.3% | 2.7% | 2.0% | 1.3%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 4 | 19 | 85 | 258 | 545 | 709 | n.s. | 15.9% | 16.0% | 11.7% | 7.8% | 2.7%
Hydro | 11 | 19 | 62 | 121 | 149 | 154 | 154 | 5.8% | 12.5% | 6.9% | 2.1% | 0.3% | 0.0%
Other renewables | 0 | 1 | 12 | 73 | 161 | 307 | 458 | 29.4% | 27.6% | 19.4% | 8.2% | 6.7% | 4.1%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 832 | 1 146 | 2 628 | 3 550 | 4 234 | 4 422 | 4 351 | 3.3% | 8.6% | 3.1% | 1.8% | 0.4% | -0.2%
Energy for Power Generation | 163 | 344 | 911 | 1 442 | 1 952 | 2 165 | 2 210 | 7.8% | 10.2% | 4.7% | 3.1% | 1.0% | 0.2%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 50 | 101 | 315 | 389 | 483 | 561 | 590 | 7.4% | 12.1% | 2.1% | 2.2% | 1.5% | 0.5%
Final consumption | 676 | 821 | 1 777 | 2 374 | 2 703 | 2 783 | 2 760 | 2.0% | 8.0% | 2.9% | 1.3% | 0.3% | -0.1%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 143 | 209 | 664 | 736 | 784 | 693 | 591 | 3.9% | 12.3% | 1.0% | 0.6% | -1.2% | -1.6%
Other Industry | 107 | 117 | 298 | 394 | 495 | 556 | 575 | 0.9% | 9.8% | 2.9% | 2.3% | 1.2% | 0.3%
Non-Energy Use | 43 | 61 | 121 | 192 | 189 | 184 | 166 | 3.6% | 7.1% | 4.7% | -0.2% | -0.2% | -1.1%
Residential | 294 | 284 | 361 | 454 | 472 | 447 | 433 | -0.3% | 2.4% | 2.3% | 0.4% | -0.5% | -0.3%
Services | 26 | 41 | 98 | 167 | 231 | 287 | 346 | 4.8% | 9.2% | 5.5% | 3.3% | 2.2% | 1.9%
Agriculture | 29 | 18 | 34 | 42 | 45 | 47 | 48 | -4.5% | 6.2% | 2.2% | 0.7% | 0.4% | 0.1%
Road | 22 | 66 | 161 | 318 | 388 | 447 | 472 | 11.7% | 9.2% | 7.0% | 2.0% | 1.4% | 0.5%
Rail | 10 | 9 | 12 | 13 | 16 | 18 | 19 | -1.3% | 2.9% | 0.8% | 1.9% | 1.3% | 0.7%
Aviation | 1 | 4 | 11 | 27 | 39 | 52 | 61 | 22.1% | 10.3% | 8.9% | 4.0% | 2.9% | 1.5%
Other Transport | 3 | 12 | 17 | 32 | 44 | 51 | 50 | 16.7% | 3.8% | 6.5% | 3.2% | 1.4% | -0.2%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 152 | 320 | 817 | 1 162 | 1 384 | 1 159 | 889 | 7.7% | 9.8% | 3.6% | 1.8% | -1.8% | -2.6%
Coal | 139 | 302 | 783 | 1 073 | 1 083 | 671 | 385 | 8.1% | 10.0% | 3.2% | 0.1% | -4.7% | -5.4%
Oil | 13 | 13 | 4 | 24 | 50 | 70 | 56 | 0.6% | -10.6% | 18.5% | 7.7% | 3.3% | -2.1%
Gas | 1 | 4 | 18 | 46 | 207 | 332 | 330 | 19.5% | 17.1% | 9.7% | 16.3% | 4.8% | 0.0%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 1 | 12 | 19 | 44 | 86 | 117 | n.s. | 30.2% | 5.1% | 8.6% | 6.9% | 3.2%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6.7% | 1.4% | 0.8% | -16.9% | n.s. | n.s.
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 651 | 1 389 | 4 247 | 7 363 | 10 451 | 12 379 | 13 632 | 7.9% | 11.8% | 5.7% | 3.6% | 1.7% | 1.0%
Coal | 470 | 1 080 | 3 274 | 4 799 | 4 852 | 3 020 | 1 766 | 8.7% | 11.7% | 3.9% | 0.1% | -4.6% | -5.2%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 33 | 194 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 19.4%
Oil | 52 | 49 | 14 | 107 | 225 | 312 | 255 | -0.5% | -11.5% | 22.2% | 7.7% | 3.3% | -2.0%
Gas | 3 | 18 | 83 | 231 | 1 070 | 1 762 | 1 825 | 20.6% | 16.6% | 10.7% | 16.6% | 5.1% | 0.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 24 | 157 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 20.7%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 2 | 34 | 52 | 165 | 375 | 551 | n.s. | 30.2% | 4.4% | 12.2% | 8.5% | 3.9%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 52 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 17 | 74 | 335 | 1 041 | 2 222 | 2 902 | n.s. | 16.0% | 16.3% | 12.0% | 7.9% | 2.7%
Hydro | 127 | 222 | 722 | 1 410 | 1 729 | 1 788 | 1 789 | 5.8% | 12.5% | 6.9% | 2.1% | 0.3% | 0.0%
Wind | 0 | 1 | 45 | 326 | 1 047 | 2 076 | 3 189 | n.s. | 53.5% | 22.0% | 12.4% | 7.1% | 4.4%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 1 | 101 | 320 | 818 | 1 334 | 26.7% | 22.7% | n.s. | 12.2% | 9.8% | 5.0%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 7 | 22 | 6.7% | 3.1% | 5.8% | 18.9% | 16.9% | 12.3%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 158 | 346 | 1 013 | 1 880 | 2 827 | 3 847 | 4 601 | 8.2% | 11.3% | 6.4% | 4.2% | 3.1% | 1.8%
Coal | 98 | 232 | 701 | 1 063 | 1 162 | 1 087 | 940 | 9.0% | 11.7% | 4.3% | 0.9% | -0.7% | -1.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 26 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 19.5%
Oil | 21 | 21 | 15 | 24 | 43 | 54 | 62 | 0.2% | -3.1% | 4.4% | 6.1% | 2.3% | 1.5%
Gas | 3 | 11 | 31 | 55 | 170 | 273 | 327 | 14.9% | 11.2% | 5.8% | 11.9% | 4.8% | 1.8%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 20 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 21.0%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 7 | 9 | 23 | 52 | 79 | n.s. | 30.4% | 3.1% | 9.7% | 8.5% | 4.3%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 2 | 10 | 51 | 154 | 323 | 413 | n.s. | 16.6% | 17.5% | 11.8% | 7.7% | 2.5%
Hydro | 36 | 79 | 216 | 393 | 468 | 482 | 482 | 8.2% | 10.5% | 6.2% | 1.8% | 0.3% | 0.0%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 31 | 194 | 555 | 999 | 1 422 | n.s. | 57.2% | 20.0% | 11.1% | 6.1% | 3.6%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 1 | 92 | 252 | 577 | 872 | 26.7% | 31.7% | n.s. | 10.6% | 8.7% | 4.2%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 0.0% | 0.4% | 3.2% | 18.6% | 16.4% | 11.8%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 676 | 821 | 1 777 | 2 374 | 2 703 | 2 783 | 2 760 | 2.0% | 8.0% | 2.9% | 1.3% | 0.3% | -0.1%
Coal | 322 | 297 | 767 | 719 | 596 | 410 | 295 | -0.8% | 10.0% | -0.6% | -1.9% | -3.7% | -3.2%
Oil | 87 | 185 | 373 | 641 | 720 | 754 | 728 | 7.8% | 7.2% | 5.6% | 1.2% | 0.5% | -0.4%
Gas | 10 | 16 | 62 | 140 | 240 | 296 | 303 | 5.0% | 14.3% | 8.5% | 5.6% | 2.1% | 0.3%
Electricity | 43 | 92 | 301 | 528 | 752 | 895 | 988 | 7.8% | 12.5% | 5.8% | 3.6% | 1.8% | 1.0%
Heat | 13 | 28 | 73 | 118 | 143 | 173 | 191 | 7.7% | 10.2% | 4.9% | 1.9% | 2.0% | 1.0%
Biomass & Other | 201 | 202 | 201 | 228 | 252 | 255 | 255 | 0.1% | -0.1% | 1.3% | 1.0% | 0.1% | 0.0%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 33% | 28% | 16% | 19% | 22% | 27% | 33% | -1.4% | -5.4% | 1.3% | 1.5% | 2.3% | 2.1%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 292 | 387 | 1 082 | 1 322 | 1 467 | 1 434 | 1 332 | 2.8% | 10.8% | 2.0% | 1.1% | -0.2% | -0.7%
Coal | 204 | 226 | 670 | 627 | 537 | 383 | 285 | 1.0% | 11.5% | -0.7% | -1.5% | -3.3% | -2.9%
Oil | 40 | 72 | 138 | 204 | 192 | 171 | 136 | 6.1% | 6.7% | 4.0% | -0.6% | -1.1% | -2.3%
Gas | 8 | 10 | 28 | 75 | 147 | 193 | 183 | 2.4% | 11.2% | 10.4% | 7.0% | 2.7% | -0.5%
Electricity | 30 | 60 | 204 | 345 | 487 | 554 | 582 | 7.1% | 13.0% | 5.4% | 3.5% | 1.3% | 0.5%
Heat | 11 | 19 | 43 | 58 | 71 | 82 | 87 | 5.9% | 8.4% | 3.2% | 2.0% | 1.4% | 0.7%
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 33 | 50 | 58 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 10.9% | 4.2% | 1.4%
Buildings | 319 | 324 | 459 | 621 | 703 | 734 | 779 | 0.2% | 3.5% | 3.1% | 1.2% | 0.4% | 0.6%
Coal | 97 | 61 | 82 | 77 | 47 | 19 | 6 | -4.6% | 3.1% | -0.7% | -4.8% | -8.9% | -10.5%
Oil | 8 | 19 | 34 | 63 | 62 | 58 | 59 | 9.8% | 6.0% | 6.2% | -0.1% | -0.8% | 0.3%
Gas | 2 | 7 | 27 | 48 | 77 | 86 | 97 | 10.8% | 15.4% | 5.9% | 4.8% | 1.0% | 1.3%
Electricity | 9 | 27 | 85 | 166 | 238 | 303 | 360 | 11.4% | 12.3% | 6.9% | 3.7% | 2.5% | 1.7%
Heat | 3 | 9 | 31 | 60 | 72 | 92 | 104 | 13.4% | 13.2% | 6.9% | 1.8% | 2.5% | 1.2%
Biomass & Other | 201 | 202 | 199 | 207 | 207 | 177 | 153 | 0.1% | -0.2% | 0.4% | 0.0% | -1.5% | -1.5%
Agriculture | 29 | 18 | 34 | 42 | 45 | 47 | 48 | -4.5% | 6.2% | 2.2% | 0.7% | 0.4% | 0.1%
Coal | 11 | 6 | 11 | 12 | 10 | 6 | 3 | -5.8% | 6.8% | 0.9% | -2.4% | -4.7% | -5.4%
Oil | 15 | 8 | 14 | 20 | 21 | 18 | 13 | -5.9% | 5.8% | 3.6% | 0.4% | -1.7% | -2.7%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | 6.2% | 1.2% | -0.4% | -1.3%
Electricity | 4 | 5 | 8 | 10 | 12 | 15 | 17 | 2.2% | 6.2% | 1.5% | 2.1% | 2.0% | 1.2%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 9 | 14 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 12.5% | 4.8%
Transport | 35 | 92 | 201 | 389 | 487 | 568 | 602 | 10.0% | 8.2% | 6.8% | 2.3% | 1.5% | 0.6%
Coal | 10 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | -8.0% | -2.8% | -2.9% | -2.0% | -2.0% | -2.0%
Oil | 25 | 86 | 186 | 354 | 445 | 508 | 519 | 13.1% | 8.0% | 6.6% | 2.3% | 1.3% | 0.2%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 7 | 16 | 16 | 17 | 23 | n.s. | 46.2% | 9.3% | -0.4% | 0.7% | 2.9%
Electricity | 1 | 1 | 3 | 7 | 15 | 23 | 29 | 9.6% | 10.3% | 7.3% | 8.1% | 4.3% | 2.5%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 2 | 10 | 9 | 19 | 30 | n.s. | n.s. | 19.3% | -0.3% | 7.4% | 4.6%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 50 | 101 | 315 | 389 | 483 | 561 | 590 | 7.4% | 12.1% | 2.1% | 2.2% | 1.5% | 0.5%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

India | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 871 | 1 053 | 1 231 | 1 389 | 1 528 | 1 634 | 1 705 | 1.9% | 1.6% | 1.2% | 1.0% | 0.7% | 0.4%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 9 | 14 | 20 | 3.6% | 5.9% | 5.5% | 6.0% | 4.4% | 3.5%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 3.6% | 5.9% | 5.8% | 6.0% | 4.4% | 3.5%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 29 | 23 | 18 | 16 | 14 | 13 | 13 | -2.3% | -2.3% | -1.5% | -1.3% | -0.6% | -0.3%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 26 | 26 | 27 | 30 | 27 | 23 | 18 | -0.2% | 0.5% | 0.9% | -1.0% | -1.7% | -2.2%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 44 | 51 | 55 | 54 | 59 | 64 | 69 | 1.4% | 0.7% | 0.0% | 0.9% | 0.8% | 0.7%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 7 | 20 | 23 | 25 | 26 | 27 | -7.8% | 10.3% | 1.4% | 0.8% | 0.5% | 0.5%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 77 | 84 | 99 | 119 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.6% | 0.9% | 1.6% | 1.9%
Gas | 28 | 24 | 47 | 58 | 46 | 57 | 74 | -1.2% | 6.8% | 2.1% | -2.2% | 2.2% | 2.5%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 1 200 | 1 633 | 2 334 | 3 619 | 5 074 | 5 645 | 5 688 | 3.1% | 3.6% | 4.5% | 3.4% | 1.1% | 0.1%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 1 229 | 1 682 | 2 463 | 3 717 | 5 150 | 5 744 | 5 802 | 3.2% | 3.9% | 4.2% | 3.3% | 1.1% | 0.1%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 1 229 | 1 682 | 2 462 | 3 717 | 5 146 | 5 744 | 5 802 | 3.2% | 3.9% | 4.2% | 3.3% | 1.1% | 0.1%
CO₂ | 546 | 929 | 1 610 | 2 693 | 3 962 | 4 665 | 4 760 | 5.5% | 5.7% | 5.3% | 3.9% | 1.6% | 0.2%
CH₄ | 507 | 555 | 615 | 718 | 813 | 728 | 726 | 0.9% | 1.0% | 1.6% | 1.3% | -1.1% | 0.0%
N₂O | 166 | 188 | 220 | 266 | 309 | 304 | 312 | 1.3% | 1.5% | 2.0% | 1.5% | -0.2% | 0.3%
F gases | 10 | 10 | 18 | 39 | 62 | 47 | 4 | 0.6% | 5.8% | 8.2% | 4.7% | -2.7% | -21.4%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 748 | 1 165 | 1 922 | 3 116 | 4 489 | 5 119 | 5 172 | 4.5% | 5.1% | 5.0% | 3.7% | 1.3% | 0.1%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 502 | 866 | 1 442 | 2 409 | 3 472 | 4 071 | 4 141 | 5.6% | 5.2% | 5.3% | 3.7% | 1.6% | 0.2%
Power generation/District heating | 215 | 490 | 792 | 1 283 | 1 906 | 2 276 | 2 279 | 8.6% | 4.9% | 4.9% | 4.0% | 1.8% | 0.0%
Industry | 107 | 125 | 260 | 492 | 662 | 708 | 687 | 1.5% | 7.6% | 6.6% | 3.0% | 0.7% | -0.3%
Buildings | 76 | 97 | 157 | 225 | 330 | 357 | 335 | 2.5% | 5.0% | 3.7% | 3.9% | 0.8% | -0.6%
Agriculture | 14 | 26 | 27 | 37 | 46 | 51 | 49 | 6.6% | 0.5% | 3.4% | 2.2% | 0.9% | -0.3%
Transport | 74 | 96 | 164 | 281 | 383 | 474 | 543 | 2.5% | 5.5% | 5.5% | 3.1% | 2.2% | 1.4%
Other | 16 | 33 | 42 | 90 | 145 | 206 | 248 | 7.6% | 2.6% | 7.9% | 4.9% | 3.6% | 1.8%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 76 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 34.1%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 40 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 38.6%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 36 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 30.7%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 19.6%
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 268 | 350 | 493 | 640 | 714 | 757 | 850 | 2.7% | 3.5% | 2.6% | 1.1% | 0.6% | 1.2%
Coal | 85 | 134 | 216 | 317 | 353 | 299 | 259 | 4.7% | 4.9% | 3.9% | 1.1% | -1.7% | -1.4%
Oil | 35 | 38 | 44 | 41 | 39 | 36 | 32 | 0.8% | 1.5% | -0.8% | -0.6% | -0.6% | -1.3%
Natural gas | 10 | 22 | 41 | 51 | 43 | 38 | 33 | 8.0% | 6.5% | 2.3% | -1.6% | -1.3% | -1.5%
Biomass | 130 | 145 | 173 | 185 | 188 | 193 | 196 | 1.1% | 1.8% | 0.7% | 0.2% | 0.3% | 0.1%
Nuclear¹ | 2 | 4 | 7 | 14 | 28 | 77 | 150 | 10.7% | 4.4% | 7.6% | 7.1% | 10.4% | 6.9%
Hydro | 6 | 6 | 11 | 14 | 17 | 18 | 18 | 0.4% | 5.2% | 3.1% | 1.5% | 0.6% | 0.3%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 2 | 17 | 46 | 96 | 163 | 32.5% | 27.1% | 23.8% | 10.5% | 7.7% | 5.5%
Net Imports | 32 | 87 | 195 | 421 | 747 | 1 045 | 1 193 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 7 | 12 | 64 | 136 | 206 | 246 | 207 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | 24 | 74 | 118 | 226 | 297 | 349 | 369 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | 1 | 1 | 14 | 58 | 242 | 452 | 621 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | - 5 | - 10 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 5 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 300 | 438 | 689 | 1 061 | 1 461 | 1 801 | 2 043 | 3.8% | 4.6% | 4.4% | 3.3% | 2.1% | 1.3%
Coal | 92 | 146 | 280 | 452 | 559 | 544 | 466 | 4.7% | 6.7% | 4.9% | 2.1% | -0.3% | -1.6%
Oil | 59 | 112 | 162 | 267 | 336 | 385 | 401 | 6.6% | 3.7% | 5.1% | 2.3% | 1.4% | 0.4%
Natural gas | 11 | 23 | 54 | 109 | 285 | 490 | 654 | 7.9% | 9.0% | 7.2% | 10.1% | 5.6% | 2.9%
Biomass | 130 | 145 | 173 | 186 | 189 | 188 | 186 | 1.1% | 1.8% | 0.7% | 0.1% | 0.0% | -0.1%
Nuclear¹ | 2 | 4 | 7 | 14 | 28 | 77 | 150 | 10.7% | 4.4% | 7.6% | 7.1% | 10.4% | 6.9%
Hydro | 6 | 6 | 11 | 14 | 17 | 18 | 18 | 0.4% | 5.2% | 3.1% | 1.5% | 0.6% | 0.3%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 2 | 17 | 46 | 96 | 163 | 32.5% | 27.1% | 23.8% | 10.5% | 7.7% | 5.5%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 300 | 438 | 689 | 1 061 | 1 461 | 1 801 | 2 043 | 3.8% | 4.6% | 4.4% | 3.3% | 2.1% | 1.3%
Energy for Power Generation | 64 | 140 | 239 | 398 | 642 | 901 | 1 122 | 8.1% | 5.5% | 5.2% | 4.9% | 3.5% | 2.2%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 7 | 8 | 29 | 45 | 72 | 105 | 138 | 2.0% | 13.5% | 4.3% | 4.9% | 3.9% | 2.8%
Final consumption | 247 | 321 | 483 | 740 | 961 | 1 124 | 1 231 | 2.6% | 4.2% | 4.4% | 2.7% | 1.6% | 0.9%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 24 | 38 | 72 | 144 | 148 | 138 | 126 | 4.7% | 6.6% | 7.2% | 0.3% | -0.7% | -0.9%
Other Industry | 46 | 49 | 86 | 136 | 209 | 251 | 259 | 0.6% | 5.8% | 4.7% | 4.4% | 1.9% | 0.3%
Non-Energy Use | 14 | 30 | 37 | 61 | 84 | 94 | 94 | 7.7% | 2.3% | 5.2% | 3.2% | 1.1% | 0.0%
Residential | 120 | 141 | 172 | 208 | 229 | 242 | 251 | 1.7% | 2.0% | 1.9% | 1.0% | 0.5% | 0.4%
Services | 14 | 16 | 33 | 50 | 93 | 145 | 197 | 1.6% | 7.1% | 4.3% | 6.6% | 4.5% | 3.1%
Agriculture | 9 | 15 | 19 | 30 | 38 | 45 | 51 | 6.0% | 2.3% | 4.5% | 2.4% | 1.7% | 1.3%
Road | 16 | 28 | 58 | 102 | 143 | 184 | 218 | 6.2% | 7.4% | 5.7% | 3.5% | 2.5% | 1.7%
Rail | 4 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 8 | 12 | 16 | -6.2% | 5.0% | 4.3% | 4.3% | 3.6% | 3.0%
Aviation | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 6 | 11 | 16 | 3.0% | 8.5% | 6.3% | 7.8% | 5.3% | 4.1%
Other Transport | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | -0.5% | 4.4% | 2.2% | 6.7% | 4.0% | 2.8%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 57 | 129 | 220 | 353 | 551 | 711 | 791 | 8.6% | 5.4% | 4.9% | 4.6% | 2.6% | 1.1%
Coal | 48 | 110 | 177 | 288 | 409 | 421 | 368 | 8.7% | 4.9% | 5.0% | 3.6% | 0.3% | -1.3%
Oil | 5 | 9 | 7 | 12 | 15 | 26 | 28 | 6.0% | -1.9% | 4.7% | 2.4% | 5.6% | 0.8%
Gas | 3 | 9 | 27 | 42 | 98 | 223 | 338 | 10.3% | 11.1% | 4.6% | 9.0% | 8.5% | 4.3%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 1 | 8 | 11 | 29 | 42 | 57 | n.s. | 27.3% | 2.8% | 10.4% | 3.7% | 3.2%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 293 | 570 | 979 | 1 874 | 3 179 | 4 631 | 5 989 | 6.9% | 5.6% | 6.7% | 5.4% | 3.8% | 2.6%
Coal | 192 | 390 | 658 | 1 180 | 1 735 | 1 827 | 1 624 | 7.4% | 5.4% | 6.0% | 3.9% | 0.5% | -1.2%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 56 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 39.9%
Oil | 13 | 29 | 24 | 52 | 67 | 116 | 127 | 8.2% | -1.8% | 7.9% | 2.5% | 5.6% | 1.0%
Gas | 10 | 56 | 113 | 195 | 461 | 1 070 | 1 675 | 18.8% | 7.3% | 5.6% | 9.0% | 8.8% | 4.6%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 77 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 42.5%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 1 | 15 | 33 | 96 | 161 | 257 | n.s. | 27.6% | 8.6% | 11.1% | 5.3% | 4.8%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 6 | 17 | 26 | 56 | 113 | 313 | 618 | 10.7% | 4.5% | 7.8% | 7.4% | 10.7% | 7.1%
Hydro | 72 | 74 | 123 | 167 | 194 | 205 | 211 | 0.4% | 5.2% | 3.1% | 1.5% | 0.6% | 0.3%
Wind | 0 | 2 | 20 | 110 | 224 | 580 | 981 | 48.6% | 27.9% | 18.8% | 7.3% | 10.0% | 5.4%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 81 | 289 | 358 | 490 | 8.8% | 11.8% | n.s. | 13.6% | 2.2% | 3.2%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | n.s. | n.s. | 19.4% | 31.4% | 18.2% | 12.7%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 78 | 123 | 202 | 470 | 804 | 1 181 | 1 584 | 4.6% | 5.1% | 8.8% | 5.5% | 3.9% | 3.0%
Coal | 52 | 79 | 118 | 241 | 324 | 375 | 377 | 4.3% | 4.1% | 7.4% | 3.0% | 1.5% | 0.0%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 39.9%
Oil | 3 | 5 | 5 | 9 | 13 | 20 | 26 | 5.9% | -1.2% | 6.6% | 3.8% | 4.2% | 2.7%
Gas | 3 | 10 | 21 | 32 | 69 | 157 | 262 | 11.4% | 7.5% | 4.3% | 8.0% | 8.5% | 5.2%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 42.7%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 1 | 3 | 13 | 16 | 22 | 36 | n.s. | 14.6% | 14.6% | 2.0% | 3.3% | 4.9%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 1 | 3 | 4 | 8 | 16 | 42 | 82 | 8.2% | 4.9% | 6.5% | 7.1% | 10.5% | 6.8%
Hydro | 19 | 24 | 37 | 53 | 62 | 65 | 67 | 2.3% | 4.7% | 3.5% | 1.5% | 0.6% | 0.3%
Wind | 0 | 1 | 13 | 61 | 114 | 264 | 412 | 44.9% | 27.1% | 16.4% | 6.4% | 8.7% | 4.6%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 53 | 190 | 235 | 321 | 8.8% | 11.8% | n.s. | 13.6% | 2.2% | 3.2%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 30.6% | 17.6% | 12.2%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 247 | 321 | 483 | 740 | 961 | 1 124 | 1 231 | 2.6% | 4.2% | 4.4% | 2.7% | 1.6% | 0.9%
Coal | 43 | 41 | 99 | 157 | 144 | 120 | 94 | -0.5% | 9.4% | 4.7% | -0.8% | -1.8% | -2.4%
Oil | 50 | 94 | 134 | 228 | 288 | 322 | 334 | 6.5% | 3.6% | 5.5% | 2.3% | 1.1% | 0.4%
Gas | 6 | 10 | 22 | 57 | 160 | 220 | 249 | 5.1% | 8.6% | 10.0% | 10.8% | 3.2% | 1.3%
Electricity | 18 | 32 | 62 | 121 | 208 | 302 | 390 | 5.8% | 6.8% | 6.9% | 5.6% | 3.8% | 2.6%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 15 | 37 | 16.5% | 23.5% | 3.8% | 12.9% | 26.7% | 9.2%
Biomass & Other | 130 | 144 | 165 | 176 | 159 | 146 | 127 | 1.0% | 1.3% | 0.6% | -1.0% | -0.9% | -1.4%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 57% | 49% | 38% | 29% | 24% | 24% | 26% | -1.5% | -2.5% | -2.7% | -1.8% | 0.0% | 0.9%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 84 | 116 | 194 | 341 | 441 | 483 | 480 | 3.3% | 5.3% | 5.8% | 2.6% | 0.9% | -0.1%
Coal | 30 | 32 | 84 | 139 | 123 | 99 | 81 | 0.5% | 10.1% | 5.2% | -1.2% | -2.1% | -2.0%
Oil | 17 | 36 | 37 | 70 | 85 | 86 | 79 | 8.1% | 0.2% | 6.7% | 1.9% | 0.1% | -0.8%
Gas | 6 | 9 | 17 | 44 | 113 | 156 | 174 | 4.8% | 6.6% | 9.8% | 9.9% | 3.2% | 1.1%
Electricity | 9 | 14 | 28 | 52 | 81 | 104 | 115 | 4.1% | 7.3% | 6.5% | 4.6% | 2.5% | 1.1%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | 23.5% | 3.4% | -0.2% | -0.3% | -0.2%
Biomass & Other | 23 | 26 | 29 | 36 | 40 | 39 | 30 | 1.3% | 1.3% | 2.2% | 1.0% | -0.3% | -2.4%
Buildings | 134 | 158 | 205 | 258 | 322 | 387 | 447 | 1.7% | 2.6% | 2.3% | 2.3% | 1.8% | 1.5%
Coal | 10 | 9 | 16 | 18 | 21 | 20 | 13 | -1.4% | 5.9% | 1.5% | 1.7% | -0.5% | -4.2%
Oil | 11 | 19 | 27 | 40 | 45 | 44 | 41 | 5.6% | 3.6% | 3.7% | 1.4% | -0.2% | -0.7%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 3 | 12 | 43 | 58 | 65 | 21.0% | 27.7% | 13.8% | 13.9% | 3.0% | 1.2%
Electricity | 5 | 11 | 23 | 49 | 97 | 155 | 219 | 8.5% | 7.8% | 7.9% | 7.1% | 4.8% | 3.5%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 15 | 37 | 16.5% | 23.5% | 3.8% | 13.4% | 26.9% | 9.2%
Biomass & Other | 108 | 119 | 136 | 139 | 114 | 94 | 72 | 1.0% | 1.3% | 0.2% | -1.9% | -1.9% | -2.6%
Agriculture | 9 | 15 | 19 | 30 | 38 | 45 | 51 | 6.0% | 2.3% | 4.5% | 2.4% | 1.7% | 1.3%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 4 | 8 | 8 | 12 | 14 | 16 | 15 | 6.6% | 0.4% | 3.4% | 2.2% | 0.9% | -0.3%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5.4% | 2.7% | 1.8% | 2.0% | 0.8% | -0.1%
Electricity | 4 | 7 | 11 | 18 | 23 | 28 | 33 | 5.3% | 4.1% | 5.3% | 2.5% | 1.9% | 1.6%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 13.0%
Transport | 21 | 32 | 64 | 111 | 160 | 209 | 254 | 4.4% | 7.2% | 5.6% | 3.7% | 2.7% | 1.9%
Coal | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 18 | 31 | 62 | 107 | 144 | 176 | 198 | 5.5% | 7.1% | 5.6% | 3.0% | 2.0% | 1.2%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 7 | 10 | n.s. | 33.6% | 0.3% | 10.6% | 5.5% | 4.6%
Electricity | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 7 | 15 | 23 | 7.2% | 5.0% | 8.3% | 11.3% | 7.1% | 4.5%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 12 | 22 | n.s. | -0.7% | 19.9% | 28.2% | 9.6% | 6.0%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 7 | 8 | 29 | 45 | 72 | 105 | 138 | 2.0% | 13.5% | 4.3% | 4.9% | 3.9% | 2.8%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Indonesia | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 181 | 212 | 242 | 272 | 295 | 312 | 322 | 1.5% | 1.3% | 1.2% | 0.8% | 0.6% | 0.3%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 2 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 9 | 13 | 18 | 2.6% | 3.8% | 4.4% | 4.4% | 3.5% | 3.2%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 2.6% | 3.8% | 4.3% | 4.4% | 3.5% | 3.2%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 19 | 16 | 14 | 12 | 11 | 10 | 10 | -2.2% | -1.1% | -1.1% | -1.2% | -0.6% | -0.4%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 39 | 46 | 43 | 40 | 39 | 37 | 34 | 1.6% | -0.7% | -0.6% | -0.2% | -0.5% | -0.8%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 41 | 38 | 43 | 47 | 50 | 52 | 56 | -0.7% | 1.2% | 0.9% | 0.5% | 0.5% | 0.6%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 7 | 20 | 22 | 26 | 29 | 31 | -7.8% | 10.3% | 1.0% | 1.6% | 1.3% | 0.6%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 77 | 84 | 99 | 119 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.6% | 0.9% | 1.6% | 1.9%
Gas | 28 | 24 | 47 | 58 | 46 | 57 | 74 | -1.2% | 6.8% | 2.1% | -2.2% | 2.2% | 2.5%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 996 | 1 325 | 1 920 | 1 923 | 1 711 | 1 687 | 1 705 | 2.9% | 3.8% | 0.0% | -1.2% | -0.1% | 0.1%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 1 333 | 1 572 | 1 920 | 1 923 | 1 711 | 1 687 | 1 705 | 1.7% | 2.0% | 0.0% | -1.2% | -0.1% | 0.1%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 377 | 511 | 701 | 903 | 1 100 | 1 204 | 1 263 | 3.1% | 3.2% | 2.6% | 2.0% | 0.9% | 0.5%
CO₂ | 158 | 291 | 414 | 553 | 717 | 865 | 935 | 6.3% | 3.6% | 2.9% | 2.6% | 1.9% | 0.8%
CH₄ | 141 | 158 | 214 | 259 | 277 | 236 | 223 | 1.1% | 3.1% | 1.9% | 0.7% | -1.6% | -0.6%
N₂O | 76 | 62 | 73 | 89 | 104 | 99 | 101 | -2.0% | 1.5% | 2.1% | 1.5% | -0.4% | 0.1%
F gases | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 4 | -12.9% | 3.7% | 7.6% | 8.4% | 2.6% | -0.1%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 248 | 384 | 548 | 727 | 903 | 1 026 | 1 092 | 4.5% | 3.6% | 2.9% | 2.2% | 1.3% | 0.6%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 137 | 265 | 383 | 510 | 655 | 791 | 854 | 6.8% | 3.8% | 2.9% | 2.5% | 1.9% | 0.8%
Power generation/District heating | 22 | 62 | 122 | 167 | 186 | 235 | 235 | 10.7% | 7.1% | 3.2% | 1.1% | 2.3% | 0.0%
Industry | 31 | 60 | 93 | 104 | 150 | 174 | 180 | 6.9% | 4.5% | 1.1% | 3.7% | 1.5% | 0.3%
Buildings | 21 | 38 | 25 | 31 | 43 | 51 | 52 | 5.9% | -4.3% | 2.4% | 3.2% | 1.8% | 0.2%
Agriculture | 3 | 8 | 9 | 7 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 9.4% | 2.0% | -3.0% | 2.2% | 1.1% | 0.0%
Transport | 32 | 64 | 94 | 125 | 147 | 169 | 191 | 7.0% | 4.0% | 2.9% | 1.6% | 1.4% | 1.3%
Other | 27 | 34 | 39 | 75 | 121 | 154 | 186 | 2.0% | 1.6% | 6.7% | 5.0% | 2.4% | 1.9%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 11 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 35.0%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 33.6%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 36.4%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 13.1%
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 161 | 229 | 371 | 500 | 371 | 332 | 302 | 3.6% | 4.9% | 3.0% | -2.9% | -1.1% | -0.9%
Coal | 6 | 46 | 189 | 279 | 89 | 16 | 0 | 22.7% | 15.2% | 4.0% | -10.8% | -15.6% | n.s.
Oil | 75 | 72 | 49 | 54 | 71 | 72 | 64 | -0.5% | -3.7% | 1.0% | 2.7% | 0.2% | -1.1%
Natural gas | 37 | 57 | 71 | 87 | 119 | 127 | 102 | 4.6% | 2.1% | 2.1% | 3.1% | 0.6% | -2.1%
Biomass | 42 | 49 | 52 | 65 | 68 | 78 | 85 | 1.6% | 0.6% | 2.2% | 0.4% | 1.4% | 0.8%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 12.3% | n.s. | 12.6%
Hydro | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 5.8% | 5.7% | -0.6% | 1.4% | 3.2% | 2.3%
Other renewables | 1 | 4 | 8 | 13 | 23 | 36 | 44 | 15.8% | 6.9% | 4.7% | 6.1% | 4.3% | 2.2%
Net Imports | - 65 | - 78 | - 169 | - 247 | - 44 | 64 | 144 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | - 1 | - 34 | - 159 | - 252 | - 59 | 27 | 38 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | - 41 | - 14 | 22 | 38 | 24 | 25 | 38 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | - 22 | - 31 | - 32 | - 28 | - 1 | 27 | 87 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | - 4 | - 8 | - 16 | - 20 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | - 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 96 | 151 | 202 | 253 | 327 | 396 | 447 | 4.6% | 2.9% | 2.3% | 2.6% | 1.9% | 1.2%
Coal | 5 | 12 | 30 | 27 | 30 | 44 | 38 | 10.2% | 9.8% | -1.3% | 1.2% | 3.8% | -1.3%
Oil | 34 | 58 | 71 | 92 | 94 | 97 | 103 | 5.6% | 2.0% | 2.6% | 0.3% | 0.2% | 0.6%
Natural gas | 15 | 27 | 39 | 59 | 117 | 154 | 189 | 6.1% | 3.9% | 4.3% | 7.1% | 2.8% | 2.0%
Biomass | 42 | 49 | 52 | 62 | 60 | 62 | 65 | 1.6% | 0.6% | 1.7% | -0.3% | 0.4% | 0.5%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 12.3% | n.s. | 12.6%
Hydro | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 5.8% | 5.7% | -0.6% | 1.4% | 3.2% | 2.3%
Other renewables | 1 | 4 | 8 | 13 | 23 | 36 | 44 | 15.8% | 6.9% | 4.7% | 6.1% | 4.3% | 2.2%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 96 | 151 | 202 | 253 | 327 | 396 | 447 | 4.6% | 2.9% | 2.3% | 2.6% | 1.9% | 1.2%
Energy for Power Generation | 8 | 24 | 46 | 68 | 87 | 117 | 138 | 11.7% | 6.7% | 3.8% | 2.6% | 3.0% | 1.7%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 11 | 12 | 18 | 21 | 40 | 57 | 76 | 1.1% | 4.2% | 1.3% | 6.7% | 3.5% | 3.0%
Final consumption | 80 | 121 | 150 | 188 | 230 | 265 | 291 | 4.3% | 2.1% | 2.3% | 2.1% | 1.4% | 0.9%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 3 | 5 | 10 | 13 | 19 | 20 | 20 | 6.3% | 6.1% | 3.4% | 3.6% | 0.6% | 0.0%
Other Industry | 15 | 25 | 32 | 36 | 49 | 60 | 64 | 5.2% | 2.2% | 1.2% | 3.3% | 1.9% | 0.7%
Non-Energy Use | 7 | 10 | 9 | 13 | 17 | 19 | 19 | 2.9% | -1.4% | 4.0% | 2.8% | 1.1% | 0.2%
Residential | 42 | 53 | 56 | 67 | 73 | 77 | 78 | 2.4% | 0.6% | 1.8% | 0.9% | 0.6% | 0.2%
Services | 1 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 11 | 17 | 25 | 13.2% | 3.2% | 4.0% | 4.5% | 4.4% | 3.5%
Agriculture | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 9.4% | 2.4% | -2.7% | 2.3% | 1.8% | 1.5%
Road | 10 | 20 | 32 | 42 | 47 | 55 | 64 | 7.4% | 4.9% | 3.0% | 1.1% | 1.6% | 1.5%
Rail | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Aviation | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 7.4% | 14.1% | 6.3% | 3.7% | 2.8% | 2.4%
Other Transport | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7.9% | 2.0% | 4.1% | 3.9% | 2.0% | 1.3%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 7 | 19 | 37 | 53 | 62 | 78 | 87 | 11.3% | 6.7% | 3.8% | 1.6% | 2.3% | 1.1%
Coal | 2 | 8 | 19 | 22 | 23 | 35 | 29 | 13.7% | 8.4% | 1.3% | 0.7% | 4.3% | -1.8%
Oil | 4 | 5 | 8 | 13 | 10 | 5 | 5 | 1.5% | 6.3% | 4.5% | -2.6% | -7.5% | -0.2%
Gas | 0 | 6 | 9 | 17 | 27 | 34 | 48 | 39.3% | 4.1% | 7.0% | 4.5% | 2.6% | 3.4%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | 31.5% | 26.5% | 3.0% | 6.8% | 7.1%
Other | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 15.8% | 6.8% | 2.1% | 6.0% | 4.6% | 0.7%
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 33 | 93 | 170 | 276 | 363 | 484 | 618 | 11.1% | 6.2% | 5.0% | 2.8% | 2.9% | 2.5%
Coal | 10 | 34 | 68 | 85 | 92 | 145 | 125 | 13.3% | 7.2% | 2.1% | 0.9% | 4.6% | -1.5%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 41.0%
Oil | 15 | 18 | 34 | 55 | 42 | 20 | 20 | 1.8% | 6.4% | 4.9% | -2.7% | -7.2% | 0.0%
Gas | 1 | 26 | 40 | 75 | 127 | 181 | 266 | 42.9% | 4.4% | 6.4% | 5.4% | 3.6% | 4.0%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 17 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 42.7%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 11 | n.s. | 31.5% | 32.9% | 3.3% | 8.2% | 8.2%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 17 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 12.6%
Hydro | 6 | 10 | 17 | 16 | 19 | 26 | 33 | 5.8% | 5.7% | -0.6% | 1.4% | 3.2% | 2.3%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 16 | 29 | 34 | 59 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 5.9% | 1.6% | 5.6%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 16 | 31 | 36 | 52 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 7.1% | 1.4% | 3.9%
Other | 1 | 5 | 9 | 12 | 21 | 33 | 35 | 15.8% | 6.8% | 2.1% | 6.0% | 4.6% | 0.8%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 13 | 25 | 34 | 77 | 101 | 123 | 164 | 6.9% | 3.0% | 8.4% | 2.8% | 2.0% | 2.9%
Coal | 2 | 8 | 13 | 30 | 31 | 34 | 30 | 16.1% | 5.4% | 8.6% | 0.4% | 0.9% | -1.3%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 40.8%
Oil | 7 | 5 | 6 | 9 | 8 | 5 | 5 | -4.6% | 2.2% | 4.2% | -1.2% | -5.2% | 1.1%
Gas | 1 | 8 | 10 | 14 | 19 | 26 | 40 | 32.6% | 2.1% | 3.0% | 3.3% | 3.2% | 4.2%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 42.7%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | 31.2% | 13.9% | 3.1% | 8.1% | 8.1%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 12.4%
Hydro | 3 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 15 | 22 | 2.9% | -1.2% | 4.3% | 3.3% | 6.6% | 3.9%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 13 | 15 | 23 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 5.7% | 1.3% | 4.7%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 20 | 23 | 36 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 7.5% | 1.8% | 4.3%
Other | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 9.9% | 12.7% | 2.1% | 5.6% | 4.7% | 1.4%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 80 | 121 | 150 | 188 | 230 | 265 | 291 | 4.3% | 2.1% | 2.3% | 2.1% | 1.4% | 0.9%
Coal | 2 | 5 | 8 | 8 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 7.7% | 5.9% | -0.4% | 2.0% | 1.3% | 0.0%
Oil | 27 | 49 | 61 | 73 | 80 | 88 | 93 | 6.0% | 2.3% | 1.8% | 0.9% | 0.9% | 0.6%
Gas | 6 | 12 | 16 | 27 | 55 | 70 | 78 | 6.7% | 3.2% | 5.6% | 7.2% | 2.5% | 1.0%
Electricity | 2 | 7 | 13 | 21 | 28 | 37 | 47 | 10.8% | 6.5% | 5.1% | 2.8% | 2.9% | 2.5%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 5 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 7.8% | 15.3% | 10.7%
Biomass & Other | 42 | 49 | 51 | 58 | 57 | 58 | 57 | 1.6% | 0.4% | 1.2% | -0.1% | 0.1% | -0.1%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 58% | 45% | 37% | 35% | 30% | 29% | 30% | -2.6% | -1.8% | -0.6% | -1.5% | -0.6% | 0.3%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 26 | 40 | 50 | 62 | 85 | 98 | 103 | 4.7% | 2.1% | 2.2% | 3.3% | 1.5% | 0.5%
Coal | 2 | 5 | 8 | 8 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 7.7% | 5.9% | -0.4% | 2.0% | 1.3% | 0.0%
Oil | 9 | 13 | 15 | 16 | 16 | 17 | 15 | 3.8% | 1.7% | 0.4% | 0.3% | 0.3% | -0.8%
Gas | 6 | 11 | 16 | 25 | 45 | 55 | 60 | 6.7% | 3.2% | 4.8% | 6.1% | 2.0% | 0.9%
Electricity | 1 | 3 | 4 | 7 | 8 | 10 | 12 | 8.9% | 4.2% | 4.1% | 2.5% | 1.9% | 1.4%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 7 | 9 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 1.8% | -3.0% | 0.0% | -1.5% | -0.2% | -0.3%
Buildings | 43 | 57 | 61 | 74 | 84 | 94 | 103 | 2.9% | 0.7% | 2.0% | 1.3% | 1.2% | 0.9%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | -0.3% | -2.5% | -5.1%
Oil | 7 | 12 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 5.9% | -4.4% | 0.8% | -1.7% | -1.7% | -1.8%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 9 | 14 | 16 | 8.1% | 14.4% | 30.0% | 15.4% | 4.6% | 1.2%
Electricity | 1 | 4 | 8 | 14 | 19 | 25 | 33 | 12.6% | 7.8% | 5.7% | 2.7% | 3.0% | 2.7%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 5 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 7.8% | 15.3% | 10.7%
Biomass & Other | 35 | 41 | 45 | 49 | 49 | 48 | 45 | 1.6% | 1.0% | 0.9% | 0.0% | -0.3% | -0.7%
Agriculture | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 9.4% | 2.4% | -2.7% | 2.3% | 1.8% | 1.5%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 9.4% | 2.0% | -3.0% | 2.2% | 1.1% | 0.0%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | 3.7% | 3.2% | 4.0% | 4.6%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 13.1%
Transport | 11 | 22 | 36 | 50 | 58 | 69 | 81 | 7.4% | 5.1% | 3.3% | 1.6% | 1.7% | 1.6%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 11 | 22 | 36 | 47 | 55 | 62 | 70 | 7.4% | 5.1% | 2.8% | 1.4% | 1.3% | 1.1%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | -6.6% | 29.3% | 18.7% | 5.0% | 5.2%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 51.4% | 10.6% | 5.6%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 7 | n.s. | n.s. | 29.3% | 0.3% | 6.1% | 5.0%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 11 | 12 | 18 | 21 | 40 | 57 | 76 | 1.1% | 4.2% | 1.3% | 6.7% | 3.5% | 3.0%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Malaysia | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 18 | 23 | 28 | 32 | 36 | 39 | 41 | 2.5% | 1.8% | 1.4% | 1.1% | 0.7% | 0.5%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 7 | 11 | 14 | 20 | 27 | 36 | 46 | 4.4% | 2.7% | 3.5% | 3.3% | 2.8% | 2.5%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 3 | 5 | 6 | 9 | 12 | 17 | 21 | 4.4% | 2.7% | 3.5% | 3.3% | 2.8% | 2.5%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 15 | 9 | 10 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | -5.5% | 1.6% | -2.0% | -0.3% | -0.2% | -0.1%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 42 | 48 | 41 | 37 | 32 | 27 | 22 | 1.4% | -1.7% | -0.9% | -1.4% | -1.7% | -2.0%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 43 | 43 | 49 | 55 | 60 | 65 | 70 | 0.1% | 1.4% | 1.0% | 0.9% | 0.8% | 0.7%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 7 | 20 | 22 | 26 | 29 | 31 | -7.8% | 10.3% | 1.0% | 1.6% | 1.3% | 0.6%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 77 | 84 | 99 | 119 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.6% | 0.9% | 1.6% | 1.9%
Gas | 28 | 24 | 47 | 58 | 46 | 57 | 74 | -1.2% | 6.8% | 2.1% | -2.2% | 2.2% | 2.5%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | - 153 | - 57 | 404 | 491 | 534 | 490 | 435 | n.s. | n.s. | 2.0% | 0.9% | -0.9% | -1.2%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 126 | 211 | 404 | 491 | 534 | 490 | 439 | 5.3% | 6.7% | 2.0% | 0.9% | -0.9% | -1.1%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 91 | 165 | 257 | 344 | 390 | 380 | 340 | 6.1% | 4.6% | 2.9% | 1.3% | -0.3% | -1.1%
CO₂ | 63 | 127 | 211 | 286 | 331 | 338 | 304 | 7.3% | 5.2% | 3.1% | 1.5% | 0.2% | -1.0%
CH₄ | 18 | 28 | 33 | 40 | 39 | 24 | 19 | 4.4% | 1.7% | 2.0% | -0.3% | -4.8% | -2.4%
N₂O | 9 | 9 | 13 | 16 | 18 | 16 | 16 | 0.1% | 3.3% | 2.4% | 1.4% | -1.1% | -0.4%
F gases | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0.7% | 7.1% | 4.2% | 2.8% | -3.8% | -4.0%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 78 | 152 | 242 | 325 | 369 | 361 | 322 | 6.9% | 4.8% | 3.0% | 1.3% | -0.2% | -1.1%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 58 | 116 | 192 | 261 | 300 | 306 | 274 | 7.2% | 5.1% | 3.1% | 1.4% | 0.2% | -1.1%
Power generation/District heating | 16 | 37 | 96 | 127 | 147 | 137 | 104 | 8.9% | 9.9% | 2.8% | 1.5% | -0.7% | -2.7%
Industry | 14 | 26 | 31 | 38 | 41 | 40 | 33 | 6.4% | 1.6% | 2.3% | 0.7% | -0.2% | -1.8%
Buildings | 2 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 10 | 14 | 15 | 7.0% | 3.5% | 0.4% | 4.4% | 3.1% | 1.3%
Agriculture | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | n.s. | 25.9% | 0.5% | 1.8% | 0.6% | -1.7%
Transport | 15 | 31 | 40 | 62 | 68 | 76 | 83 | 7.9% | 2.6% | 4.4% | 0.9% | 1.2% | 0.9%
Other | 11 | 17 | 15 | 23 | 30 | 34 | 34 | 4.2% | -1.0% | 4.3% | 2.4% | 1.5% | -0.1%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 13 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 36.0%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 31.3%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 39.1%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 28.9%
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 47 | 74 | 91 | 126 | 136 | 106 | 88 | 4.6% | 2.1% | 3.4% | 0.8% | -2.4% | -1.9%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 14.5% | 20.3% | 3.9% | 2.7% | -0.3% | -2.9%
Oil | 31 | 33 | 36 | 42 | 32 | 17 | 9 | 0.6% | 0.9% | 1.6% | -2.8% | -6.1% | -6.5%
Natural gas | 14 | 38 | 50 | 74 | 87 | 64 | 47 | 10.4% | 2.7% | 4.0% | 1.6% | -3.1% | -3.1%
Biomass | 1 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 12 | 18 | 20 | 1.8% | 2.2% | 10.5% | 7.6% | 3.9% | 0.9%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 18.8% | 12.5%
Hydro | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 5.7% | -0.7% | 8.0% | 0.2% | 1.2% | 1.0%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 6 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 17.9% | 15.8% | 9.9%
Net Imports | - 25 | - 25 | - 16 | - 20 | - 11 | 31 | 52 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 1 | 2 | 13 | 21 | 24 | 20 | 14 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | - 19 | - 14 | - 10 | - 2 | 8 | 24 | 33 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | - 7 | - 14 | - 19 | - 36 | - 37 | - 5 | 12 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | - 2 | - 6 | - 8 | - 7 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 22 | 49 | 74 | 106 | 125 | 137 | 140 | 8.1% | 4.3% | 3.7% | 1.6% | 1.0% | 0.2%
Coal | 1 | 2 | 15 | 24 | 27 | 23 | 17 | 5.7% | 20.3% | 5.0% | 1.4% | -1.9% | -3.1%
Oil | 12 | 19 | 26 | 40 | 39 | 41 | 41 | 4.6% | 2.9% | 4.4% | -0.1% | 0.4% | 0.1%
Natural gas | 7 | 25 | 31 | 38 | 50 | 59 | 59 | 13.6% | 2.4% | 2.0% | 2.9% | 1.6% | -0.1%
Biomass | 1 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 10 | 13 | 1.8% | 2.2% | 5.3% | 5.1% | 5.3% | 2.2%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 18.8% | 12.5%
Hydro | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 5.7% | -0.7% | 8.0% | 0.2% | 1.2% | 1.0%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 6 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 17.9% | 15.8% | 9.9%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 22 | 49 | 74 | 106 | 125 | 137 | 140 | 8.1% | 4.3% | 3.7% | 1.6% | 1.0% | 0.2%
Energy for Power Generation | 6 | 15 | 33 | 41 | 50 | 55 | 56 | 10.7% | 8.0% | 2.3% | 2.0% | 0.9% | 0.2%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 5 | 9 | 8 | 14 | 17 | 20 | 22 | 6.5% | -0.7% | 5.1% | 2.2% | 1.7% | 0.9%
Final consumption | 14 | 30 | 43 | 66 | 76 | 86 | 91 | 8.0% | 3.7% | 4.4% | 1.5% | 1.2% | 0.5%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Other Industry | 6 | 12 | 15 | 19 | 23 | 23 | 21 | 7.9% | 2.4% | 2.7% | 1.6% | 0.3% | -1.2%
Non-Energy Use | 1 | 2 | 4 | 11 | 12 | 11 | 9 | 10.4% | 5.1% | 11.8% | 0.4% | -0.7% | -1.6%
Residential | 2 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 4.2% | 3.5% | 2.4% | 1.6% | 1.4% | 0.8%
Services | 1 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 9 | 14 | 18 | 10.9% | 6.9% | 3.0% | 4.6% | 4.1% | 2.9%
Agriculture | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | n.s. | 26.2% | 0.6% | 1.8% | 1.5% | 1.2%
Road | 5 | 10 | 15 | 22 | 25 | 29 | 32 | 8.5% | 3.3% | 4.5% | 1.1% | 1.5% | 1.2%
Rail | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | 15.1% | 3.8% | 3.2% | 2.5% | 2.0%
Aviation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Other Transport | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -20.8% | 11.6% | 19.4% | 3.1% | 1.4% | 0.4%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 5 | 15 | 32 | 39 | 48 | 50 | 45 | 10.9% | 8.2% | 2.1% | 1.9% | 0.4% | -1.1%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 13 | 21 | 24 | 20 | 14 | 6.3% | 24.1% | 4.9% | 1.6% | -2.2% | -3.5%
Oil | 3 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | -10.7% | -2.6% | 10.9% | -11.3% | -7.3% | 7.7%
Gas | 1 | 12 | 18 | 16 | 20 | 25 | 25 | 24.4% | 4.1% | -1.3% | 2.6% | 2.1% | 0.0%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 5 | n.s. | n.s. | 7.3% | 12.5% | 7.8% | 0.4%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 23 | 69 | 125 | 172 | 225 | 279 | 322 | 11.6% | 6.1% | 3.2% | 2.8% | 2.2% | 1.4%
Coal | 3 | 8 | 43 | 83 | 96 | 79 | 57 | 10.1% | 18.7% | 6.8% | 1.5% | -2.0% | -3.1%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 33.8%
Oil | 11 | 4 | 4 | 9 | 3 | 1 | 3 | -10.2% | 0.2% | 9.0% | -11.3% | -6.8% | 8.2%
Gas | 6 | 51 | 71 | 63 | 98 | 133 | 138 | 24.9% | 3.3% | -1.2% | 4.5% | 3.1% | 0.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 25 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 40.6%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 8 | 19 | 21 | n.s. | n.s. | 8.5% | 12.9% | 9.3% | 1.2%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 14 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 18.9% | 12.6%
Hydro | 4 | 7 | 6 | 14 | 14 | 16 | 18 | 5.7% | -0.7% | 8.0% | 0.2% | 1.2% | 1.0%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 14 | 41 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 29.5% | 19.6% | 11.4%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 14 | 30 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 14.5% | 13.0% | 8.1%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 24.1% | 17.7% | 12.8%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 5 | 14 | 27 | 40 | 44 | 62 | 85 | 11.4% | 7.0% | 3.9% | 1.1% | 3.4% | 3.3%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 8 | 13 | 15 | 13 | 12 | 0.8% | 19.4% | 5.7% | 0.9% | -0.8% | -1.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 34.2%
Oil | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4.7% | -3.6% | 5.6% | -3.7% | 0.0% | 1.7%
Gas | 1 | 8 | 15 | 16 | 16 | 21 | 23 | 24.4% | 6.6% | 0.3% | 0.5% | 2.6% | 0.8%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 41.1%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | n.s. | 20.9% | 8.1% | 1.1% | 6.2% | 0.9%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 18.7% | 12.4%
Hydro | 1 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 6.6% | 0.1% | 10.9% | 0.1% | 1.2% | 1.0%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 15 | n.s. | n.s. | 52.5% | 28.7% | 18.6% | 10.7%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 9 | 21 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 14.7% | 13.2% | 8.3%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 17.2% | 12.3%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 14 | 30 | 43 | 66 | 76 | 86 | 91 | 8.0% | 3.7% | 4.4% | 1.5% | 1.2% | 0.5%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 6.8% | 6.3% | 3.2% | 0.3% | 0.6% | -1.2%
Oil | 9 | 18 | 23 | 34 | 35 | 37 | 37 | 7.1% | 2.7% | 3.9% | 0.3% | 0.5% | 0.1%
Gas | 1 | 4 | 6 | 13 | 18 | 20 | 19 | 13.5% | 4.9% | 7.4% | 3.3% | 1.1% | -0.3%
Electricity | 2 | 5 | 10 | 14 | 18 | 22 | 26 | 11.9% | 6.1% | 3.6% | 2.8% | 2.2% | 1.5%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 27.5%
Biomass & Other | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 1.8% | -0.3% | 3.8% | 2.2% | 3.5% | 3.5%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 13% | 8% | 6% | 7% | 8% | 13% | 20% | -5.0% | -3.5% | 2.1% | 2.0% | 4.7% | 4.5%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 6 | 14 | 19 | 31 | 34 | 34 | 30 | 8.2% | 2.9% | 5.1% | 1.2% | 0.0% | -1.3%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 6.8% | 6.3% | 3.2% | 0.3% | 0.6% | -1.2%
Oil | 4 | 6 | 6 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 5.1% | 0.3% | 4.3% | -1.1% | -1.2% | -2.2%
Gas | 1 | 4 | 6 | 12 | 15 | 15 | 13 | 13.5% | 4.5% | 7.3% | 2.2% | 0.0% | -1.4%
Electricity | 1 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 12.9% | 4.9% | 3.4% | 2.2% | 0.4% | -1.0%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2.5% | n.s. | n.s. | 9.1% | 7.4% | 3.9%
Buildings | 3 | 5 | 9 | 11 | 16 | 21 | 26 | 6.5% | 5.0% | 2.7% | 3.3% | 3.1% | 2.2%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7.0% | 3.4% | -1.4% | -1.9% | -2.1% | -1.7%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 7.4% | 8.2% | 29.7% | 17.2% | 6.0% | 2.2%
Electricity | 1 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 10 | 13 | 17 | 10.7% | 7.3% | 3.7% | 3.1% | 3.3% | 2.6%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 27.5%
Biomass & Other | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 1.6% | 1.8% | 1.5% | 0.5% | 0.9% | 1.2%
Agriculture | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | n.s. | 26.2% | 0.6% | 1.8% | 1.5% | 1.2%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | 25.9% | 0.5% | 1.8% | 0.6% | -1.7%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | 5.2% | 2.8% | 7.1% | 9.0%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 16.4%
Transport | 5 | 10 | 15 | 23 | 25 | 29 | 33 | 8.4% | 3.3% | 4.5% | 1.1% | 1.5% | 1.2%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 5 | 10 | 14 | 22 | 24 | 27 | 29 | 8.4% | 3.1% | 4.4% | 0.9% | 1.2% | 0.8%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | 42.2% | -1.9% | 2.7% | 3.9% | 6.1%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | 15.1% | 4.3% | 18.0% | 10.5% | 5.9%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | 54.6% | 6.1% | 6.9% | 5.7%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 5 | 9 | 8 | 14 | 17 | 20 | 22 | 6.5% | -0.7% | 5.1% | 2.2% | 1.7% | 0.9%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Thailand | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 57 | 63 | 67 | 69 | 68 | 66 | 62 | 1.0% | 0.6% | 0.3% | 0.0% | -0.3% | -0.6%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 4 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 15 | 21 | 28 | 3.4% | 3.7% | 2.6% | 3.6% | 3.7% | 3.0%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 11 | 3.4% | 3.7% | 2.6% | 3.6% | 3.7% | 3.0%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 12 | 9 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 9 | -3.8% | 2.2% | -0.3% | -0.6% | -0.4% | -0.2%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 37 | 37 | 40 | 36 | 34 | 30 | 26 | -0.1% | 0.8% | -1.0% | -0.7% | -1.1% | -1.3%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 50 | 55 | 49 | 54 | 57 | 61 | 65 | 0.8% | -1.0% | 0.8% | 0.5% | 0.7% | 0.6%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 7 | 20 | 22 | 26 | 29 | 31 | -7.8% | 10.3% | 1.0% | 1.6% | 1.3% | 0.6%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 77 | 84 | 99 | 119 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.6% | 0.9% | 1.6% | 1.9%
Gas | 28 | 24 | 47 | 58 | 46 | 57 | 74 | -1.2% | 6.8% | 2.1% | -2.2% | 2.2% | 2.5%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 210 | 278 | 365 | 446 | 404 | 451 | 496 | 2.9% | 2.8% | 2.0% | -1.0% | 1.1% | 1.0%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 210 | 284 | 383 | 452 | 431 | 478 | 529 | 3.1% | 3.0% | 1.7% | -0.5% | 1.1% | 1.0%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 191 | 268 | 367 | 447 | 431 | 478 | 521 | 3.4% | 3.2% | 2.0% | -0.4% | 1.0% | 0.9%
CO₂ | 93 | 169 | 249 | 316 | 326 | 369 | 412 | 6.2% | 4.0% | 2.4% | 0.3% | 1.3% | 1.1%
CH₄ | 82 | 81 | 97 | 106 | 83 | 84 | 83 | 0.0% | 1.8% | 0.9% | -2.5% | 0.2% | -0.1%
N₂O | 16 | 16 | 20 | 24 | 22 | 24 | 26 | 0.2% | 2.4% | 1.7% | -0.8% | 0.9% | 0.7%
F gases | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -2.4% | -8.4% | 1.2% | -8.5% | 1.0% | 0.5%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 121 | 203 | 293 | 366 | 363 | 407 | 450 | 5.3% | 3.7% | 2.3% | -0.1% | 1.2% | 1.0%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 82 | 154 | 231 | 297 | 305 | 346 | 388 | 6.5% | 4.1% | 2.6% | 0.2% | 1.3% | 1.2%
Power generation/District heating | 27 | 54 | 81 | 86 | 76 | 96 | 117 | 7.1% | 4.2% | 0.5% | -1.2% | 2.3% | 2.1%
Industry | 14 | 31 | 50 | 75 | 73 | 71 | 72 | 8.2% | 4.8% | 4.1% | -0.2% | -0.4% | 0.2%
Buildings | 3 | 5 | 9 | 8 | 11 | 14 | 18 | 6.0% | 5.8% | -1.1% | 2.6% | 3.1% | 2.2%
Agriculture | 6 | 9 | 11 | 14 | 15 | 14 | 13 | 4.5% | 2.1% | 2.4% | 0.5% | -0.5% | -0.9%
Transport | 27 | 44 | 61 | 82 | 89 | 101 | 109 | 4.9% | 3.3% | 3.0% | 0.8% | 1.4% | 0.8%
Other | 5 | 11 | 19 | 33 | 41 | 50 | 59 | 8.8% | 5.9% | 5.8% | 2.2% | 1.9% | 1.6%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 12 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 37.9% | 17.4%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 33.8% | 19.5%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 7 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 52.4% | 16.5%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 4.1% | 8.2%
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 21 | 41 | 72 | 70 | 64 | 55 | 49 | 6.8% | 5.8% | -0.4% | -0.8% | -1.4% | -1.2%
Coal | 3 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 4.9% | 0.4% | -0.2% | 0.0% | 1.7% | 2.8%
Oil | 3 | 9 | 19 | 18 | 11 | 5 | 2 | 11.0% | 7.9% | -0.9% | -4.9% | -8.2% | -10.2%
Natural gas | 5 | 17 | 30 | 28 | 21 | 15 | 8 | 11.9% | 6.0% | -0.8% | -2.7% | -3.5% | -6.3%
Biomass | 9 | 10 | 17 | 16 | 21 | 21 | 20 | 0.7% | 5.8% | -0.9% | 3.0% | 0.0% | -0.4%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 5 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 17.1% | 8.2%
Hydro | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1.9% | -0.8% | 2.3% | 0.9% | 0.6% | 0.4%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 6 | n.s. | 6.4% | n.s. | 6.3% | 2.1% | 0.1%
Net Imports | 15 | 26 | 40 | 80 | 99 | 127 | 152 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 1 | 2 | 11 | 15 | 10 | 10 | 11 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | 15 | 23 | 26 | 45 | 51 | 59 | 61 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | 0 | 1 | 3 | 15 | 35 | 55 | 77 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 37 | 68 | 113 | 149 | 163 | 183 | 201 | 6.3% | 5.2% | 2.9% | 0.9% | 1.1% | 0.9%
Coal | 4 | 8 | 16 | 20 | 16 | 16 | 19 | 7.1% | 7.9% | 2.3% | -2.6% | 0.2% | 1.9%
Oil | 18 | 32 | 45 | 63 | 61 | 63 | 63 | 5.8% | 3.5% | 3.4% | -0.2% | 0.3% | -0.1%
Natural gas | 5 | 17 | 33 | 42 | 56 | 70 | 84 | 13.3% | 6.6% | 2.6% | 2.8% | 2.2% | 1.9%
Biomass | 9 | 10 | 17 | 19 | 23 | 23 | 21 | 0.7% | 5.8% | 0.9% | 1.9% | 0.1% | -1.0%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 5 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 17.1% | 8.2%
Hydro | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1.9% | -0.8% | 2.3% | 0.9% | 0.6% | 0.4%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 6 | n.s. | 6.4% | n.s. | 6.3% | 2.1% | 0.1%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 37 | 68 | 113 | 149 | 163 | 183 | 201 | 6.3% | 5.2% | 2.9% | 0.9% | 1.1% | 0.9%
Energy for Power Generation | 9 | 20 | 33 | 36 | 39 | 50 | 60 | 8.0% | 4.9% | 1.1% | 0.8% | 2.4% | 1.9%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 2 | 4 | 8 | 18 | 23 | 27 | 33 | 7.9% | 8.1% | 7.9% | 2.3% | 1.9% | 1.8%
Final consumption | 29 | 51 | 85 | 112 | 122 | 132 | 140 | 5.8% | 5.2% | 2.8% | 0.8% | 0.8% | 0.6%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 2 | 6 | 12 | 16 | 15 | 14 | 15 | 8.4% | 7.8% | 2.9% | -0.5% | -0.5% | 0.5%
Other Industry | 6 | 12 | 15 | 20 | 23 | 24 | 24 | 6.5% | 2.4% | 3.1% | 1.5% | 0.5% | 0.1%
Non-Energy Use | 0 | 6 | 18 | 26 | 27 | 27 | 26 | 29.3% | 12.4% | 3.8% | 0.5% | -0.2% | -0.5%
Residential | 8 | 8 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 0.2% | 3.9% | 0.9% | 0.4% | 0.4% | 0.1%
Services | 1 | 3 | 6 | 7 | 9 | 13 | 17 | 8.2% | 6.1% | 1.6% | 2.9% | 3.9% | 2.9%
Agriculture | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 4.5% | 2.1% | 2.4% | 1.5% | 1.3% | 0.9%
Road | 9 | 14 | 19 | 26 | 29 | 33 | 37 | 5.3% | 3.0% | 3.1% | 0.9% | 1.5% | 1.0%
Rail | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.6% | -1.1% | 1.4% | 1.1% | 1.2% | 0.9%
Aviation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | 4.3% | 0.1% | 0.6% | 0.4%
Other Transport | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -16.2% | 2.7% | 8.8% | 1.7% | 1.2% | 0.3%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 9 | 20 | 32 | 33 | 33 | 41 | 49 | 8.2% | 5.0% | 0.3% | 0.1% | 2.1% | 1.7%
Coal | 3 | 4 | 7 | 8 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 5.0% | 5.2% | 2.0% | -3.0% | 2.0% | 3.3%
Oil | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 4 | -0.8% | -19.6% | 13.4% | -12.7% | 26.2% | 5.0%
Gas | 4 | 13 | 23 | 21 | 22 | 26 | 32 | 12.8% | 5.9% | -0.8% | 0.3% | 1.7% | 2.1%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 3 | n.s. | 17.5% | 1.6% | 7.2% | 0.2% | -7.0%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 44 | 96 | 160 | 196 | 228 | 293 | 356 | 8.1% | 5.2% | 2.1% | 1.5% | 2.6% | 2.0%
Coal | 11 | 18 | 30 | 30 | 24 | 32 | 47 | 4.9% | 5.4% | 0.1% | -2.4% | 3.0% | 3.8%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 6 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 20.4%
Oil | 10 | 10 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 11 | 18 | -0.3% | -19.3% | 13.4% | -12.6% | 26.1% | 5.1%
Gas | 18 | 62 | 119 | 116 | 120 | 146 | 184 | 13.2% | 6.8% | -0.3% | 0.3% | 2.0% | 2.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 20 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 17.2%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 1 | 3 | 9 | 18 | 19 | 10 | n.s. | 20.9% | 10.3% | 7.3% | 0.5% | -6.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 9 | 20 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 17.2% | 8.3%
Hydro | 5 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 1.9% | -0.8% | 2.3% | 0.9% | 0.6% | 0.4%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 27 | 33 | 33 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 3.1% | 2.0% | 0.1%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 29 | 36 | 36 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 10.8% | 2.2% | 0.0%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7.2% | 2.4% | 1.7% | 26.7% | 15.8% | 11.4%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 10 | 27 | 41 | 68 | 86 | 94 | 96 | 10.9% | 4.2% | 5.2% | 2.3% | 0.9% | 0.2%
Coal | 1 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 7 | 5.7% | 4.3% | 1.9% | 0.5% | -0.6% | 3.5%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 20.6%
Oil | 3 | 6 | 10 | 8 | 7 | 5 | 5 | 7.0% | 5.6% | -2.1% | -1.3% | -4.2% | 1.5%
Gas | 3 | 15 | 21 | 25 | 26 | 28 | 30 | 17.7% | 3.4% | 1.7% | 0.2% | 0.8% | 0.8%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 17.6%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1 | n.s. | 9.8% | 12.1% | 0.4% | -1.6% | -6.9%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 16.9% | 8.0%
Hydro | 2 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 3.5% | 3.9% | 2.9% | 0.9% | 0.6% | 0.4%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 18 | 21 | 17 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 2.9% | 1.6% | -1.9%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 20 | 25 | 25 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 10.5% | 2.1% | 0.0%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 15.2% | 10.9%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 29 | 51 | 85 | 112 | 122 | 132 | 140 | 5.8% | 5.2% | 2.8% | 0.8% | 0.8% | 0.6%
Coal | 1 | 4 | 9 | 12 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 10.3% | 10.0% | 2.6% | -2.3% | -1.1% | 0.5%
Oil | 15 | 29 | 44 | 58 | 57 | 57 | 55 | 6.9% | 4.2% | 2.9% | -0.1% | -0.1% | -0.3%
Gas | 0 | 2 | 5 | 11 | 20 | 27 | 31 | 27.0% | 11.8% | 8.8% | 6.6% | 2.8% | 1.6%
Electricity | 3 | 8 | 13 | 16 | 19 | 24 | 29 | 8.7% | 5.4% | 2.4% | 1.4% | 2.5% | 1.9%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 5.4%
Biomass & Other | 9 | 9 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 0.2% | 4.4% | 0.5% | 0.4% | 0.0% | 0.2%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 31% | 20% | 21% | 21% | 23% | 23% | 22% | -4.2% | 0.5% | -0.2% | 1.1% | -0.2% | -0.6%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 9 | 23 | 45 | 62 | 65 | 65 | 65 | 9.6% | 6.9% | 3.3% | 0.6% | 0.0% | -0.1%
Coal | 1 | 4 | 9 | 12 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 10.3% | 10.0% | 2.6% | -2.3% | -1.1% | 0.5%
Oil | 3 | 10 | 20 | 28 | 25 | 21 | 17 | 12.1% | 7.1% | 3.5% | -1.2% | -1.7% | -1.9%
Gas | 0 | 2 | 3 | 8 | 17 | 21 | 24 | 27.0% | 7.6% | 10.0% | 7.5% | 2.4% | 1.1%
Electricity | 2 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 8.4% | 4.7% | 2.2% | 0.8% | 1.1% | 0.5%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 3 | 4 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 4.0% | 5.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | -0.6% | -0.2%
Buildings | 9 | 11 | 17 | 19 | 22 | 26 | 31 | 1.9% | 4.6% | 1.1% | 1.3% | 2.0% | 1.6%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6.0% | 5.8% | -2.9% | -3.5% | -2.4% | -1.6%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 6 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 15.3% | 6.1% | 3.3%
Electricity | 2 | 4 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 15 | 18 | 8.9% | 6.0% | 2.5% | 1.6% | 2.9% | 2.3%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 5.4%
Biomass & Other | 6 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 5 | -2.1% | 2.9% | 0.2% | -0.4% | -1.2% | -1.4%
Agriculture | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 4.5% | 2.1% | 2.4% | 1.5% | 1.3% | 0.9%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4.5% | 2.1% | 2.4% | 0.5% | -0.5% | -0.9%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4.8% | 8.1% | 4.9% | 14.4% | 10.1% | 5.5%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 10.8% | 4.8%
Transport | 9 | 15 | 20 | 27 | 30 | 34 | 38 | 4.9% | 3.1% | 3.1% | 0.9% | 1.5% | 1.0%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 9 | 15 | 18 | 24 | 27 | 31 | 33 | 4.9% | 2.0% | 3.0% | 1.1% | 1.4% | 0.7%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | 2.8% | -5.9% | -1.9% | 3.0%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | 6.6% | 13.4% | 22.8% | 11.0% | 6.0%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | 6.5% | 3.7% | 2.8% | 2.8%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 2 | 4 | 8 | 18 | 23 | 27 | 33 | 7.9% | 8.1% | 7.9% | 2.3% | 1.9% | 1.8%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Vietnam | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 68 | 80 | 88 | 98 | 105 | 110 | 113 | 1.6% | 1.0% | 1.1% | 0.7% | 0.4% | 0.3%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 8 | 12 | 16 | 5.8% | 5.6% | 4.9% | 4.9% | 4.1% | 3.3%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 5.8% | 5.6% | 4.9% | 4.9% | 4.1% | 3.3%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 39 | 23 | 18 | 15 | 13 | 12 | 11 | -5.2% | -2.1% | -1.9% | -1.6% | -0.8% | -0.5%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 23 | 34 | 32 | 34 | 34 | 32 | 30 | 4.2% | -0.6% | 0.5% | -0.1% | -0.5% | -0.7%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 39 | 43 | 50 | 51 | 53 | 56 | 59 | 1.1% | 1.4% | 0.3% | 0.5% | 0.5% | 0.5%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 7 | 20 | 22 | 26 | 29 | 31 | -7.8% | 10.3% | 1.0% | 1.6% | 1.3% | 0.6%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 77 | 84 | 99 | 119 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.6% | 0.9% | 1.6% | 1.9%
Gas | 28 | 24 | 47 | 58 | 46 | 57 | 74 | -1.2% | 6.8% | 2.1% | -2.2% | 2.2% | 2.5%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 112 | 100 | 273 | 404 | 514 | 558 | 597 | -1.1% | 10.5% | 4.0% | 2.4% | 0.8% | 0.7%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 112 | 144 | 288 | 416 | 530 | 591 | 638 | 2.6% | 7.2% | 3.7% | 2.5% | 1.1% | 0.8%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 89 | 144 | 287 | 416 | 527 | 588 | 630 | 4.9% | 7.2% | 3.8% | 2.4% | 1.1% | 0.7%
CO₂ | 20 | 52 | 147 | 252 | 352 | 431 | 475 | 10.0% | 11.0% | 5.5% | 3.4% | 2.0% | 1.0%
CH₄ | 59 | 74 | 109 | 118 | 121 | 106 | 102 | 2.3% | 4.0% | 0.8% | 0.2% | -1.3% | -0.4%
N₂O | 10 | 18 | 31 | 46 | 54 | 52 | 53 | 5.7% | 5.4% | 4.0% | 1.6% | -0.4% | 0.2%
F gases | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 36 | 78 | 204 | 303 | 402 | 477 | 524 | 8.2% | 10.0% | 4.1% | 2.8% | 1.7% | 0.9%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 17 | 44 | 124 | 213 | 296 | 360 | 396 | 9.9% | 10.9% | 5.6% | 3.3% | 2.0% | 0.9%
Power generation/District heating | 5 | 11 | 41 | 87 | 136 | 173 | 187 | 9.0% | 13.7% | 7.9% | 4.6% | 2.4% | 0.7%
Industry | 6 | 14 | 41 | 65 | 81 | 85 | 86 | 9.9% | 11.1% | 4.8% | 2.2% | 0.5% | 0.2%
Buildings | 2 | 7 | 11 | 13 | 19 | 26 | 32 | 12.9% | 5.4% | 1.4% | 4.1% | 2.9% | 2.0%
Agriculture | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 5.0% | 3.8% | 1.7% | 2.3% | 1.2% | 0.0%
Transport | 4 | 11 | 28 | 42 | 51 | 66 | 80 | 9.8% | 10.4% | 4.0% | 2.1% | 2.6% | 1.9%
Other | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 8.4% | 45.6% | 14.3% | 1.6% | 2.8% | 1.7%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 32.8%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 34.0%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 34.7%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 6.2%
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 17 | 39 | 65 | 62 | 53 | 59 | 66 | 8.4% | 5.3% | -0.4% | -1.6% | 1.1% | 1.1%
Coal | 2 | 7 | 25 | 13 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 10.3% | 14.5% | -6.6% | -26.5% | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 3 | 16 | 16 | 19 | 18 | 17 | 15 | 20.0% | -0.5% | 1.8% | -0.4% | -0.5% | -1.2%
Natural gas | 0 | 1 | 8 | 9 | 11 | 16 | 19 | 44.5% | 19.4% | 1.7% | 2.2% | 3.1% | 2.0%
Biomass | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 15 | 17 | 18 | 1.2% | 0.3% | 0.8% | 0.3% | 0.9% | 0.7%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 13.5%
Hydro | 0 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 10.5% | 6.6% | 7.8% | 0.0% | 0.6% | 0.3%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 4.4% | 4.0% | 4.8%
Net Imports | 0 | - 11 | - 7 | 25 | 64 | 85 | 99 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 0 | - 2 | - 11 | 15 | 38 | 41 | 43 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | 0 | - 9 | 3 | 5 | 11 | 18 | 25 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 16 | 27 | 31 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - 1 | - 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 17 | 28 | 58 | 87 | 117 | 144 | 165 | 4.9% | 7.6% | 4.2% | 2.9% | 2.1% | 1.3%
Coal | 2 | 4 | 15 | 28 | 38 | 41 | 43 | 7.0% | 12.9% | 6.8% | 3.1% | 0.6% | 0.4%
Oil | 3 | 8 | 19 | 24 | 29 | 35 | 40 | 11.2% | 9.1% | 2.7% | 1.6% | 2.1% | 1.3%
Natural gas | 0 | 1 | 8 | 13 | 27 | 42 | 50 | n.s. | 21.9% | 4.9% | 7.5% | 4.5% | 1.8%
Biomass | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 16 | 17 | 1.2% | 0.3% | 0.9% | 0.3% | 0.5% | 0.6%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 13.5%
Hydro | 0 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 10.5% | 6.6% | 7.8% | 0.0% | 0.6% | 0.3%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 4.4% | 4.0% | 4.8%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 17 | 28 | 58 | 87 | 117 | 144 | 165 | 4.9% | 7.6% | 4.2% | 2.9% | 2.1% | 1.3%
Energy for Power Generation | 2 | 5 | 16 | 32 | 47 | 63 | 73 | 10.7% | 12.8% | 7.3% | 3.9% | 2.8% | 1.6%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 0 | 0 | 1 | - 1 | 0 | 2 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 19.8% | 7.8%
Final consumption | 16 | 25 | 48 | 70 | 90 | 108 | 121 | 4.6% | 6.8% | 3.8% | 2.5% | 1.8% | 1.2%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 0 | 0 | 6 | 13 | 16 | 20 | 21 | n.s. | n.s. | 7.8% | 2.6% | 1.8% | 0.8%
Other Industry | 5 | 8 | 11 | 17 | 24 | 29 | 31 | 5.7% | 3.8% | 4.3% | 3.4% | 1.5% | 0.8%
Non-Energy Use | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 16.9% | 32.8% | 1.9% | 3.0% | 0.8% | 0.5%
Residential | 10 | 12 | 16 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 2.4% | 2.9% | 1.5% | 0.7% | 0.6% | 0.2%
Services | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 8 | 10 | 12.6% | 4.8% | 4.9% | 5.7% | 4.5% | 3.1%
Agriculture | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 5.4% | 3.8% | 3.0% | 2.6% | 2.1% | 1.7%
Road | 1 | 3 | 10 | 15 | 19 | 25 | 31 | 10.3% | 11.4% | 4.1% | 2.4% | 2.9% | 2.3%
Rail | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Aviation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.4% | 3.9% | 2.9% | 1.1% | 0.7% | 0.6%
Other Transport | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 17.8% | 8.3% | -3.1% | 4.2% | 2.5% | 1.4%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 1 | 4 | 14 | 26 | 40 | 53 | 59 | 10.8% | 14.4% | 6.6% | 4.5% | 2.8% | 1.1%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 5 | 16 | 25 | 30 | 33 | 2.6% | 15.5% | 12.4% | 5.0% | 1.5% | 1.0%
Oil | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 13.1% | -1.2% | 2.8% | -0.3% | 7.3% | 1.2%
Gas | 0 | 1 | 8 | 9 | 13 | 20 | 22 | n.s. | 21.4% | 1.3% | 4.1% | 4.3% | 0.9%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | 5.7% | 18.1% | 16.5% | 9.9%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 4.5% | 0.8% | 0.7%
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 9 | 27 | 95 | 188 | 260 | 347 | 413 | 11.8% | 13.6% | 7.1% | 3.3% | 2.9% | 1.7%
Coal | 2 | 3 | 20 | 67 | 111 | 131 | 145 | 4.6% | 20.2% | 13.0% | 5.2% | 1.6% | 1.1%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 39.3%
Oil | 1 | 5 | 3 | 7 | 7 | 14 | 15 | 13.2% | -2.8% | 7.3% | -0.3% | 7.3% | 1.2%
Gas | 0 | 4 | 44 | 49 | 74 | 114 | 125 | n.s. | 26.1% | 1.1% | 4.1% | 4.4% | 1.0%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 39.2%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 8 | n.s. | n.s. | 6.0% | 20.4% | 17.4% | 10.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 12 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 13.6%
Hydro | 5 | 15 | 28 | 58 | 58 | 61 | 63 | 10.5% | 6.6% | 7.8% | 0.0% | 0.6% | 0.3%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 6 | 13 | 23 | n.s. | n.s. | 58.1% | 2.2% | 7.7% | 6.1%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 6 | 18 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 13.2% | 11.2% | 10.7%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 4.6% | 1.2% | 1.8%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 2 | 6 | 20 | 49 | 62 | 83 | 101 | 11.7% | 11.7% | 9.6% | 2.4% | 3.0% | 2.0%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 3 | 17 | 25 | 31 | 33 | -1.0% | 17.4% | 18.5% | 3.7% | 2.3% | 0.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 39.5%
Oil | 1 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 8.2% | 2.2% | 6.5% | 0.5% | -1.0% | -0.5%
Gas | 0 | 1 | 6 | 8 | 11 | 17 | 19 | n.s. | 19.4% | 1.6% | 3.6% | 4.9% | 1.0%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 39.3%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | 0.8% | 20.2% | 17.4% | 10.6%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 13.4%
Hydro | 1 | 3 | 8 | 15 | 15 | 16 | 16 | 16.6% | 9.7% | 6.6% | 0.0% | 0.6% | 0.3%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 6 | 10 | 14 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 1.5% | 5.8% | 3.5%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 5 | 13 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 13.6% | 11.4% | 11.0%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3.4% | 0.0% | 8.5% | 4.5% | 1.1% | 1.1%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 16 | 25 | 48 | 70 | 90 | 108 | 121 | 4.6% | 6.8% | 3.8% | 2.5% | 1.8% | 1.2%
Coal | 1 | 3 | 10 | 13 | 13 | 11 | 10 | 9.2% | 11.8% | 2.6% | 0.2% | -1.3% | -1.2%
Oil | 2 | 7 | 17 | 24 | 28 | 32 | 36 | 10.8% | 9.8% | 3.5% | 1.6% | 1.6% | 1.2%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 14 | 22 | 28 | n.s. | 39.2% | 25.1% | 11.9% | 4.6% | 2.5%
Electricity | 1 | 2 | 7 | 14 | 20 | 27 | 32 | 13.7% | 14.5% | 6.8% | 3.3% | 2.9% | 1.8%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 17.8%
Biomass & Other | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 1.2% | 0.3% | 0.8% | -0.1% | 0.0% | -0.1%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 76% | 58% | 34% | 29% | 23% | 21% | 21% | -2.7% | -5.2% | -1.5% | -2.2% | -1.0% | 0.1%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 5 | 8 | 20 | 33 | 45 | 52 | 56 | 5.7% | 9.4% | 5.3% | 3.1% | 1.6% | 0.8%
Coal | 1 | 2 | 8 | 11 | 12 | 10 | 9 | 8.5% | 13.4% | 3.3% | 0.2% | -1.2% | -0.9%
Oil | 0 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 13.2% | 10.3% | 3.3% | 1.2% | -0.7% | -1.0%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 10 | 15 | 17 | n.s. | 39.2% | 23.0% | 10.2% | 3.7% | 1.7%
Electricity | 0 | 1 | 4 | 9 | 13 | 17 | 20 | 12.3% | 17.7% | 7.9% | 3.9% | 3.1% | 1.6%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 1.3% | -2.1% | 1.8% | 0.7% | 1.0% | 0.2%
Buildings | 10 | 13 | 18 | 22 | 25 | 29 | 32 | 2.9% | 3.1% | 1.9% | 1.5% | 1.5% | 1.0%
Coal | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 14.3% | 6.2% | -1.3% | -0.3% | -2.5% | -5.1%
Oil | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 11.7% | 4.6% | 1.6% | -1.0% | -0.8% | -0.3%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 7 | 10 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 18.1% | 6.8% | 3.7%
Electricity | 0 | 1 | 3 | 6 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 15.9% | 12.1% | 5.4% | 2.2% | 2.3% | 1.7%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 17.8%
Biomass & Other | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 11 | 10 | 9 | 1.2% | 1.0% | 0.5% | -0.7% | -0.9% | -1.4%
Agriculture | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 5.4% | 3.8% | 3.0% | 2.6% | 2.1% | 1.7%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -9.4% | -2.0% | -0.7% | 0.0% | -0.9% | -2.1%
Oil | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8.8% | 4.2% | 1.8% | 2.4% | 1.3% | 0.0%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4.0% | 3.5% | 8.8% | 3.4% | 3.5% | 3.4%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 13.4%
Transport | 1 | 3 | 10 | 15 | 19 | 25 | 31 | 9.7% | 11.2% | 4.0% | 2.3% | 2.9% | 2.2%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 1 | 3 | 10 | 15 | 18 | 24 | 28 | 9.9% | 11.2% | 4.0% | 2.0% | 2.6% | 1.8%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 24.3% | 7.7% | 7.9%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 14.8% | 8.1%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 21.8% | 7.9% | 6.3%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 0 | 0 | 1 | - 1 | 0 | 2 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 19.8% | 7.8%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Rest South Asia | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 262 | 333 | 398 | 468 | 531 | 585 | 626 | 2.4% | 1.8% | 1.6% | 1.3% | 1.0% | 0.7%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 8 | 12 | 1.9% | 3.4% | 3.8% | 5.4% | 5.2% | 4.4%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 1.9% | 3.4% | 3.8% | 5.4% | 5.2% | 4.4%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 30 | 25 | 21 | 17 | 13 | 11 | 10 | -1.7% | -1.9% | -2.0% | -2.8% | -1.6% | -0.9%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 23 | 24 | 23 | 25 | 27 | 26 | 24 | 0.2% | -0.1% | 0.7% | 0.7% | -0.2% | -0.9%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 47 | 51 | 56 | 58 | 60 | 63 | 66 | 0.9% | 0.9% | 0.4% | 0.4% | 0.4% | 0.5%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 7 | 20 | 22 | 24 | 25 | 26 | -7.8% | 10.3% | 1.1% | 0.9% | 0.4% | 0.4%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 77 | 84 | 99 | 119 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.6% | 0.9% | 1.6% | 1.9%
Gas | 28 | 24 | 47 | 58 | 46 | 57 | 74 | -1.2% | 6.8% | 2.1% | -2.2% | 2.2% | 2.5%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 439 | 537 | 662 | 865 | 1 226 | 1 478 | 1 656 | 2.0% | 2.1% | 2.7% | 3.5% | 1.9% | 1.1%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 439 | 537 | 662 | 865 | 1 226 | 1 478 | 1 656 | 2.0% | 2.1% | 2.7% | 3.5% | 1.9% | 1.1%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 341 | 444 | 606 | 812 | 1 183 | 1 432 | 1 617 | 2.7% | 3.2% | 3.0% | 3.8% | 1.9% | 1.2%
CO₂ | 82 | 146 | 234 | 398 | 681 | 926 | 1 079 | 6.0% | 4.8% | 5.5% | 5.5% | 3.1% | 1.5%
CH₄ | 216 | 245 | 307 | 340 | 419 | 416 | 440 | 1.3% | 2.3% | 1.0% | 2.1% | -0.1% | 0.6%
N₂O | 42 | 52 | 64 | 72 | 82 | 88 | 97 | 2.1% | 2.2% | 1.1% | 1.3% | 0.8% | 0.9%
F gases | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | -2.1% | 3.0% | 2.4% | 2.4% | -4.5% | 0.8%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 144 | 231 | 353 | 556 | 922 | 1 169 | 1 346 | 4.8% | 4.3% | 4.6% | 5.2% | 2.4% | 1.4%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 75 | 135 | 213 | 368 | 631 | 859 | 996 | 6.0% | 4.7% | 5.6% | 5.6% | 3.1% | 1.5%
Power generation/District heating | 20 | 45 | 67 | 122 | 166 | 234 | 264 | 8.4% | 4.2% | 6.1% | 3.1% | 3.5% | 1.2%
Industry | 20 | 28 | 50 | 61 | 131 | 172 | 196 | 3.6% | 5.8% | 2.2% | 7.8% | 2.7% | 1.3%
Buildings | 12 | 18 | 26 | 47 | 115 | 151 | 155 | 3.5% | 4.1% | 6.0% | 9.4% | 2.8% | 0.2%
Agriculture | 2 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 9 | 3.2% | 2.8% | 3.5% | 3.1% | 2.2% | 0.9%
Transport | 19 | 37 | 60 | 122 | 194 | 264 | 335 | 6.8% | 4.8% | 7.4% | 4.7% | 3.2% | 2.4%
Other | 2 | 5 | 7 | 11 | 20 | 30 | 38 | 10.4% | 3.0% | 5.3% | 6.3% | 4.1% | 2.2%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 29 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 29.6%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 36.8%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 18 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 27.0%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 6.8%
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 56 | 76 | 114 | 117 | 121 | 139 | 157 | 3.2% | 4.1% | 0.2% | 0.4% | 1.3% | 1.3%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 2.3% | 5.1% | 1.1% | 5.6% | 4.1% | 2.2%
Oil | 3 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 11 | 16 | 1.0% | 2.2% | 2.8% | 3.6% | 4.0% | 3.5%
Natural gas | 14 | 26 | 51 | 62 | 58 | 57 | 53 | 6.0% | 7.2% | 1.9% | -0.7% | -0.2% | -0.8%
Biomass | 36 | 43 | 52 | 41 | 43 | 46 | 46 | 2.0% | 1.7% | -2.3% | 0.4% | 0.7% | 0.2%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 6 | 12 | 21.2% | 5.5% | 5.1% | 5.0% | 9.4% | 7.3%
Hydro | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 0.4% | 7.0% | 0.1% | 1.0% | 1.1% | 1.0%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 7 | 17 | n.s. | n.s. | 45.0% | 13.5% | 14.0% | 8.4%
Net Imports | 12 | 23 | 24 | 67 | 170 | 253 | 311 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 1 | 1 | 4 | 9 | 16 | 24 | 31 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | 11 | 24 | 28 | 58 | 76 | 95 | 110 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | - 1 | - 2 | - 7 | - 2 | 77 | 133 | 167 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 68 | 100 | 139 | 183 | 291 | 391 | 467 | 4.0% | 3.3% | 2.8% | 4.7% | 3.0% | 1.8%
Coal | 2 | 3 | 6 | 11 | 20 | 30 | 39 | 1.3% | 8.6% | 6.7% | 6.0% | 4.4% | 2.6%
Oil | 14 | 27 | 32 | 64 | 84 | 106 | 126 | 6.7% | 1.6% | 7.1% | 2.8% | 2.4% | 1.7%
Natural gas | 14 | 24 | 44 | 60 | 135 | 190 | 220 | 5.8% | 6.3% | 3.0% | 8.5% | 3.4% | 1.5%
Biomass | 36 | 43 | 52 | 43 | 43 | 46 | 46 | 2.0% | 1.7% | -1.8% | 0.1% | 0.6% | 0.1%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 6 | 12 | 21.2% | 5.5% | 5.1% | 5.0% | 9.4% | 7.3%
Hydro | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 0.4% | 7.0% | 0.1% | 1.0% | 1.1% | 1.0%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 7 | 17 | n.s. | n.s. | 45.0% | 13.5% | 14.0% | 8.4%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 68 | 100 | 139 | 183 | 291 | 391 | 467 | 4.0% | 3.3% | 2.8% | 4.7% | 3.0% | 1.8%
Energy for Power Generation | 10 | 19 | 30 | 49 | 70 | 106 | 138 | 6.8% | 4.9% | 5.0% | 3.6% | 4.2% | 2.7%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 1 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 10 | 19 | 32 | 15.2% | 0.1% | 3.2% | 10.0% | 6.8% | 5.3%
Final consumption | 60 | 84 | 116 | 148 | 241 | 318 | 372 | 3.4% | 3.3% | 2.4% | 5.0% | 2.8% | 1.6%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 3 | 4 | 7 | 8 | 13 | 17 | 19 | 2.7% | 5.0% | 1.9% | 4.9% | 2.3% | 1.4%
Other Industry | 7 | 11 | 19 | 24 | 56 | 75 | 84 | 4.9% | 5.3% | 2.3% | 8.9% | 3.0% | 1.1%
Non-Energy Use | 4 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 10 | 13 | 15 | 4.2% | -0.4% | 1.4% | 5.7% | 2.3% | 1.1%
Residential | 38 | 48 | 60 | 62 | 79 | 90 | 89 | 2.4% | 2.3% | 0.3% | 2.5% | 1.3% | -0.2%
Services | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 10 | 16 | 22 | 5.0% | 5.1% | 3.7% | 6.9% | 5.3% | 3.0%
Agriculture | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 2.0% | 4.1% | 3.3% | 3.5% | 3.2% | 2.7%
Road | 6 | 11 | 18 | 38 | 64 | 94 | 125 | 6.2% | 5.5% | 7.6% | 5.5% | 3.8% | 2.9%
Rail | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1.5% | 0.4% | 3.6% | 1.9% | 2.2% | 2.1%
Aviation | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 8 | 16.1% | 0.1% | 3.3% | 7.6% | 6.7% | 5.4%
Other Transport | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5.2% | 10.5% | 2.9% | 5.8% | 4.6% | 3.5%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 8 | 16 | 25 | 43 | 61 | 87 | 104 | 7.8% | 4.5% | 5.5% | 3.5% | 3.6% | 1.8%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 7 | 15 | 21 | 17.8% | 12.7% | 28.4% | 7.2% | 6.9% | 3.9%
Oil | 2 | 8 | 9 | 18 | 13 | 9 | 7 | 12.5% | 2.0% | 6.7% | -3.0% | -3.5% | -2.9%
Gas | 5 | 8 | 16 | 21 | 40 | 63 | 75 | 4.8% | 6.3% | 3.2% | 6.6% | 4.6% | 1.8%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | 8.6% | 3.7% | 15.5% | 8.5%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 52 | 95 | 157 | 249 | 387 | 640 | 880 | 6.2% | 5.2% | 4.7% | 4.5% | 5.2% | 3.2%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 1 | 13 | 32 | 70 | 106 | 20.3% | 13.6% | 31.7% | 9.1% | 8.0% | 4.3%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 40.1%
Oil | 8 | 32 | 40 | 79 | 59 | 42 | 32 | 14.2% | 2.3% | 7.1% | -2.9% | -3.3% | -2.8%
Gas | 19 | 36 | 64 | 94 | 208 | 356 | 428 | 6.4% | 5.9% | 4.0% | 8.3% | 5.5% | 1.9%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 25 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 38.0%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | 10.7% | 6.3% | 22.9% | 9.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 2 | 3 | 6 | 10 | 24 | 50 | 21.2% | 5.5% | 5.3% | 5.3% | 9.7% | 7.4%
Hydro | 24 | 25 | 49 | 50 | 55 | 61 | 68 | 0.4% | 7.0% | 0.1% | 1.0% | 1.1% | 1.0%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 21 | 73 | 146 | n.s. | 33.3% | n.s. | 12.6% | 13.3% | 7.2%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 13 | 46 | n.s. | n.s. | 2.8% | 32.5% | 18.8% | 13.4%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 22.2% | 16.1% | 12.0%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 13 | 24 | 34 | 53 | 78 | 129 | 202 | 6.5% | 3.7% | 4.4% | 4.0% | 5.1% | 4.6%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 5 | 10 | 15 | 0.0% | 10.7% | 17.7% | 8.0% | 7.6% | 4.6%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 40.0%
Oil | 3 | 5 | 7 | 14 | 14 | 13 | 14 | 4.7% | 3.5% | 7.2% | 0.3% | -1.1% | 0.9%
Gas | 4 | 11 | 16 | 21 | 35 | 55 | 74 | 9.9% | 3.6% | 3.2% | 5.1% | 4.5% | 3.1%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 38.4%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | 5.8% | 1.5% | 22.0% | 9.6%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 8 | 13.7% | 0.0% | 7.2% | 5.1% | 9.5% | 7.2%
Hydro | 5 | 7 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 16 | 3.7% | 4.0% | 0.8% | 1.0% | 1.1% | 1.0%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 8 | 25 | 48 | n.s. | 29.9% | 51.2% | 11.9% | 12.3% | 6.6%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 8 | 27 | n.s. | n.s. | 9.5% | 28.2% | 16.4% | 12.8%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 15.6% | 11.5%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 60 | 84 | 116 | 148 | 241 | 318 | 372 | 3.4% | 3.3% | 2.4% | 5.0% | 2.8% | 1.6%
Coal | 2 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 12 | 16 | 17 | 0.3% | 9.0% | 2.9% | 5.5% | 2.5% | 1.2%
Oil | 11 | 19 | 22 | 44 | 69 | 94 | 116 | 5.0% | 1.6% | 7.4% | 4.5% | 3.2% | 2.1%
Gas | 8 | 14 | 27 | 36 | 89 | 117 | 129 | 5.7% | 6.7% | 3.0% | 9.6% | 2.7% | 1.0%
Electricity | 3 | 6 | 11 | 17 | 27 | 45 | 62 | 6.1% | 6.5% | 4.7% | 4.5% | 5.2% | 3.3%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 36 | 43 | 52 | 43 | 44 | 46 | 47 | 2.0% | 1.7% | -1.7% | 0.1% | 0.6% | 0.2%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 64% | 56% | 49% | 32% | 21% | 19% | 20% | -1.4% | -1.4% | -4.1% | -4.2% | -0.8% | 0.6%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 14 | 21 | 31 | 38 | 80 | 105 | 118 | 4.2% | 4.0% | 2.1% | 7.6% | 2.8% | 1.1%
Coal | 2 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 12 | 15 | 17 | 0.5% | 8.5% | 3.1% | 5.7% | 2.6% | 1.2%
Oil | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 6 | 9 | 10 | 6.0% | -4.1% | 3.8% | 6.0% | 4.1% | 1.8%
Gas | 6 | 9 | 15 | 17 | 39 | 50 | 57 | 4.7% | 4.7% | 1.0% | 8.9% | 2.5% | 1.3%
Electricity | 1 | 2 | 4 | 7 | 10 | 15 | 18 | 4.6% | 7.4% | 4.8% | 4.8% | 3.5% | 2.1%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 3 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 12 | 16 | 15 | 4.2% | 1.9% | 0.3% | 9.7% | 2.6% | -0.9%
Buildings | 39 | 50 | 63 | 67 | 89 | 107 | 111 | 2.5% | 2.5% | 0.5% | 2.9% | 1.8% | 0.4%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -11.7% | 31.8% | -0.3% | -0.8% | -2.9% | -5.6%
Oil | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 6 | -0.1% | -2.1% | 3.5% | 3.9% | 3.9% | 0.6%
Gas | 2 | 4 | 8 | 16 | 43 | 57 | 58 | 7.8% | 6.4% | 7.0% | 10.6% | 2.7% | 0.2%
Electricity | 2 | 3 | 6 | 10 | 12 | 20 | 27 | 8.4% | 6.0% | 4.8% | 2.5% | 5.0% | 3.0%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 33 | 40 | 47 | 38 | 29 | 24 | 19 | 1.9% | 1.7% | -2.0% | -2.7% | -2.0% | -1.9%
Agriculture | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 2.0% | 4.1% | 3.3% | 3.5% | 3.2% | 2.7%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3.1% | 2.8% | 3.6% | 3.1% | 2.2% | 0.9%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | 2.9% | 0.9% | 2.9% | 2.2% | 1.1%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 0.1% | 6.0% | 3.0% | 4.0% | 3.9% | 3.7%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 13.8%
Transport | 7 | 12 | 20 | 40 | 69 | 102 | 138 | 6.4% | 5.1% | 7.3% | 5.5% | 4.0% | 3.1%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 7 | 12 | 17 | 37 | 57 | 78 | 97 | 6.3% | 3.2% | 8.3% | 4.5% | 3.1% | 2.3%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 7 | 10 | 14 | n.s. | 42.7% | -0.7% | 7.6% | 3.9% | 3.7%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 8 | 13 | -7.2% | n.s. | n.s. | 39.6% | 11.1% | 5.8%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 7 | 13 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 23.3% | 10.5% | 6.9%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 1 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 10 | 19 | 32 | 15.2% | 0.1% | 3.2% | 10.0% | 6.8% | 5.3%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Rest South East Asia | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 170 | 202 | 229 | 257 | 281 | 300 | 314 | 1.8% | 1.3% | 1.1% | 0.9% | 0.7% | 0.4%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 2.8% | 4.1% | 3.3% | 1.9% | 1.9% | 2.1%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3.1% | 4.2% | 3.4% | 1.9% | 1.9% | 2.1%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 12 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | -4.9% | -1.1% | -2.5% | -0.8% | -0.7% | -0.6%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 34 | 34 | 29 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 0.3% | -1.6% | -1.4% | 0.1% | 0.0% | -0.1%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 55 | 58 | 64 | 69 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 0.7% | 0.9% | 0.8% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.1%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 7 | 20 | 22 | 26 | 29 | 31 | -7.8% | 10.3% | 1.0% | 1.6% | 1.3% | 0.6%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 77 | 84 | 99 | 119 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.6% | 0.9% | 1.6% | 1.9%
Gas | 28 | 24 | 47 | 58 | 46 | 57 | 74 | -1.2% | 6.8% | 2.1% | -2.2% | 2.2% | 2.5%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 740 | 857 | 949 | 1 148 | 1 281 | 1 059 | 987 | 1.5% | 1.0% | 1.9% | 1.1% | -1.9% | -0.7%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 740 | 857 | 949 | 1 148 | 1 281 | 1 164 | 1 140 | 1.5% | 1.0% | 1.9% | 1.1% | -0.9% | -0.2%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 525 | 671 | 782 | 972 | 1 115 | 1 015 | 982 | 2.5% | 1.5% | 2.2% | 1.4% | -0.9% | -0.3%
CO₂ | 338 | 454 | 524 | 626 | 696 | 686 | 673 | 3.0% | 1.4% | 1.8% | 1.1% | -0.1% | -0.2%
CH₄ | 141 | 161 | 196 | 268 | 330 | 251 | 236 | 1.4% | 2.0% | 3.2% | 2.1% | -2.7% | -0.6%
N₂O | 44 | 43 | 42 | 52 | 60 | 55 | 55 | -0.1% | -0.3% | 2.3% | 1.3% | -0.7% | 0.0%
F gases | 3 | 12 | 20 | 25 | 30 | 23 | 19 | 15.7% | 5.3% | 2.5% | 1.6% | -2.3% | -2.2%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 404 | 538 | 626 | 792 | 916 | 841 | 820 | 2.9% | 1.5% | 2.4% | 1.5% | -0.9% | -0.3%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 310 | 430 | 496 | 592 | 647 | 629 | 609 | 3.3% | 1.4% | 1.8% | 0.9% | -0.3% | -0.3%
Power generation/District heating | 88 | 180 | 228 | 280 | 308 | 288 | 265 | 7.4% | 2.4% | 2.1% | 1.0% | -0.7% | -0.8%
Industry | 127 | 110 | 121 | 130 | 142 | 138 | 134 | -1.4% | 1.0% | 0.7% | 0.9% | -0.3% | -0.2%
Buildings | 30 | 31 | 32 | 36 | 43 | 44 | 41 | 0.4% | 0.3% | 1.2% | 1.8% | 0.1% | -0.6%
Agriculture | 4 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | -0.6% | -5.7% | 3.2% | 1.2% | 0.5% | -0.4%
Transport | 42 | 73 | 82 | 101 | 106 | 111 | 121 | 5.8% | 1.2% | 2.1% | 0.5% | 0.5% | 0.8%
Other | 19 | 31 | 30 | 42 | 44 | 45 | 45 | 5.1% | -0.5% | 3.4% | 0.7% | 0.1% | 0.1%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 28.4%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 34.8%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 24.8%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 10.3%
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 84 | 88 | 121 | 354 | 483 | 366 | 276 | 0.6% | 3.2% | 11.4% | 3.1% | -2.7% | -2.8%
Coal | 27 | 20 | 40 | 244 | 306 | 154 | 54 | -2.8% | 7.0% | 19.7% | 2.3% | -6.6% | -10.0%
Oil | 9 | 11 | 11 | 7 | 8 | 10 | 18 | 2.1% | -0.3% | -3.4% | 1.0% | 1.9% | 6.0%
Natural gas | 9 | 13 | 24 | 24 | 62 | 62 | 41 | 3.3% | 6.4% | 0.2% | 9.9% | 0.0% | -4.1%
Biomass | 22 | 21 | 23 | 52 | 60 | 70 | 72 | -0.4% | 0.9% | 8.4% | 1.3% | 1.5% | 0.4%
Nuclear¹ | 9 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 22 | 29 | 1.6% | 0.8% | -0.1% | 0.7% | 6.6% | 2.7%
Hydro | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 0.2% | 1.3% | 0.8% | 0.4% | 0.9% | 0.6%
Other renewables | 5 | 10 | 9 | 12 | 31 | 44 | 58 | 7.9% | -1.4% | 3.1% | 10.0% | 3.7% | 2.7%
Net Imports | 54 | 96 | 102 | - 80 | - 158 | - 11 | 102 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 15 | 34 | 28 | - 172 | - 232 | - 87 | 6 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | 44 | 66 | 70 | 95 | 86 | 79 | 70 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | - 5 | - 3 | 4 | 22 | 15 | 28 | 59 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | - 25 | - 26 | - 29 | - 32 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - 1 | - 2 | - 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 137 | 185 | 223 | 274 | 324 | 355 | 378 | 3.0% | 1.9% | 2.1% | 1.7% | 0.9% | 0.6%
Coal | 43 | 54 | 69 | 72 | 75 | 67 | 59 | 2.5% | 2.4% | 0.4% | 0.4% | -1.1% | -1.2%
Oil | 53 | 77 | 81 | 102 | 94 | 89 | 88 | 3.8% | 0.5% | 2.4% | -0.8% | -0.6% | -0.2%
Natural gas | 4 | 10 | 28 | 47 | 77 | 90 | 100 | 10.0% | 11.0% | 5.4% | 5.2% | 1.6% | 1.0%
Biomass | 22 | 21 | 23 | 28 | 34 | 40 | 41 | -0.4% | 0.9% | 1.7% | 2.0% | 1.8% | 0.2%
Nuclear¹ | 9 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 22 | 29 | 1.6% | 0.8% | -0.1% | 0.7% | 6.6% | 2.7%
Hydro | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 0.2% | 1.3% | 0.8% | 0.4% | 0.9% | 0.6%
Other renewables | 5 | 10 | 9 | 12 | 31 | 44 | 58 | 7.9% | -1.4% | 3.1% | 10.0% | 3.7% | 2.7%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 137 | 185 | 223 | 274 | 324 | 355 | 378 | 3.0% | 1.9% | 2.1% | 1.7% | 0.9% | 0.6%
Energy for Power Generation | 42 | 76 | 93 | 115 | 146 | 168 | 185 | 6.1% | 2.1% | 2.1% | 2.4% | 1.4% | 1.0%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 7 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 16 | 20 | 20 | 5.1% | -0.5% | 0.6% | 2.8% | 2.0% | 0.1%
Final consumption | 101 | 119 | 150 | 187 | 211 | 226 | 242 | 1.6% | 2.4% | 2.2% | 1.2% | 0.7% | 0.7%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 14 | 18 | 23 | 27 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 2.4% | 2.4% | 1.6% | 1.5% | 0.1% | 0.0%
Other Industry | 27 | 25 | 28 | 34 | 41 | 44 | 48 | -0.9% | 1.3% | 1.7% | 1.9% | 0.8% | 0.8%
Non-Energy Use | 6 | 11 | 28 | 42 | 45 | 47 | 49 | 5.7% | 9.8% | 4.1% | 0.8% | 0.4% | 0.5%
Residential | 26 | 28 | 29 | 33 | 35 | 37 | 37 | 0.5% | 0.6% | 1.2% | 0.6% | 0.4% | 0.2%
Services | 9 | 11 | 14 | 18 | 21 | 25 | 30 | 2.0% | 2.4% | 2.3% | 1.9% | 1.7% | 1.6%
Agriculture | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | -0.1% | -3.2% | 3.3% | 1.6% | 1.5% | 1.4%
Road | 14 | 22 | 24 | 30 | 32 | 36 | 40 | 4.4% | 0.8% | 2.1% | 0.9% | 1.1% | 1.1%
Rail | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.1% | 11.0% | 4.4% | 0.9% | 0.9% | 0.9%
Aviation | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5.4% | -4.5% | 6.1% | 1.9% | 1.1% | 0.5%
Other Transport | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 5.6% | -0.8% | 1.1% | 1.5% | 0.6% | 0.3%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 26 | 53 | 70 | 89 | 100 | 98 | 95 | 7.4% | 2.9% | 2.4% | 1.2% | -0.3% | -0.3%
Coal | 12 | 29 | 40 | 43 | 49 | 44 | 39 | 9.6% | 3.1% | 0.9% | 1.1% | -1.0% | -1.2%
Oil | 12 | 16 | 7 | 10 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 2.4% | -7.6% | 3.5% | -4.9% | -0.4% | 0.1%
Gas | 1 | 6 | 21 | 32 | 41 | 40 | 40 | 18.2% | 12.9% | 4.5% | 2.3% | -0.1% | 0.0%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 11.5% | 9.0% | -0.4% | 1.2% | 6.4% | 3.3%
Other | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 7.8% | -1.6% | 2.7% | 9.9% | 2.7% | 1.3%
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 168 | 296 | 402 | 512 | 610 | 708 | 817 | 5.8% | 3.1% | 2.5% | 1.8% | 1.5% | 1.4%
Coal | 41 | 116 | 161 | 180 | 204 | 187 | 169 | 11.1% | 3.3% | 1.1% | 1.2% | -0.8% | -1.0%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 39.2%
Oil | 53 | 67 | 29 | 44 | 27 | 26 | 26 | 2.3% | -8.0% | 4.3% | -4.9% | -0.4% | 0.2%
Gas | 3 | 28 | 117 | 181 | 233 | 237 | 234 | 23.7% | 15.2% | 4.4% | 2.5% | 0.2% | -0.1%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 29.4%
Biomass & Waste | 1 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 15 | 24 | 13.8% | 8.4% | 0.0% | 2.0% | 9.5% | 4.9%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 33 | 39 | 42 | 41 | 45 | 88 | 117 | 1.6% | 0.8% | -0.1% | 0.8% | 7.0% | 2.9%
Hydro | 32 | 32 | 37 | 40 | 42 | 46 | 48 | 0.2% | 1.3% | 0.8% | 0.4% | 0.9% | 0.6%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 9 | 28 | 65 | n.s. | n.s. | 11.7% | 10.5% | 12.7% | 8.7%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 13 | 38 | 82 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 11.8% | 11.5% | 7.9%
Other | 5 | 12 | 10 | 13 | 33 | 44 | 51 | 7.8% | -1.6% | 2.7% | 9.9% | 2.8% | 1.5%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 41 | 69 | 103 | 116 | 135 | 173 | 203 | 5.2% | 4.2% | 1.2% | 1.5% | 2.5% | 1.6%
Coal | 11 | 22 | 35 | 38 | 40 | 40 | 28 | 7.3% | 4.4% | 0.9% | 0.6% | -0.1% | -3.6%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 39.1%
Oil | 13 | 19 | 12 | 12 | 10 | 6 | 5 | 4.1% | -4.5% | 0.1% | -1.5% | -5.4% | -1.7%
Gas | 2 | 7 | 30 | 35 | 39 | 46 | 39 | 16.5% | 15.6% | 1.4% | 1.1% | 1.7% | -1.5%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 29.6%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 23.2% | 4.2% | -0.9% | -0.9% | 9.0% | 4.6%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 11 | 14 | 0.0% | 0.2% | 0.2% | 0.8% | 7.0% | 2.9%
Hydro | 10 | 13 | 18 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 22 | 2.3% | 3.4% | 0.1% | 0.4% | 0.9% | 0.6%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 15 | 32 | n.s. | n.s. | 13.9% | 10.5% | 11.6% | 7.7%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 11 | 28 | 53 | n.s. | n.s. | 35.7% | 9.6% | 9.8% | 6.8%
Other | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8.1% | 0.2% | -0.2% | 9.8% | 1.9% | 1.8%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 101 | 119 | 150 | 187 | 211 | 226 | 242 | 1.6% | 2.4% | 2.2% | 1.2% | 0.7% | 0.7%
Coal | 30 | 23 | 27 | 25 | 23 | 20 | 17 | -2.7% | 1.7% | -1.0% | -0.8% | -1.5% | -1.3%
Oil | 34 | 51 | 66 | 86 | 83 | 78 | 77 | 4.0% | 2.5% | 2.8% | -0.4% | -0.5% | -0.2%
Gas | 1 | 2 | 4 | 12 | 32 | 45 | 54 | 5.5% | 8.3% | 10.6% | 10.4% | 3.3% | 1.8%
Electricity | 12 | 21 | 30 | 38 | 46 | 53 | 62 | 5.8% | 3.5% | 2.5% | 1.8% | 1.5% | 1.5%
Heat | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | -2.9% | 4.0% | 1.4% | 0.7% | 6.1% | 5.6%
Biomass & Other | 22 | 21 | 22 | 25 | 26 | 28 | 29 | -0.7% | 0.5% | 1.3% | 0.6% | 0.7% | 0.2%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 25% | 21% | 20% | 19% | 20% | 23% | 27% | -1.9% | -0.7% | -0.3% | 0.4% | 1.7% | 1.6%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 48 | 54 | 79 | 102 | 116 | 122 | 128 | 1.2% | 3.9% | 2.6% | 1.4% | 0.5% | 0.5%
Coal | 26 | 19 | 23 | 22 | 20 | 17 | 16 | -2.8% | 2.0% | -0.8% | -0.9% | -1.4% | -0.8%
Oil | 14 | 21 | 35 | 48 | 44 | 39 | 36 | 4.2% | 5.2% | 3.3% | -0.8% | -1.3% | -0.9%
Gas | 1 | 1 | 3 | 9 | 25 | 35 | 41 | 6.6% | 10.6% | 12.1% | 10.5% | 3.4% | 1.8%
Electricity | 6 | 10 | 15 | 20 | 24 | 27 | 30 | 5.0% | 3.6% | 2.9% | 2.2% | 1.1% | 1.0%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -3.6% | 0.7% | 0.5% | -0.2% | -0.3% | -0.2%
Biomass & Other | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 7.7% | 2.8% | 1.7% | 0.2% | 2.2% | 2.3%
Buildings | 36 | 39 | 43 | 51 | 57 | 62 | 67 | 0.9% | 1.2% | 1.6% | 1.1% | 0.9% | 0.8%
Coal | 5 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1 | -1.6% | 0.4% | -2.0% | -0.3% | -2.5% | -5.1%
Oil | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 2.6% | -0.4% | 2.4% | -1.9% | -1.5% | -0.9%
Gas | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 7 | 9 | 10 | 4.3% | 3.4% | 7.8% | 10.3% | 2.7% | 1.1%
Electricity | 5 | 11 | 14 | 18 | 20 | 24 | 29 | 6.9% | 3.2% | 2.1% | 1.1% | 1.8% | 1.8%
Heat | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | -2.5% | 5.3% | 1.6% | 1.0% | 7.3% | 6.1%
Biomass & Other | 21 | 19 | 19 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 20 | -1.2% | 0.1% | 1.0% | 0.1% | -0.2% | -0.4%
Agriculture | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | -0.1% | -3.2% | 3.3% | 1.6% | 1.5% | 1.4%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -32.8% | 12.8% | 4.7% | 0.0% | -0.9% | -2.1%
Oil | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.0% | -5.7% | 3.2% | 1.2% | 0.5% | -0.4%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1.5% | 4.7% | 3.5% | 2.2% | 2.4% | 2.6%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4.3% | 7.0% | -1.5% | 0.0% | 17.8% | 11.2%
Transport | 16 | 25 | 26 | 33 | 36 | 40 | 45 | 4.4% | 0.8% | 2.3% | 1.0% | 1.0% | 1.0%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -4.4% | n.s. | n.s. | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0%
Oil | 16 | 24 | 26 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 37 | 4.4% | 0.5% | 2.1% | 0.4% | 0.4% | 0.7%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | 0.6% | 11.3% | 5.3% | 5.5%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4.5% | 15.0% | 3.9% | 6.4% | 5.5% | 3.8%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | 14.1% | 11.0% | 5.6% | 1.3%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 7 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 16 | 20 | 20 | 5.1% | -0.5% | 0.6% | 2.8% | 2.0% | 0.1%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Australia | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 17 | 19 | 22 | 26 | 28 | 31 | 33 | 1.1% | 1.5% | 1.5% | 1.1% | 0.9% | 0.8%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 24 | 30 | 34 | 39 | 46 | 53 | 61 | 2.2% | 1.5% | 1.3% | 1.6% | 1.5% | 1.3%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 25 | 31 | 36 | 41 | 48 | 56 | 64 | 2.2% | 1.5% | 1.3% | 1.6% | 1.5% | 1.3%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 5 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | -3.0% | -3.5% | -0.3% | -0.6% | -0.4% | -0.3%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 31 | 27 | 27 | 26 | 25 | 23 | 21 | -1.5% | 0.1% | -0.3% | -0.7% | -0.7% | -0.7%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 64 | 70 | 71 | 71 | 73 | 75 | 77 | 0.9% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.3% | 0.2% | 0.2%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 7 | 20 | 22 | 25 | 27 | 28 | -7.8% | 10.3% | 1.2% | 1.0% | 0.7% | 0.6%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 77 | 84 | 99 | 119 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.6% | 0.9% | 1.6% | 1.9%
Gas | 28 | 24 | 47 | 58 | 46 | 57 | 74 | -1.2% | 6.8% | 2.1% | -2.2% | 2.2% | 2.5%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 502 | 534 | 558 | 507 | 418 | 249 | 167 | 0.6% | 0.4% | -1.0% | -1.9% | -5.1% | -3.9%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 540 | 549 | 581 | 514 | 479 | 453 | 422 | 0.2% | 0.6% | -1.2% | -0.7% | -0.5% | -0.7%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 408 | 482 | 536 | 499 | 462 | 427 | 366 | 1.7% | 1.1% | -0.7% | -0.8% | -0.8% | -1.5%
CO₂ | 265 | 342 | 394 | 374 | 355 | 327 | 278 | 2.6% | 1.4% | -0.5% | -0.5% | -0.8% | -1.6%
CH₄ | 110 | 107 | 102 | 87 | 78 | 74 | 65 | -0.3% | -0.4% | -1.5% | -1.1% | -0.6% | -1.3%
N₂O | 28 | 31 | 33 | 30 | 27 | 25 | 23 | 1.1% | 0.5% | -0.8% | -1.2% | -0.7% | -0.9%
F gases | 5 | 3 | 7 | 7 | 2 | 1 | 0 | -6.6% | 10.6% | -0.5% | -10.0% | -9.7% | -10.2%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 328 | 402 | 464 | 429 | 394 | 361 | 306 | 2.0% | 1.5% | -0.8% | -0.9% | -0.9% | -1.6%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 250 | 325 | 375 | 356 | 334 | 308 | 259 | 2.6% | 1.4% | -0.5% | -0.6% | -0.8% | -1.7%
Power generation/District heating | 132 | 182 | 206 | 160 | 133 | 111 | 77 | 3.3% | 1.2% | -2.5% | -1.9% | -1.8% | -3.6%
Industry | 35 | 41 | 39 | 49 | 50 | 48 | 44 | 1.4% | -0.5% | 2.5% | 0.0% | -0.3% | -0.8%
Buildings | 9 | 11 | 13 | 12 | 15 | 15 | 13 | 2.1% | 1.8% | -0.5% | 1.8% | 0.1% | -1.2%
Agriculture | 3 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 5 | 4 | 2.2% | 3.9% | 1.0% | -0.5% | -2.3% | -3.8%
Transport | 58 | 70 | 83 | 90 | 86 | 79 | 73 | 1.9% | 1.7% | 0.8% | -0.5% | -0.7% | -0.8%
Other | 12 | 17 | 28 | 37 | 45 | 49 | 48 | 2.9% | 5.3% | 2.9% | 2.0% | 0.8% | -0.3%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 35 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 17.7% | 29.6% | 19.4%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 2.0% | 32.1% | 17.0%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 16 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 43.4% | 29.9% | 12.7%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 15 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 3.4% | 20.7% | 49.6%
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 176 | 235 | 313 | 337 | 440 | 444 | 451 | 2.9% | 2.9% | 0.8% | 2.7% | 0.1% | 0.2%
Coal | 126 | 166 | 240 | 224 | 250 | 200 | 155 | 2.8% | 3.7% | -0.7% | 1.1% | -2.2% | -2.5%
Oil | 28 | 35 | 23 | 22 | 34 | 36 | 34 | 2.2% | -4.0% | -0.4% | 4.2% | 0.7% | -0.6%
Natural gas | 16 | 26 | 43 | 72 | 122 | 167 | 209 | 4.9% | 5.1% | 5.2% | 5.4% | 3.2% | 2.3%
Biomass | 4 | 5 | 4 | 14 | 23 | 26 | 32 | 2.4% | -1.7% | 12.6% | 5.4% | 1.0% | 2.4%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 29.7% | 20.4% | 8.6%
Hydro | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1.2% | -2.1% | 2.4% | 0.3% | 0.3% | 0.2%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 8 | 12 | 15 | 0.9% | 23.0% | 19.1% | 7.6% | 4.0% | 2.0%
Net Imports | - 87 | - 126 | - 188 | - 207 | - 301 | - 299 | - 298 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | - 90 | - 118 | - 190 | - 188 | - 227 | - 185 | - 143 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | 4 | - 1 | 17 | 25 | 8 | 0 | - 3 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | - 2 | - 7 | - 15 | - 37 | - 70 | - 104 | - 143 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | - 6 | - 12 | - 10 | - 8 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - 1 | - 1 | - 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 89 | 108 | 124 | 130 | 138 | 145 | 153 | 2.0% | 1.4% | 0.5% | 0.6% | 0.5% | 0.5%
Coal | 36 | 48 | 50 | 36 | 23 | 15 | 12 | 2.9% | 0.3% | -3.3% | -4.2% | -4.2% | -2.3%
Oil | 33 | 34 | 40 | 47 | 41 | 36 | 31 | 0.5% | 1.6% | 1.7% | -1.4% | -1.4% | -1.5%
Natural gas | 14 | 19 | 28 | 34 | 52 | 63 | 66 | 3.0% | 4.0% | 1.9% | 4.3% | 1.8% | 0.5%
Biomass | 4 | 5 | 4 | 8 | 12 | 16 | 24 | 2.4% | -1.7% | 6.2% | 4.4% | 3.2% | 4.1%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 29.7% | 20.4% | 8.6%
Hydro | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1.2% | -2.1% | 2.4% | 0.3% | 0.3% | 0.2%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 8 | 12 | 15 | 0.9% | 23.0% | 19.1% | 7.6% | 4.0% | 2.0%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 89 | 108 | 124 | 130 | 138 | 145 | 153 | 2.0% | 1.4% | 0.5% | 0.6% | 0.5% | 0.5%
Energy for Power Generation | 37 | 50 | 58 | 53 | 54 | 59 | 67 | 3.0% | 1.6% | -1.0% | 0.3% | 0.9% | 1.3%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 5 | 3 | 7 | 10 | 15 | 19 | 21 | -5.6% | 9.8% | 3.0% | 4.4% | 2.3% | 1.1%
Final consumption | 58 | 71 | 77 | 87 | 92 | 96 | 100 | 2.0% | 0.9% | 1.2% | 0.6% | 0.4% | 0.4%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 0.4% | 0.5% | 0.1% | -0.4% | -1.2% | -1.0%
Other Industry | 13 | 17 | 16 | 21 | 24 | 25 | 27 | 2.8% | -1.0% | 3.1% | 1.0% | 0.6% | 0.6%
Non-Energy Use | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 1.2% | 0.7% | 1.1% | -0.3% | -0.1% | 0.0%
Residential | 7 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 1.9% | 1.3% | -0.1% | 1.0% | 0.9% | 0.5%
Services | 3 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 13 | 3.8% | 3.4% | 0.4% | 2.3% | 1.9% | 1.5%
Agriculture | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2.1% | 3.2% | 1.1% | 1.0% | 0.8% | 0.7%
Road | 19 | 22 | 25 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 1.8% | 1.0% | 0.8% | 0.0% | 0.1% | 0.2%
Rail | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.9% | 4.2% | 1.2% | 0.2% | 0.1% | 0.0%
Aviation | 1 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5.9% | 2.8% | 3.7% | 1.6% | 0.3% | 0.1%
Other Transport | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -3.9% | 6.7% | -10.5% | 1.4% | 0.1% | -0.6%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 35 | 48 | 56 | 47 | 44 | 43 | 46 | 3.1% | 1.6% | -1.8% | -0.7% | -0.2% | 0.6%
Coal | 30 | 43 | 46 | 30 | 20 | 12 | 10 | 3.5% | 0.6% | -3.9% | -4.2% | -4.6% | -2.5%
Oil | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -5.7% | 4.5% | 7.8% | -5.0% | -1.2% | 2.8%
Gas | 3 | 4 | 9 | 14 | 21 | 27 | 27 | 1.6% | 8.6% | 4.3% | 4.3% | 2.2% | 0.2%
Biomass & Waste | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 8 | -0.2% | 0.5% | 1.6% | 6.7% | 6.7% | 9.7%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 155 | 210 | 252 | 256 | 305 | 367 | 431 | 3.1% | 1.8% | 0.2% | 1.8% | 1.9% | 1.6%
Coal | 121 | 174 | 181 | 119 | 77 | 49 | 40 | 3.7% | 0.4% | -4.1% | -4.3% | -4.3% | -2.1%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 19.0%
Oil | 4 | 2 | 4 | 7 | 4 | 4 | 5 | -6.7% | 9.3% | 4.7% | -4.9% | -0.7% | 3.0%
Gas | 14 | 16 | 45 | 68 | 106 | 139 | 149 | 1.2% | 10.8% | 4.1% | 4.6% | 2.7% | 0.7%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 37 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 14.5%
Biomass & Waste | 1 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 6 | 14 | 38 | 4.2% | 9.4% | 0.9% | 7.9% | 7.9% | 10.7%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 19 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 58.0%
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 8 | 17 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 30.7% | 20.6% | 8.6%
Hydro | 15 | 17 | 14 | 17 | 18 | 18 | 19 | 1.2% | -2.1% | 2.4% | 0.3% | 0.3% | 0.2%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 5 | 31 | 73 | 109 | 126 | n.s. | 56.3% | 19.8% | 9.0% | 4.1% | 1.4%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 20 | 26 | 35 | 13.6% | 22.3% | 44.6% | 5.4% | 2.7% | 3.2%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | 14.3% | 29.4% | 16.4% | 12.5%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 38 | 46 | 60 | 74 | 87 | 102 | 114 | 1.9% | 2.6% | 2.1% | 1.7% | 1.6% | 1.1%
Coal | 24 | 27 | 30 | 24 | 15 | 11 | 8 | 0.9% | 1.2% | -2.1% | -4.6% | -3.1% | -3.8%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 18.9%
Oil | 2 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 9.3% | -5.9% | 0.5% | 0.0% | -3.3% | -0.4%
Gas | 4 | 6 | 16 | 18 | 22 | 27 | 27 | 4.6% | 10.5% | 0.9% | 2.2% | 1.8% | 0.3%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 14.7%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 4.5% | 4.0% | -1.0% | 7.0% | 7.6% | 10.2%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 57.9%
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 30.5% | 20.4% | 8.4%
Hydro | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 1.0% | -0.5% | 0.1% | 0.3% | 0.3% | 0.2%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 2 | 10 | 22 | 31 | 35 | n.s. | 49.7% | 18.3% | 8.0% | 3.8% | 1.2%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 16 | 19 | 25 | 13.6% | 22.3% | 48.7% | 4.9% | 1.9% | 2.5%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 15.9% | 12.0%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 58 | 71 | 77 | 87 | 92 | 96 | 100 | 2.0% | 0.9% | 1.2% | 0.6% | 0.4% | 0.4%
Coal | 6 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 2 | -0.4% | -2.1% | 1.9% | -3.8% | -2.0% | -1.7%
Oil | 29 | 35 | 39 | 44 | 39 | 34 | 29 | 1.8% | 1.1% | 1.1% | -1.2% | -1.3% | -1.5%
Gas | 9 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 20 | 22 | 23 | 2.5% | 1.0% | 0.8% | 3.8% | 1.1% | 0.6%
Electricity | 11 | 15 | 18 | 18 | 22 | 26 | 31 | 2.9% | 1.9% | 0.2% | 1.9% | 1.9% | 1.6%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0.0% | 11.9% | 5.2% | 1.0% | 5.9% | 4.4%
Biomass & Other | 3 | 4 | 3 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 13 | 2.9% | -2.6% | 6.0% | 3.2% | 2.4% | 2.5%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 8% | 8% | 7% | 13% | 21% | 29% | 37% | 0.2% | -1.8% | 6.8% | 4.7% | 3.1% | 2.5%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 24 | 29 | 29 | 35 | 37 | 37 | 38 | 1.9% | -0.3% | 2.0% | 0.5% | 0.2% | 0.2%
Coal | 5 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 2 | -0.2% | -2.1% | 1.9% | -3.8% | -2.0% | -1.7%
Oil | 6 | 8 | 7 | 10 | 8 | 6 | 5 | 1.8% | -0.3% | 2.5% | -2.2% | -1.7% | -1.6%
Gas | 6 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 2.1% | 0.9% | 1.4% | 3.3% | 0.8% | 0.2%
Electricity | 5 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 10 | 11 | 2.7% | 0.4% | 0.3% | 1.7% | 1.4% | 1.1%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 1 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5.2% | -3.3% | 7.5% | 1.1% | 0.1% | 1.9%
Buildings | 11 | 14 | 17 | 18 | 21 | 24 | 26 | 2.5% | 2.1% | 0.1% | 1.6% | 1.3% | 1.0%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -10.4% | -3.9% | -3.4% | -7.0% | -12.2% | n.s.
Oil | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.4% | 4.1% | 1.5% | 1.0% | 0.9% | -0.8%
Gas | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 3.1% | 1.3% | -1.2% | 2.2% | -0.2% | -1.3%
Electricity | 6 | 8 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 16 | 3.2% | 3.1% | -0.1% | 1.1% | 1.4% | 1.5%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0.0% | 11.9% | 5.2% | 1.0% | 5.9% | 4.4%
Biomass & Other | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 0.6% | -2.9% | 3.0% | 3.5% | 2.5% | 1.3%
Agriculture | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2.1% | 3.2% | 1.1% | 1.0% | 0.8% | 0.7%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2.2% | 3.9% | 0.9% | -0.5% | -2.3% | -3.8%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | 21.5% | -0.2% | -1.5% | -2.6%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2.0% | -2.0% | 0.7% | 3.7% | 4.4% | 3.6%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 21.4% | 9.6% | 5.0%
Transport | 21 | 25 | 29 | 32 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 1.9% | 1.4% | 0.9% | 0.2% | 0.1% | 0.1%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 21 | 25 | 28 | 31 | 28 | 25 | 21 | 1.8% | 1.3% | 0.7% | -1.0% | -1.2% | -1.4%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 24.9% | -1.0% | 14.9% | 19.3% | 5.1% | 4.1%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 2.6% | 5.4% | 3.4% | 13.1% | 6.0% | 3.6%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | 8.5% | 10.1% | 5.7% | 4.0%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 5 | 3 | 7 | 10 | 15 | 19 | 21 | -5.6% | 9.8% | 3.0% | 4.4% | 2.3% | 1.1%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Japan | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 122 | 126 | 127 | 125 | 120 | 114 | 107 | 0.3% | 0.1% | -0.2% | -0.4% | -0.5% | -0.6%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 27 | 29 | 31 | 34 | 38 | 44 | 51 | 0.8% | 0.6% | 0.8% | 1.2% | 1.5% | 1.5%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 32 | 34 | 37 | 40 | 45 | 52 | 60 | 0.8% | 0.6% | 0.8% | 1.2% | 1.5% | 1.5%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -2.8% | -2.9% | -0.3% | -0.6% | -0.6% | -0.5%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 38 | 31 | 28 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | -2.0% | -1.2% | -0.2% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 60 | 67 | 71 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 1.2% | 0.6% | 0.1% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 7 | 20 | 22 | 24 | 25 | 26 | -7.8% | 10.3% | 1.3% | 0.6% | 0.4% | 0.5%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 77 | 84 | 99 | 119 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.6% | 0.9% | 1.6% | 1.9%
Gas | 28 | 24 | 47 | 58 | 46 | 57 | 74 | -1.2% | 6.8% | 2.1% | -2.2% | 2.2% | 2.5%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 1 058 | 1 139 | 1 067 | 945 | 907 | 661 | 487 | 0.7% | -0.6% | -1.2% | -0.4% | -3.1% | -3.0%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 1 133 | 1 228 | 1 142 | 987 | 908 | 667 | 496 | 0.8% | -0.7% | -1.4% | -0.8% | -3.0% | -2.9%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 1 125 | 1 224 | 1 140 | 986 | 905 | 643 | 479 | 0.9% | -0.7% | -1.4% | -0.9% | -3.4% | -2.9%
CO₂ | 1 037 | 1 146 | 1 089 | 938 | 865 | 615 | 455 | 1.0% | -0.5% | -1.5% | -0.8% | -3.4% | -3.0%
CH₄ | 32 | 26 | 21 | 20 | 19 | 15 | 13 | -2.2% | -2.3% | -0.3% | -0.6% | -2.3% | -1.6%
N₂O | 30 | 28 | 21 | 19 | 17 | 11 | 10 | -0.8% | -2.8% | -0.8% | -1.0% | -4.1% | -1.3%
F gases | 26 | 25 | 9 | 9 | 4 | 1 | 1 | -0.2% | -10.2% | -0.1% | -8.4% | -9.3% | -5.7%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 1 096 | 1 199 | 1 115 | 961 | 880 | 623 | 461 | 0.9% | -0.7% | -1.5% | -0.9% | -3.4% | -3.0%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 950 | 1 061 | 1 022 | 872 | 804 | 564 | 409 | 1.1% | -0.4% | -1.6% | -0.8% | -3.5% | -3.2%
Power generation/District heating | 333 | 383 | 431 | 359 | 356 | 224 | 143 | 1.4% | 1.2% | -1.8% | -0.1% | -4.6% | -4.4%
Industry | 200 | 185 | 157 | 143 | 129 | 95 | 78 | -0.8% | -1.6% | -0.9% | -1.0% | -3.0% | -2.0%
Buildings | 143 | 177 | 156 | 121 | 102 | 76 | 59 | 2.1% | -1.3% | -2.5% | -1.7% | -3.0% | -2.4%
Agriculture | 21 | 16 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 7 | 5 | -2.6% | -4.3% | -0.4% | 0.2% | -3.4% | -4.5%
Transport | 213 | 260 | 229 | 199 | 169 | 132 | 99 | 2.0% | -1.2% | -1.4% | -1.6% | -2.4% | -2.8%
Other | 40 | 40 | 39 | 40 | 37 | 30 | 25 | 0.1% | -0.3% | 0.4% | -0.9% | -2.1% | -1.8%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 44 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 16.1%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 25 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 13.3%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 9 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 12.9%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 25.3% | 50.2%
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 76 | 107 | 101 | 90 | 106 | 129 | 144 | 3.5% | -0.7% | -1.1% | 1.7% | 2.0% | 1.1%
Coal | 4 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -9.0% | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.3% | -0.7% | -3.9% | 0.0% | -0.6% | -1.7%
Natural gas | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1.5% | 3.0% | -5.2% | -8.9% | -7.3% | -5.4%
Biomass | 5 | 6 | 10 | 10 | 16 | 20 | 24 | 1.6% | 5.5% | -0.1% | 5.1% | 2.4% | 1.8%
Nuclear¹ | 54 | 85 | 76 | 58 | 57 | 55 | 51 | 4.8% | -1.1% | -2.8% | 0.0% | -0.5% | -0.7%
Hydro | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 0.1% | -0.7% | 0.4% | 0.7% | 0.3% | 0.0%
Other renewables | 3 | 4 | 3 | 12 | 23 | 44 | 59 | 3.4% | -1.1% | 13.8% | 6.4% | 6.9% | 3.0%
Net Imports | 363 | 413 | 400 | 352 | 330 | 261 | 227 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 73 | 96 | 115 | 106 | 107 | 67 | 52 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | 243 | 254 | 202 | 161 | 126 | 96 | 72 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | 47 | 63 | 83 | 82 | 89 | 78 | 76 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 8 | 19 | 25 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 439 | 521 | 500 | 441 | 436 | 390 | 371 | 1.7% | -0.4% | -1.3% | -0.1% | -1.1% | -0.5%
Coal | 77 | 97 | 115 | 106 | 107 | 67 | 52 | 2.4% | 1.7% | -0.9% | 0.2% | -4.6% | -2.6%
Oil | 243 | 255 | 202 | 161 | 127 | 97 | 73 | 0.5% | -2.3% | -2.2% | -2.4% | -2.7% | -2.8%
Natural gas | 49 | 66 | 86 | 83 | 89 | 78 | 77 | 2.9% | 2.7% | -0.3% | 0.7% | -1.3% | -0.2%
Biomass | 5 | 6 | 10 | 13 | 23 | 39 | 49 | 1.6% | 5.5% | 2.8% | 6.2% | 5.2% | 2.3%
Nuclear¹ | 54 | 85 | 76 | 58 | 57 | 55 | 51 | 4.8% | -1.1% | -2.8% | 0.0% | -0.5% | -0.7%
Hydro | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 0.1% | -0.7% | 0.4% | 0.7% | 0.3% | 0.0%
Other renewables | 3 | 4 | 3 | 12 | 23 | 44 | 59 | 3.4% | -1.1% | 13.8% | 6.4% | 6.9% | 3.0%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 439 | 521 | 500 | 441 | 436 | 390 | 371 | 1.7% | -0.4% | -1.3% | -0.1% | -1.1% | -0.5%
Energy for Power Generation | 174 | 222 | 230 | 199 | 210 | 197 | 200 | 2.4% | 0.4% | -1.4% | 0.6% | -0.6% | 0.1%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 15 | 20 | 16 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 3.2% | -2.1% | -2.5% | -0.4% | 0.0% | 0.3%
Final consumption | 316 | 362 | 342 | 310 | 302 | 276 | 263 | 1.4% | -0.6% | -1.0% | -0.3% | -0.9% | -0.5%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 62 | 62 | 60 | 60 | 57 | 43 | 35 | 0.0% | -0.3% | 0.1% | -0.5% | -2.7% | -2.0%
Other Industry | 52 | 51 | 42 | 35 | 36 | 36 | 38 | -0.2% | -1.8% | -1.8% | 0.3% | -0.1% | 0.6%
Non-Energy Use | 39 | 46 | 45 | 41 | 41 | 40 | 41 | 1.5% | -0.3% | -0.8% | -0.2% | -0.2% | 0.3%
Residential | 38 | 49 | 50 | 40 | 39 | 37 | 36 | 2.5% | 0.2% | -2.1% | -0.4% | -0.4% | -0.2%
Services | 45 | 62 | 64 | 61 | 64 | 64 | 65 | 3.1% | 0.3% | -0.4% | 0.5% | -0.1% | 0.2%
Agriculture | 7 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | -2.6% | -4.4% | -0.4% | 0.3% | 0.3% | 0.3%
Road | 63 | 78 | 69 | 60 | 53 | 44 | 35 | 2.1% | -1.2% | -1.3% | -1.3% | -1.8% | -2.2%
Rail | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0.4% | -0.1% | -0.6% | 0.6% | 0.6% | 0.6%
Aviation | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 2.1% | 1.1% | -1.4% | 0.6% | 0.1% | 0.6%
Other Transport | 4 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 0.9% | -3.3% | -0.8% | -0.1% | -1.4% | -1.6%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 110 | 124 | 142 | 121 | 121 | 89 | 80 | 1.2% | 1.4% | -1.6% | 0.0% | -3.0% | -1.1%
Coal | 25 | 47 | 61 | 51 | 57 | 33 | 23 | 6.6% | 2.6% | -1.8% | 1.1% | -5.2% | -3.6%
Oil | 49 | 27 | 18 | 10 | 4 | 4 | 2 | -5.9% | -4.1% | -5.5% | -9.5% | -0.2% | -4.3%
Gas | 33 | 47 | 56 | 53 | 51 | 37 | 35 | 3.5% | 1.9% | -0.6% | -0.4% | -3.2% | -0.7%
Biomass & Waste | 2 | 3 | 7 | 6 | 9 | 15 | 19 | 2.9% | 8.6% | -1.1% | 3.6% | 5.1% | 2.9%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6.8% | -2.4% | 9.4% | 5.4% | 0.3% | 2.1%
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 842 | 1 059 | 1 117 | 1 017 | 1 104 | 1 162 | 1 242 | 2.3% | 0.5% | -0.9% | 0.8% | 0.5% | 0.7%
Coal | 116 | 229 | 299 | 246 | 272 | 161 | 112 | 7.0% | 2.7% | -1.9% | 1.0% | -5.1% | -3.5%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 25 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 18.2%
Oil | 237 | 135 | 92 | 44 | 16 | 16 | 10 | -5.4% | -3.8% | -7.1% | -9.4% | -0.2% | -4.3%
Gas | 179 | 256 | 301 | 295 | 283 | 205 | 193 | 3.7% | 1.6% | -0.2% | -0.4% | -3.2% | -0.6%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 24 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 13.6%
Biomass & Waste | 11 | 16 | 36 | 31 | 44 | 69 | 94 | 3.7% | 8.8% | -1.4% | 3.3% | 4.7% | 3.1%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 202 | 322 | 288 | 230 | 229 | 218 | 203 | 4.8% | -1.1% | -2.2% | 0.0% | -0.5% | -0.7%
Hydro | 96 | 97 | 91 | 94 | 101 | 104 | 104 | 0.1% | -0.7% | 0.4% | 0.7% | 0.3% | 0.0%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 4 | 26 | 81 | 256 | 366 | n.s. | 43.4% | 20.8% | 12.0% | 12.1% | 3.7%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 4 | 45 | 66 | 121 | 140 | 39.2% | 27.0% | 28.0% | 4.0% | 6.2% | 1.5%
Other | 2 | 3 | 3 | 7 | 11 | 13 | 19 | 6.8% | -2.4% | 9.5% | 5.7% | 1.5% | 3.9%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 225 | 258 | 283 | 328 | 365 | 449 | 466 | 1.4% | 0.9% | 1.5% | 1.1% | 2.1% | 0.4%
Coal | 31 | 63 | 63 | 76 | 84 | 71 | 45 | 7.4% | 0.1% | 1.9% | 1.0% | -1.7% | -4.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 18.4%
Oil | 78 | 66 | 56 | 50 | 40 | 36 | 35 | -1.6% | -1.6% | -1.1% | -2.2% | -1.1% | -0.3%
Gas | 47 | 37 | 55 | 53 | 51 | 47 | 43 | -2.3% | 4.1% | -0.4% | -0.5% | -0.7% | -0.8%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 14.1%
Biomass & Waste | 3 | 3 | 8 | 6 | 8 | 11 | 14 | 1.8% | 9.6% | -1.7% | 1.8% | 3.8% | 2.7%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 29 | 42 | 46 | 37 | 36 | 34 | 31 | 4.0% | 0.9% | -2.2% | -0.2% | -0.7% | -0.9%
Hydro | 38 | 46 | 48 | 51 | 55 | 57 | 57 | 2.0% | 0.4% | 0.7% | 0.7% | 0.3% | 0.0%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 2 | 11 | 31 | 90 | 123 | n.s. | 32.7% | 17.4% | 10.6% | 11.1% | 3.2%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 4 | 41 | 58 | 101 | 114 | 43.4% | 27.1% | 27.4% | 3.6% | 5.8% | 1.2%
Other | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 7.0% | 0.1% | 5.8% | 5.9% | 1.7% | 3.5%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 316 | 362 | 342 | 310 | 302 | 276 | 263 | 1.4% | -0.6% | -1.0% | -0.3% | -0.9% | -0.5%
Coal | 50 | 46 | 48 | 49 | 45 | 28 | 23 | -0.8% | 0.3% | 0.4% | -0.8% | -4.6% | -2.2%
Oil | 182 | 208 | 170 | 143 | 116 | 88 | 66 | 1.3% | -2.0% | -1.7% | -2.0% | -2.8% | -2.8%
Gas | 15 | 23 | 35 | 31 | 39 | 42 | 43 | 4.2% | 4.1% | -1.0% | 2.2% | 0.8% | 0.3%
Electricity | 64 | 81 | 86 | 79 | 86 | 90 | 97 | 2.3% | 0.6% | -0.9% | 0.8% | 0.5% | 0.7%
Heat | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 0.4% | -2.9% | -0.8% | 2.0% | 8.9% | 4.7%
Biomass & Other | 3 | 3 | 3 | 7 | 15 | 25 | 30 | 0.2% | 0.3% | 9.7% | 7.9% | 5.4% | 1.8%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 5% | 4% | 5% | 9% | 15% | 31% | 42% | -1.2% | 1.7% | 6.0% | 6.0% | 7.4% | 3.0%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 153 | 158 | 147 | 137 | 134 | 119 | 114 | 0.3% | -0.7% | -0.7% | -0.2% | -1.2% | -0.4%
Coal | 49 | 45 | 47 | 49 | 45 | 28 | 23 | -0.7% | 0.4% | 0.4% | -0.8% | -4.5% | -2.1%
Oil | 69 | 74 | 61 | 52 | 42 | 32 | 27 | 0.7% | -1.9% | -1.6% | -2.2% | -2.5% | -1.8%
Gas | 4 | 5 | 8 | 9 | 16 | 22 | 25 | 2.9% | 4.5% | 1.2% | 5.8% | 3.2% | 1.1%
Electricity | 29 | 31 | 28 | 24 | 27 | 28 | 30 | 0.7% | -1.0% | -1.7% | 1.2% | 0.4% | 0.7%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 8 | 10 | 0.4% | 0.4% | 1.7% | 3.5% | 6.4% | 1.8%
Buildings | 83 | 110 | 113 | 101 | 103 | 101 | 101 | 2.8% | 0.3% | -1.1% | 0.1% | -0.2% | 0.0%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -4.4% | -1.6% | -1.4% | -2.6% | -13.6% | -17.1%
Oil | 36 | 42 | 29 | 22 | 17 | 12 | 9 | 1.6% | -3.6% | -2.9% | -2.4% | -3.2% | -2.8%
Gas | 11 | 18 | 26 | 22 | 20 | 16 | 13 | 4.7% | 4.0% | -1.9% | -0.8% | -2.5% | -1.9%
Electricity | 34 | 48 | 56 | 53 | 56 | 57 | 60 | 3.6% | 1.5% | -0.5% | 0.4% | 0.3% | 0.5%
Heat | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 0.4% | -2.9% | -0.8% | 2.0% | 8.9% | 4.7%
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 9 | 13 | 14 | -10.8% | -20.8% | n.s. | 10.4% | 3.9% | 1.2%
Agriculture | 7 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | -2.6% | -4.4% | -0.4% | 0.3% | 0.3% | 0.3%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 7 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1 | -2.6% | -4.3% | -0.4% | 0.2% | -3.4% | -4.5%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | -0.3% | -5.7% | 0.3% | 1.5% | 13.4% | 5.5%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 40.9% | 6.3%
Transport | 72 | 88 | 78 | 69 | 62 | 53 | 44 | 2.0% | -1.2% | -1.3% | -1.0% | -1.6% | -1.8%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | -0.4% | 0.1% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0%
Oil | 71 | 87 | 77 | 66 | 55 | 41 | 29 | 2.0% | -1.2% | -1.4% | -1.9% | -2.9% | -3.5%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 4 | 6 | n.s. | 15.1% | 16.4% | 19.5% | 4.8% | 2.8%
Electricity | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 1.0% | 0.2% | 0.3% | 7.1% | 3.9% | 1.6%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 12.7% | 7.0% | 3.2%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 15 | 20 | 16 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 3.2% | -2.1% | -2.5% | -0.4% | 0.0% | 0.3%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

South Korea | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 43 | 46 | 49 | 51 | 53 | 52 | 51 | 0.7% | 0.6% | 0.4% | 0.2% | 0.0% | -0.3%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 11 | 19 | 27 | 34 | 44 | 51 | 57 | 5.3% | 3.5% | 2.5% | 2.4% | 1.5% | 1.1%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 9 | 15 | 22 | 29 | 36 | 42 | 47 | 5.8% | 3.8% | 2.5% | 2.4% | 1.5% | 1.1%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 8 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | -6.1% | -5.6% | -0.9% | -0.3% | -0.2% | -0.1%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 38 | 38 | 38 | 37 | 34 | 32 | 30 | 0.0% | 0.1% | -0.4% | -0.8% | -0.7% | -0.5%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 54 | 58 | 59 | 61 | 64 | 66 | 68 | 0.7% | 0.3% | 0.3% | 0.5% | 0.3% | 0.2%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 7 | 20 | 22 | 24 | 25 | 27 | -7.8% | 10.3% | 1.2% | 0.6% | 0.5% | 0.6%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 77 | 84 | 99 | 119 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.6% | 0.9% | 1.6% | 1.9%
Gas | 28 | 24 | 47 | 58 | 46 | 57 | 74 | -1.2% | 6.8% | 2.1% | -2.2% | 2.2% | 2.5%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 274 | 489 | 598 | 622 | 503 | 389 | 347 | 5.9% | 2.0% | 0.4% | -2.1% | -2.5% | -1.1%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 302 | 516 | 632 | 657 | 536 | 413 | 370 | 5.5% | 2.1% | 0.4% | -2.0% | -2.6% | -1.1%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 301 | 515 | 630 | 648 | 522 | 409 | 369 | 5.5% | 2.0% | 0.3% | -2.1% | -2.4% | -1.0%
CO₂ | 253 | 455 | 577 | 596 | 479 | 367 | 329 | 6.0% | 2.4% | 0.3% | -2.2% | -2.6% | -1.1%
CH₄ | 31 | 31 | 32 | 31 | 27 | 27 | 25 | -0.1% | 0.3% | -0.2% | -1.4% | -0.1% | -0.8%
N₂O | 11 | 16 | 13 | 14 | 12 | 12 | 11 | 4.3% | -2.0% | 0.7% | -1.6% | -0.4% | -0.2%
F gases | 6 | 13 | 8 | 7 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 7.5% | -4.7% | -1.4% | -4.5% | -1.2% | -2.4%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 281 | 498 | 610 | 625 | 500 | 386 | 345 | 5.9% | 2.1% | 0.2% | -2.2% | -2.6% | -1.1%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 230 | 413 | 540 | 556 | 443 | 332 | 297 | 6.1% | 2.7% | 0.3% | -2.2% | -2.8% | -1.1%
Power generation/District heating | 42 | 133 | 264 | 252 | 172 | 90 | 79 | 12.1% | 7.1% | -0.5% | -3.8% | -6.2% | -1.4%
Industry | 60 | 97 | 98 | 109 | 92 | 84 | 77 | 4.9% | 0.2% | 1.0% | -1.7% | -0.8% | -0.9%
Buildings | 69 | 65 | 55 | 51 | 46 | 39 | 35 | -0.6% | -1.7% | -0.6% | -1.2% | -1.6% | -1.1%
Agriculture | 5 | 10 | 7 | 7 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 7.5% | -3.7% | 0.4% | -3.8% | -4.3% | -4.5%
Transport | 44 | 80 | 91 | 108 | 104 | 94 | 86 | 6.2% | 1.2% | 1.8% | -0.4% | -1.1% | -0.9%
Other | 9 | 28 | 26 | 28 | 25 | 22 | 19 | 11.5% | -1.0% | 1.1% | -1.4% | -1.2% | -1.4%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 10 | 30 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 35.5% | 20.4% | 11.3%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 14 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 35.3% | 15.1% | 13.0%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 13 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 43.9% | 26.8% | 9.2%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 13.8% | 26.9% | 16.9%
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 24 | 37 | 49 | 67 | 117 | 161 | 173 | 4.2% | 2.8% | 3.3% | 5.6% | 3.3% | 0.7%
Coal | 7 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -6.1% | -12.2% | -4.2% | -6.3% | -5.1% | 0.6%
Oil | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3.6% | 0.4% | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Natural gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | -16.9% | 12.2% | 1.2% | 1.8%
Biomass | 3 | 3 | 7 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 2.2% | 7.5% | 3.8% | 0.2% | -0.3% | 0.2%
Nuclear¹ | 14 | 29 | 39 | 53 | 98 | 136 | 145 | 7.5% | 3.1% | 3.0% | 6.4% | 3.3% | 0.6%
Hydro | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -1.2% | 1.4% | 2.8% | 0.6% | 0.2% | 0.1%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 7 | 14 | 17 | 15.9% | 14.3% | 36.2% | 6.8% | 7.3% | 1.9%
Net Imports | 69 | 154 | 206 | 229 | 201 | 171 | 164 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 16 | 38 | 72 | 70 | 39 | 24 | 26 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | 50 | 98 | 94 | 107 | 92 | 77 | 65 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | 3 | 17 | 38 | 50 | 69 | 67 | 69 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 4 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 93 | 191 | 254 | 296 | 318 | 333 | 337 | 7.4% | 2.9% | 1.5% | 0.7% | 0.5% | 0.1%
Coal | 23 | 42 | 73 | 71 | 39 | 24 | 26 | 6.2% | 5.8% | -0.4% | -5.7% | -4.7% | 0.7%
Oil | 50 | 99 | 95 | 107 | 92 | 77 | 65 | 7.0% | -0.4% | 1.2% | -1.5% | -1.8% | -1.7%
Natural gas | 3 | 17 | 39 | 50 | 69 | 67 | 70 | 20.1% | 8.5% | 2.7% | 3.1% | -0.3% | 0.4%
Biomass | 3 | 3 | 7 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 2.5% | 7.9% | 4.2% | -0.4% | -0.4% | 0.2%
Nuclear¹ | 14 | 29 | 39 | 53 | 98 | 136 | 145 | 7.5% | 3.1% | 3.0% | 6.4% | 3.3% | 0.6%
Hydro | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -1.2% | 1.4% | 2.8% | 0.6% | 0.2% | 0.1%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 7 | 14 | 17 | 15.9% | 14.3% | 36.2% | 6.8% | 7.3% | 1.9%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 93 | 191 | 254 | 296 | 318 | 333 | 337 | 7.4% | 2.9% | 1.5% | 0.7% | 0.5% | 0.1%
Energy for Power Generation | 27 | 67 | 115 | 132 | 164 | 188 | 203 | 9.5% | 5.6% | 1.4% | 2.2% | 1.4% | 0.7%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 4 | 15 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 15 | 16 | 15.4% | -1.3% | -0.2% | 0.2% | 1.5% | 0.1%
Final consumption | 71 | 135 | 169 | 204 | 207 | 209 | 207 | 6.7% | 2.3% | 1.9% | 0.1% | 0.1% | -0.1%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 13 | 25 | 32 | 37 | 31 | 29 | 27 | 6.5% | 2.7% | 1.2% | -1.6% | -0.7% | -0.7%
Other Industry | 11 | 21 | 24 | 30 | 34 | 36 | 38 | 7.2% | 1.1% | 2.4% | 1.3% | 0.7% | 0.3%
Non-Energy Use | 7 | 25 | 38 | 51 | 48 | 45 | 43 | 14.0% | 4.4% | 2.9% | -0.7% | -0.5% | -0.6%
Residential | 14 | 15 | 20 | 21 | 20 | 19 | 18 | 0.7% | 2.9% | 0.4% | -0.4% | -0.6% | -0.4%
Services | 10 | 18 | 21 | 25 | 32 | 36 | 39 | 6.4% | 1.6% | 1.7% | 2.5% | 1.2% | 0.7%
Agriculture | 2 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 8.1% | -1.8% | 2.0% | 1.5% | 1.1% | 0.9%
Road | 11 | 22 | 28 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 36 | 7.7% | 2.5% | 1.9% | 0.3% | 0.2% | -0.1%
Rail | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.9% | -2.7% | 0.1% | 1.4% | 0.8% | 0.3%
Aviation | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3.9% | -11.6% | 6.2% | 0.6% | 0.9% | 0.4%
Other Transport | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -1.4% | -6.1% | -11.1% | -0.3% | -1.5% | -2.3%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 12 | 37 | 75 | 75 | 58 | 37 | 40 | 11.7% | 7.2% | 0.0% | -2.6% | -4.3% | 0.8%
Coal | 6 | 24 | 52 | 45 | 23 | 8 | 8 | 15.2% | 8.1% | -1.5% | -6.2% | -10.1% | 0.3%
Oil | 5 | 8 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 5.4% | -4.7% | 0.3% | -2.5% | -2.2% | -0.7%
Gas | 2 | 6 | 18 | 25 | 28 | 24 | 26 | 10.9% | 12.0% | 3.5% | 1.2% | -1.8% | 0.9%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | n.s. | 34.9% | 2.5% | 13.4% | 0.7% | 2.3%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 105 | 290 | 499 | 622 | 770 | 904 | 987 | 10.7% | 5.6% | 2.2% | 2.2% | 1.6% | 0.9%
Coal | 18 | 111 | 219 | 189 | 100 | 37 | 39 | 20.2% | 7.0% | -1.5% | -6.1% | -9.6% | 0.6%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 15 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 18.8%
Oil | 19 | 35 | 19 | 22 | 17 | 13 | 13 | 6.3% | -5.8% | 1.3% | -2.5% | -2.2% | -0.6%
Gas | 10 | 29 | 103 | 157 | 174 | 141 | 156 | 11.9% | 13.4% | 4.3% | 1.0% | -2.0% | 1.0%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14 | 36 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 10.0%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 6 | 8 | 11 | n.s. | 28.1% | 4.2% | 13.5% | 2.6% | 3.7%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 20.1%
Nuclear | 53 | 109 | 149 | 202 | 388 | 544 | 581 | 7.5% | 3.2% | 3.1% | 6.7% | 3.4% | 0.7%
Hydro | 6 | 6 | 6 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | -1.2% | 1.4% | 2.8% | 0.6% | 0.2% | 0.1%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 1 | 30 | 51 | 107 | 112 | n.s. | 47.3% | 43.2% | 5.7% | 7.6% | 0.5%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 1 | 12 | 25 | 45 | 65 | n.s. | n.s. | 31.5% | 7.5% | 6.1% | 3.8%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | 24.1% | 28.6% | 12.7% | 9.6%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 20 | 49 | 77 | 134 | 188 | 240 | 230 | 9.4% | 4.6% | 5.7% | 3.4% | 2.5% | -0.4%
Coal | 4 | 14 | 28 | 30 | 27 | 24 | 8 | 14.3% | 7.1% | 0.7% | -1.0% | -1.4% | -10.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 18.5%
Oil | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 2.1% | 0.0% | 0.0% | -1.1% | 0.1% | 1.3%
Gas | 3 | 13 | 20 | 39 | 53 | 53 | 42 | 17.5% | 4.6% | 6.8% | 3.3% | 0.0% | -2.2%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 5 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 10.5%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | -12.0% | 23.1% | -1.6% | 1.9% | 2.7%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 19.7%
Nuclear | 8 | 14 | 18 | 25 | 48 | 68 | 72 | 6.1% | 2.6% | 3.6% | 6.6% | 3.6% | 0.6%
Hydro | 2 | 3 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 3.0% | 5.8% | 2.3% | 0.5% | 0.2% | 0.1%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14 | 24 | 47 | 45 | n.s. | 40.3% | 43.7% | 5.3% | 6.8% | -0.3%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 1 | 13 | 23 | 36 | 49 | n.s. | n.s. | 34.5% | 6.1% | 4.7% | 3.0%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 27.8% | 12.1% | 9.1%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 71 | 135 | 169 | 204 | 207 | 209 | 207 | 6.7% | 2.3% | 1.9% | 0.1% | 0.1% | -0.1%
Coal | 16 | 15 | 18 | 21 | 11 | 11 | 12 | -0.5% | 1.9% | 1.5% | -6.2% | 0.1% | 1.0%
Oil | 44 | 80 | 82 | 96 | 83 | 70 | 59 | 6.2% | 0.2% | 1.6% | -1.4% | -1.7% | -1.7%
Gas | 1 | 11 | 21 | 25 | 39 | 42 | 43 | 32.1% | 6.5% | 1.9% | 4.7% | 0.7% | 0.1%
Electricity | 8 | 23 | 39 | 48 | 60 | 71 | 77 | 10.8% | 5.5% | 2.3% | 2.2% | 1.6% | 0.9%
Heat | 0 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | n.s. | 2.8% | -1.1% | 0.5% | 1.3% | 1.1%
Biomass & Other | 3 | 3 | 6 | 10 | 9 | 11 | 11 | 2.1% | 6.4% | 5.6% | -1.0% | 1.5% | 0.5%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 5% | 3% | 5% | 9% | 11% | 17% | 20% | -3.2% | 3.9% | 5.9% | 2.0% | 4.7% | 1.4%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 31 | 71 | 94 | 118 | 113 | 111 | 107 | 8.8% | 2.9% | 2.2% | -0.4% | -0.2% | -0.3%
Coal | 7 | 14 | 17 | 20 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 8.1% | 1.7% | 1.8% | -6.0% | 0.2% | 1.1%
Oil | 18 | 36 | 44 | 53 | 44 | 36 | 29 | 7.4% | 2.0% | 1.8% | -1.8% | -2.0% | -2.0%
Gas | 0 | 3 | 7 | 11 | 24 | 28 | 29 | 44.4% | 9.4% | 4.4% | 8.4% | 1.5% | 0.1%
Electricity | 5 | 13 | 20 | 25 | 27 | 31 | 33 | 10.0% | 4.3% | 2.3% | 0.9% | 1.4% | 0.7%
Heat | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | n.s. | 1.0% | -2.0% | -0.2% | -0.3% | -0.2%
Biomass & Other | 1 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 8.2% | 5.1% | 4.7% | -4.6% | -5.0% | -3.4%
Buildings | 24 | 33 | 41 | 46 | 52 | 55 | 57 | 3.3% | 2.2% | 1.1% | 1.3% | 0.6% | 0.3%
Coal | 9 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -24.1% | 4.5% | -3.9% | -15.4% | -16.0% | -16.2%
Oil | 10 | 14 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 3.3% | -6.7% | -1.4% | -2.7% | -2.1% | -1.5%
Gas | 1 | 8 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 12 | 11 | 29.6% | 4.5% | 0.2% | 0.3% | -1.3% | -0.9%
Electricity | 3 | 9 | 18 | 22 | 30 | 35 | 37 | 11.9% | 7.1% | 2.1% | 3.0% | 1.5% | 0.8%
Heat | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | n.s. | 5.5% | -0.1% | 1.1% | 2.5% | 1.9%
Biomass & Other | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | -11.3% | 10.2% | 9.1% | -0.2% | 0.2% | -0.1%
Agriculture | 2 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 8.1% | -1.8% | 2.0% | 1.5% | 1.1% | 0.9%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 7.5% | -3.7% | 0.4% | -3.8% | -4.3% | -4.5%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | -9.6% | -1.5% | -2.5% | -2.9% | -3.2%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 13.8% | 6.6% | 4.6% | 5.2% | 3.0% | 2.0%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 18.6% | 4.4% | 2.0%
Transport | 15 | 27 | 30 | 36 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 6.3% | 1.2% | 1.8% | 0.3% | 0.2% | -0.1%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 14 | 27 | 29 | 35 | 33 | 29 | 25 | 6.3% | 0.7% | 1.8% | -0.6% | -1.3% | -1.3%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | 1.1% | 4.9% | 3.3% | 3.6%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 7.2% | 0.7% | 4.4% | 16.4% | 5.8% | 2.8%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 5 | 6 | n.s. | n.s. | 2.5% | 16.9% | 10.2% | 2.2%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 4 | 15 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 15 | 16 | 15.4% | -1.3% | -0.2% | 0.2% | 1.5% | 0.1%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

New Zealand | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 1.3% | 1.3% | 0.8% | 0.8% | 0.6% | 0.4%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 19 | 23 | 25 | 30 | 35 | 40 | 47 | 1.7% | 1.1% | 1.8% | 1.6% | 1.4% | 1.5%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 21 | 24 | 28 | 33 | 39 | 44 | 52 | 1.7% | 1.3% | 1.8% | 1.6% | 1.4% | 1.5%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 6 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 2.6% | -1.5% | -2.0% | -0.7% | -0.5% | -0.5%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 29 | 25 | 23 | 22 | 21 | 20 | 19 | -1.2% | -0.9% | -0.2% | -0.5% | -0.5% | -0.6%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 65 | 66 | 70 | 72 | 73 | 75 | 76 | 0.2% | 0.5% | 0.3% | 0.2% | 0.2% | 0.2%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 7 | 20 | 22 | 25 | 27 | 28 | -7.8% | 10.3% | 1.2% | 1.0% | 0.7% | 0.6%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 77 | 84 | 99 | 119 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.6% | 0.9% | 1.6% | 1.9%
Gas | 28 | 24 | 47 | 58 | 46 | 57 | 74 | -1.2% | 6.8% | 2.1% | -2.2% | 2.2% | 2.5%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 23 | 38 | 42 | 44 | 24 | 20 | 20 | 5.4% | 0.9% | 0.6% | -6.1% | -1.5% | -0.1%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 60 | 71 | 73 | 71 | 58 | 56 | 56 | 1.7% | 0.4% | -0.4% | -2.0% | -0.3% | 0.0%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 60 | 71 | 73 | 71 | 58 | 56 | 56 | 1.7% | 0.4% | -0.4% | -2.0% | -0.3% | 0.0%
CO₂ | 24 | 31 | 33 | 34 | 28 | 26 | 26 | 2.5% | 0.7% | 0.1% | -2.0% | -0.4% | 0.0%
CH₄ | 27 | 29 | 28 | 25 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 1.0% | -0.3% | -1.2% | -1.9% | -0.1% | 0.1%
N₂O | 8 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 1.7% | 0.6% | -0.1% | -1.3% | -0.5% | -0.1%
F gases | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -6.7% | 13.5% | 1.2% | -10.1% | -9.8% | -10.5%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 30 | 37 | 40 | 38 | 30 | 29 | 29 | 2.2% | 0.8% | -0.4% | -2.4% | -0.4% | -0.1%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 23 | 29 | 31 | 30 | 25 | 24 | 23 | 2.5% | 0.4% | -0.1% | -2.0% | -0.4% | 0.0%
Power generation/District heating | 4 | 6 | 6 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 5.1% | 0.2% | -10.6% | -4.3% | 2.6% | 2.7%
Industry | 7 | 7 | 6 | 9 | 7 | 7 | 8 | -0.1% | -0.7% | 3.6% | -2.1% | 0.0% | 0.7%
Buildings | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.7% | -0.2% | -1.4% | 0.8% | 0.3% | 0.0%
Agriculture | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2.2% | -0.6% | 1.6% | -4.0% | -4.3% | -4.2%
Transport | 9 | 12 | 14 | 14 | 12 | 11 | 10 | 3.4% | 1.3% | 0.5% | -1.7% | -0.8% | -0.7%
Other | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2.9% | 1.0% | 1.5% | -3.1% | -0.8% | -0.8%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 21.4% | 14.4% | 12.0%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 6.6% | 5.1% | 10.3%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 18.1% | 10.1%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 37.8% | 11.2% | 19.0%
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 13 | 15 | 18 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 1.8% | 1.8% | 2.8% | 0.6% | 0.5% | 0.4%
Coal | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4.9% | 2.8% | -1.6% | -0.8% | -0.1% | -0.1%
Oil | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | -2.7% | 3.2% | -0.8% | 3.1% | 2.1% | 0.5%
Natural gas | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2.5% | -2.6% | -0.1% | -2.1% | -1.1% | -1.5%
Biomass | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4.0% | 0.7% | 2.0% | 2.4% | 1.8% | 1.9%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 6.6% | 1.5%
Hydro | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0.5% | 0.1% | -0.8% | 0.2% | 0.0% | 0.2%
Other renewables | 2 | 3 | 5 | 11 | 13 | 13 | 14 | 3.2% | 7.5% | 8.2% | 0.9% | 0.3% | 0.6%
Net Imports | 1 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 2 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 0 | - 1 | - 1 | - 1 | - 2 | - 2 | - 2 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | 2 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | - 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 13 | 18 | 20 | 27 | 26 | 27 | 29 | 2.9% | 1.2% | 3.0% | -0.1% | 0.3% | 0.7%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | -0.3% | 1.7% | -1.0% | -8.0% | -1.9% | 1.5%
Oil | 4 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 2.7% | 0.8% | 0.7% | -2.1% | -1.0% | -0.7%
Natural gas | 3 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 5.0% | -3.0% | 1.1% | 0.5% | 1.2% | 2.0%
Biomass | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4.0% | 0.7% | 0.4% | 2.9% | 1.9% | 1.9%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 6.6% | 1.5%
Hydro | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0.5% | 0.1% | -0.8% | 0.2% | 0.0% | 0.2%
Other renewables | 2 | 3 | 5 | 11 | 13 | 13 | 14 | 3.2% | 7.5% | 8.2% | 0.9% | 0.3% | 0.6%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 13 | 18 | 20 | 27 | 26 | 27 | 29 | 2.9% | 1.2% | 3.0% | -0.1% | 0.3% | 0.7%
Energy for Power Generation | 6 | 7 | 10 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 19 | 2.8% | 3.4% | 4.1% | 0.6% | 0.5% | 1.0%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.2% | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Final consumption | 10 | 13 | 13 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 16 | 2.8% | 0.0% | 1.6% | -0.3% | 0.3% | 0.5%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.4% | -2.5% | 4.4% | -2.3% | -1.0% | -0.3%
Other Industry | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 2.1% | 0.5% | 1.7% | 0.3% | 0.8% | 0.9%
Non-Energy Use | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 10.3% | -5.2% | 5.9% | -1.3% | -0.4% | 0.4%
Residential | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1.1% | 0.7% | -0.5% | 0.4% | 0.8% | 0.7%
Services | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1.7% | 1.8% | 0.1% | 1.2% | 1.2% | 1.3%
Agriculture | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2.8% | 0.5% | 2.6% | 0.9% | 0.7% | 0.7%
Road | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3.0% | 1.7% | 0.7% | -1.0% | -0.1% | -0.1%
Rail | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10.4% | -4.8% | 0.6% | 0.1% | 0.0% | 0.1%
Aviation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.4% | -1.6% | -1.7% | 0.8% | 1.8% | 1.9%
Other Transport | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4.7% | -3.9% | 4.4% | -0.4% | -0.8% | -0.8%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4.4% | 0.9% | -4.3% | -1.0% | 1.9% | 3.8%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8.2% | 2.7% | -11.3% | -7.9% | 3.0% | 5.1%
Oil | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 7.6% | 5.2% | 10.0%
Gas | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4.3% | -0.7% | -10.3% | -3.2% | 5.3% | 6.2%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.3% | 0.2% | -11.5% | 4.1% | 5.4% | 10.6%
Other | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3.2% | 7.2% | 8.0% | 0.4% | -0.1% | 0.5%
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 32 | 39 | 45 | 46 | 53 | 61 | 69 | 2.0% | 1.4% | 0.2% | 1.4% | 1.5% | 1.2%
Coal | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 8.8% | 2.9% | -11.4% | -7.6% | 3.2% | 5.3%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 17.9%
Oil | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | 16.7% | 7.7% | 5.2% | 10.0%
Gas | 6 | 10 | 10 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 8 | 5.3% | 0.4% | -10.3% | -3.1% | 5.5% | 6.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 12.5%
Biomass & Waste | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1.6% | 0.2% | -11.1% | 4.4% | 6.6% | 10.9%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 23.2%
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Hydro | 23 | 24 | 25 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 24 | 0.5% | 0.1% | -0.8% | 0.2% | 0.0% | 0.2%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 2 | 6 | 12 | 17 | 18 | n.s. | 29.8% | 13.5% | 7.6% | 3.8% | 0.5%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | 42.5% | 17.7% | 5.3% | 4.6%
Other | 2 | 3 | 6 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 14 | 3.2% | 7.2% | 8.0% | 0.4% | -0.1% | 0.6%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 7 | 8 | 11 | 13 | 16 | 19 | 20 | 1.1% | 2.9% | 1.5% | 2.2% | 1.8% | 0.5%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -1.0% | -4.8% | -4.7% | -10.1% | -1.4% | 2.9%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 18.1%
Oil | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | 1.2% | 1.4% | 0.6% | 0.3%
Gas | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2.7% | 4.4% | -0.3% | 2.1% | 0.2% | -0.6%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 14.0%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.9% | 8.9% | 0.6% | 5.0% | -0.9% | 2.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 23.2%
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Hydro | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 0.9% | 0.1% | -0.3% | 0.2% | 0.0% | 0.2%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 5 | n.s. | 30.8% | 12.4% | 7.3% | 3.5% | 0.3%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | 43.1% | 18.3% | 6.2% | 5.6%
Other | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 7.1% | 11.6% | 3.4% | -0.6% | 2.4% | -2.2%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 10 | 13 | 13 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 16 | 2.8% | 0.0% | 1.6% | -0.3% | 0.3% | 0.5%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -2.3% | 1.9% | 0.3% | -7.1% | -2.3% | 0.2%
Oil | 4 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 2.8% | 1.1% | 0.7% | -2.1% | -1.0% | -0.8%
Gas | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5.3% | -5.4% | 6.8% | 0.9% | 0.6% | 0.9%
Electricity | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 2.0% | 1.3% | 0.3% | 1.5% | 1.5% | 1.3%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.4% | 1.6% | 2.1% | -0.3% | -0.2% | 0.5%
Biomass & Other | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4.5% | 0.7% | 1.2% | 2.6% | 1.6% | 1.0%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 29% | 28% | 30% | 32% | 43% | 49% | 52% | -0.4% | 0.7% | 0.9% | 2.9% | 1.3% | 0.5%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 4 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 3.2% | -1.4% | 3.1% | -0.6% | 0.2% | 0.6%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -2.0% | 2.1% | 0.6% | -6.9% | -2.0% | 0.4%
Oil | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1.0% | 1.8% | 2.0% | -1.4% | 0.3% | 0.7%
Gas | 2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 5.8% | -6.1% | 7.7% | -0.1% | 0.2% | 0.8%
Electricity | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2.3% | 0.5% | 0.3% | 1.6% | 1.4% | 0.9%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.1% | 0.7% | 2.4% | -0.2% | -0.3% | -0.2%
Biomass & Other | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5.6% | 0.9% | 0.4% | -0.5% | -0.9% | -0.6%
Buildings | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1.4% | 1.2% | -0.2% | 0.8% | 1.0% | 1.0%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -5.8% | -4.0% | -5.2% | -15.9% | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.6% | 1.7% | -0.2% | -1.5% | -0.5% | -0.5%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5.6% | -0.5% | -1.8% | 4.3% | 1.0% | 0.3%
Electricity | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1.5% | 1.7% | -0.2% | 0.2% | 0.9% | 1.2%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.4% | 3.8% | 1.4% | -0.7% | 0.1% | 2.0%
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1% | -0.5% | 2.5% | 4.7% | 2.5% | 0.9%
Agriculture | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2.8% | 0.5% | 2.6% | 0.9% | 0.7% | 0.7%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4.6% | 12.4% | 1.0% | -7.0% | -7.5% | -7.5%
Oil | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.3% | -1.4% | 1.1% | -3.8% | -4.2% | -4.2%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.5% | -3.5% | 8.1% | -2.6% | -2.9% | -2.9%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 6.6% | 5.1% | 3.9% | 2.9% | 2.1% | 1.6%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 26.2% | 4.9% | 2.2%
Transport | 3 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3.1% | 1.2% | 0.7% | -0.8% | 0.0% | 0.0%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0% | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 3 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3.3% | 1.2% | 0.4% | -2.1% | -1.1% | -1.0%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 18.2% | 3.4% | 2.4%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.8% | -0.8% | 15.7% | 24.1% | 5.7% | 2.5%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | 27.2% | 14.6% | 6.5% | 3.6%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.2% | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Rest Pacific | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 6 | 8 | 9 | 11 | 13 | 15 | 17 | 2.3% | 2.0% | 1.8% | 1.6% | 1.4% | 1.1%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 9 | 1.2% | 1.1% | 3.1% | 2.7% | 3.9% | 4.3%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 1.0% | 1.0% | 3.1% | 2.7% | 3.9% | 4.3%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 27 | 28 | 29 | 9 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0.5% | 0.4% | -11.6% | -10.1% | -10.6% | -7.9%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 27 | 31 | 30 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 1.3% | -0.2% | -9.5% | 0.0% | -0.1% | -0.3%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 46 | 41 | 40 | 80 | 86 | 88 | 89 | -1.2% | -0.1% | 7.1% | 0.7% | 0.2% | 0.1%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 7 | 20 | 22 | 25 | 27 | 28 | -7.8% | 10.3% | 1.2% | 1.0% | 0.7% | 0.6%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 77 | 84 | 99 | 119 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.6% | 0.9% | 1.6% | 1.9%
Gas | 28 | 24 | 47 | 58 | 46 | 57 | 74 | -1.2% | 6.8% | 2.1% | -2.2% | 2.2% | 2.5%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 101 | 96 | 102 | 113 | 127 | 134 | 137 | -0.6% | 0.6% | 1.1% | 1.2% | 0.5% | 0.2%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 101 | 96 | 102 | 113 | 127 | 134 | 137 | -0.6% | 0.6% | 1.1% | 1.2% | 0.5% | 0.2%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 13 | 12 | 16 | 20 | 30 | 46 | 68 | -0.2% | 2.7% | 2.1% | 4.2% | 4.2% | 4.0%
CO₂ | 3 | 5 | 8 | 10 | 20 | 37 | 59 | 3.5% | 5.5% | 3.0% | 6.9% | 6.2% | 4.8%
CH₄ | 5 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | -0.7% | 0.6% | 1.3% | 0.4% | -1.8% | -0.1%
N₂O | 5 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 5 | -3.0% | 0.7% | 1.4% | 0.3% | -0.6% | 0.3%
F gases | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | -4.9% | 0.3% | -5.3% | -16.7%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 5 | 6 | 10 | 13 | 23 | 39 | 61 | 2.5% | 4.6% | 2.4% | 5.9% | 5.5% | 4.6%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 3 | 4 | 7 | 10 | 19 | 35 | 56 | 2.9% | 5.0% | 3.7% | 6.7% | 6.4% | 4.9%
Power generation/District heating | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 8 | 13 | 6.4% | 2.6% | 7.0% | 4.4% | 5.0% | 5.1%
Industry | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 6.7% | 9.2% | -3.4% | 4.1% | 4.1% | 4.0%
Buildings | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -4.1% | -0.3% | 5.6% | 5.1% | 1.6% | 1.2%
Agriculture | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Transport | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 2.1% | 2.5% | 3.0% | 1.5% | 2.5% | 2.7%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 7 | 18 | 31 | 1.4% | 36.1% | 15.0% | 16.3% | 9.5% | 5.6%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 25.1%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 19.5%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 44.0%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 16.1%
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 6 | 6 | 3 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | -1.2% | -7.3% | 8.1% | 1.5% | 1.9% | 1.1%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 4 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | -2.1% | -21.0% | 9.9% | 3.5% | 3.0% | 2.2%
Natural gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6.2% | 0.0% | -4.7% | -3.1% | 4.7% | -0.1%
Biomass | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 0.2% | -0.1% | 9.4% | 0.2% | 0.4% | 0.5%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Hydro | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.6% | 0.4% | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | 3.8% | 8.4% | 6.2% | 1.6%
Net Imports | - 3 | - 2 | 2 | - 1 | 1 | 6 | 12 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 5 | 8 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | - 3 | - 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 6 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | - 3 | - 3 | - 3 | - 2 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 3 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 8 | 14 | 21 | 1.5% | 2.9% | 0.7% | 5.4% | 5.5% | 4.4%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 5 | 8 | n.s. | n.s. | 47.8% | 20.3% | 10.0% | 5.8%
Oil | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3.0% | 3.1% | 2.0% | 0.3% | 0.9% | 1.4%
Natural gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 6 | 30.1% | 16.9% | -10.3% | 24.2% | 8.7% | 6.9%
Biomass | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0.2% | -0.1% | -0.6% | 0.7% | 1.2% | 2.1%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Hydro | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.6% | 0.4% | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | 3.8% | 8.4% | 6.2% | 1.6%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 3 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 8 | 14 | 21 | 1.5% | 2.9% | 0.7% | 5.4% | 5.5% | 4.4%
Energy for Power Generation | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 8 | 4.7% | 6.1% | 4.8% | 6.0% | 5.8% | 4.5%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 8 | n.s. | 7.7% | -13.9% | 44.9% | 10.9% | 6.1%
Final consumption | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 0.9% | 2.1% | -0.1% | 2.3% | 2.9% | 3.2%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | -5.1% | 6.0% | 2.8% | 3.2%
Other Industry | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3.2% | 2.2% | -5.0% | 3.6% | 4.9% | 4.6%
Non-Energy Use | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Residential | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | -0.1% | 0.2% | 0.7% | 0.5% | 0.6% | 0.6%
Services | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2.8% | 3.5% | 9.8% | 5.1% | 5.3% | 5.1%
Agriculture | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Road | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2.2% | 0.9% | 3.1% | 1.5% | 2.2% | 2.6%
Rail | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Aviation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1.4% | 2.9% | 4.1% | 4.9% | 5.5% | 4.6%
Other Transport | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 1.5% | 3.5% | 3.7% | 3.7%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 6 | 6.3% | 3.0% | 7.3% | 5.0% | 5.6% | 5.7%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 29.2% | 10.4% | 6.0%
Oil | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6.4% | 2.6% | 5.8% | -0.2% | -0.7% | -0.3%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 6.2% | 0.0% | 31.4% | 17.1% | 9.6% | 7.7%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5.4% | -0.1% | 11.7% | 1.1% | 7.6% | 9.8%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | 2.4% | 8.1% | 5.5% | -0.1%
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 2 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 9 | 15 | 25 | 3.8% | 3.2% | 2.3% | 5.1% | 5.4% | 5.1%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 29.5% | 10.7% | 6.3%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 43.8%
Oil | 1 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 6.0% | 4.3% | 5.6% | -0.2% | -0.6% | -0.2%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 6 | 12 | 41.5% | -1.1% | 13.1% | 14.6% | 8.0% | 6.3%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 45.7%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1.7% | 1.3% | 9.6% | 3.6% | 11.7% | 10.7%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Hydro | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.6% | 0.4% | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 16.6% | 14.8% | 10.1%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 9.8% | 3.7% | 4.0%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | 2.4% | 8.2% | 5.6% | 0.3%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 0.7% | 4.9% | 2.4% | 5.6% | 5.9% | 5.8%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 29.6% | 10.8% | 6.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 41.1%
Oil | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -0.3% | 4.5% | 1.0% | -0.5% | -0.5% | 1.2%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 7.4% | 0.0% | 3.5% | 14.8% | 8.1% | 6.6%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 45.8%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0% | 9.4% | 0.0% | 1.1% | 11.4% | 10.9%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Hydro | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | 10.1% | 15.5% | 14.2% | 9.4%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 10.7% | 4.5% | 4.6%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0% | 28.4% | 0.0% | 7.7% | 5.1% | 0.0%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 0.9% | 2.1% | -0.1% | 2.3% | 2.9% | 3.2%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | 10.8% | 10.5% | 8.4% | 6.2%
Oil | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1.9% | 2.4% | 0.6% | 0.6% | 1.8% | 2.2%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | -1.6% | 10.6% | 5.1% | 4.4%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3.8% | 3.1% | 1.8% | 5.2% | 5.4% | 5.1%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 8.7% | 8.2% | 3.9%
Biomass & Other | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0.2% | -0.1% | -1.1% | -0.1% | 0.4% | 1.0%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 65% | 60% | 49% | 44% | 38% | 35% | 33% | -0.7% | -2.0% | -1.1% | -1.4% | -0.7% | -0.6%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3.2% | 5.1% | -5.0% | 4.2% | 4.3% | 4.3%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | 10.8% | 10.5% | 8.4% | 6.2%
Oil | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8.1% | 4.8% | -4.0% | -0.7% | 0.7% | 1.1%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | -3.0% | 9.2% | 5.4% | 4.8%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3.7% | 2.4% | -7.4% | 4.3% | 5.6% | 5.1%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.6% | -0.8% | -8.4% | 1.7% | 3.7% | 4.2%
Buildings | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 0.0% | 0.4% | 1.7% | 1.4% | 1.9% | 2.3%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -4.0% | -0.3% | 3.3% | 0.2% | -0.2% | 0.1%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 15.4% | 3.1% | 1.9%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4.0% | 4.4% | 8.6% | 4.9% | 5.2% | 5.1%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 8.7% | 8.2% | 3.9%
Biomass & Other | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.1% | -0.5% | -0.5% | -0.3%
Agriculture | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Transport | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2.1% | 1.2% | 3.2% | 2.2% | 3.0% | 3.2%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2.1% | 1.2% | 2.9% | 1.1% | 2.3% | 2.6%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 20.9% | 6.3% | 4.9%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 29.6% | 8.2% | 5.3%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 13.7% | 7.6% | 6.1%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 8 | n.s. | 7.7% | -13.9% | 44.9% | 10.9% | 6.1%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

9 GECO2017_B2°C scenario

GECO2017 Reference | SUMMARY GHG & ENERGY BALANCE
World | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 5 308 | 6 126 | 6 930 | 7 762 | 8 509 | 9 174 | 9 750 | 1.4% | 1.2% | 1.1% | 0.9% | 0.8% | 0.6%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 7 | 8 | 10 | 12 | 15 | 20 | 24 | 1.5% | 2.2% | 2.1% | 2.6% | 2.4% | 1.9%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 12 | 14 | 1.3% | 1.3% | 1.4% | 1.8% | 1.8% | 1.6%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 8 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | -3.2% | -0.1% | 0.6% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.1%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 32 | 30 | 30 | 29 | 28 | 25 | 23 | -0.7% | 0.1% | -0.4% | -0.4% | -0.8% | -1.0%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 60 | 65 | 64 | 65 | 67 | 69 | 71 | 0.7% | -0.1% | 0.1% | 0.2% | 0.3% | 0.3%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 9 | 20 | 20 | 21 | 21 | 22 | -5.9% | 7.9% | -0.1% | 0.6% | -0.1% | 0.6%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 77 | 85 | 82 | 90 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.6% | 1.0% | -0.3% | 0.8%
Gas | 19 | 23 | 33 | 44 | 44 | 38 | 34 | 2.3% | 3.4% | 3.0% | 0.0% | -1.3% | -1.2%
GHG emissions (MtCO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 33 102 | 35 509 | 44 517 | 49 148 | 41 264 | 29 134 | 17 234 | 0.7% | 2.3% | 1.0% | -1.7% | -3.4% | -5.1%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 35 498 | 38 554 | 47 398 | 51 548 | 45 015 | 34 049 | 22 949 | 0.8% | 2.1% | 0.8% | -1.3% | -2.8% | -3.9%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 31 128 | 33 812 | 43 478 | 48 078 | 43 416 | 32 008 | 20 005 | 0.8% | 2.5% | 1.0% | -1.0% | -3.0% | -4.6%
CO₂ | 22 096 | 24 818 | 32 862 | 37 365 | 34 845 | 24 974 | 14 550 | 1.2% | 2.8% | 1.3% | -0.7% | -3.3% | -5.3%
CH₄ | 5 981 | 6 044 | 7 182 | 6 933 | 5 297 | 4 306 | 3 326 | 0.1% | 1.7% | -0.4% | -2.7% | -2.0% | -2.5%
N₂O | 2 747 | 2 564 | 2 868 | 3 071 | 2 718 | 2 386 | 2 035 | -0.7% | 1.1% | 0.7% | -1.2% | -1.3% | -1.6%
F gases | 304 | 386 | 566 | 710 | 557 | 341 | 94 | 2.4% | 3.9% | 2.3% | -2.4% | -4.8% | -12.1%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 26 182 | 29 010 | 38 131 | 42 387 | 38 640 | 27 844 | 16 475 | 1.0% | 2.8% | 1.1% | -0.9% | -3.2% | -5.1%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 20 665 | 23 112 | 30 232 | 33 937 | 30 946 | 21 198 | 11 434 | 1.1% | 2.7% | 1.2% | -0.9% | -3.7% | -6.0%
Power generation/District heating | 6 774 | 8 433 | 11 587 | 12 756 | 10 813 | 4 505 | -1 121 | 2.2% | 3.2% | 1.0% | -1.6% | -8.4% | n.s.
Industry | 3 768 | 3 706 | 5 664 | 6 091 | 5 499 | 3 978 | 2 718 | -0.2% | 4.3% | 0.7% | -1.0% | -3.2% | -3.7%
Buildings | 2 942 | 2 753 | 2 984 | 2 968 | 2 552 | 1 745 | 1 042 | -0.7% | 0.8% | -0.1% | -1.5% | -3.7% | -5.0%
Agriculture | 424 | 363 | 424 | 471 | 408 | 266 | 171 | -1.5% | 1.6% | 1.0% | -1.4% | -4.2% | -4.3%
Transport | 4 663 | 5 774 | 6 947 | 8 445 | 8 603 | 8 325 | 7 251 | 2.2% | 1.9% | 2.0% | 0.2% | -0.3% | -1.4%
Other | 2 093 | 2 083 | 2 626 | 3 207 | 3 071 | 2 379 | 1 373 | 0.0% | 2.3% | 2.0% | -0.4% | -2.5% | -5.3%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 66 | 1 372 | 6 436 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 31.2% | 35.4% | 16.7%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 39 | 343 | 1 095 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 27.8% | 24.4% | 12.3%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 465 | 1 670 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 54.8% | 33.8% | 13.6%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 564 | 3 670 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 11.9% | n.s. | 20.6%
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 8 717 | 10 015 | 12 948 | 14 995 | 16 006 | 15 797 | 15 617 | 1.4% | 2.6% | 1.5% | 0.7% | -0.1% | -0.1%
Coal | 2 133 | 2 314 | 3 649 | 3 802 | 2 809 | 1 161 | 764 | 0.8% | 4.7% | 0.4% | -3.0% | -8.5% | -4.1%
Oil | 3 280 | 3 706 | 4 189 | 4 919 | 4 794 | 4 260 | 3 564 | 1.2% | 1.2% | 1.6% | -0.3% | -1.2% | -1.8%
Natural gas | 1 687 | 2 068 | 2 737 | 3 293 | 3 837 | 3 597 | 3 031 | 2.1% | 2.8% | 1.9% | 1.5% | -0.6% | -1.7%
Biomass | 862 | 958 | 1 235 | 1 454 | 1 919 | 2 388 | 3 213 | 1.1% | 2.6% | 1.7% | 2.8% | 2.2% | 3.0%
Nuclear¹ | 533 | 686 | 728 | 786 | 1 338 | 2 446 | 2 650 | 2.6% | 0.6% | 0.8% | 5.5% | 6.2% | 0.8%
Hydro | 188 | 232 | 303 | 384 | 439 | 456 | 462 | 2.1% | 2.7% | 2.4% | 1.3% | 0.4% | 0.1%
Other renewables | 34 | 52 | 106 | 357 | 870 | 1 488 | 1 932 | 4.6% | 7.3% | 12.9% | 9.3% | 5.5% | 2.6%
International Bunkers | 240 | 324 | 425 | 572 | 630 | 637 | 614 | 3.0% | 2.8% | 3.0% | 1.0% | 0.1% | -0.4%
Maritime Bunkers | 154 | 206 | 273 | 377 | 401 | 380 | 347 | 2.9% | 2.9% | 3.3% | 0.6% | -0.5% | -0.9%
Oil | 151 | 202 | 266 | 363 | 379 | 357 | 327 | 2.9% | 2.8% | 3.2% | 0.4% | -0.6% | -0.9%
Aviation Bunkers | 86 | 117 | 152 | 195 | 229 | 257 | 267 | 3.2% | 2.6% | 2.5% | 1.6% | 1.2% | 0.4%
Oil | 86 | 117 | 152 | 194 | 225 | 247 | 246 | 3.2% | 2.6% | 2.5% | 1.5% | 0.9% | 0.0%
Regional Energy Demand (excl. bunkers) | 8 480 | 9 695 | 12 530 | 14 437 | 15 399 | 15 183 | 15 023 | 1.3% | 2.6% | 1.4% | 0.6% | -0.1% | -0.1%
Coal | 2 133 | 2 314 | 3 649 | 3 802 | 2 809 | 1 161 | 764 | 0.8% | 4.7% | 0.4% | -3.0% | -8.5% | -4.1%
Oil | 3 043 | 3 386 | 3 771 | 4 362 | 4 190 | 3 655 | 2 991 | 1.1% | 1.1% | 1.5% | -0.4% | -1.4% | -2.0%
Natural gas | 1 687 | 2 068 | 2 737 | 3 293 | 3 837 | 3 597 | 3 031 | 2.1% | 2.8% | 1.9% | 1.5% | -0.6% | -1.7%
Biomass | 862 | 958 | 1 235 | 1 454 | 1 916 | 2 379 | 3 192 | 1.1% | 2.6% | 1.6% | 2.8% | 2.2% | 3.0%
Nuclear¹ | 533 | 686 | 728 | 786 | 1 338 | 2 446 | 2 650 | 2.6% | 0.6% | 0.8% | 5.5% | 6.2% | 0.8%
Hydro | 188 | 232 | 303 | 384 | 439 | 456 | 462 | 2.1% | 2.7% | 2.4% | 1.3% | 0.4% | 0.1%
Other renewables | 34 | 52 | 106 | 357 | 870 | 1 488 | 1 932 | 4.6% | 7.3% | 12.9% | 9.3% | 5.5% | 2.6%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 8 717 | 10 015 | 12 948 | 14 995 | 16 006 | 15 797 | 15 617 | 1.4% | 2.6% | 1.5% | 0.7% | -0.1% | -0.1%
Energy for Power Generation | 2 775 | 3 466 | 4 640 | 5 454 | 6 325 | 6 991 | 8 029 | 2.2% | 3.0% | 1.6% | 1.5% | 1.0% | 1.4%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 763 | 763 | 1 162 | 1 379 | 1 520 | 1 459 | 1 371 | 0.0% | 4.3% | 1.7% | 1.0% | -0.4% | -0.6%
Final consumption (incl. bunkers) | 6 356 | 7 139 | 9 027 | 10 535 | 11 165 | 10 987 | 10 554 | 1.2% | 2.4% | 1.6% | 0.6% | -0.2% | -0.4%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 810 | 888 | 1 385 | 1 555 | 1 482 | 1 219 | 1 022 | 0.9% | 4.5% | 1.2% | -0.5% | -1.9% | -1.7%
Other Industry | 1 109 | 1 086 | 1 358 | 1 671 | 1 917 | 1 961 | 1 986 | -0.2% | 2.3% | 2.1% | 1.4% | 0.2% | 0.1%
Non-Energy Use | 486 | 627 | 786 | 952 | 995 | 959 | 870 | 2.6% | 2.3% | 1.9% | 0.4% | -0.4% | -1.0%
Residential | 1 626 | 1 796 | 2 053 | 2 176 | 2 173 | 2 012 | 1 846 | 1.0% | 1.3% | 0.6% | 0.0% | -0.8% | -0.9%
Services | 593 | 634 | 830 | 973 | 1 139 | 1 259 | 1 388 | 0.7% | 2.7% | 1.6% | 1.6% | 1.0% | 1.0%
Agriculture | 168 | 148 | 179 | 210 | 237 | 262 | 284 | -1.3% | 1.9% | 1.6% | 1.2% | 1.0% | 0.8%
Road | 1 134 | 1 443 | 1 818 | 2 179 | 2 308 | 2 377 | 2 250 | 2.4% | 2.3% | 1.8% | 0.6% | 0.3% | -0.5%
Rail | 59 | 47 | 52 | 61 | 69 | 76 | 80 | -2.2% | 0.9% | 1.6% | 1.3% | 0.9% | 0.6%
Aviation | 182 | 226 | 252 | 328 | 385 | 428 | 442 | 2.2% | 1.1% | 2.7% | 1.6% | 1.1% | 0.3%
Other Transport |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 2 024 | 2 500 | 3 508 | 3 937 | 3 698 | 2 622 | 3 009 | 2.1% | 3.4% | 1.2% | -0.6% | -3.4% | 1.4%
Coal | 1 155 | 1 508 | 2 114 | 2 234 | 1 638 | 489 | 330 | 2.7% | 3.4% | 0.6% | -3.1% | -11.4% | -3.8%
Oil | 334 | 290 | 247 | 319 | 308 | 184 | 145 | -1.4% | -1.6% | 2.6% | -0.4% | -5.0% | -2.4%
Gas | 479 | 646 | 1 022 | 1 219 | 1 419 | 1 304 | 1 156 | 3.0% | 4.7% | 1.8% | 1.5% | -0.8% | -1.2%
Biomass & Waste | 53 | 52 | 120 | 155 | 313 | 623 | 1 353 | -0.3% | 8.7% | 2.6% | 7.3% | 7.1% | 8.1%
Other | 3 | 4 | 6 | 10 | 20 | 22 | 24 | 3.6% | 2.8% | 5.4% | 7.2% | 1.0% | 1.0%
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 11 844 | 15 472 | 21 504 | 27 433 | 34 227 | 40 534 | 48 220 | 2.7% | 3.3% | 2.5% | 2.2% | 1.7% | 1.8%
Coal | 4 423 | 5 999 | 8 661 | 9 574 | 7 142 | 2 205 | 1 612 | 3.1% | 3.7% | 1.0% | -2.9% | -11.1% | -3.1%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 265 | 1 217 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 16.5%
Oil | 1 292 | 1 178 | 931 | 1 368 | 1 330 | 821 | 637 | -0.9% | -2.3% | 3.9% | -0.3% | -4.7% | -2.5%
Gas | 1 761 | 2 753 | 4 806 | 5 999 | 7 342 | 7 019 | 6 763 | 4.6% | 5.7% | 2.2% | 2.0% | -0.4% | -0.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 000 | 4 033 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 15.0%
Biomass & Waste | 123 | 169 | 380 | 527 | 1 206 | 2 721 | 6 508 | 3.2% | 8.4% | 3.3% | 8.6% | 8.5% | 9.1%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 649 | 4 000 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 19.9%
Nuclear | 2 013 | 2 591 | 2 756 | 3 007 | 5 267 | 9 865 | 10 750 | 2.6% | 0.6% | 0.9% | 5.8% | 6.5% | 0.9%
Hydro | 2 191 | 2 698 | 3 528 | 4 468 | 5 101 | 5 308 | 5 374 | 2.1% | 2.7% | 2.4% | 1.3% | 0.4% | 0.1%
Wind | 4 | 31 | 341 | 1 735 | 4 677 | 7 919 | 9 920 | 23.2% | 27.0% | 17.7% | 10.4% | 5.4% | 2.3%
Solar | 0 | 1 | 33 | 591 | 1 836 | 4 265 | 6 087 | 25.1% | 42.3% | 33.3% | 12.0% | 8.8% | 3.6%
Other | 36 | 52 | 69 | 163 | 326 | 411 | 569 | 3.6% | 2.8% | 9.1% | 7.1% | 2.3% | 3.3%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 2 730 | 3 553 | 5 142 | 7 285 | 10 135 | 13 577 | 14 516 | 2.7% | 3.8% | 3.5% | 3.4% | 3.0% | 0.7%
Coal | 890 | 1 140 | 1 687 | 2 091 | 1 996 | 1 741 | 645 | 2.5% | 4.0% | 2.2% | -0.5% | -1.4% | -9.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 39 | 173 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 15.9%
Oil | 448 | 496 | 412 | 456 | 451 | 415 | 391 | 1.0% | -1.8% | 1.0% | -0.1% | -0.8% | -0.6%
Gas | 503 | 712 | 1 313 | 1 586 | 1 899 | 1 935 | 1 550 | 3.5% | 6.3% | 1.9% | 1.8% | 0.2% | -2.2%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 130 | 579 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 16.1%
Biomass & Waste | 27 | 45 | 99 | 150 | 248 | 501 | 1 075 | 5.3% | 8.2% | 4.2% | 5.2% | 7.3% | 7.9%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 90 | 569 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 20.2%
Nuclear | 290 | 352 | 375 | 412 | 721 | 1 350 | 1 453 | 2.0% | 0.6% | 1.0% | 5.8% | 6.5% | 0.7%
Hydro | 564 | 782 | 1 020 | 1 313 | 1 478 | 1 541 | 1 566 | 3.3% | 2.7% | 2.6% | 1.2% | 0.4% | 0.2%
Wind | 2 | 17 | 184 | 779 | 1 963 | 3 165 | 3 806 | 23.8% | 27.0% | 15.5% | 9.7% | 4.9% | 1.9%
Solar | 0 | 1 | 40 | 462 | 1 309 | 2 843 | 3 916 | 10.0% | 41.8% | 27.8% | 11.0% | 8.1% | 3.3%
Other | 6 | 9 | 12 | 34 | 70 | 87 | 113 | 3.9% | 3.1% | 11.4% | 7.4% | 2.2% | 2.6%
Total Final Consumption (Mtoe) | 6 356 | 7 139 | 9 027 | 10 535 | 11 165 | 10 987 | 10 554 | 1.2% | 2.4% | 1.6% | 0.6% | -0.2% | -0.4%
Coal | 850 | 660 | 1 205 | 1 215 | 879 | 461 | 271 | -2.5% | 6.2% | 0.1% | -3.2% | -6.3% | -5.2%
Oil | 2 639 | 3 169 | 3 660 | 4 304 | 4 205 | 3 836 | 3 238 | 1.8% | 1.5% | 1.6% | -0.2% | -0.9% | -1.7%
Gas | 895 | 1 073 | 1 275 | 1 515 | 1 784 | 1 697 | 1 348 | 1.8% | 1.7% | 1.7% | 1.7% | -0.5% | -2.3%
Electricity | 831 | 1 086 | 1 531 | 1 952 | 2 439 | 2 895 | 3 438 | 2.7% | 3.5% | 2.5% | 2.3% | 1.7% | 1.7%
Heat | 339 | 256 | 294 | 321 | 396 | 506 | 581 | -2.8% | 1.4% | 0.9% | 2.1% | 2.5% | 1.4%
Biomass & Other | 802 | 896 | 1 063 | 1 228 | 1 461 | 1 591 | 1 679 | 1.1% | 1.7% | 1.4% | 1.8% | 0.9% | 0.5%
Share of Renewables ² (%) | 17% | 18% | 18% | 20% | 26% | 34% | 43% | 0.3% | -0.1% | 1.2% | 2.7% | 2.8% | 2.2%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 2 405 | 2 601 | 3 530 | 4 177 | 4 394 | 4 139 | 3 878 | 0.8% | 3.1% | 1.7% | 0.5% | -0.6% | -0.6%
Coal | 590 | 540 | 1 048 | 1 071 | 809 | 444 | 266 | -0.9% | 6.9% | 0.2% | -2.8% | -5.8% | -5.0%
Oil | 687 | 800 | 912 | 1 041 | 994 | 859 | 734 | 1.5% | 1.3% | 1.3% | -0.5% | -1.5% | -1.6%
Gas | 452 | 532 | 621 | 840 | 1 037 | 1 060 | 872 | 1.7% | 1.6% | 3.1% | 2.1% | 0.2% | -1.9%
Electricity | 381 | 460 | 637 | 851 | 1 048 | 1 164 | 1 295 | 1.9% | 3.3% | 2.9% | 2.1% | 1.1% | 1.1%
Heat | 163 | 105 | 126 | 133 | 151 | 159 | 162 | -4.3% | 1.8% | 0.6% | 1.3% | 0.5% | 0.2%
Biomass & Other | 132 | 163 | 185 | 241 | 355 | 454 | 549 | 2.1% | 1.3% | 2.7% | 3.9% | 2.5% | 1.9%
Buildings | 2 218 | 2 430 | 2 883 | 3 148 | 3 312 | 3 271 | 3 234 | 0.9% | 1.7% | 0.9% | 0.5% | -0.1% | -0.1%
Coal | 233 | 108 | 140 | 128 | 59 | 11 | 2 | -7.4% | 2.7% | -0.9% | -7.4% | -15.5% | -16.0%
Oil | 316 | 342 | 310 | 319 | 263 | 183 | 114 | 0.8% | -1.0% | 0.3% | -1.9% | -3.6% | -4.6%
Gas | 434 | 531 | 618 | 620 | 634 | 481 | 288 | 2.1% | 1.5% | 0.0% | 0.2% | -2.7% | -5.0%
Electricity | 403 | 581 | 834 | 1 014 | 1 205 | 1 424 | 1 700 | 3.7% | 3.7% | 2.0% | 1.7% | 1.7% | 1.8%
Heat | 176 | 151 | 168 | 188 | 245 | 348 | 419 | -1.5% | 1.1% | 1.2% | 2.7% | 3.5% | 1.9%
Biomass & Other | 657 | 717 | 813 | 879 | 904 | 825 | 711 | 0.9% | 1.3% | 0.8% | 0.3% | -0.9% | -1.5%
Agriculture | 168 | 148 | 179 | 210 | 237 | 262 | 284 | -1.3% | 1.9% | 1.6% | 1.2% | 1.0% | 0.8%
Coal | 14 | 8 | 13 | 14 | 9 | 4 | 2 | -6.1% | 5.5% | 0.8% | -4.4% | -8.5% | -8.4%
Oil | 110 | 101 | 112 | 124 | 112 | 75 | 49 | -0.9% | 1.1% | 1.1% | -1.1% | -3.9% | -4.2%
Gas | 7 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 6 | 4 | -2.6% | 2.9% | 1.1% | -0.9% | -2.8% | -3.0%
Electricity | 30 | 29 | 39 | 54 | 75 | 104 | 130 | -0.4% | 3.2% | 3.2% | 3.4% | 3.2% | 2.3%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 6 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 33 | 74 | 100 | -1.7% | 3.9% | 1.8% | 14.6% | 8.3% | 3.0%
Transport (incl. bunkers) | 1 565 | 1 960 | 2 436 | 2 999 | 3 222 | 3 314 | 3 158 | 2.3% | 2.2% | 2.1% | 0.7% | 0.3% | -0.5%
Coal | 13 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | -10.1% | -2.7% | -2.8% | -2.0% | -1.9% | -1.9%
Oil | 1 526 | 1 926 | 2 326 | 2 819 | 2 836 | 2 720 | 2 340 | 2.4% | 1.9% | 1.9% | 0.1% | -0.4% | -1.5%
Gas | 2 | 3 | 28 | 47 | 105 | 151 | 184 | 5.3% | 24.2% | 5.3% | 8.4% | 3.7% | 2.0%
Electricity | 17 | 16 | 21 | 32 | 110 | 203 | 313 | -0.7% | 2.5% | 4.5% | 13.2% | 6.3% | 4.4%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 8 | 11 | 58 | 99 | 169 | 239 | 320 | 3.7% | 18.1% | 5.5% | 5.5% | 3.5% | 3.0%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses ³ | 763 | 763 | 1 162 | 1 379 | 1 520 | 1 459 | 1 371 | 0.0% | 4.3% | 1.7% | 1.0% | -0.4% | -0.6%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

³ includes statistical differences

EU28 | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 476 | 487 | 503 | 513 | 519 | 524 | 525 | 0.2% | 0.3% | 0.2% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.0%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 20 | 25 | 28 | 30 | 34 | 39 | 45 | 1.9% | 1.2% | 0.8% | 1.4% | 1.4% | 1.4%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 22 | 27 | 30 | 32 | 37 | 42 | 49 | 2.0% | 1.1% | 0.7% | 1.3% | 1.4% | 1.5%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 4 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | -3.8% | -3.6% | -0.4% | -0.5% | -0.5% | -0.5%
Share Value Added - Industry¹ (%) | 32 | 28 | 25 | 24 | 23 | 22 | 21 | -1.3% | -1.1% | -0.4% | -0.4% | -0.5% | -0.6%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 64 | 69 | 73 | 74 | 75 | 76 | 78 | 0.8% | 0.5% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.2% | 0.2%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 23 | 14 | 19 | 16 | 17 | 19 | 22 | -5.3% | 3.6% | -1.9% | 0.8% | 0.8% | 1.6%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 77 | 85 | 82 | 90 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.6% | 1.0% | -0.3% | 0.8%
Gas | 18 | 21 | 30 | 46 | 47 | 40 | 34 | 1.4% | 3.8% | 4.4% | 0.2% | -1.7% | -1.6%
GHG emissions (MtCO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 5 196 | 4 697 | 4 328 | 3 500 | 2 884 | 2 085 | 982 | -1.0% | -0.8% | -2.1% | -1.9% | -3.2% | -7.3%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 5 495 | 5 028 | 4 664 | 3 764 | 3 181 | 2 367 | 1 245 | -0.9% | -0.7% | -2.1% | -1.7% | -2.9% | -6.2%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 5 466 | 5 012 | 4 651 | 3 749 | 3 169 | 2 279 | 1 127 | -0.9% | -0.7% | -2.1% | -1.7% | -3.2% | -6.8%
CO₂ | 4 252 | 3 997 | 3 780 | 3 044 | 2 663 | 1 873 | 793 | -0.6% | -0.6% | -2.1% | -1.3% | -3.5% | -8.2%
CH₄ | 601 | 495 | 409 | 332 | 239 | 184 | 136 | -1.9% | -1.9% | -2.1% | -3.2% | -2.6% | -3.0%
N₂O | 557 | 455 | 373 | 305 | 246 | 203 | 178 | -2.0% | -2.0% | -2.0% | -2.1% | -1.9% | -1.3%
F gases | 56 | 65 | 90 | 68 | 20 | 19 | 21 | 1.5% | 3.3% | -2.7% | -11.5% | -0.4% | 0.6%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 4 849 | 4 491 | 4 176 | 3 305 | 2 807 | 1 980 | 853 | -0.8% | -0.7% | -2.3% | -1.6% | -3.4% | -8.1%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 4 006 | 3 759 | 3 572 | 2 852 | 2 484 | 1 742 | 759 | -0.6% | -0.5% | -2.2% | -1.4% | -3.5% | -8.0%
Power generation/District heating | 1 427 | 1 283 | 1 235 | 861 | 697 | 394 | 107 | -1.1% | -0.4% | -3.5% | -2.1% | -5.5% | -12.2%
Industry | 745 | 602 | 453 | 363 | 296 | 203 | 102 | -2.1% | -2.8% | -2.2% | -2.0% | -3.7% | -6.6%
Buildings | 724 | 652 | 660 | 497 | 451 | 297 | 122 | -1.1% | 0.1% | -2.8% | -1.0% | -4.1% | -8.5%
Agriculture | 84 | 72 | 59 | 58 | 48 | 31 | 20 | -1.5% | -2.0% | -0.2% | -1.8% | -4.3% | -4.3%
Transport | 764 | 900 | 925 | 855 | 793 | 680 | 355 | 1.7% | 0.3% | -0.8% | -0.8% | -1.5% | -6.3%
Other | 262 | 251 | 241 | 219 | 198 | 137 | 52 | -0.4% | -0.4% | -0.9% | -1.0% | -3.6% | -9.2%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 13 | 153 | 480 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 14.8% | 28.4% | 12.1%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 10 | 84 | 209 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 14.6% | 23.1% | 9.6%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 51 | 181 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 28.0% | 42.8% | 13.5%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 18 | 90 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 7.1% | 38.4% | 17.2%
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 885 | 939 | 843 | 802 | 861 | 831 | 828 | 0.6% | -1.1% | -0.5% | 0.7% | -0.4% | 0.0%
Coal | 313 | 219 | 168 | 116 | 86 | 36 | 29 | -3.5% | -2.6% | -3.6% | -2.9% | -8.3% | -2.2%
Oil | 134 | 174 | 100 | 93 | 78 | 58 | 41 | 2.7% | -5.4% | -0.7% | -1.7% | -2.9% | -3.6%
Natural gas | 154 | 192 | 146 | 104 | 117 | 105 | 93 | 2.2% | -2.7% | -3.3% | 1.2% | -1.1% | -1.2%
Biomass | 44 | 63 | 130 | 165 | 213 | 225 | 233 | 3.7% | 7.5% | 2.4% | 2.6% | 0.5% | 0.3%
Nuclear¹ | 210 | 250 | 242 | 223 | 226 | 229 | 217 | 1.7% | -0.3% | -0.8% | 0.1% | 0.1% | -0.5%
Hydro | 27 | 33 | 35 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 2.3% | 0.5% | -0.5% | 0.0% | -0.2% | 0.0%
Other renewables | 3 | 6 | 21 | 68 | 108 | 146 | 183 | 8.0% | 12.6% | 12.4% | 4.7% | 3.1% | 2.3%
Net Imports | 760 | 762 | 893 | 756 | 705 | 594 | 389 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 135 | 104 | 114 | 102 | 66 | 44 | 46 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | 480 | 451 | 472 | 398 | 372 | 318 | 181 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | 141 | 204 | 302 | 237 | 250 | 213 | 134 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 2 | 18 | 16 | 15 | 29 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 4 | 2 | 1 | 0 | - 1 | - 1 | - 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 1 645 | 1 701 | 1 736 | 1 558 | 1 566 | 1 425 | 1 216 | 0.3% | 0.2% | -1.1% | 0.1% | -0.9% | -1.6%
Coal | 447 | 324 | 282 | 218 | 152 | 80 | 75 | -3.2% | -1.4% | -2.6% | -3.5% | -6.2% | -0.6%
Oil | 614 | 626 | 572 | 491 | 450 | 377 | 221 | 0.2% | -0.9% | -1.5% | -0.9% | -1.8% | -5.2%
Natural gas | 295 | 396 | 447 | 341 | 367 | 318 | 227 | 3.0% | 1.2% | -2.7% | 0.7% | -1.4% | -3.3%
Biomass | 44 | 63 | 133 | 183 | 229 | 240 | 261 | 3.7% | 7.7% | 3.3% | 2.2% | 0.5% | 0.9%
Nuclear¹ | 210 | 250 | 242 | 223 | 226 | 229 | 217 | 1.7% | -0.3% | -0.8% | 0.1% | 0.1% | -0.5%
Hydro | 27 | 33 | 35 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 2.3% | 0.5% | -0.5% | 0.0% | -0.2% | 0.0%
Other renewables | 3 | 6 | 21 | 68 | 108 | 146 | 183 | 8.0% | 12.6% | 12.4% | 4.7% | 3.1% | 2.3%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 1 645 | 1 701 | 1 736 | 1 558 | 1 566 | 1 425 | 1 216 | 0.3% | 0.2% | -1.1% | 0.1% | -0.9% | -1.6%
Energy for Power Generation | 636 | 674 | 721 | 648 | 679 | 686 | 737 | 0.6% | 0.7% | -1.1% | 0.5% | 0.1% | 0.7%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 99 | 94 | 110 | 103 | 106 | 93 | 65 | -0.5% | 1.6% | -0.6% | 0.3% | -1.4% | -3.5%
Final consumption | 1 152 | 1 197 | 1 217 | 1 116 | 1 135 | 1 026 | 826 | 0.4% | 0.2% | -0.9% | 0.2% | -1.0% | -2.1%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 190 | 165 | 139 | 125 | 119 | 101 | 82 | -1.4% | -1.7% | -1.0% | -0.5% | -1.7% | -2.0%
Other Industry | 175 | 163 | 145 | 139 | 142 | 132 | 120 | -0.8% | -1.1% | -0.5% | 0.2% | -0.7% | -1.0%
Non-Energy Use | 100 | 113 | 108 | 106 | 118 | 112 | 94 | 1.2% | -0.4% | -0.2% | 1.1% | -0.5% | -1.7%
Residential | 276 | 289 | 312 | 264 | 269 | 229 | 184 | 0.5% | 0.8% | -1.6% | 0.2% | -1.6% | -2.2%
Services | 118 | 133 | 166 | 152 | 170 | 166 | 159 | 1.3% | 2.2% | -0.9% | 1.1% | -0.2% | -0.4%
Agriculture | 33 | 29 | 26 | 25 | 27 | 28 | 30 | -1.4% | -1.1% | -0.1% | 0.5% | 0.5% | 0.5%
Road | 237 | 281 | 299 | 284 | 270 | 239 | 141 | 1.7% | 0.6% | -0.5% | -0.5% | -1.2% | -5.2%
Rail | 10 | 10 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 0.1% | -1.7% | -0.2% | 0.8% | 0.1% | 0.1%
Aviation | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 2.3% | -0.4% | -0.4% | 0.2% | -0.8% | -3.3%
Other Transport | 7 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 3 | -1.0% | -0.8% | -1.1% | 0.3% | -2.6% | -3.7%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 396 | 385 | 423 | 324 | 314 | 280 | 306 | -0.3% | 0.9% | -2.6% | -0.3% | -1.1% | 0.9%
Coal | 285 | 234 | 209 | 156 | 105 | 55 | 60 | -2.0% | -1.1% | -2.8% | -3.9% | -6.3% | 0.9%
Oil | 55 | 41 | 23 | 11 | 8 | 5 | 2 | -2.9% | -5.5% | -6.9% | -3.4% | -4.7% | -7.2%
Gas | 50 | 94 | 141 | 86 | 108 | 122 | 124 | 6.6% | 4.1% | -4.8% | 2.3% | 1.2% | 0.2%
Biomass & Waste | 6 | 15 | 49 | 68 | 91 | 97 | 117 | 9.8% | 12.9% | 3.4% | 2.9% | 0.6% | 1.9%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 4.0% | 1.6% | 6.9% | 4.2% | 0.7% | 2.3%
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 2 594 | 3 031 | 3 356 | 3 297 | 3 619 | 3 809 | 4 206 | 1.6% | 1.0% | -0.2% | 0.9% | 0.5% | 1.0%
Coal | 1 050 | 966 | 862 | 664 | 478 | 268 | 295 | -0.8% | -1.1% | -2.6% | -3.2% | -5.6% | 1.0%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 83 | 250 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 11.7%
Oil | 224 | 181 | 87 | 49 | 35 | 22 | 10 | -2.1% | -7.1% | -5.5% | -3.5% | -4.6% | -7.0%
Gas | 193 | 480 | 763 | 475 | 600 | 693 | 754 | 9.5% | 4.8% | -4.6% | 2.4% | 1.5% | 0.8%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 130 | 499 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 14.4%
Biomass & Waste | 20 | 46 | 143 | 235 | 326 | 355 | 451 | 8.9% | 12.0% | 5.1% | 3.3% | 0.9% | 2.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14 | 70 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 17.5%
Nuclear | 795 | 945 | 917 | 847 | 863 | 888 | 864 | 1.7% | -0.3% | -0.8% | 0.2% | 0.3% | -0.3%
Hydro | 309 | 386 | 407 | 387 | 386 | 379 | 380 | 2.3% | 0.5% | -0.5% | 0.0% | -0.2% | 0.0%
Wind | 1 | 22 | 149 | 409 | 557 | 721 | 889 | 39.8% | 21.0% | 10.6% | 3.1% | 2.6% | 2.1%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 23 | 173 | 268 | 336 | 339 | 33.0% | n.s. | 22.5% | 4.5% | 2.3% | 0.1%
Other | 3 | 5 | 6 | 59 | 107 | 148 | 223 | 4.0% | 1.6% | 26.4% | 6.2% | 3.3% | 4.2%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 635 | 719 | 919 | 1 150 | 1 354 | 1 426 | 1 362 | 1.3% | 2.5% | 2.3% | 1.6% | 0.5% | -0.5%
Coal | 223 | 201 | 192 | 166 | 127 | 94 | 74 | -1.0% | -0.4% | -1.4% | -2.7% | -2.9% | -2.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 15 | 36 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 9.2%
Oil | 95 | 81 | 65 | 39 | 30 | 23 | 21 | -1.5% | -2.2% | -5.1% | -2.5% | -2.6% | -1.1%
Gas | 65 | 129 | 218 | 243 | 301 | 285 | 201 | 7.1% | 5.4% | 1.1% | 2.1% | -0.5% | -3.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 19 | 71 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 14.3%
Biomass & Waste | 10 | 17 | 48 | 68 | 88 | 96 | 90 | 5.9% | 10.9% | 3.6% | 2.6% | 0.8% | -0.6%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 12 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 14.2%
Nuclear | 126 | 137 | 131 | 120 | 120 | 121 | 114 | 0.9% | -0.4% | -0.9% | 0.0% | 0.1% | -0.6%
Hydro | 116 | 140 | 148 | 155 | 156 | 155 | 157 | 1.9% | 0.5% | 0.5% | 0.1% | -0.1% | 0.1%
Wind | 0 | 12 | 85 | 193 | 262 | 312 | 355 | 40.0% | 21.4% | 8.5% | 3.1% | 1.8% | 1.3%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 31 | 148 | 231 | 292 | 287 | 36.9% | n.s. | 17.1% | 4.6% | 2.4% | -0.2%
Other | 0 | 1 | 1 | 18 | 39 | 48 | 62 | 2.0% | 2.4% | 37.3% | 8.1% | 1.9% | 2.7%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 1 152 | 1 197 | 1 217 | 1 116 | 1 135 | 1 026 | 826 | 0.4% | 0.2% | -0.9% | 0.2% | -1.0% | -2.1%
Coal | 141 | 73 | 57 | 46 | 31 | 13 | 6 | -6.3% | -2.5% | -2.1% | -3.8% | -8.2% | -7.2%
Oil | 503 | 540 | 505 | 447 | 413 | 350 | 210 | 0.7% | -0.7% | -1.2% | -0.8% | -1.7% | -5.0%
Gas | 229 | 273 | 279 | 230 | 235 | 178 | 92 | 1.8% | 0.2% | -1.9% | 0.2% | -2.7% | -6.4%
Electricity | 186 | 218 | 244 | 239 | 262 | 275 | 302 | 1.6% | 1.2% | -0.2% | 0.9% | 0.5% | 0.9%
Heat | 55 | 45 | 55 | 50 | 69 | 80 | 90 | -1.9% | 1.9% | -0.9% | 3.3% | 1.4% | 1.3%
Biomass & Other | 38 | 48 | 78 | 103 | 125 | 130 | 126 | 2.3% | 4.9% | 2.9% | 1.9% | 0.4% | -0.3%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 6% | 8% | 12% | 21% | 27% | 35% | 49% | 2.5% | 4.7% | 5.4% | 2.6% | 2.6% | 3.5%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 466 | 441 | 393 | 370 | 379 | 345 | 297 | -0.5% | -1.1% | -0.6% | 0.2% | -0.9% | -1.5%
Coal | 93 | 60 | 44 | 37 | 28 | 13 | 6 | -4.2% | -3.1% | -1.6% | -2.7% | -7.6% | -7.0%
Oil | 139 | 144 | 127 | 113 | 119 | 110 | 91 | 0.3% | -1.3% | -1.2% | 0.5% | -0.7% | -1.9%
Gas | 114 | 118 | 97 | 84 | 77 | 64 | 37 | 0.4% | -1.9% | -1.4% | -1.0% | -1.7% | -5.4%
Electricity | 85 | 91 | 89 | 87 | 90 | 91 | 90 | 0.7% | -0.3% | -0.2% | 0.3% | 0.2% | -0.1%
Heat | 21 | 11 | 15 | 16 | 23 | 22 | 21 | -6.5% | 3.6% | 0.3% | 3.7% | -0.3% | -0.3%
Biomass & Other | 14 | 17 | 22 | 33 | 43 | 44 | 51 | 1.9% | 2.6% | 4.3% | 2.7% | 0.3% | 1.5%
Buildings | 394 | 423 | 478 | 416 | 439 | 395 | 343 | 0.7% | 1.2% | -1.4% | 0.5% | -1.0% | -1.4%
Coal | 46 | 12 | 12 | 8 | 3 | 0 | 0 | -12.8% | 0.0% | -3.7% | -10.8% | -17.6% | -17.6%
Oil | 89 | 80 | 63 | 44 | 29 | 18 | 9 | -1.1% | -2.4% | -3.5% | -4.1% | -4.8% | -6.8%
Gas | 110 | 150 | 177 | 139 | 149 | 102 | 40 | 3.2% | 1.6% | -2.4% | 0.7% | -3.7% | -8.9%
Electricity | 90 | 116 | 146 | 141 | 157 | 164 | 181 | 2.5% | 2.3% | -0.3% | 1.1% | 0.5% | 1.0%
Heat | 34 | 35 | 40 | 34 | 47 | 58 | 69 | 0.2% | 1.3% | -1.4% | 3.1% | 2.1% | 1.8%
Biomass & Other | 24 | 30 | 41 | 49 | 54 | 52 | 44 | 2.3% | 3.2% | 2.0% | 0.9% | -0.3% | -1.7%
Agriculture | 33 | 29 | 26 | 25 | 27 | 28 | 30 | -1.4% | -1.1% | -0.1% | 0.5% | 0.5% | 0.5%
Coal | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -4.9% | 0.8% | -2.4% | -7.7% | -10.6% | -10.6%
Oil | 21 | 18 | 14 | 14 | 12 | 8 | 5 | -1.2% | -2.3% | -0.1% | -1.6% | -4.4% | -4.4%
Gas | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 2 | -1.6% | -1.0% | 0.3% | -1.1% | -3.1% | -3.1%
Electricity | 5 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 9 | 11 | -1.7% | 1.3% | 0.2% | 2.9% | 3.6% | 2.2%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 9 | 12 | 2.4% | 4.4% | 0.1% | 9.3% | 7.0% | 2.8%
Transport | 259 | 305 | 320 | 303 | 290 | 258 | 157 | 1.6% | 0.5% | -0.5% | -0.4% | -1.2% | -4.9%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -26.4% | 1.7% | -3.5% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0%
Oil | 254 | 297 | 300 | 276 | 253 | 214 | 105 | 1.6% | 0.1% | -0.8% | -0.8% | -1.7% | -6.8%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 9 | 13 | 5.3% | 12.9% | 7.4% | 7.8% | 5.6% | 3.8%
Electricity | 5 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 9 | 11 | 20 | 1.3% | -1.4% | 1.8% | 3.0% | 2.5% | 6.1%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 1 | 14 | 19 | 23 | 25 | 19 | n.s. | 34.1% | 3.3% | 2.2% | 0.6% | -2.6%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 99 | 94 | 110 | 103 | 106 | 93 | 65 | -0.5% | 1.6% | -0.6% | 0.3% | -1.4% | -3.5%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

EFTA | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 11 | 12 | 13 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 0.7% | 0.9% | 1.2% | 0.9% | 0.7% | 0.5%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 34 | 39 | 42 | 44 | 48 | 53 | 58 | 1.5% | 0.7% | 0.5% | 0.9% | 0.9% | 1.0%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 48 | 56 | 61 | 64 | 70 | 77 | 85 | 1.5% | 0.9% | 0.4% | 0.9% | 0.9% | 1.0%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -4.8% | -2.7% | 0.1% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0%
Share Value Added - Industry¹ (%) | 32 | 33 | 32 | 29 | 27 | 25 | 22 | 0.3% | -0.4% | -0.8% | -0.8% | -0.8% | -1.0%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 65 | 65 | 67 | 70 | 72 | 74 | 76 | 0.0% | 0.2% | 0.4% | 0.3% | 0.3% | 0.3%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 12 | 18 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 17 | -3.4% | 3.6% | -2.8% | 1.0% | 0.6% | 1.0%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 77 | 85 | 82 | 90 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.6% | 1.0% | -0.3% | 0.8%
Gas | 18 | 21 | 30 | 46 | 47 | 40 | 34 | 1.4% | 3.8% | 4.4% | 0.2% | -1.7% | -1.6%
GHG emissions (MtCO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 90 | 79 | 77 | 89 | 72 | 52 | 26 | -1.4% | -0.2% | 1.5% | -2.1% | -3.2% | -6.6%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 103 | 104 | 106 | 116 | 101 | 82 | 54 | 0.1% | 0.2% | 0.9% | -1.4% | -2.0% | -4.1%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 101 | 102 | 104 | 114 | 100 | 82 | 53 | 0.0% | 0.2% | 1.0% | -1.3% | -2.0% | -4.1%
CO₂ | 75 | 79 | 84 | 96 | 85 | 68 | 40 | 0.5% | 0.7% | 1.4% | -1.2% | -2.3% | -5.0%
CH₄ | 10 | 9 | 9 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 6 | -0.5% | -0.8% | -1.6% | -1.1% | -0.5% | -0.6%
N₂O | 11 | 10 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 6 | -0.4% | -2.1% | 0.2% | -1.0% | -0.9% | -0.8%
F gases | 6 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -5.7% | -2.2% | -1.9% | -9.9% | -0.8% | -0.8%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 89 | 90 | 93 | 104 | 89 | 71 | 43 | 0.1% | 0.3% | 1.1% | -1.5% | -2.3% | -4.9%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 67 | 70 | 77 | 89 | 77 | 60 | 34 | 0.5% | 0.9% | 1.4% | -1.4% | -2.4% | -5.4%
Power generation/District heating | 1 | 1 | 3 | 7 | 8 | 1 | - 10 | -2.5% | 13.3% | 11.4% | 0.2% | -17.6% | n.s.
Industry | 10 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 7 | 5 | -0.4% | 0.0% | -1.2% | -0.2% | -2.1% | -3.4%
Buildings | 20 | 18 | 18 | 11 | 8 | 6 | 4 | -1.1% | 0.2% | -4.5% | -3.0% | -4.1% | -4.4%
Agriculture | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2.1% | -0.7% | -2.5% | -1.7% | -4.0% | -4.1%
Transport | 25 | 28 | 31 | 33 | 28 | 23 | 17 | 1.1% | 1.0% | 0.5% | -1.5% | -2.0% | -2.7%
Other | 8 | 11 | 13 | 26 | 23 | 23 | 18 | 3.0% | 1.5% | 7.3% | -1.6% | 0.0% | -2.4%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 21 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 20.0% | 31.3% | 12.0%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 6 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 19.2% | 22.9% | 9.0%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 44.9% | 1.1%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 13 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 17.5% | 42.1% | 17.8%
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 127 | 230 | 221 | 193 | 159 | 114 | 87 | 6.2% | -0.4% | -1.4% | -1.9% | -3.2% | -2.7%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 9.0% | 12.1% | 1.1% | 2.4% | -3.7% | 1.0%
Oil | 83 | 162 | 102 | 85 | 55 | 25 | 11 | 6.9% | -4.5% | -1.8% | -4.3% | -7.4% | -8.0%
Natural gas | 21 | 41 | 89 | 74 | 60 | 41 | 30 | 6.8% | 8.0% | -1.8% | -2.0% | -3.6% | -3.3%
Biomass | 2 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 7 | 7 | 9 | 2.4% | 1.9% | -0.8% | 6.7% | 1.2% | 1.5%
Nuclear¹ | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 11 | 13 | 11 | 1.1% | 0.0% | 0.1% | 4.3% | 1.8% | -1.8%
Hydro | 13 | 16 | 14 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 15 | 1.8% | -1.1% | 1.2% | 0.1% | -0.2% | -0.5%
Other renewables | 0 | 1 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 11 | 16.1% | 13.1% | 3.4% | 4.2% | 1.7% | 0.7%
Net Imports | - 80 | - 177 | - 156 | - 123 | - 86 | - 41 | - 18 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | - 62 | - 141 | - 79 | - 62 | - 35 | - 10 | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | - 18 | - 34 | - 78 | - 59 | - 47 | - 28 | - 17 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | - 1 | - 2 | - 2 | - 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | - 2 | - 2 | 1 | - 2 | - 2 | - 2 | - 2 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 46 | 54 | 66 | 69 | 73 | 74 | 69 | 1.5% | 2.0% | 0.6% | 0.5% | 0.1% | -0.6%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0.0% | -2.5% | 4.2% | 5.0% | -2.5% | 0.9%
Oil | 21 | 21 | 24 | 23 | 20 | 16 | 12 | 0.0% | 1.5% | -0.3% | -1.8% | -2.2% | -2.3%
Natural gas | 4 | 7 | 11 | 15 | 13 | 14 | 12 | 6.2% | 5.0% | 3.2% | -1.5% | 0.7% | -1.2%
Biomass | 2 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 8 | 2.4% | 1.9% | -3.2% | 4.7% | 2.5% | 3.5%
Nuclear¹ | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 11 | 13 | 11 | 1.1% | 0.0% | 0.1% | 4.3% | 1.8% | -1.8%
Hydro | 13 | 16 | 14 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 15 | 1.8% | -1.1% | 1.2% | 0.1% | -0.2% | -0.5%
Other renewables | 0 | 1 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 11 | 16.1% | 13.1% | 3.4% | 4.2% | 1.7% | 0.7%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 46 | 54 | 66 | 69 | 73 | 74 | 69 | 1.5% | 2.0% | 0.6% | 0.5% | 0.1% | -0.6%
Energy for Power Generation | 21 | 25 | 28 | 32 | 39 | 43 | 43 | 2.0% | 0.9% | 1.4% | 2.0% | 0.9% | 0.0%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 2 | 3 | 11 | 14 | 13 | 14 | 12 | 4.6% | 15.0% | 1.9% | -0.8% | 0.8% | -0.9%
Final consumption | 37 | 41 | 45 | 43 | 43 | 42 | 41 | 1.0% | 0.9% | -0.4% | 0.1% | -0.2% | -0.4%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 1.6% | -0.6% | -0.3% | -0.2% | -1.1% | -1.3%
Other Industry | 6 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 1.2% | 0.3% | 0.6% | 0.8% | 0.1% | -0.3%
Non-Energy Use | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1.3% | 0.2% | 0.8% | -0.3% | -0.7% | -1.2%
Residential | 10 | 10 | 11 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | -0.1% | 1.4% | -1.8% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.1%
Services | 5 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 1.0% | 1.9% | -1.5% | 0.6% | 0.6% | 0.6%
Agriculture | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3.4% | -0.6% | -1.3% | 1.0% | 0.8% | 0.7%
Road | 8 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 1.4% | 0.9% | 0.4% | -0.7% | -1.0% | -1.5%
Rail | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.3% | 1.4% | 0.2% | 1.1% | 0.9% | 0.8%
Aviation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5.3% | 1.4% | 2.6% | 1.6% | 0.8% | 0.4%
Other Transport | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0.9% | 1.3% | -1.6% | 0.3% | -1.7% | -2.8%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 1 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 2.8% | 7.6% | 2.8% | 1.1% | 0.2% | 4.3%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -5.0% | 1.6% | 32.3% | 10.2% | -3.5% | 5.0%
Oil | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -9.4% | -7.2% | 31.7% | -4.4% | -10.0% | -24.5%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2.2% | 16.9% | 7.1% | -5.7% | 1.1% | -2.3%
Biomass & Waste | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 3.8% | 3.4% | -10.9% | 9.3% | 3.8% | 9.7%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 16.0% | 12.9% | 1.0% | 3.4% | -0.4% | -3.6%
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 182 | 218 | 208 | 248 | 279 | 301 | 318 | 1.8% | -0.5% | 1.8% | 1.2% | 0.8% | 0.5%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 5 | 4 | 6 | -5.1% | 3.8% | 33.8% | 10.9% | -3.5% | 4.9%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 6 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 11.8%
Oil | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | -4.9% | -8.2% | 31.5% | -4.3% | -9.9% | -24.4%
Gas | 0 | 1 | 6 | 9 | 5 | 7 | 6 | 12.5% | 18.6% | 4.4% | -5.1% | 3.1% | -2.0%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | -5.9%
Biomass & Waste | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 7 | 18 | 6.9% | 3.5% | -6.8% | 10.9% | 5.4% | 10.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 15 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 17.3%
Nuclear | 24 | 26 | 26 | 27 | 42 | 51 | 43 | 1.1% | 0.0% | 0.2% | 4.6% | 2.0% | -1.8%
Hydro | 157 | 187 | 168 | 189 | 191 | 188 | 179 | 1.8% | -1.1% | 1.2% | 0.1% | -0.2% | -0.5%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 1 | 11 | 18 | 29 | 48 | n.s. | 39.0% | 28.3% | 4.8% | 4.9% | 5.4%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 5 | 8 | 13 | 25.5% | 20.1% | 33.8% | 6.2% | 5.1% | 4.3%
Other | 0 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 16.0% | 12.9% | 1.0% | 3.5% | -0.1% | -2.0%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 45 | 49 | 55 | 74 | 93 | 108 | 107 | 1.0% | 1.1% | 3.0% | 2.3% | 1.5% | -0.1%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1.4% | 3.4% | 20.4% | 8.8% | 1.9% | 0.3%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 16.9%
Oil | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | -5.3% | 1.9% | 14.6% | 2.5% | 0.9% | 0.7%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 2 | 9 | 15 | 17 | 10 | 10.2% | 20.2% | 17.5% | 5.4% | 1.4% | -4.8%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 14.0%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 8 | 7.1% | -3.1% | 12.5% | 7.1% | 5.1% | 4.5%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 18.9%
Nuclear | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 0.8% | 0.2% | 2.2% | 4.4% | 1.8% | -2.0%
Hydro | 41 | 45 | 48 | 49 | 50 | 49 | 47 | 1.0% | 0.7% | 0.2% | 0.1% | -0.2% | -0.5%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 9 | 14 | 17 | n.s. | 40.6% | 25.3% | 6.5% | 5.2% | 1.8%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 6 | 10 | 13 | 25.9% | 19.9% | 37.2% | 6.1% | 5.2% | 3.2%
Other | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 14.4% | 12.8% | 8.5% | 4.5% | 1.2% | 0.2%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 37 | 41 | 45 | 43 | 43 | 42 | 41 | 1.0% | 0.9% | -0.4% | 0.1% | -0.2% | -0.4%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0.2% | -3.1% | 0.2% | 0.6% | -3.7% | -6.1%
Oil | 19 | 19 | 20 | 17 | 14 | 10 | 7 | 0.0% | 0.3% | -1.3% | -2.2% | -3.0% | -3.3%
Gas | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 7.0% | 2.2% | 0.3% | 1.5% | 0.6% | -0.8%
Electricity | 13 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 19 | 21 | 22 | 1.4% | 1.1% | 0.4% | 1.3% | 0.9% | 0.6%
Heat | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2.6% | 4.9% | 0.0% | 2.8% | 2.3% | 1.0%
Biomass & Other | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 1.9% | 1.7% | -1.3% | 2.3% | 1.8% | 1.0%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 41% | 45% | 39% | 46% | 52% | 60% | 70% | 0.8% | -1.4% | 1.8% | 1.2% | 1.3% | 1.6%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 12 | 14 | 14 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 14 | 1.3% | 0.0% | 0.4% | 0.3% | -0.4% | -0.7%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0.2% | -3.2% | 0.3% | 0.6% | -3.7% | -6.1%
Oil | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | -1.2% | 0.0% | -1.3% | -1.8% | -2.6% | -2.1%
Gas | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 11.9% | 1.7% | 0.9% | 0.8% | 0.6% | -1.0%
Electricity | 6 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 1.3% | 0.3% | 1.3% | 0.9% | 0.1% | -0.3%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7.9% | 2.6% | 0.3% | -0.2% | -0.3% | -0.2%
Biomass & Other | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5.7% | -1.7% | -1.0% | 2.0% | 2.2% | 1.2%
Buildings | 15 | 15 | 18 | 15 | 16 | 16 | 17 | 0.3% | 1.6% | -1.7% | 0.3% | 0.3% | 0.3%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -5.6% | -1.2% | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 6 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | -1.8% | -0.5% | -5.7% | -4.5% | -5.8% | -5.5%
Gas | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 3.7% | 3.1% | -1.0% | -0.6% | -2.0% | -3.5%
Electricity | 7 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 1.3% | 1.8% | -0.3% | 1.1% | 1.0% | 1.0%
Heat | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 1.7% | 5.3% | 0.0% | 3.2% | 2.6% | 1.1%
Biomass & Other | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -0.9% | 3.3% | -2.7% | -0.2% | -1.0% | -0.4%
Agriculture | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3.4% | -0.6% | -1.3% | 1.0% | 0.8% | 0.7%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1.9% | -0.3% | -2.6% | -1.7% | -4.1% | -4.2%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7.3% | -9.1% | 0.5% | -1.2% | -2.9% | -2.9%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 6.5% | 0.4% | 0.9% | 2.6% | 2.7% | 1.9%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 41.3% | -3.4% | 6.3% | 14.1% | 7.0% | 2.9%
Transport | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 11 | 10 | 9 | 1.4% | 1.0% | 0.4% | -0.5% | -0.9% | -1.4%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 8 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 9 | 7 | 5 | 1.5% | 0.8% | 0.1% | -1.9% | -2.6% | -3.5%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | 19.9% | 17.7% | 5.0% | 2.1%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0.1% | 1.7% | 1.6% | 9.1% | 4.2% | 2.2%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | 6.6% | 9.0% | 4.1% | 1.8%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 2 | 3 | 11 | 14 | 13 | 14 | 12 | 4.6% | 15.0% | 1.9% | -0.8% | 0.8% | -0.9%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Rest Balkans | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 24 | 23 | 23 | 22 | 21 | 20 | 19 | -0.5% | -0.3% | -0.2% | -0.3% | -0.6% | -0.7%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 5 | 4 | 7 | 8 | 11 | 15 | 20 | -0.9% | 4.1% | 1.9% | 3.1% | 3.6% | 2.8%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 0 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 14.0% | 4.6% | 1.9% | 3.1% | 3.6% | 2.8%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 22 | 15 | 12 | 10 | 9 | 8 | 7 | -3.6% | -2.6% | -1.2% | -1.7% | -1.4% | -0.8%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 31 | 24 | 27 | 27 | 26 | 25 | 24 | -2.6% | 1.3% | 0.1% | -0.3% | -0.4% | -0.5%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 47 | 61 | 61 | 62 | 65 | 67 | 69 | 2.6% | 0.0% | 0.2% | 0.4% | 0.3% | 0.3%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 12 | 18 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 17 | -3.4% | 3.6% | -2.8% | 1.0% | 0.6% | 1.0%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 77 | 85 | 82 | 90 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.6% | 1.0% | -0.3% | 0.8%
Gas | 18 | 21 | 30 | 46 | 47 | 40 | 34 | 1.4% | 3.8% | 4.4% | 0.2% | -1.7% | -1.6%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 129 | 75 | 118 | 118 | 97 | 55 | 22 | -5.3% | 4.6% | 0.0% | -2.0% | -5.4% | -8.7%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 129 | 94 | 119 | 120 | 98 | 65 | 35 | -3.1% | 2.3% | 0.1% | -1.9% | -4.0% | -6.1%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 129 | 92 | 118 | 115 | 95 | 57 | 25 | -3.3% | 2.5% | -0.3% | -1.9% | -5.0% | -7.9%
CO₂ | 101 | 71 | 88 | 82 | 66 | 35 | 10 | -3.4% | 2.1% | -0.7% | -2.1% | -6.3% | -11.7%
CH₄ | 17 | 12 | 11 | 10 | 8 | 6 | 4 | -3.5% | -0.7% | -0.8% | -3.0% | -1.6% | -3.6%
N₂O | 9 | 6 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 9 | -4.4% | 5.4% | 0.5% | -0.7% | -0.3% | -0.2%
F gases | 1 | 3 | 9 | 12 | 11 | 7 | 1 | 8.5% | 11.5% | 2.7% | -0.7% | -5.1% | -15.0%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 113 | 81 | 104 | 99 | 81 | 44 | 13 | -3.3% | 2.6% | -0.5% | -2.0% | -6.0% | -11.6%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 97 | 69 | 84 | 78 | 62 | 30 | 6 | -3.3% | 2.0% | -0.8% | -2.2% | -6.9% | -14.6%
Power generation/District heating | 52 | 47 | 52 | 47 | 34 | 7 | - 11 | -1.0% | 1.0% | -0.9% | -3.2% | -14.3% | n.s.
Industry | 16 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 5 | 4 | -6.8% | 1.1% | -1.7% | -1.0% | -2.4% | -2.6%
Buildings | 14 | 5 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | -10.3% | 1.5% | -3.6% | -3.8% | -5.0% | -5.8%
Agriculture | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 9.7% | -4.7% | 4.0% | -1.2% | -3.7% | -3.9%
Transport | 8 | 6 | 13 | 13 | 12 | 11 | 10 | -2.4% | 7.2% | -0.3% | -0.8% | -0.5% | -1.4%
Other | 6 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 2 | -9.6% | 6.7% | 2.1% | 1.0% | -3.1% | -6.1%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 15 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 38.0% | 13.2%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 24.3% | 6.5%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 25.3% | 12.9%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 12 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 56.0% | 14.8%
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 20 | 18 | 21 | 13 | 15 | 17 | 19 | -1.0% | 1.5% | -4.5% | 1.1% | 1.2% | 1.5%
Coal | 14 | 13 | 14 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 1 | -1.1% | 1.2% | -11.7% | -1.6% | -8.4% | -4.9%
Oil | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | -5.0% | 2.2% | 3.9% | -1.4% | -2.2% | -3.4%
Natural gas | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -1.4% | -6.4% | 5.6% | 4.6% | 1.2% | 0.6%
Biomass | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 7 | -0.2% | 2.1% | 6.3% | 1.2% | 2.9% | 2.3%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 13.1% | 10.3%
Hydro | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3.7% | 3.9% | -1.6% | 2.5% | 1.6% | 0.3%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 5 | n.s. | 19.5% | 31.7% | 24.9% | 12.1% | 4.8%
Net Imports | 12 | 5 | 10 | 15 | 13 | 10 | 6 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 2 | 0 | 1 | 10 | 6 | 1 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | 7 | 4 | 7 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 3 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 2 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | - 2 | - 1 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 32 | 24 | 31 | 29 | 28 | 26 | 26 | -3.1% | 2.7% | -0.7% | -0.2% | -0.7% | -0.2%
Coal | 16 | 13 | 15 | 14 | 9 | 2 | 1 | -2.2% | 1.6% | -0.8% | -4.2% | -12.9% | -7.5%
Oil | 9 | 5 | 9 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 4 | -6.4% | 5.8% | -1.7% | -0.9% | -1.3% | -2.6%
Natural gas | 4 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 3 | -6.8% | 1.8% | -1.7% | 8.8% | 1.8% | -5.0%
Biomass | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 6 | 7 | -0.2% | 2.3% | 0.6% | 4.0% | 5.3% | 3.0%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 13.1% | 10.3%
Hydro | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3.7% | 3.9% | -1.6% | 2.5% | 1.6% | 0.3%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 5 | n.s. | 19.5% | 31.7% | 24.9% | 12.1% | 4.8%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 32 | 24 | 31 | 29 | 28 | 26 | 26 | -3.1% | 2.7% | -0.7% | -0.2% | -0.7% | -0.2%
Energy for Power Generation | 15 | 14 | 16 | 15 | 14 | 12 | 13 | -0.6% | 1.5% | -1.0% | -0.5% | -1.2% | 0.7%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | -5.3% | 5.9% | 4.1% | 2.5% | 0.9% | -0.4%
Final consumption | 21 | 13 | 19 | 18 | 18 | 19 | 19 | -4.4% | 3.6% | -0.7% | 0.4% | 0.5% | 0.2%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 0 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 5.2% | 14.3% | -2.8% | -1.2% | -1.9% | -1.4%
Other Industry | 7 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | -8.3% | -3.4% | 1.1% | 1.6% | 1.5% | 1.3%
Non-Energy Use | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -13.4% | 10.4% | -5.5% | 0.9% | 0.7% | -0.3%
Residential | 4 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 1.0% | 1.8% | -0.4% | 0.4% | 0.4% | 0.0%
Services | 4 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | -9.8% | 2.6% | -1.0% | 0.6% | 0.9% | 1.2%
Agriculture | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11.2% | -3.1% | 2.8% | 1.0% | 1.1% | 0.9%
Road | 3 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | -1.1% | 6.9% | 0.0% | 0.1% | 0.4% | -0.3%
Rail | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.1% | 18.1% | -3.0% | 0.5% | 0.5% | 0.0%
Aviation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 2.5% | 2.4% | 1.1%
Other Transport | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | 4.8% | 8.0% | 1.0% | -0.5% | -2.2%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 13 | 12 | 13 | 12 | 10 | 5 | 4 | -1.1% | 1.0% | -0.9% | -2.2% | -5.9% | -2.7%
Coal | 12 | 11 | 13 | 12 | 7 | 1 | 0 | -0.4% | 1.0% | -0.7% | -4.7% | -16.5% | -10.8%
Oil | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -12.5% | -2.9% | -22.3% | 34.5% | 1.2% | -33.0%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | -7.4% | 7.7% | -11.4% | 38.8% | 1.9% | -16.1%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 20.9% | 21.7% | 7.6%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 65 | 59 | 79 | 76 | 86 | 100 | 119 | -0.9% | 3.0% | -0.5% | 1.2% | 1.6% | 1.7%
Coal | 44 | 35 | 45 | 46 | 30 | 5 | 2 | -2.3% | 2.6% | 0.1% | -4.1% | -16.2% | -9.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 11.1%
Oil | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | -11.9% | -12.4% | -11.2% | 34.6% | 1.2% | -32.9%
Gas | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 10 | 2 | -11.4% | 0.3% | -2.8% | 36.3% | 3.5% | -13.3%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 13.1%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 7 | 16 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 24.2% | 22.6% | 8.0%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 14 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 14.1%
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Hydro | 16 | 23 | 34 | 29 | 36 | 43 | 44 | 3.7% | 3.9% | -1.6% | 2.5% | 1.6% | 0.3%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 7 | 23 | 37 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 25.2% | 12.4% | 4.9%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 11 | 18 | n.s. | n.s. | 52.4% | 31.5% | 14.2% | 4.9%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 18.9% | 11.3%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 26 | 13 | 16 | 20 | 25 | 38 | 50 | -6.7% | 2.6% | 1.8% | 2.4% | 4.2% | 3.0%
Coal | 25 | 8 | 8 | 11 | 9 | 7 | 7 | -10.5% | 0.4% | 2.3% | -1.4% | -2.2% | -0.8%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 15.2%
Oil | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | -0.6% | 2.4% | -2.6% | -2.1% | 2.8% | 2.4%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | -1.1% | 31.4% | -1.4% | 1.6% | -0.3% | 1.3%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 19.1%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 20.5% | 23.2% | 12.8%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 18.3%
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Hydro | 0 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 8 | n.s. | 0.9% | 2.4% | 2.4% | 1.6% | 0.3%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 9 | 14 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 24.2% | 11.7% | 4.4%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 8 | 14 | n.s. | n.s. | 52.7% | 31.9% | 14.4% | 5.1%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 18.3% | 10.8%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 21 | 13 | 19 | 18 | 18 | 19 | 19 | -4.4% | 3.6% | -0.7% | 0.4% | 0.5% | 0.2%
Coal | 4 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | -7.0% | 1.2% | -1.8% | -3.1% | -6.5% | -5.7%
Oil | 8 | 4 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | -6.1% | 6.3% | -1.2% | -1.5% | -1.5% | -1.9%
Gas | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | -7.6% | 0.0% | -3.2% | 4.6% | 3.0% | -0.1%
Electricity | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | -0.8% | 2.5% | 0.8% | 1.2% | 1.6% | 1.7%
Heat | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | -1.9% | 5.2% | -1.4% | 2.8% | 1.8% | 1.2%
Biomass & Other | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | -0.2% | 2.2% | -0.1% | 2.1% | 1.5% | 0.2%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 15% | 26% | 26% | 25% | 37% | 55% | 70% | 5.2% | 0.2% | -0.3% | 3.8% | 4.3% | 2.3%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 9 | 4 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | -7.9% | 3.7% | -1.7% | 0.5% | 0.3% | 0.4%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | -2.4% | 1.3% | -0.4% | -1.7% | -5.5% | -5.5%
Oil | 4 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -15.1% | 7.7% | -3.5% | -1.6% | -2.2% | -1.8%
Gas | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -2.4% | -0.6% | -6.3% | 4.1% | 4.2% | 1.0%
Electricity | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | -7.8% | 5.3% | 1.1% | 1.3% | 1.6% | 2.0%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -6.1% | 9.0% | -5.7% | -0.2% | -0.3% | -0.2%
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | -3.4% | 9.0% | 6.3% | 3.8% | 0.9%
Buildings | 9 | 6 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | -3.1% | 2.0% | -0.6% | 0.4% | 0.5% | 0.4%
Coal | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -12.7% | 2.1% | -5.0% | -9.3% | -17.7% | -17.9%
Oil | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -1.0% | 1.1% | -3.7% | -3.9% | -5.9% | -6.4%
Gas | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -14.8% | 1.1% | 0.1% | 2.0% | -1.0% | -4.9%
Electricity | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 3.1% | 1.5% | 0.6% | 0.6% | 1.2% | 1.2%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.0% | 3.7% | 0.4% | 3.5% | 2.2% | 1.5%
Biomass & Other | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | -1.2% | 2.8% | -1.0% | 0.6% | 0.2% | -1.0%
Agriculture | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11.2% | -3.1% | 2.8% | 1.0% | 1.1% | 0.9%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.3% | -29.6% | -5.1% | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 16.2% | -2.0% | 3.3% | -1.2% | -3.9% | -4.1%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | 12.6% | -0.8% | -2.6% | -2.8%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5.0% | 6.0% | -1.5% | 4.4% | 4.6% | 3.1%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | -13.8% | -7.1% | 23.3% | 10.5% | 3.4%
Transport | 3 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | -1.0% | 7.3% | -0.1% | 0.1% | 0.4% | -0.3%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 3 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 3 | -0.9% | 7.3% | -0.4% | -1.2% | -1.0% | -1.7%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | 19.2% | 19.4% | 5.5% | 1.1%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | -5.5% | 3.9% | 6.9% | 15.4% | 5.9% | 3.6%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 14.9% | 5.4% | 3.3%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | -5.3% | 5.9% | 4.1% | 2.5% | 0.9% | -0.4%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Russia | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 148 | 146 | 143 | 143 | 139 | 133 | 129 | -0.1% | -0.2% | 0.0% | -0.3% | -0.4% | -0.3%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 13 | 9 | 14 | 16 | 20 | 24 | 25 | -3.8% | 5.1% | 1.3% | 2.3% | 1.8% | 0.4%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 6 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 11 | -3.8% | 5.1% | 1.1% | 2.3% | 1.8% | 0.4%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 17 | 6 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | -9.0% | -5.0% | 1.7% | -0.6% | -0.4% | -0.1%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 48 | 38 | 35 | 32 | 31 | 30 | 30 | -2.4% | -0.9% | -0.7% | -0.4% | -0.4% | -0.1%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 35 | 56 | 61 | 63 | 65 | 66 | 66 | 4.8% | 1.0% | 0.3% | 0.2% | 0.2% | 0.0%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 12 | 18 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 16 | -3.4% | 3.6% | -3.2% | 0.9% | 0.0% | 1.3%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 77 | 85 | 82 | 90 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.6% | 1.0% | -0.3% | 0.8%
Gas | 18 | 21 | 30 | 46 | 47 | 40 | 34 | 1.4% | 3.8% | 4.4% | 0.2% | -1.7% | -1.6%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 3 428 | 1 649 | 1 612 | 1 613 | 1 163 | 714 | 409 | -7.1% | -0.2% | 0.0% | -3.2% | -4.8% | -5.4%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 3 428 | 2 108 | 2 230 | 2 050 | 1 467 | 871 | 513 | -4.7% | 0.6% | -0.8% | -3.3% | -5.1% | -5.2%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 3 300 | 2 092 | 2 218 | 2 048 | 1 467 | 871 | 435 | -4.5% | 0.6% | -0.8% | -3.3% | -5.1% | -6.7%
CO₂ | 2 418 | 1 497 | 1 563 | 1 511 | 1 097 | 583 | 226 | -4.7% | 0.4% | -0.3% | -3.2% | -6.1% | -9.0%
CH₄ | 593 | 435 | 491 | 358 | 212 | 147 | 87 | -3.1% | 1.2% | -3.1% | -5.1% | -3.6% | -5.1%
N₂O | 248 | 131 | 150 | 164 | 154 | 139 | 121 | -6.2% | 1.3% | 0.9% | -0.6% | -1.0% | -1.4%
F gases | 41 | 29 | 14 | 15 | 4 | 2 | 1 | -3.5% | -6.8% | 0.2% | -11.2% | -7.9% | -8.6%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 2 978 | 1 938 | 2 077 | 1 895 | 1 314 | 726 | 306 | -4.2% | 0.7% | -0.9% | -3.6% | -5.8% | -8.3%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 2 285 | 1 420 | 1 458 | 1 419 | 1 018 | 521 | 182 | -4.6% | 0.3% | -0.3% | -3.3% | -6.5% | -10.0%
Power generation/District heating | 795 | 586 | 623 | 598 | 367 | 100 | - 73 | -3.0% | 0.6% | -0.4% | -4.8% | -12.2% | n.s.
Industry | 227 | 157 | 140 | 149 | 120 | 83 | 50 | -3.6% | -1.1% | 0.6% | -2.1% | -3.6% | -4.9%
Buildings | 336 | 170 | 137 | 106 | 73 | 32 | 13 | -6.6% | -2.1% | -2.5% | -3.6% | -8.1% | -8.5%
Agriculture | 49 | 21 | 14 | 13 | 11 | 7 | 5 | -8.3% | -4.1% | -0.4% | -1.4% | -4.2% | -4.6%
Transport | 252 | 112 | 157 | 184 | 178 | 154 | 108 | -7.8% | 3.4% | 1.6% | -0.4% | -1.4% | -3.5%
Other | 626 | 375 | 386 | 369 | 268 | 145 | 79 | -5.0% | 0.3% | -0.5% | -3.1% | -6.0% | -5.8%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 33 | 157 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 34.0% | 31.2% | 16.9%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 11 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 26.1% | 17.6% | 14.7%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 15 | 45 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 51.3% | 24.9% | 11.8%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 15 | 101 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 0.8% | n.s. | 20.7%
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 1 234 | 944 | 1 229 | 1 299 | 1 412 | 1 312 | 1 110 | -2.6% | 2.7% | 0.6% | 0.8% | -0.7% | -1.7%
Coal | 164 | 130 | 169 | 152 | 132 | 85 | 62 | -2.3% | 2.7% | -1.0% | -1.4% | -4.3% | -3.1%
Oil | 526 | 325 | 510 | 539 | 572 | 545 | 429 | -4.7% | 4.6% | 0.6% | 0.6% | -0.5% | -2.4%
Natural gas | 491 | 436 | 486 | 524 | 550 | 435 | 332 | -1.2% | 1.1% | 0.7% | 0.5% | -2.3% | -2.7%
Biomass | 8 | 5 | 4 | 16 | 44 | 69 | 114 | -5.5% | -0.9% | 13.8% | 10.9% | 4.6% | 5.1%
Nuclear¹ | 31 | 35 | 45 | 51 | 92 | 148 | 136 | 1.0% | 2.7% | 1.3% | 6.0% | 4.8% | -0.9%
Hydro | 14 | 14 | 14 | 16 | 18 | 20 | 19 | 0.0% | 0.2% | 0.9% | 1.4% | 0.8% | -0.1%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 11 | 19 | 7.6% | 24.1% | 12.2% | 8.4% | 13.3% | 5.9%
Net Imports | - 353 | - 324 | - 539 | - 610 | - 786 | - 762 | - 627 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 11 | - 10 | - 68 | - 34 | - 62 | - 57 | - 45 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | - 265 | - 199 | - 370 | - 366 | - 418 | - 419 | - 336 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | - 103 | - 117 | - 103 | - 208 | - 313 | - 310 | - 253 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 4 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 11 | 28 | 11 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | - 1 | - 2 | - 3 | - 2 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | - 1 | - 1 | - 2 | - 2 | - 2 | - 2 | - 2 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 880 | 619 | 690 | 689 | 626 | 550 | 483 | -3.5% | 1.1% | 0.0% | -1.0% | -1.3% | -1.3%
Coal | 175 | 120 | 101 | 118 | 69 | 28 | 17 | -3.7% | -1.7% | 1.6% | -5.2% | -8.7% | -4.9%
Oil | 261 | 126 | 140 | 173 | 154 | 125 | 93 | -7.0% | 1.1% | 2.1% | -1.1% | -2.1% | -2.9%
Natural gas | 388 | 319 | 384 | 316 | 237 | 125 | 78 | -1.9% | 1.9% | -1.9% | -2.8% | -6.2% | -4.6%
Biomass | 12 | 7 | 7 | 16 | 55 | 98 | 125 | -5.6% | 0.0% | 8.9% | 13.2% | 5.8% | 2.5%
Nuclear¹ | 31 | 35 | 45 | 51 | 92 | 148 | 136 | 1.0% | 2.7% | 1.3% | 6.0% | 4.8% | -0.9%
Hydro | 14 | 14 | 14 | 16 | 18 | 20 | 19 | 0.0% | 0.2% | 0.9% | 1.4% | 0.8% | -0.1%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 11 | 19 | 7.6% | 24.1% | 12.2% | 8.4% | 13.3% | 5.9%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 880 | 619 | 690 | 689 | 626 | 550 | 483 | -3.5% | 1.1% | 0.0% | -1.0% | -1.3% | -1.3%
Energy for Power Generation | 325 | 252 | 286 | 282 | 255 | 242 | 233 | -2.5% | 1.2% | -0.1% | -1.0% | -0.5% | -0.4%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 224 | 154 | 154 | 148 | 138 | 122 | 106 | -3.6% | 0.0% | -0.4% | -0.8% | -1.2% | -1.3%
Final consumption | 603 | 400 | 425 | 425 | 401 | 357 | 309 | -4.0% | 0.6% | 0.0% | -0.6% | -1.2% | -1.4%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 102 | 78 | 91 | 92 | 81 | 67 | 57 | -2.7% | 1.6% | 0.1% | -1.3% | -1.9% | -1.6%
Other Industry | 128 | 65 | 52 | 56 | 52 | 49 | 47 | -6.5% | -2.2% | 0.6% | -0.6% | -0.7% | -0.3%
Non-Energy Use | 40 | 36 | 66 | 74 | 74 | 67 | 57 | -1.0% | 6.2% | 1.2% | 0.0% | -1.0% | -1.6%
Residential | 168 | 140 | 111 | 97 | 83 | 69 | 57 | -1.8% | -2.3% | -1.4% | -1.5% | -1.9% | -1.8%
Services | 62 | 25 | 37 | 34 | 36 | 35 | 31 | -8.7% | 3.9% | -0.7% | 0.6% | -0.4% | -1.1%
Agriculture | 22 | 9 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | -8.3% | -4.4% | -0.2% | 1.0% | 0.7% | 0.4%
Road | 52 | 34 | 48 | 50 | 52 | 49 | 40 | -4.1% | 3.4% | 0.5% | 0.3% | -0.6% | -2.0%
Rail | 12 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | -7.6% | 2.1% | 0.8% | 0.2% | -0.1% | -0.8%
Aviation | 9 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 5 | -6.9% | 1.5% | 1.4% | 0.3% | -0.4% | -1.8%
Other Transport | 7 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | -14.7% | -1.4% | 6.6% | -0.3% | -2.5% | -4.5%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 279 | 204 | 226 | 213 | 141 | 64 | 59 | -3.1% | 1.0% | -0.6% | -4.0% | -7.6% | -0.7%
Coal | 63 | 63 | 59 | 63 | 29 | 6 | 3 | 0.0% | -0.6% | 0.5% | -7.4% | -14.8% | -6.7%
Oil | 46 | 12 | 4 | 10 | 8 | 3 | 0 | -12.6% | -10.2% | 9.5% | -2.8% | -7.9% | -47.1%
Gas | 170 | 127 | 160 | 136 | 98 | 39 | 20 | -2.9% | 2.4% | -1.6% | -3.2% | -8.8% | -6.3%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 15 | 36 | 29.4% | 1.7% | 9.0% | 4.1% | 8.5% | 8.8%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7.6% | 24.2% | 8.3% | 5.5% | 1.1% | 2.9%
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 1 082 | 878 | 1 038 | 1 093 | 1 133 | 1 158 | 1 196 | -2.1% | 1.7% | 0.5% | 0.4% | 0.2% | 0.3%
Coal | 157 | 176 | 166 | 192 | 92 | 20 | 14 | 1.1% | -0.6% | 1.5% | -7.1% | -14.1% | -3.2%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 13 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 17.9%
Oil | 129 | 33 | 9 | 44 | 33 | 15 | 0 | -12.7% | -11.9% | 16.9% | -2.8% | -7.9% | -47.0%
Gas | 512 | 370 | 521 | 456 | 392 | 181 | 127 | -3.2% | 3.5% | -1.3% | -1.5% | -7.4% | -3.5%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 26 | 92 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 13.6%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 3 | 3 | 15 | 26 | 69 | 175 | 52.6% | 0.9% | 18.5% | 5.4% | 10.3% | 9.8%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 18 | 113 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 20.2%
Nuclear | 118 | 131 | 170 | 196 | 363 | 595 | 545 | 1.0% | 2.7% | 1.4% | 6.4% | 5.1% | -0.9%
Hydro | 166 | 165 | 168 | 184 | 211 | 229 | 225 | 0.0% | 0.2% | 0.9% | 1.4% | 0.8% | -0.1%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 9 | 29 | 57 | n.s. | 7.2% | n.s. | 8.8% | 12.1% | 7.0%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 19 | 47 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 23.2% | 14.7% | 9.2%
Other | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 7.6% | 24.2% | 8.4% | 5.8% | 2.5% | 5.6%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 144 | 211 | 231 | 231 | 245 | 287 | 278 | 3.9% | 0.9% | 0.0% | 0.6% | 1.6% | -0.3%
Coal | 42 | 42 | 42 | 37 | 28 | 21 | 5 | 0.0% | 0.0% | -1.1% | -2.7% | -2.8% | -14.1%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 18.6%
Oil | 16 | 16 | 16 | 13 | 9 | 7 | 6 | 0.0% | 0.0% | -1.8% | -4.1% | -2.7% | -1.2%
Gas | 86 | 88 | 104 | 100 | 91 | 82 | 49 | 0.3% | 1.7% | -0.4% | -0.9% | -1.0% | -5.1%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 15 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 16.9%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 9 | 27 | 36.8% | 0.0% | 13.1% | 5.1% | 10.4% | 11.5%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 17 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 21.6%
Nuclear | 0 | 20 | 23 | 25 | 46 | 74 | 67 | n.s. | 1.3% | 1.0% | 6.2% | 4.8% | -0.9%
Hydro | 0 | 44 | 45 | 49 | 56 | 61 | 60 | n.s. | 0.2% | 0.8% | 1.4% | 0.8% | -0.1%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 6 | 16 | 28 | n.s. | 19.6% | n.s. | 8.1% | 10.7% | 5.8%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 17 | 36 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 18.1% | 12.4% | 8.0%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | 14.6% | 6.8% | 5.6% | 2.0% | 4.5%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 603 | 400 | 425 | 425 | 401 | 357 | 309 | -4.0% | 0.6% | 0.0% | -0.6% | -1.2% | -1.4%
Coal | 68 | 29 | 28 | 33 | 21 | 10 | 5 | -8.3% | -0.2% | 1.5% | -4.2% | -6.9% | -6.3%
Oil | 145 | 91 | 109 | 125 | 113 | 94 | 72 | -4.6% | 1.9% | 1.4% | -1.0% | -1.8% | -2.6%
Gas | 110 | 90 | 110 | 96 | 87 | 65 | 45 | -2.0% | 2.0% | -1.4% | -1.0% | -2.8% | -3.6%
Electricity | 68 | 50 | 60 | 63 | 66 | 67 | 69 | -2.9% | 1.8% | 0.5% | 0.4% | 0.2% | 0.3%
Heat | 203 | 137 | 115 | 102 | 99 | 100 | 92 | -3.9% | -1.8% | -1.2% | -0.2% | 0.0% | -0.8%
Biomass & Other | 8 | 3 | 2 | 6 | 14 | 20 | 25 | -9.3% | -2.5% | 9.5% | 9.3% | 3.5% | 2.3%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 6% | 8% | 7% | 8% | 12% | 20% | 31% | 2.1% | -0.9% | 1.5% | 4.3% | 5.0% | 4.4%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 270 | 179 | 210 | 222 | 207 | 182 | 161 | -4.0% | 1.6% | 0.6% | -0.7% | -1.3% | -1.2%
Coal | 28 | 19 | 24 | 30 | 20 | 10 | 5 | -3.9% | 2.6% | 2.2% | -3.9% | -6.6% | -6.2%
Oil | 44 | 36 | 43 | 52 | 48 | 43 | 40 | -2.0% | 1.9% | 2.0% | -0.8% | -1.2% | -0.8%
Gas | 52 | 43 | 66 | 67 | 63 | 51 | 35 | -1.9% | 4.5% | 0.1% | -0.7% | -2.0% | -3.7%
Electricity | 41 | 27 | 28 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 31 | -4.2% | 0.5% | 0.6% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.3%
Heat | 105 | 55 | 48 | 42 | 40 | 39 | 37 | -6.4% | -1.4% | -1.3% | -0.3% | -0.4% | -0.4%
Biomass & Other | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 6 | 9 | 12 | n.s. | -2.9% | 13.6% | 14.5% | 4.4% | 2.8%
Buildings | 231 | 166 | 148 | 131 | 120 | 104 | 89 | -3.3% | -1.1% | -1.2% | -0.9% | -1.4% | -1.6%
Coal | 40 | 10 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | -13.1% | -8.8% | -4.2% | -9.0% | -17.2% | -17.5%
Oil | 14 | 7 | 6 | 9 | 6 | 3 | 1 | -7.0% | -0.6% | 3.9% | -4.5% | -7.9% | -8.1%
Gas | 57 | 47 | 43 | 28 | 22 | 10 | 4 | -1.9% | -0.8% | -4.2% | -2.7% | -7.7% | -8.5%
Electricity | 15 | 18 | 26 | 26 | 27 | 25 | 24 | 1.7% | 3.8% | 0.3% | 0.0% | -0.5% | -0.4%
Heat | 98 | 82 | 67 | 60 | 59 | 61 | 54 | -1.7% | -2.0% | -1.1% | -0.2% | 0.3% | -1.2%
Biomass & Other | 7 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | -10.8% | -2.6% | 8.2% | 3.4% | -1.2% | -0.1%
Agriculture | 22 | 9 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | -8.3% | -4.4% | -0.2% | 1.0% | 0.7% | 0.4%
Coal | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -7.1% | -11.5% | -3.5% | -3.4% | -7.5% | -7.5%
Oil | 14 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | -8.7% | -4.2% | -0.4% | -1.4% | -4.4% | -4.8%
Gas | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | -0.8% | 0.9% | 0.6% | -0.9% | -3.1% | -3.5%
Electricity | 6 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | -7.7% | -6.2% | 0.1% | 2.4% | 2.4% | 1.7%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | -15.8% | 1.1% | 1.2% | 17.7% | 9.1% | 3.0%
Transport | 80 | 46 | 61 | 66 | 67 | 64 | 53 | -5.4% | 3.0% | 0.7% | 0.3% | -0.6% | -1.9%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 73 | 42 | 56 | 60 | 56 | 47 | 30 | -5.3% | 2.8% | 0.6% | -0.6% | -1.8% | -4.2%
Gas | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 6 | -23.1% | 3.4% | 12.0% | 20.3% | 6.6% | 3.9%
Electricity | 6 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 9 | 11 | -5.5% | 4.5% | 1.1% | 2.6% | 2.1% | 1.7%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 5 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 23.1% | 7.4% | 3.4%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 224 | 154 | 154 | 148 | 138 | 122 | 106 | -3.6% | 0.0% | -0.4% | -0.8% | -1.2% | -1.3%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Ukraine | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 51 | 49 | 46 | 44 | 41 | 38 | 35 | -0.5% | -0.7% | -0.4% | -0.7% | -0.8% | -0.7%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 8 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 10 | 15 | 21 | -7.5% | 5.0% | 1.0% | 4.2% | 3.9% | 3.5%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 3 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 7 | -7.5% | 5.0% | 0.7% | 4.2% | 3.9% | 3.5%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 26 | 17 | 8 | 12 | 10 | 8 | 7 | -4.0% | -7.0% | 4.0% | -2.5% | -1.6% | -1.0%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 45 | 36 | 31 | 26 | 25 | 24 | 23 | -2.0% | -1.5% | -1.9% | -0.2% | -0.4% | -0.5%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 30 | 47 | 60 | 62 | 65 | 67 | 69 | 4.6% | 2.6% | 0.2% | 0.5% | 0.3% | 0.3%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 12 | 18 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 16 | -3.4% | 3.6% | -3.2% | 0.9% | 0.0% | 1.3%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 77 | 85 | 82 | 90 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.6% | 1.0% | -0.3% | 0.8%
Gas | 18 | 21 | 30 | 46 | 47 | 40 | 34 | 1.4% | 3.8% | 4.4% | 0.2% | -1.7% | -1.6%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 804 | 345 | 311 | 250 | 187 | 117 | 64 | -8.1% | -1.1% | -2.1% | -2.9% | -4.6% | -5.8%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 873 | 396 | 349 | 276 | 210 | 138 | 84 | -7.6% | -1.3% | -2.3% | -2.7% | -4.1% | -4.9%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 873 | 396 | 349 | 276 | 210 | 138 | 84 | -7.6% | -1.3% | -2.3% | -2.7% | -4.1% | -4.9%
CO₂ | 652 | 277 | 253 | 200 | 155 | 95 | 48 | -8.2% | -0.9% | -2.3% | -2.5% | -4.8% | -6.6%
CH₄ | 162 | 93 | 66 | 44 | 26 | 17 | 11 | -5.4% | -3.3% | -4.1% | -4.9% | -4.6% | -3.8%
N₂O | 59 | 26 | 29 | 32 | 29 | 27 | 25 | -7.7% | 0.9% | 0.9% | -0.9% | -0.8% | -0.9%
F gases | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -5.6% | 17.0% | 0.3% | -10.4% | -10.9% | -12.0%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 770 | 359 | 314 | 238 | 173 | 105 | 54 | -7.3% | -1.3% | -2.7% | -3.1% | -4.9% | -6.4%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 613 | 258 | 234 | 182 | 137 | 79 | 35 | -8.3% | -1.0% | -2.5% | -2.8% | -5.4% | -7.9%
Power generation/District heating | 209 | 77 | 93 | 80 | 40 | 5 | - 21 | -9.5% | 1.9% | -1.5% | -6.8% | -18.8% | n.s.
Industry | 127 | 47 | 31 | 25 | 24 | 18 | 14 | -9.5% | -3.9% | -2.2% | -0.6% | -2.9% | -2.5%
Buildings | 56 | 44 | 37 | 21 | 18 | 10 | 6 | -2.5% | -1.8% | -5.5% | -1.5% | -5.3% | -5.8%
Agriculture | 23 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 2 | -17.2% | 2.4% | 0.0% | -1.1% | -3.9% | -3.9%
Transport | 53 | 17 | 30 | 25 | 26 | 25 | 21 | -10.6% | 5.5% | -1.8% | 0.4% | -0.4% | -1.7%
Other | 144 | 69 | 38 | 26 | 26 | 18 | 14 | -7.1% | -5.8% | -3.8% | -0.1% | -3.5% | -2.7%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 40 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 53.9% | 15.8% | 27.7%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 8 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 55.6% | 13.8% | 11.0%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 6 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 38.8% | 24.3%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 26 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 42.1% | 9.7% | n.s.
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 105 | 71 | 80 | 76 | 70 | 73 | 71 | -3.8% | 1.1% | -0.4% | -0.9% | 0.4% | -0.3%
Coal | 57 | 32 | 34 | 30 | 12 | 2 | 1 | -5.5% | 0.6% | -1.3% | -8.4% | -18.1% | -10.7%
Oil | 6 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | -3.2% | -0.2% | -2.6% | 1.8% | 1.2% | 0.0%
Natural gas | 21 | 13 | 15 | 17 | 18 | 17 | 14 | -4.5% | 1.4% | 1.0% | 0.7% | -0.9% | -1.3%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 5 | -2.2% | 18.6% | -1.4% | 4.3% | 1.4% | 9.6%
Nuclear¹ | 20 | 20 | 24 | 23 | 29 | 40 | 36 | 0.2% | 1.4% | -0.2% | 2.2% | 3.3% | -1.1%
Hydro | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.7% | 1.4% | -0.1% | 0.7% | -0.1% | -0.1%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 8 | 10 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 15.5% | 6.5% | 2.4%
Net Imports | 148 | 58 | 53 | 20 | 24 | 17 | 22 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 18 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 8 | 9 | 7 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | 62 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 6 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | 71 | 49 | 40 | 10 | 6 | - 3 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 9 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | - 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 253 | 130 | 133 | 97 | 94 | 90 | 93 | -6.4% | 0.2% | -3.1% | -0.3% | -0.5% | 0.3%
Coal | 75 | 34 | 39 | 33 | 20 | 11 | 8 | -7.5% | 1.2% | -1.7% | -4.5% | -6.4% | -2.7%
Oil | 67 | 12 | 13 | 11 | 13 | 12 | 10 | -15.9% | 1.0% | -1.4% | 1.1% | -0.9% | -1.8%
Natural gas | 92 | 62 | 55 | 26 | 24 | 14 | 15 | -3.8% | -1.2% | -7.1% | -1.0% | -5.6% | 0.8%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 6 | 14 | -2.2% | 18.9% | -0.7% | 9.3% | 5.8% | 9.5%
Nuclear¹ | 20 | 20 | 24 | 23 | 29 | 40 | 36 | 0.2% | 1.4% | -0.2% | 2.2% | 3.3% | -1.1%
Hydro | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.7% | 1.4% | -0.1% | 0.7% | -0.1% | -0.1%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 8 | 10 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 15.5% | 6.5% | 2.4%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 253 | 130 | 133 | 97 | 94 | 90 | 93 | -6.4% | 0.2% | -3.1% | -0.3% | -0.5% | 0.3%
Energy for Power Generation | 81 | 44 | 51 | 48 | 49 | 52 | 61 | -5.9% | 1.4% | -0.6% | 0.1% | 0.8% | 1.4%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 60 | 34 | 30 | 12 | 12 | 10 | 10 | -5.4% | -1.3% | -8.7% | -0.5% | -1.1% | 0.1%
Final consumption | 160 | 74 | 75 | 55 | 55 | 52 | 50 | -7.4% | 0.2% | -3.2% | 0.1% | -0.6% | -0.3%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 27 | 13 | 22 | 16 | 14 | 11 | 8 | -7.0% | 5.5% | -3.2% | -1.2% | -3.0% | -2.4%
Other Industry | 61 | 24 | 8 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 9 | -8.8% | -10.9% | -3.7% | 2.0% | 1.3% | 1.6%
Non-Energy Use | 6 | 1 | 6 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | -15.4% | 16.4% | -6.0% | 1.8% | 1.0% | 0.5%
Residential | 32 | 24 | 24 | 16 | 14 | 12 | 11 | -2.8% | -0.1% | -4.1% | -0.9% | -1.7% | -1.2%
Services | 3 | 2 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 6 | -0.7% | 6.6% | -0.4% | 1.6% | 0.7% | 1.2%
Agriculture | 9 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | -16.6% | 1.2% | -0.1% | 1.2% | 1.3% | 1.3%
Road | 18 | 6 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 8 | -9.6% | 2.9% | -1.3% | 0.9% | 0.5% | -0.4%
Rail | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -6.9% | -0.5% | -1.7% | 1.7% | 1.4% | 1.1%
Aviation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Other Transport | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | -7.1% | 1.3% | -0.8% | -1.9%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 60 | 23 | 26 | 23 | 15 | 4 | 14 | -9.3% | 1.5% | -1.3% | -4.4% | -12.6% | 13.8%
Coal | 35 | 14 | 19 | 16 | 5 | 0 | 2 | -8.5% | 3.0% | -2.1% | -11.0% | -20.6% | 13.0%
Oil | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | -30.9% | 0.3% | 2.3% | 6.3% | -8.5% | -2.5%
Gas | 12 | 8 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 1 | 4 | -4.2% | -2.5% | 1.0% | 0.9% | -15.3% | 9.3%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 9 | n.s. | n.s. | -37.6% | n.s. | 0.7% | 18.3%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 299 | 171 | 189 | 190 | 227 | 261 | 319 | -5.4% | 1.0% | 0.1% | 1.8% | 1.4% | 2.0%
Coal | 114 | 52 | 70 | 56 | 18 | 3 | 8 | -7.6% | 3.0% | -2.2% | -10.6% | -17.8% | 12.5%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 7 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 22.6%
Oil | 48 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 1 | -30.9% | -3.6% | 8.4% | 6.4% | -8.4% | -2.5%
Gas | 50 | 30 | 16 | 20 | 29 | 8 | 21 | -5.0% | -6.3% | 2.6% | 3.7% | -11.9% | 9.9%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 17 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 24.9%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 6 | 42 | n.s. | n.s. | -23.7% | n.s. | 0.7% | 20.6%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 32 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 76 | 77 | 89 | 88 | 110 | 157 | 142 | 0.2% | 1.4% | -0.2% | 2.3% | 3.6% | -1.0%
Hydro | 11 | 11 | 13 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 0.7% | 1.4% | -0.1% | 0.7% | -0.1% | -0.1%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 36 | 59 | 77 | n.s. | 23.6% | n.s. | 17.1% | 5.1% | 2.7%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 10 | 13 | 14 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 9.8% | 2.7% | 0.9%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 17.8% | 14.9%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 42 | 52 | 54 | 46 | 67 | 82 | 80 | 2.2% | 0.3% | -1.6% | 3.8% | 2.0% | -0.2%
Coal | 23 | 22 | 22 | 12 | 11 | 11 | 2 | -0.2% | -0.1% | -5.6% | -0.8% | -0.4% | -17.5%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 22.0%
Oil | 7 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -18.2% | 0.0% | -9.1% | 8.7% | 2.4% | 2.7%
Gas | 12 | 14 | 12 | 8 | 10 | 9 | 11 | 0.8% | -1.0% | -4.7% | 2.9% | -0.7% | 1.1%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 25.0%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 7 | n.s. | n.s. | 33.0% | 10.2% | -1.6% | 12.6%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 11 | 13 | 13 | 16 | 23 | 20 | n.s. | 1.6% | -0.1% | 2.1% | 3.7% | -1.5%
Hydro | 0 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | n.s. | 1.5% | 0.3% | 0.7% | -0.1% | -0.1%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 11 | 18 | 23 | n.s. | n.s. | 39.6% | 15.1% | 4.7% | 2.3%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 9 | 11 | 11 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 9.7% | 2.3% | 0.5%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 17.2% | 14.4%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 160 | 74 | 75 | 55 | 55 | 52 | 50 | -7.4% | 0.2% | -3.2% | 0.1% | -0.6% | -0.3%
Coal | 35 | 15 | 13 | 12 | 10 | 5 | 3 | -8.4% | -1.3% | -1.0% | -1.8% | -6.3% | -6.4%
Oil | 43 | 11 | 13 | 11 | 12 | 11 | 10 | -13.0% | 1.7% | -1.5% | 0.9% | -0.4% | -1.7%
Gas | 33 | 26 | 25 | 12 | 11 | 9 | 8 | -2.6% | -0.2% | -6.8% | -1.0% | -2.4% | -1.4%
Electricity | 18 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 14 | 16 | 20 | -5.8% | 1.7% | 0.1% | 1.9% | 1.4% | 2.1%
Heat | 31 | 13 | 12 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | -8.0% | -0.6% | -5.9% | 0.2% | 1.3% | -0.2%
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | -2.2% | 14.7% | 4.8% | 0.0% | 4.9% | 1.5%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 2% | 3% | 4% | 7% | 14% | 24% | 35% | 2.8% | 4.7% | 4.6% | 7.3% | 5.5% | 4.0%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 95 | 39 | 36 | 25 | 24 | 22 | 21 | -8.6% | -0.8% | -3.7% | -0.1% | -1.1% | -0.4%
Coal | 27 | 12 | 12 | 11 | 10 | 5 | 3 | -7.9% | 0.2% | -0.7% | -1.6% | -6.2% | -6.4%
Oil | 15 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | -16.8% | -0.4% | -2.4% | 3.3% | 1.5% | 0.7%
Gas | 23 | 12 | 11 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | -6.5% | -1.2% | -9.1% | 0.0% | 0.7% | 0.3%
Electricity | 13 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 8 | -8.4% | 0.9% | -2.0% | 1.7% | 1.5% | 1.8%
Heat | 16 | 7 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | -8.0% | -3.6% | -6.2% | -0.2% | -0.3% | -0.2%
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | -0.7% | 9.1% | 22.1% | 1.0%
Buildings | 35 | 27 | 28 | 20 | 20 | 18 | 17 | -2.6% | 0.7% | -3.4% | -0.3% | -1.0% | -0.4%
Coal | 7 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -9.0% | -13.1% | -8.2% | -7.5% | -16.1% | -16.3%
Oil | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | -13.8% | -7.5% | 4.8% | 8.8% | -0.1% | -3.0%
Gas | 10 | 14 | 14 | 8 | 7 | 4 | 2 | 3.2% | 0.5% | -5.5% | -2.0% | -5.9% | -6.5%
Electricity | 1 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 9 | 8.5% | 3.7% | 2.2% | 1.4% | 0.5% | 1.9%
Heat | 14 | 6 | 8 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | -8.1% | 2.1% | -5.6% | 0.4% | 2.2% | -0.1%
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -2.2% | 14.0% | 3.9% | -2.6% | -1.5% | -1.7%
Agriculture | 9 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | -16.6% | 1.2% | -0.1% | 1.2% | 1.3% | 1.3%
Coal | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | -9.7% | -3.3% | -7.5% | n.s.
Oil | 6 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -15.7% | 1.5% | 0.2% | -1.1% | -3.9% | -4.0%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | -2.4% | -0.7% | -2.6% | -2.7%
Electricity | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -15.9% | -4.2% | -0.4% | 7.2% | 6.2% | 3.7%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | -0.9% | 20.7% | 12.1% | 3.7%
Transport | 21 | 7 | 10 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 10 | -9.9% | 2.6% | -1.4% | 1.0% | 0.6% | -0.3%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | -15.8% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0%
Oil | 20 | 7 | 9 | 7 | 8 | 7 | 5 | -10.3% | 2.7% | -1.6% | 0.1% | -0.7% | -2.5%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | 0.7% | 19.2% | 7.4% | 5.7%
Electricity | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | -4.7% | 0.1% | -0.6% | 4.5% | 3.7% | 3.0%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 7.9% | 6.8% | 4.1%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 60 | 34 | 30 | 12 | 12 | 10 | 10 | -5.4% | -1.3% | -8.7% | -0.5% | -1.1% | 0.1%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Rest CIS | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 77 | 81 | 88 | 98 | 105 | 110 | 114 | 0.5% | 0.8% | 1.1% | 0.7% | 0.5% | 0.3%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 5 | 3 | 6 | 10 | 15 | 22 | 27 | -4.0% | 7.5% | 4.3% | 4.6% | 3.4% | 2.4%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 2 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 10 | -4.1% | 7.4% | 4.3% | 4.6% | 3.4% | 2.4%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 20 | 20 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 6 | -0.4% | -7.3% | -0.9% | -1.8% | -0.9% | -0.5%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 26 | 35 | 44 | 35 | 33 | 31 | 30 | 3.0% | 2.1% | -2.2% | -0.4% | -0.6% | -0.5%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 53 | 45 | 47 | 57 | 60 | 62 | 64 | -1.7% | 0.5% | 1.9% | 0.5% | 0.4% | 0.3%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 12 | 18 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 16 | -3.4% | 3.6% | -3.2% | 0.9% | 0.0% | 1.3%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 77 | 85 | 82 | 90 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.6% | 1.0% | -0.3% | 0.8%
Gas | 18 | 21 | 30 | 46 | 47 | 40 | 34 | 1.4% | 3.8% | 4.4% | 0.2% | -1.7% | -1.6%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 926 | 546 | 739 | 897 | 877 | 600 | 291 | -5.1% | 3.1% | 2.0% | -0.2% | -3.7% | -7.0%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 955 | 588 | 798 | 951 | 925 | 640 | 327 | -4.7% | 3.1% | 1.8% | -0.3% | -3.6% | -6.5%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 955 | 586 | 788 | 941 | 916 | 632 | 320 | -4.8% | 3.0% | 1.8% | -0.3% | -3.6% | -6.6%
CO₂ | 709 | 407 | 536 | 697 | 705 | 458 | 184 | -5.4% | 2.8% | 2.7% | 0.1% | -4.2% | -8.7%
CH₄ | 174 | 133 | 193 | 181 | 151 | 119 | 86 | -2.6% | 3.8% | -0.6% | -1.8% | -2.4% | -3.2%
N₂O | 69 | 45 | 56 | 59 | 59 | 55 | 50 | -4.2% | 2.3% | 0.5% | -0.1% | -0.7% | -0.9%
F gases | 3 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -9.0% | 10.0% | 0.2% | -7.4% | -3.7% | -5.8%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 829 | 503 | 678 | 829 | 809 | 537 | 238 | -4.9% | 3.0% | 2.0% | -0.2% | -4.0% | -7.8%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 674 | 374 | 489 | 642 | 649 | 411 | 148 | -5.7% | 2.7% | 2.8% | 0.1% | -4.5% | -9.7%
Power generation/District heating | 248 | 152 | 165 | 229 | 232 | 94 | - 72 | -4.8% | 0.8% | 3.3% | 0.2% | -8.6% | n.s.
Industry | 128 | 51 | 81 | 117 | 105 | 74 | 50 | -8.8% | 4.7% | 3.7% | -1.0% | -3.4% | -3.9%
Buildings | 159 | 83 | 104 | 129 | 126 | 93 | 60 | -6.3% | 2.3% | 2.1% | -0.2% | -3.0% | -4.2%
Agriculture | 13 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 6 | 4 | -4.2% | -0.4% | 1.8% | -0.5% | -3.6% | -3.8%
Transport | 56 | 27 | 41 | 50 | 51 | 50 | 46 | -6.9% | 4.1% | 1.9% | 0.3% | -0.1% | -1.0%
Other | 70 | 53 | 90 | 109 | 126 | 93 | 60 | -2.9% | 5.5% | 2.0% | 1.4% | -3.0% | -4.4%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 40 | 151 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 34.4% | 33.4% | 14.2%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 14 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 30.1% | 20.6% | 11.3%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 12 | 31 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 50.0% | 23.0% | 10.4%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 24 | 106 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 0.7% | n.s. | 16.1%
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 214 | 194 | 308 | 431 | 517 | 476 | 404 | -1.0% | 4.7% | 3.4% | 1.8% | -0.8% | -1.6%
Coal | 52 | 36 | 51 | 67 | 46 | 14 | 9 | -3.6% | 3.6% | 2.7% | -3.8% | -10.9% | -4.2%
Oil | 47 | 66 | 148 | 192 | 226 | 214 | 176 | 3.4% | 8.4% | 2.7% | 1.7% | -0.6% | -1.9%
Natural gas | 109 | 86 | 101 | 162 | 225 | 204 | 161 | -2.4% | 1.6% | 4.8% | 3.4% | -1.0% | -2.3%
Biomass | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 10 | 5.3% | 1.6% | 7.1% | 4.3% | 3.5% | 3.6%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 18 | 20 | n.s. | 2.2% | 3.3% | 19.3% | 12.9% | 1.0%
Hydro | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 7 | -0.6% | 2.3% | -0.4% | 1.3% | 1.1% | 0.1%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 12 | 21 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 48.6% | 16.5% | 5.3%
Net Imports | 35 | - 45 | - 120 | - 178 | - 234 | - 219 | - 168 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 0 | - 14 | - 14 | - 19 | - 10 | 2 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | 46 | - 30 | - 113 | - 138 | - 173 | - 166 | - 137 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | - 13 | - 2 | 7 | - 22 | - 59 | - 81 | - 82 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 9 | 27 | 52 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - 1 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 248 | 150 | 188 | 252 | 283 | 256 | 236 | -4.9% | 2.3% | 3.0% | 1.1% | -1.0% | -0.8%
Coal | 52 | 23 | 37 | 48 | 36 | 16 | 9 | -8.0% | 5.2% | 2.6% | -2.9% | -7.8% | -5.1%
Oil | 93 | 36 | 35 | 54 | 53 | 47 | 39 | -9.1% | -0.3% | 4.4% | 0.0% | -1.2% | -2.0%
Natural gas | 96 | 84 | 108 | 140 | 167 | 122 | 79 | -1.4% | 2.6% | 2.6% | 1.8% | -3.0% | -4.3%
Biomass | 1 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 14 | 35 | 62 | 6.6% | 3.0% | 9.2% | 10.1% | 9.5% | 6.0%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 18 | 20 | n.s. | 2.2% | 3.3% | 19.3% | 12.9% | 1.0%
Hydro | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 7 | -0.6% | 2.3% | -0.4% | 1.3% | 1.1% | 0.1%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 12 | 21 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 48.6% | 16.5% | 5.3%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 248 | 150 | 188 | 252 | 283 | 256 | 236 | -4.9% | 2.3% | 3.0% | 1.1% | -1.0% | -0.8%
Energy for Power Generation | 84 | 56 | 63 | 85 | 100 | 98 | 105 | -4.0% | 1.1% | 3.0% | 1.7% | -0.2% | 0.7%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 27 | 22 | 36 | 49 | 58 | 49 | 39 | -2.1% | 5.2% | 3.1% | 1.7% | -1.6% | -2.2%
Final consumption | 189 | 100 | 121 | 158 | 174 | 165 | 156 | -6.2% | 1.9% | 2.7% | 1.0% | -0.5% | -0.6%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 8 | 5 | 13 | 15 | 14 | 12 | 11 | -3.6% | 8.9% | 1.4% | -0.5% | -1.8% | -1.2%
Other Industry | 51 | 23 | 26 | 38 | 42 | 39 | 39 | -7.8% | 1.2% | 3.9% | 1.1% | -0.7% | -0.1%
Non-Energy Use | 15 | 7 | 6 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 8 | -7.6% | -1.8% | 3.0% | 2.1% | -0.3% | -0.7%
Residential | 14 | 27 | 31 | 35 | 36 | 32 | 29 | 7.0% | 1.1% | 1.5% | 0.1% | -1.1% | -1.1%
Services | 72 | 22 | 25 | 37 | 43 | 41 | 36 | -11.1% | 1.4% | 3.8% | 1.6% | -0.5% | -1.4%
Agriculture | 8 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 9 | 10 | -5.1% | -0.4% | 2.2% | 2.2% | 1.8% | 1.5%
Road | 18 | 9 | 14 | 18 | 20 | 21 | 21 | -6.5% | 4.5% | 2.0% | 1.0% | 0.5% | 0.0%
Rail | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | -7.3% | 1.2% | 0.8% | 2.1% | 1.3% | 0.6%
Aviation | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -1.0% | -1.0% | 2.2% | 4.0% | 2.2% | 0.6%
Other Transport | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -7.8% | 4.9% | 0.5% | 3.1% | -0.1% | -1.9%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 80 | 51 | 57 | 79 | 87 | 61 | 58 | -4.3% | 1.0% | 3.3% | 1.0% | -3.4% | -0.5%
Coal | 28 | 16 | 19 | 28 | 22 | 9 | 6 | -5.5% | 2.0% | 3.6% | -2.1% | -8.4% | -4.8%
Oil | 19 | 7 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 2 | -9.8% | -19.6% | 18.1% | -0.1% | -0.5% | -8.0%
Gas | 32 | 29 | 37 | 45 | 56 | 34 | 17 | -1.2% | 2.5% | 2.2% | 2.1% | -5.0% | -6.6%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 14 | 34 | n.s. | n.s. | 31.9% | 10.6% | 13.2% | 8.8%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 295 | 201 | 256 | 362 | 477 | 527 | 622 | -3.8% | 2.4% | 3.5% | 2.8% | 1.0% | 1.7%
Coal | 73 | 38 | 69 | 100 | 86 | 38 | 26 | -6.3% | 6.1% | 3.7% | -1.5% | -7.8% | -3.8%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 16 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 14.0%
Oil | 53 | 23 | 2 | 18 | 18 | 17 | 7 | -8.1% | -19.9% | 22.0% | -0.2% | -0.5% | -8.0%
Gas | 116 | 88 | 119 | 178 | 254 | 166 | 99 | -2.7% | 3.0% | 4.1% | 3.6% | -4.1% | -5.1%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 19 | 71 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 14.2%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 15 | 65 | 164 | n.s. | n.s. | 40.7% | 18.0% | 15.9% | 9.7%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 30 | 125 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 15.4%
Nuclear | 0 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 22 | 74 | 82 | n.s. | 2.2% | 3.4% | 20.0% | 13.1% | 1.0%
Hydro | 52 | 49 | 62 | 60 | 68 | 76 | 77 | -0.6% | 2.3% | -0.4% | 1.3% | 1.1% | 0.1%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 57 | 95 | n.s. | n.s. | 39.8% | 45.7% | 17.9% | 5.2%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 33 | 72 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 36.2% | 23.1% | 8.0%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 22.2% | 10.7%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 50 | 66 | 69 | 68 | 96 | 150 | 201 | 2.8% | 0.4% | -0.2% | 3.5% | 4.5% | 3.0%
Coal | 15 | 15 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 15 | 9 | -0.2% | 0.3% | 0.3% | 0.7% | -1.4% | -4.5%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 14.1%
Oil | 14 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 5 | 4 | 5 | -6.2% | -0.5% | 0.3% | -4.0% | -0.9% | 1.2%
Gas | 22 | 29 | 30 | 27 | 44 | 45 | 44 | 2.9% | 0.3% | -0.7% | 4.7% | 0.4% | -0.3%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 9 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 14.7%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 9 | 23 | n.s. | n.s. | 2.9% | 12.1% | 15.6% | 9.9%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 17 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 15.7%
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 10 | 11 | n.s. | 0.0% | 2.1% | 19.8% | 12.9% | 0.8%
Hydro | 0 | 15 | 17 | 17 | 19 | 21 | 21 | n.s. | 1.0% | -0.2% | 1.3% | 1.1% | 0.1%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 22 | 36 | n.s. | n.s. | 34.6% | 44.6% | 17.1% | 4.8%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 23 | 52 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 36.5% | 23.4% | 8.4%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 21.6% | 10.2%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 189 | 100 | 121 | 158 | 174 | 165 | 156 | -6.2% | 1.9% | 2.7% | 1.0% | -0.5% | -0.6%
Coal | 23 | 7 | 17 | 19 | 11 | 4 | 2 | -11.6% | 9.6% | 0.9% | -5.2% | -8.9% | -7.4%
Oil | 60 | 24 | 30 | 40 | 40 | 35 | 30 | -8.8% | 2.2% | 3.1% | 0.0% | -1.3% | -1.6%
Gas | 53 | 40 | 41 | 57 | 66 | 55 | 39 | -2.9% | 0.4% | 3.3% | 1.6% | -1.8% | -3.3%
Electricity | 23 | 13 | 16 | 24 | 32 | 36 | 43 | -5.0% | 2.0% | 3.9% | 2.8% | 1.1% | 1.8%
Heat | 29 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 16 | 18 | 19 | -6.4% | 0.0% | -0.3% | 0.9% | 1.4% | 0.1%
Biomass & Other | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 8 | 16 | 23 | 5.2% | 0.7% | 7.6% | 9.7% | 7.0% | 3.7%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 5% | 7% | 7% | 6% | 11% | 25% | 42% | 4.3% | -0.5% | -1.2% | 5.7% | 8.9% | 5.4%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 74 | 35 | 44 | 60 | 65 | 60 | 58 | -7.2% | 2.4% | 3.1% | 0.8% | -0.9% | -0.4%
Coal | 19 | 6 | 12 | 14 | 9 | 4 | 2 | -10.8% | 7.3% | 1.9% | -4.6% | -8.0% | -7.0%
Oil | 22 | 7 | 6 | 11 | 12 | 10 | 9 | -11.1% | -0.7% | 5.4% | 0.7% | -1.7% | -1.2%
Gas | 12 | 11 | 13 | 20 | 25 | 23 | 18 | -0.9% | 1.3% | 4.5% | 2.4% | -0.9% | -2.4%
Electricity | 13 | 6 | 8 | 11 | 14 | 15 | 17 | -8.1% | 3.4% | 3.1% | 2.8% | 0.6% | 1.4%
Heat | 8 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | -3.8% | -0.2% | -2.7% | -0.2% | -0.3% | -0.2%
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 5 | 8 | n.s. | -2.0% | 23.3% | 15.7% | 10.3% | 6.1%
Buildings | 86 | 49 | 56 | 72 | 79 | 73 | 64 | -5.4% | 1.2% | 2.6% | 0.9% | -0.8% | -1.2%
Coal | 5 | 1 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 0 | -14.9% | 18.3% | -2.2% | -7.5% | -16.0% | -16.2%
Oil | 16 | 4 | 6 | 9 | 8 | 6 | 5 | -12.1% | 3.9% | 3.5% | -1.0% | -2.4% | -2.7%
Gas | 39 | 28 | 28 | 36 | 40 | 31 | 19 | -3.3% | -0.1% | 2.7% | 0.9% | -2.6% | -4.6%
Electricity | 4 | 5 | 6 | 10 | 12 | 13 | 16 | 1.8% | 1.0% | 5.6% | 2.2% | 0.5% | 1.8%
Heat | 21 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 14 | 15 | -7.6% | 0.2% | 0.8% | 1.2% | 1.9% | 0.2%
Biomass & Other | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 8 | 10 | 4.7% | 0.3% | 6.2% | 6.6% | 5.1% | 2.0%
Agriculture | 8 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 9 | 10 | -5.1% | -0.4% | 2.2% | 2.2% | 1.8% | 1.5%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -26.7% | 43.6% | -0.8% | -3.4% | -7.5% | -7.5%
Oil | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | -1.8% | -1.8% | 2.0% | -0.3% | -3.5% | -3.9%
Gas | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -17.0% | 3.6% | 2.3% | 0.1% | -2.2% | -2.6%
Electricity | 4 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 7 | -5.6% | -0.4% | 2.6% | 3.4% | 3.1% | 2.4%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 8.3% | 18.2% | 3.3% | 20.0% | 10.4% | 3.6%
Transport | 21 | 11 | 16 | 20 | 22 | 23 | 24 | -6.4% | 4.0% | 2.0% | 1.2% | 0.7% | 0.1%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -9.9% | 3.8% | 4.4% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0%
Oil | 20 | 10 | 15 | 18 | 18 | 17 | 15 | -6.2% | 3.8% | 1.9% | 0.0% | -0.4% | -1.3%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | -7.0% | 12.3% | 3.7% | 7.9% | 3.7% | 2.0%
Electricity | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | -10.3% | 6.1% | 1.6% | 8.1% | 3.8% | 2.8%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | 28.9% | 20.7% | 7.1% | 4.4%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 27 | 22 | 36 | 49 | 58 | 49 | 39 | -2.1% | 5.2% | 3.1% | 1.7% | -1.6% | -2.2%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Argentina | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 33 | 37 | 41 | 46 | 49 | 53 | 55 | 1.2% | 1.1% | 1.0% | 0.8% | 0.7% | 0.5%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 7 | 10 | 13 | 15 | 19 | 23 | 28 | 3.3% | 2.7% | 1.4% | 2.2% | 1.9% | 1.7%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 4 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 10 | 12 | 15 | 3.3% | 2.7% | 1.4% | 2.2% | 1.9% | 1.7%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 8 | 5 | 8 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | -4.6% | 5.3% | -3.5% | -0.6% | -0.4% | -0.3%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 36 | 28 | 30 | 27 | 26 | 25 | 24 | -2.4% | 0.6% | -0.9% | -0.4% | -0.4% | -0.4%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 56 | 67 | 62 | 67 | 68 | 69 | 71 | 1.8% | -0.8% | 0.8% | 0.2% | 0.2% | 0.2%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 12 | 8 | 13 | 14 | 16 | 17 | 19 | -4.2% | 5.6% | 0.8% | 0.9% | 0.9% | 1.2%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 77 | 85 | 82 | 90 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.6% | 1.0% | -0.3% | 0.8%
Gas | 17 | 26 | 22 | 25 | 37 | 36 | 35 | 4.7% | -1.9% | 1.5% | 4.0% | -0.1% | -0.5%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 318 | 356 | 383 | 370 | 249 | 137 | 61 | 1.1% | 0.8% | -0.4% | -3.9% | -5.8% | -7.8%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 359 | 404 | 426 | 400 | 287 | 210 | 148 | 1.2% | 0.5% | -0.6% | -3.3% | -3.1% | -3.4%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 242 | 285 | 321 | 321 | 287 | 210 | 148 | 1.6% | 1.2% | 0.0% | -1.1% | -3.1% | -3.4%
CO₂ | 107 | 150 | 185 | 185 | 177 | 111 | 60 | 3.5% | 2.1% | 0.0% | -0.4% | -4.5% | -6.0%
CH₄ | 98 | 97 | 85 | 82 | 65 | 55 | 47 | -0.2% | -1.2% | -0.3% | -2.4% | -1.6% | -1.5%
N₂O | 35 | 38 | 50 | 53 | 46 | 43 | 40 | 0.9% | 2.9% | 0.5% | -1.5% | -0.6% | -0.6%
F gases | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | -19.9% | 9.2% | 0.9% | -1.6% | -4.8% | -13.3%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 133 | 179 | 213 | 208 | 197 | 128 | 73 | 3.0% | 1.8% | -0.3% | -0.5% | -4.2% | -5.5%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 101 | 143 | 176 | 175 | 167 | 101 | 50 | 3.5% | 2.1% | -0.1% | -0.5% | -4.9% | -6.8%
Power generation/District heating | 19 | 30 | 45 | 43 | 44 | 9 | - 15 | 4.6% | 4.2% | -0.4% | 0.1% | -14.2% | n.s.
Industry | 15 | 25 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 23 | 14 | 5.3% | 1.5% | 0.0% | -0.2% | -2.4% | -4.4%
Buildings | 18 | 20 | 27 | 26 | 22 | 12 | 7 | 1.0% | 3.0% | -0.1% | -2.0% | -5.5% | -5.6%
Agriculture | 5 | 8 | 11 | 10 | 9 | 6 | 4 | 5.1% | 3.3% | -0.7% | -0.9% | -3.9% | -4.0%
Transport | 29 | 41 | 44 | 48 | 45 | 38 | 32 | 3.7% | 0.5% | 0.9% | -0.6% | -1.6% | -1.8%
Other | 15 | 18 | 21 | 19 | 18 | 12 | 7 | 1.9% | 1.3% | -1.2% | -0.1% | -3.8% | -5.1%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 9 | 41 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 43.8% | 25.8% | 16.4%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 6 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 34.3% | 21.1% | 11.7%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 11 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 19.3% | 12.0%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 25 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 21.6% | 56.5% | 20.9%
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 46 | 79 | 80 | 71 | 83 | 104 | 120 | 5.6% | 0.1% | -1.1% | 1.5% | 2.3% | 1.4%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.6% | -12.3% | 9.8% | 2.4% | -1.4% | 0.4%
Oil | 26 | 41 | 37 | 34 | 48 | 52 | 51 | 4.7% | -1.2% | -0.8% | 3.6% | 0.8% | -0.3%
Natural gas | 15 | 31 | 33 | 22 | 9 | 3 | 3 | 7.6% | 0.7% | -3.9% | -9.1% | -8.6% | -1.5%
Biomass | 2 | 3 | 5 | 8 | 12 | 19 | 32 | 6.4% | 6.4% | 4.1% | 4.7% | 4.5% | 5.2%
Nuclear¹ | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 7 | 17 | 19 | -1.6% | 1.5% | 3.2% | 10.8% | 9.2% | 1.0%
Hydro | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4.7% | 1.6% | -0.3% | 1.7% | 1.2% | 0.9%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 8 | 11 | n.s. | -3.3% | n.s. | 5.6% | 10.7% | 3.0%
Net Imports | - 2 | - 18 | 0 | 11 | 7 | - 13 | - 22 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | - 7 | - 18 | - 5 | - 7 | - 22 | - 34 | - 36 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | 4 | 0 | 5 | 17 | 29 | 21 | 18 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | - 2 | - 3 | - 3 | - 6 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | - 1 | - 1 | - 1 | - 1 | - 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 44 | 61 | 80 | 82 | 90 | 91 | 98 | 3.4% | 2.7% | 0.2% | 0.9% | 0.1% | 0.8%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | -6.3% | 7.1% | 6.9% | 2.3% | -3.1% | 0.0%
Oil | 19 | 23 | 31 | 27 | 26 | 18 | 14 | 2.0% | 3.0% | -1.4% | -0.6% | -3.5% | -2.2%
Natural gas | 19 | 30 | 38 | 39 | 38 | 24 | 21 | 4.9% | 2.2% | 0.2% | -0.3% | -4.3% | -1.5%
Biomass | 2 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 10 | 16 | 26 | 6.4% | 6.4% | 0.8% | 5.5% | 5.4% | 4.6%
Nuclear¹ | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 7 | 17 | 19 | -1.6% | 1.5% | 3.2% | 10.8% | 9.2% | 1.0%
Hydro | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4.7% | 1.6% | -0.3% | 1.7% | 1.2% | 0.9%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 8 | 11 | n.s. | -3.3% | n.s. | 5.6% | 10.7% | 3.0%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 44 | 61 | 80 | 82 | 90 | 91 | 98 | 3.4% | 2.7% | 0.2% | 0.9% | 0.1% | 0.8%
Energy for Power Generation | 11 | 16 | 23 | 24 | 31 | 38 | 49 | 4.2% | 3.4% | 0.3% | 2.9% | 2.0% | 2.4%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 6 | 5 | 11 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 11 | -2.0% | 8.8% | -2.3% | 1.0% | -0.1% | 1.2%
Final consumption | 31 | 47 | 56 | 62 | 65 | 64 | 66 | 4.3% | 1.8% | 1.0% | 0.5% | -0.1% | 0.3%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 1 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 13.4% | 1.7% | 1.4% | -2.9% | -2.1% | -1.4%
Other Industry | 8 | 12 | 14 | 14 | 16 | 17 | 19 | 4.2% | 0.8% | 0.2% | 1.7% | 0.5% | 1.2%
Non-Energy Use | 2 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 9.2% | 0.8% | 3.0% | 1.2% | 0.0% | -0.1%
Residential | 6 | 9 | 13 | 14 | 13 | 11 | 11 | 3.9% | 3.0% | 0.9% | -0.7% | -1.4% | -0.5%
Services | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 0.2% | 4.2% | 0.6% | 2.0% | 0.7% | 1.0%
Agriculture | 2 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5.3% | 3.5% | -0.5% | 1.2% | 0.9% | 0.8%
Road | 9 | 12 | 14 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 15 | 3.4% | 1.3% | 1.3% | 0.2% | -0.3% | -0.3%
Rail | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5.2% | 2.5% | 0.3% | 2.1% | 1.7% | 1.4%
Aviation | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -3.3% | -3.0% | 2.4% | 2.9% | 1.9% | 1.3%
Other Transport | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 24.0% | 14.7% | 0.7% | 1.8% | -0.5% | -1.7%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 7 | 12 | 18 | 17 | 18 | 9 | 14 | 5.2% | 3.9% | -0.9% | 0.8% | -6.6% | 4.7%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3.8% | 5.1% | 7.7% | 0.5% | -4.4% | 3.4%
Oil | 2 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 0 | -6.1% | 15.6% | -0.1% | -1.9% | -24.3% | -8.7%
Gas | 5 | 11 | 13 | 10 | 11 | 4 | 5 | 7.4% | 1.7% | -1.9% | 0.9% | -9.3% | 0.5%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 8 | 6.6% | 13.5% | -1.7% | 9.6% | 8.4% | 9.0%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 51 | 89 | 126 | 143 | 190 | 239 | 304 | 5.7% | 3.5% | 1.3% | 2.9% | 2.3% | 2.4%
Coal | 1 | 2 | 3 | 6 | 7 | 5 | 8 | 11.4% | 4.7% | 8.4% | 1.6% | -3.5% | 4.2%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 7 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 19.1%
Oil | 5 | 3 | 17 | 16 | 14 | 1 | 0 | -5.4% | 19.2% | -0.2% | -1.6% | -24.0% | -8.6%
Gas | 20 | 49 | 63 | 56 | 62 | 25 | 28 | 9.4% | 2.6% | -1.2% | 1.1% | -8.9% | 1.3%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 21 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 15.3%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 16 | 40 | 20.2% | 12.5% | -1.7% | 12.5% | 10.0% | 9.9%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 24 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 20.0%
Nuclear | 7 | 6 | 7 | 10 | 29 | 71 | 79 | -1.6% | 1.5% | 3.4% | 11.3% | 9.4% | 1.0%
Hydro | 18 | 29 | 34 | 33 | 39 | 43 | 47 | 4.7% | 1.6% | -0.3% | 1.7% | 1.2% | 0.9%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 32 | 70 | 83 | n.s. | -3.3% | n.s. | 4.9% | 8.4% | 1.6%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 8 | 19 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 26.4% | 16.7% | 8.4%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 27.8% | 17.3% | 14.4%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 17 | 23 | 32 | 43 | 51 | 74 | 91 | 2.9% | 3.6% | 2.9% | 1.7% | 3.7% | 2.2%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -1.9% | 0.0% | 5.1% | 0.9% | 0.8% | -1.6%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 19.5%
Oil | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | -3.8% | 4.9% | 2.5% | -2.0% | 0.8% | 0.2%
Gas | 7 | 11 | 17 | 19 | 17 | 12 | 11 | 4.8% | 4.8% | 1.2% | -1.2% | -3.1% | -1.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 18.0%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 7 | 19.6% | 12.8% | -1.2% | 7.0% | 10.9% | 10.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 20.3%
Nuclear | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 11 | 12 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 5.6% | 11.0% | 9.2% | 0.8%
Hydro | 7 | 9 | 11 | 11 | 13 | 15 | 16 | 3.0% | 2.1% | 0.4% | 1.6% | 1.1% | 0.9%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 10 | 21 | 24 | n.s. | 13.6% | n.s. | 4.7% | 7.8% | 1.3%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 7 | 17 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 27.0% | 17.1% | 8.7%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 16.8% | 13.9%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 31 | 47 | 56 | 62 | 65 | 64 | 66 | 4.3% | 1.8% | 1.0% | 0.5% | -0.1% | 0.3%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.1% | 1.0% | 2.8% | 3.3% | -2.4% | -3.2%
Oil | 16 | 22 | 25 | 24 | 23 | 19 | 16 | 3.6% | 1.1% | -0.1% | -0.4% | -2.1% | -1.9%
Gas | 10 | 15 | 19 | 22 | 20 | 15 | 11 | 4.4% | 2.6% | 1.5% | -1.2% | -2.6% | -2.9%
Electricity | 4 | 6 | 10 | 11 | 15 | 18 | 23 | 6.4% | 4.1% | 1.4% | 2.7% | 2.2% | 2.3%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 37.5% | 4.9%
Biomass & Other | 1 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 6 | 10 | 13 | 6.4% | -3.2% | 4.8% | 7.2% | 4.9% | 3.3%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 10% | 12% | 9% | 13% | 22% | 41% | 56% | 1.5% | -2.1% | 3.5% | 5.3% | 6.5% | 3.1%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 11 | 19 | 21 | 23 | 26 | 26 | 28 | 6.0% | 1.0% | 1.0% | 1.0% | 0.1% | 0.7%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.1% | 1.0% | 2.8% | 3.3% | -2.4% | -3.2%
Oil | 3 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 9.3% | 0.6% | -0.3% | -0.2% | -1.9% | -1.0%
Gas | 4 | 7 | 8 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 7 | 4.3% | 2.1% | 2.1% | 0.0% | -1.0% | -2.1%
Electricity | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 9 | 4.8% | 3.3% | 0.8% | 2.4% | 1.9% | 2.5%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 7.0% | -8.1% | 1.0% | 7.0% | 6.0% | 5.3%
Buildings | 9 | 12 | 16 | 18 | 18 | 17 | 17 | 2.9% | 3.3% | 0.9% | 0.0% | -0.7% | 0.0%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | -3.5% | 4.1% | -3.8% | -1.5% | -4.5% | -4.5%
Gas | 5 | 7 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 4 | 2 | 2.8% | 2.7% | 0.8% | -2.1% | -5.7% | -5.8%
Electricity | 2 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 8.1% | 4.7% | 1.9% | 1.4% | 0.9% | 1.5%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 37.5% | 4.9%
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2.8% | -3.7% | 6.7% | 10.9% | 3.5% | 0.8%
Agriculture | 2 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5.3% | 3.5% | -0.5% | 1.2% | 0.9% | 0.8%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 5.1% | 3.3% | -0.7% | -0.9% | -3.9% | -4.0%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2.5% | 5.2% | 1.0% | 14.5% | 9.1% | 4.4%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | n.s. | 10.4% | 3.2% | 13.9% | 8.9% | 3.2%
Transport | 10 | 13 | 15 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 3.1% | 1.3% | 1.3% | 0.3% | -0.2% | -0.2%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 9 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 12 | 11 | 9 | 2.1% | 0.4% | 0.7% | -0.3% | -1.6% | -1.9%
Gas | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 22.7% | 4.7% | 1.9% | -2.6% | -1.5% | -0.7%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5.2% | 2.5% | 3.9% | 28.7% | 7.7% | 3.7%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | 8.7% | 3.6% | 3.0% | 2.3%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 6 | 5 | 11 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 11 | -2.0% | 8.8% | -2.3% | 1.0% | -0.1% | 1.2%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Brazil | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 150 | 176 | 199 | 216 | 229 | 236 | 238 | 1.6% | 1.2% | 0.8% | 0.6% | 0.3% | 0.1%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 7 | 8 | 10 | 10 | 12 | 15 | 18 | 1.0% | 2.4% | -0.4% | 2.0% | 2.4% | 2.0%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 4 | 4 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 10 | 1.0% | 2.4% | -0.2% | 2.0% | 2.4% | 2.0%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 8 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | -3.8% | -1.3% | 0.8% | -0.9% | -0.9% | -0.6%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 39 | 27 | 27 | 22 | 22 | 20 | 19 | -3.6% | 0.3% | -2.1% | -0.3% | -0.6% | -0.7%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 53 | 68 | 68 | 72 | 74 | 75 | 77 | 2.5% | 0.0% | 0.7% | 0.1% | 0.2% | 0.2%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 12 | 8 | 13 | 14 | 16 | 17 | 19 | -4.2% | 5.6% | 0.8% | 0.9% | 0.9% | 1.2%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 77 | 85 | 82 | 90 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.6% | 1.0% | -0.3% | 0.8%
Gas | 17 | 26 | 22 | 25 | 37 | 36 | 35 | 4.7% | -1.9% | 1.5% | 4.0% | -0.1% | -0.5%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 1 381 | 2 080 | 1 279 | 1 175 | 740 | 455 | 76 | 4.2% | -4.7% | -0.8% | -4.5% | -4.7% | -16.4%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 1 381 | 2 080 | 1 279 | 1 175 | 852 | 732 | 490 | 4.2% | -4.7% | -0.8% | -3.2% | -1.5% | -3.9%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 620 | 816 | 962 | 1 028 | 852 | 732 | 490 | 2.8% | 1.7% | 0.7% | -1.9% | -1.5% | -3.9%
CO₂ | 214 | 334 | 423 | 462 | 437 | 381 | 185 | 4.6% | 2.4% | 0.9% | -0.5% | -1.4% | -7.0%
CH₄ | 285 | 338 | 357 | 366 | 252 | 206 | 175 | 1.7% | 0.6% | 0.2% | -3.7% | -2.0% | -1.6%
N₂O | 118 | 142 | 175 | 193 | 156 | 142 | 129 | 1.9% | 2.1% | 1.0% | -2.1% | -0.9% | -0.9%
F gases | 4 | 2 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 4 | 1 | -5.9% | 12.0% | 0.5% | -1.0% | -5.1% | -15.1%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 267 | 398 | 498 | 535 | 493 | 418 | 210 | 4.1% | 2.3% | 0.7% | -0.8% | -1.6% | -6.6%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 186 | 295 | 379 | 413 | 383 | 324 | 134 | 4.7% | 2.6% | 0.8% | -0.7% | -1.7% | -8.5%
Power generation/District heating | 10 | 27 | 40 | 29 | 7 | 5 | - 40 | 10.5% | 4.0% | -3.1% | -13.0% | -4.3% | n.s.
Industry | 52 | 85 | 100 | 111 | 114 | 96 | 49 | 5.0% | 1.6% | 1.0% | 0.3% | -1.7% | -6.5%
Buildings | 20 | 25 | 23 | 19 | 13 | 8 | 5 | 2.2% | -0.6% | -2.3% | -3.6% | -4.5% | -4.0%
Agriculture | 10 | 14 | 19 | 19 | 16 | 10 | 7 | 3.5% | 2.5% | 0.0% | -1.5% | -4.3% | -4.4%
Transport | 80 | 124 | 171 | 200 | 199 | 180 | 133 | 4.5% | 3.3% | 1.5% | 0.0% | -1.0% | -3.0%
Other | 13 | 19 | 26 | 36 | 35 | 24 | - 20 | 3.3% | 3.4% | 3.3% | -0.4% | -3.5% | n.s.
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 22 | 138 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 44.5% | 20.3%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 15 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 28.9% | 11.9%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 6 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 24.8% | 17.8%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 16 | 117 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 22.2%
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 94 | 143 | 241 | 410 | 466 | 540 | 670 | 4.2% | 5.4% | 5.5% | 1.3% | 1.5% | 2.2%
Coal | 1 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6.9% | -2.1% | 2.0% | -6.2% | -2.1% | 0.3%
Oil | 32 | 63 | 106 | 209 | 195 | 177 | 141 | 6.9% | 5.3% | 7.0% | -0.7% | -1.0% | -2.3%
Natural gas | 3 | 6 | 12 | 19 | 24 | 25 | 24 | 9.3% | 6.9% | 4.4% | 2.8% | 0.2% | -0.5%
Biomass | 40 | 43 | 82 | 130 | 178 | 242 | 396 | 0.8% | 6.6% | 4.8% | 3.2% | 3.1% | 5.0%
Nuclear¹ | 1 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 21 | 24 | 10.5% | 9.2% | 1.6% | 4.5% | 11.8% | 1.2%
Hydro | 18 | 26 | 35 | 37 | 40 | 36 | 36 | 3.9% | 2.9% | 0.7% | 0.8% | -1.2% | 0.1%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 1 | 8 | 20 | 37 | 48 | n.s. | 33.7% | 30.2% | 9.8% | 6.5% | 2.5%
Net Imports | 36 | 41 | 24 | - 125 | - 148 | - 176 | - 281 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 7 | 10 | 12 | 14 | 8 | 6 | 6 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | 26 | 25 | - 1 | - 99 | - 87 | - 83 | - 72 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | 1 | 2 | 11 | 6 | 3 | 8 | 11 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | - 49 | - 73 | - 101 | - 212 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 1 | 0 | - 1 | 0 | - 2 | - 9 | - 16 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 2 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 131 | 184 | 265 | 284 | 318 | 364 | 389 | 3.5% | 3.7% | 0.7% | 1.1% | 1.4% | 0.7%
Coal | 8 | 13 | 14 | 17 | 10 | 7 | 7 | 5.1% | 1.0% | 1.5% | -5.4% | -2.9% | -0.6%
Oil | 58 | 88 | 105 | 110 | 108 | 94 | 69 | 4.2% | 1.7% | 0.5% | -0.2% | -1.4% | -3.0%
Natural gas | 3 | 8 | 23 | 25 | 27 | 33 | 35 | 9.2% | 11.4% | 0.7% | 1.0% | 1.9% | 0.5%
Biomass | 40 | 43 | 82 | 81 | 105 | 141 | 184 | 0.8% | 6.6% | 0.0% | 2.6% | 3.0% | 2.7%
Nuclear¹ | 1 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 21 | 24 | 10.5% | 9.2% | 1.6% | 4.5% | 11.8% | 1.2%
Hydro | 18 | 26 | 35 | 37 | 40 | 36 | 36 | 3.9% | 2.9% | 0.7% | 0.8% | -1.2% | 0.1%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 1 | 8 | 20 | 37 | 48 | n.s. | 33.7% | 30.2% | 9.8% | 6.5% | 2.5%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 131 | 184 | 265 | 284 | 318 | 364 | 389 | 3.5% | 3.7% | 0.7% | 1.1% | 1.4% | 0.7%
Energy for Power Generation | 22 | 37 | 58 | 64 | 77 | 109 | 140 | 5.5% | 4.6% | 0.9% | 1.9% | 3.5% | 2.5%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 20 | 24 | 44 | 51 | 63 | 73 | 74 | 1.9% | 6.4% | 1.5% | 2.1% | 1.4% | 0.1%
Final consumption | 113 | 156 | 215 | 230 | 254 | 276 | 281 | 3.3% | 3.2% | 0.7% | 1.0% | 0.8% | 0.2%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 21 | 28 | 32 | 33 | 31 | 31 | 32 | 2.9% | 1.6% | 0.1% | -0.4% | 0.0% | 0.1%
Other Industry | 21 | 32 | 51 | 53 | 69 | 85 | 98 | 4.0% | 4.9% | 0.4% | 2.6% | 2.2% | 1.4%
Non-Energy Use | 9 | 14 | 17 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 17 | 3.7% | 2.2% | -1.2% | 0.8% | 0.5% | 0.0%
Residential | 18 | 21 | 24 | 23 | 23 | 25 | 27 | 1.4% | 1.4% | -0.4% | 0.2% | 0.7% | 0.7%
Services | 5 | 8 | 11 | 13 | 16 | 21 | 26 | 5.2% | 2.7% | 2.1% | 2.0% | 2.6% | 2.1%
Agriculture | 6 | 7 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 2.0% | 3.1% | 0.8% | 0.7% | 0.6% | 0.5%
Road | 29 | 43 | 65 | 76 | 81 | 78 | 63 | 3.9% | 4.2% | 1.7% | 0.6% | -0.4% | -2.1%
Rail | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -2.0% | 7.6% | 0.5% | 0.6% | 0.6% | 0.2%
Aviation | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5.1% | 0.2% | 0.2% | 1.0% | 1.2% | 0.5%
Other Transport | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -1.6% | 4.1% | -1.5% | 0.9% | -0.7% | -2.0%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 4 | 9 | 19 | 15 | 10 | 15 | 32 | 10.4% | 7.4% | -2.7% | -3.5% | 3.6% | 8.1%
Coal | 1 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 8.3% | -0.2% | 3.0% | -19.4% | 10.2% | 9.5%
Oil | 1 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11.7% | -0.4% | -17.6% | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gas | 0 | 1 | 7 | 5 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 28.1% | 22.8% | -3.7% | -6.7% | 4.6% | 4.4%
Biomass & Waste | 1 | 2 | 6 | 5 | 8 | 10 | 24 | 7.7% | 14.0% | -0.7% | 3.4% | 2.8% | 9.0%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 223 | 349 | 515 | 593 | 745 | 971 | 1 200 | 4.6% | 4.0% | 1.4% | 2.3% | 2.7% | 2.1%
Coal | 5 | 11 | 11 | 19 | 2 | 6 | 16 | 8.8% | 0.3% | 5.1% | -18.3% | 10.1% | 9.3%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 15 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 16.0%
Oil | 5 | 15 | 16 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11.9% | 0.6% | -17.2% | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gas | 0 | 4 | 36 | 25 | 13 | 20 | 33 | 28.7% | 24.5% | -3.8% | -6.1% | 4.5% | 5.0%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 11 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 17.5%
Biomass & Waste | 4 | 8 | 31 | 27 | 36 | 48 | 118 | 7.4% | 14.9% | -1.6% | 3.0% | 3.0% | 9.3%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 63 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 24.9%
Nuclear | 2 | 6 | 15 | 17 | 27 | 87 | 97 | 10.5% | 9.2% | 1.8% | 4.7% | 12.2% | 1.2%
Hydro | 207 | 304 | 403 | 431 | 467 | 413 | 420 | 3.9% | 2.9% | 0.7% | 0.8% | -1.2% | 0.1%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 2 | 68 | 164 | 281 | 366 | n.s. | n.s. | 41.1% | 9.2% | 5.5% | 2.7%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 35 | 114 | 145 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 26.0% | 12.5% | 2.4%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | 25.7% | 25.1% | 16.9% | 13.3%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 54 | 74 | 112 | 199 | 280 | 382 | 429 | 3.3% | 4.2% | 5.9% | 3.5% | 3.2% | 1.2%
Coal | 1 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 2.7% | -2.0% | 12.5% | 0.3% | 0.1% | -5.9%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 18.4%
Oil | 4 | 6 | 8 | 21 | 23 | 23 | 19 | 3.5% | 2.9% | 9.8% | 1.1% | 0.0% | -1.6%
Gas | 0 | 1 | 11 | 17 | 22 | 25 | 18 | 12.0% | 23.2% | 3.9% | 2.9% | 1.4% | -3.5%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 21.8%
Biomass & Waste | 1 | 2 | 8 | 20 | 28 | 41 | 54 | 5.1% | 16.0% | 9.7% | 3.6% | 3.9% | 2.8%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 10 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 26.5%
Nuclear | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 12 | 13 | 11.8% | 0.0% | 2.2% | 4.6% | 11.9% | 0.9%
Hydro | 46 | 61 | 81 | 106 | 114 | 101 | 103 | 3.0% | 2.8% | 2.8% | 0.8% | -1.2% | 0.2%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 1 | 27 | 61 | 99 | 122 | n.s. | 46.8% | 40.1% | 8.5% | 5.0% | 2.1%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 22 | 75 | 96 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 26.5% | 12.8% | 2.5%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 24.4% | 16.3% | 12.7%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 113 | 156 | 215 | 230 | 254 | 276 | 281 | 3.3% | 3.2% | 0.7% | 1.0% | 0.8% | 0.2%
Coal | 6 | 9 | 11 | 12 | 9 | 6 | 3 | 3.9% | 2.4% | 0.8% | -2.9% | -4.5% | -5.3%
Oil | 53 | 80 | 94 | 102 | 100 | 88 | 65 | 4.2% | 1.6% | 0.8% | -0.1% | -1.3% | -3.0%
Gas | 2 | 5 | 13 | 13 | 18 | 22 | 21 | 7.2% | 10.0% | 0.6% | 3.3% | 1.9% | -0.6%
Electricity | 18 | 28 | 38 | 42 | 53 | 70 | 85 | 4.3% | 3.1% | 1.2% | 2.3% | 2.7% | 2.0%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | n.s. | 28.4% | 16.3% | 5.5% | 2.0% | 1.2%
Biomass & Other | 34 | 35 | 60 | 59 | 70 | 87 | 103 | 0.4% | 5.4% | -0.1% | 1.8% | 2.2% | 1.7%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 48% | 41% | 46% | 47% | 57% | 67% | 78% | -1.5% | 1.1% | 0.2% | 1.9% | 1.6% | 1.6%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 52 | 73 | 100 | 101 | 116 | 134 | 147 | 3.5% | 3.3% | 0.1% | 1.4% | 1.4% | 0.9%
Coal | 6 | 9 | 11 | 12 | 9 | 6 | 3 | 3.9% | 2.4% | 0.8% | -2.9% | -4.5% | -5.3%
Oil | 17 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 29 | 27 | 22 | 4.6% | 0.3% | -0.2% | 0.8% | -0.9% | -2.0%
Gas | 2 | 4 | 10 | 11 | 16 | 18 | 15 | 7.0% | 8.8% | 1.1% | 3.3% | 1.5% | -1.7%
Electricity | 10 | 13 | 17 | 17 | 22 | 28 | 33 | 2.7% | 3.3% | -0.3% | 2.7% | 2.4% | 1.6%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 17 | 20 | 34 | 34 | 41 | 55 | 73 | 2.0% | 5.3% | -0.1% | 1.8% | 3.1% | 2.9%
Buildings | 23 | 29 | 34 | 36 | 39 | 46 | 52 | 2.3% | 1.8% | 0.4% | 0.9% | 1.5% | 1.3%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 6 | 8 | 7 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2.2% | -0.9% | -2.6% | -5.2% | -7.0% | -6.2%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1.9% | 7.3% | 2.6% | 6.5% | 1.5% | -1.2%
Electricity | 8 | 14 | 19 | 23 | 27 | 34 | 41 | 5.9% | 3.0% | 2.0% | 1.7% | 2.3% | 1.8%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | n.s. | 28.4% | 16.3% | 5.5% | 2.0% | 1.2%
Biomass & Other | 9 | 7 | 8 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 6 | -2.1% | 1.1% | -3.5% | -0.3% | 0.4% | 0.5%
Agriculture | 6 | 7 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 2.0% | 3.1% | 0.8% | 0.7% | 0.6% | 0.5%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 3 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 3.5% | 2.5% | 0.0% | -1.5% | -4.3% | -4.4%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Electricity | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 6.8% | 3.2% | 4.9% | 1.8% | 2.1% | 1.7%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 7 | -2.8% | 4.4% | -0.4% | 3.7% | 4.3% | 2.0%
Transport | 33 | 47 | 70 | 82 | 87 | 84 | 69 | 3.7% | 4.0% | 1.5% | 0.6% | -0.3% | -2.0%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 27 | 41 | 54 | 64 | 63 | 56 | 40 | 4.5% | 2.7% | 1.7% | -0.1% | -1.1% | -3.4%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | n.s. | 21.9% | -3.2% | 1.8% | 5.4% | 5.1%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 8 | 0.5% | 2.9% | 3.0% | 20.6% | 12.8% | 6.1%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 6 | 6 | 15 | 17 | 21 | 21 | 17 | -0.3% | 9.3% | 1.3% | 2.3% | 0.0% | -1.9%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 20 | 24 | 44 | 51 | 63 | 73 | 74 | 1.9% | 6.4% | 1.5% | 2.1% | 1.4% | 0.1%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Canada | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 28 | 31 | 34 | 38 | 40 | 42 | 44 | 1.0% | 1.1% | 1.0% | 0.7% | 0.5% | 0.4%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 27 | 33 | 35 | 38 | 43 | 50 | 58 | 1.9% | 0.8% | 0.9% | 1.2% | 1.4% | 1.5%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 28 | 33 | 36 | 40 | 45 | 52 | 60 | 1.8% | 0.8% | 1.0% | 1.2% | 1.4% | 1.5%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | -1.7% | -0.7% | 2.0% | -0.4% | -0.4% | -0.3%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 34 | 32 | 29 | 28 | 26 | 23 | 19 | -0.8% | -1.1% | -0.2% | -0.9% | -1.2% | -1.6%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 64 | 67 | 70 | 70 | 73 | 76 | 79 | 0.5% | 0.5% | 0.0% | 0.4% | 0.4% | 0.4%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 12 | 8 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 16 | -4.2% | 5.6% | 0.4% | 0.1% | 0.2% | 1.1%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 77 | 85 | 82 | 90 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.6% | 1.0% | -0.3% | 0.8%
Gas | 17 | 26 | 22 | 25 | 37 | 36 | 35 | 4.7% | -1.9% | 1.5% | 4.0% | -0.1% | -0.5%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 511 | 661 | 760 | 767 | 488 | 335 | 121 | 2.6% | 1.4% | 0.1% | -4.4% | -3.7% | -9.7%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 606 | 728 | 760 | 772 | 596 | 462 | 264 | 1.8% | 0.4% | 0.2% | -2.6% | -2.5% | -5.4%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 587 | 716 | 701 | 700 | 548 | 371 | 236 | 2.0% | -0.2% | 0.0% | -2.4% | -3.8% | -4.4%
CO₂ | 446 | 551 | 543 | 559 | 437 | 284 | 163 | 2.1% | -0.1% | 0.3% | -2.4% | -4.2% | -5.4%
CH₄ | 72 | 95 | 89 | 75 | 56 | 38 | 28 | 2.8% | -0.7% | -1.7% | -2.9% | -3.9% | -3.0%
N₂O | 59 | 60 | 60 | 58 | 52 | 48 | 45 | 0.2% | 0.1% | -0.4% | -1.1% | -0.8% | -0.8%
F gases | 11 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 3 | 1 | 1 | -0.4% | -1.2% | -0.6% | -9.5% | -8.4% | -8.5%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 541 | 660 | 646 | 646 | 498 | 320 | 185 | 2.0% | -0.2% | 0.0% | -2.6% | -4.3% | -5.3%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 420 | 517 | 514 | 527 | 412 | 265 | 148 | 2.1% | -0.1% | 0.3% | -2.4% | -4.3% | -5.6%
Power generation/District heating | 97 | 134 | 109 | 61 | 19 | 1 | - 21 | 3.3% | -2.1% | -5.5% | -11.2% | -26.7% | n.s.
Industry | 76 | 82 | 63 | 75 | 58 | 36 | 17 | 0.8% | -2.6% | 1.7% | -2.6% | -4.8% | -7.0%
Buildings | 74 | 85 | 72 | 76 | 65 | 44 | 28 | 1.5% | -1.7% | 0.6% | -1.6% | -3.8% | -4.3%
Agriculture | 8 | 10 | 15 | 17 | 14 | 10 | 6 | 3.1% | 3.6% | 1.4% | -1.5% | -4.0% | -4.0%
Transport | 115 | 136 | 158 | 162 | 141 | 112 | 79 | 1.7% | 1.5% | 0.3% | -1.4% | -2.3% | -3.4%
Other | 51 | 69 | 98 | 135 | 115 | 63 | 39 | 3.1% | 3.6% | 3.3% | -1.6% | -5.9% | -4.7%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 6 | 44 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 41.8% | 8.8% | 22.0%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 6 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 42.6% | 5.9% | 9.0%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 0.4% | 12.2%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 34 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 5.6% | 48.6% | 31.4%
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 276 | 382 | 398 | 595 | 630 | 519 | 470 | 3.3% | 0.4% | 4.1% | 0.6% | -1.9% | -1.0%
Coal | 37 | 37 | 34 | 23 | 44 | 33 | 30 | 0.2% | -0.8% | -4.1% | 7.0% | -3.0% | -0.8%
Oil | 96 | 133 | 162 | 266 | 255 | 141 | 80 | 3.3% | 2.0% | 5.1% | -0.4% | -5.8% | -5.4%
Natural gas | 90 | 150 | 132 | 208 | 178 | 147 | 133 | 5.2% | -1.3% | 4.7% | -1.6% | -1.9% | -1.0%
Biomass | 8 | 12 | 14 | 31 | 59 | 66 | 88 | 3.8% | 2.0% | 8.1% | 6.5% | 1.2% | 2.9%
Nuclear¹ | 19 | 19 | 24 | 28 | 49 | 80 | 74 | 0.0% | 2.2% | 1.4% | 5.8% | 5.1% | -0.8%
Hydro | 26 | 31 | 30 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 38 | 1.9% | -0.2% | 1.1% | 0.4% | 0.3% | 0.4%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 10 | 16 | 27 | n.s. | 42.2% | 20.4% | 7.2% | 4.8% | 5.2%
Net Imports | - 64 | - 130 | - 145 | - 329 | - 359 | - 266 | - 231 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | - 12 | - 6 | - 12 | - 9 | - 38 | - 32 | - 29 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | - 16 | - 46 | - 78 | - 191 | - 195 | - 101 | - 61 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | - 36 | - 76 | - 53 | - 112 | - 102 | - 100 | - 98 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | - 12 | - 18 | - 26 | - 36 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - 1 | - 2 | - 2 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | - 3 | - 2 | - 5 | - 5 | - 5 | - 5 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 212 | 252 | 253 | 266 | 271 | 253 | 239 | 1.7% | 0.0% | 0.5% | 0.2% | -0.7% | -0.6%
Coal | 24 | 31 | 22 | 14 | 7 | 1 | 2 | 2.5% | -3.4% | -4.6% | -7.3% | -18.4% | 5.9%
Oil | 80 | 87 | 85 | 75 | 60 | 39 | 19 | 0.8% | -0.3% | -1.1% | -2.2% | -4.2% | -6.9%
Natural gas | 55 | 74 | 79 | 96 | 76 | 47 | 34 | 3.1% | 0.6% | 2.0% | -2.3% | -4.7% | -3.1%
Biomass | 8 | 12 | 14 | 19 | 40 | 41 | 52 | 3.7% | 1.9% | 3.1% | 7.7% | 0.1% | 2.5%
Nuclear¹ | 19 | 19 | 24 | 28 | 49 | 80 | 74 | 0.0% | 2.2% | 1.4% | 5.8% | 5.1% | -0.8%
Hydro | 26 | 31 | 30 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 38 | 1.9% | -0.2% | 1.1% | 0.4% | 0.3% | 0.4%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 10 | 16 | 27 | n.s. | 42.2% | 20.4% | 7.2% | 4.8% | 5.2%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 212 | 252 | 253 | 266 | 271 | 253 | 239 | 1.7% | 0.0% | 0.5% | 0.2% | -0.7% | -0.6%
Energy for Power Generation | 72 | 89 | 89 | 88 | 107 | 133 | 146 | 2.2% | 0.0% | -0.1% | 1.9% | 2.2% | 0.9%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 20 | 19 | 17 | 18 | 20 | 0 | - 6 | -0.5% | -1.1% | 0.7% | 0.9% | n.s. | n.s.
Final consumption | 157 | 185 | 189 | 204 | 201 | 189 | 179 | 1.7% | 0.2% | 0.8% | -0.2% | -0.6% | -0.6%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 11 | 12 | 11 | 12 | 9 | 7 | 6 | 0.9% | -1.0% | 1.0% | -2.7% | -2.3% | -1.5%
Other Industry | 37 | 44 | 33 | 39 | 39 | 38 | 37 | 1.7% | -2.9% | 1.8% | 0.0% | -0.4% | -0.1%
Non-Energy Use | 15 | 20 | 23 | 25 | 23 | 21 | 19 | 2.9% | 1.7% | 0.6% | -0.6% | -1.0% | -1.0%
Residential | 29 | 31 | 33 | 35 | 35 | 34 | 33 | 0.7% | 0.7% | 0.4% | 0.2% | -0.4% | -0.2%
Services | 22 | 27 | 25 | 26 | 30 | 32 | 35 | 2.2% | -0.7% | 0.4% | 1.2% | 0.7% | 1.0%
Agriculture | 3 | 4 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 2.6% | 2.8% | 1.5% | 0.8% | 0.7% | 0.7%
Road | 33 | 39 | 49 | 51 | 48 | 42 | 33 | 1.7% | 2.2% | 0.5% | -0.7% | -1.3% | -2.4%
Rail | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | -0.7% | 0.2% | 1.0% | -0.2% | -0.5% | -0.9%
Aviation | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 2.4% | -0.7% | 2.7% | -0.4% | -0.7% | -0.8%
Other Transport | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0.1% | 6.6% | -3.6% | 0.1% | -1.8% | -2.6%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 27 | 39 | 34 | 22 | 13 | 0 | 7 | 3.9% | -1.3% | -4.5% | -5.3% | -30.0% | 35.2%
Coal | 20 | 27 | 19 | 9 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 2.9% | -3.3% | -6.9% | -11.0% | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 4 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -1.9% | -4.3% | -28.9% | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gas | 2 | 7 | 11 | 10 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 14.7% | 4.4% | -0.9% | -11.3% | -19.4% | 6.8%
Biomass & Waste | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 7 | 0 | 6 | 7.8% | 0.7% | 0.1% | 12.3% | n.s. | n.s.
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 482 | 605 | 599 | 651 | 769 | 908 | 1 045 | 2.3% | -0.1% | 0.8% | 1.7% | 1.7% | 1.4%
Coal | 82 | 118 | 80 | 35 | 12 | 0 | 5 | 3.6% | -3.8% | -8.0% | -10.0% | n.s. | n.s.
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 16 | 15 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -1.1% | -6.1% | -28.4% | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gas | 10 | 33 | 52 | 51 | 18 | 2 | 4 | 13.2% | 4.4% | -0.1% | -9.8% | -19.3% | 7.0%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Waste | 4 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 30 | 0 | 29 | 7.2% | 1.4% | -0.2% | 12.7% | n.s. | n.s.
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 29 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 73 | 73 | 91 | 105 | 191 | 320 | 296 | 0.0% | 2.2% | 1.5% | 6.2% | 5.3% | -0.8%
Hydro | 297 | 359 | 351 | 393 | 410 | 423 | 438 | 1.9% | -0.2% | 1.1% | 0.4% | 0.3% | 0.4%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 9 | 57 | 106 | 157 | 252 | n.s. | 41.9% | 20.7% | 6.4% | 3.9% | 4.8%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 20 | n.s. | 27.7% | 18.3% | 10.4% | 12.3% | 13.9%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 25.2% | 15.8% | 13.3%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 103 | 111 | 131 | 170 | 207 | 256 | 305 | 0.7% | 1.7% | 2.6% | 2.0% | 2.1% | 1.8%
Coal | 19 | 18 | 14 | 9 | 5 | 3 | 1 | -0.8% | -2.3% | -4.5% | -5.7% | -5.7% | -7.9%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 18.0%
Oil | 7 | 8 | 7 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 0.5% | -0.9% | 10.8% | 0.3% | 0.0% | -0.1%
Gas | 4 | 7 | 13 | 17 | 20 | 21 | 20 | 5.9% | 7.0% | 2.9% | 1.8% | 0.3% | -0.3%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 20.9%
Biomass & Waste | 1 | 1 | 5 | 4 | 9 | 18 | 35 | 2.2% | 15.1% | -1.5% | 8.1% | 7.6% | 6.9%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 12 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 18.4%
Nuclear | 13 | 10 | 13 | 14 | 25 | 42 | 38 | -2.2% | 2.3% | 0.7% | 6.2% | 5.3% | -0.9%
Hydro | 59 | 67 | 75 | 81 | 84 | 87 | 90 | 1.3% | 1.1% | 0.7% | 0.4% | 0.3% | 0.4%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 4 | 24 | 41 | 59 | 84 | n.s. | 39.9% | 19.4% | 5.7% | 3.7% | 3.5%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 6 | 16 | n.s. | 44.3% | 21.4% | 3.5% | 8.0% | 10.8%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 24.4% | 15.3% | 12.8%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 157 | 185 | 189 | 204 | 201 | 189 | 179 | 1.7% | 0.2% | 0.8% | -0.2% | -0.6% | -0.6%
Coal | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 0.8% | -1.4% | -0.1% | -1.5% | -2.2% | -1.5%
Oil | 69 | 80 | 92 | 94 | 80 | 61 | 43 | 1.6% | 1.4% | 0.2% | -1.6% | -2.7% | -3.5%
Gas | 40 | 49 | 40 | 49 | 42 | 31 | 23 | 1.9% | -2.0% | 2.1% | -1.5% | -2.9% | -3.1%
Electricity | 36 | 41 | 41 | 42 | 50 | 60 | 70 | 1.4% | 0.0% | 0.3% | 1.8% | 1.8% | 1.5%
Heat | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 2.5% | -5.9% | 5.8% | 7.1% | 6.7% | 3.9%
Biomass & Other | 7 | 10 | 11 | 14 | 23 | 31 | 36 | 3.1% | 1.6% | 2.5% | 4.7% | 3.0% | 1.6%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 22% | 24% | 25% | 29% | 39% | 50% | 65% | 0.6% | 0.4% | 1.5% | 3.2% | 2.5% | 2.7%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 63 | 76 | 67 | 76 | 72 | 66 | 63 | 1.8% | -1.2% | 1.3% | -0.6% | -0.8% | -0.5%
Coal | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 0.9% | -1.4% | -0.1% | -1.5% | -2.2% | -1.5%
Oil | 18 | 22 | 27 | 26 | 22 | 17 | 14 | 2.0% | 1.9% | -0.2% | -1.7% | -2.6% | -2.0%
Gas | 20 | 23 | 16 | 22 | 19 | 15 | 10 | 1.5% | -3.9% | 3.6% | -1.7% | -2.6% | -3.5%
Electricity | 14 | 17 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 19 | 20 | 1.9% | -1.5% | 0.3% | 1.1% | 0.8% | 0.4%
Heat | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2.5% | -6.6% | 4.7% | -0.2% | -0.3% | -0.2%
Biomass & Other | 6 | 8 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 13 | 16 | 3.1% | -3.1% | 3.1% | 2.2% | 2.9% | 2.4%
Buildings | 50 | 58 | 58 | 61 | 65 | 65 | 68 | 1.4% | 0.1% | 0.4% | 0.6% | 0.1% | 0.4%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -3.1% | -1.1% | -9.4% | -7.9% | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 9 | 9 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 0.0% | -5.0% | -0.5% | 0.0% | -2.5% | -3.4%
Gas | 20 | 25 | 24 | 26 | 21 | 14 | 8 | 2.3% | -0.5% | 0.9% | -2.0% | -4.2% | -4.6%
Electricity | 20 | 23 | 25 | 25 | 30 | 35 | 42 | 1.0% | 0.9% | 0.2% | 1.6% | 1.7% | 1.8%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 4.4% | 17.3% | 14.0% | 21.0% | 9.8% | 4.8%
Biomass & Other | 1 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 8 | 11 | 11 | 2.1% | 9.4% | 0.2% | 6.1% | 2.3% | 0.8%
Agriculture | 3 | 4 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 2.6% | 2.8% | 1.5% | 0.8% | 0.7% | 0.7%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 3.3% | 4.2% | 1.1% | -1.5% | -4.2% | -4.2%
Gas | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1.6% | -0.3% | 4.2% | -1.0% | -2.9% | -2.9%
Electricity | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1.1% | -0.2% | 1.0% | 4.6% | 4.9% | 2.9%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 33.4% | 9.5% | 3.3%
Transport | 40 | 47 | 57 | 61 | 57 | 50 | 40 | 1.6% | 2.0% | 0.5% | -0.6% | -1.3% | -2.2%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 40 | 47 | 56 | 58 | 49 | 38 | 25 | 1.6% | 1.9% | 0.3% | -1.7% | -2.6% | -4.1%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 3.6% | -2.2% | 23.3% | 17.9% | 5.1% | 3.8%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 6 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 28.1% | 8.1% | 3.6%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 6 | n.s. | 24.2% | 6.2% | 6.9% | 2.6% | 0.3%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 20 | 19 | 17 | 18 | 20 | 0 | - 6 | -0.5% | -1.1% | 0.7% | 0.9% | n.s. | n.s.

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Chile | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 13 | 15 | 17 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 1.4% | 1.2% | 1.0% | 0.7% | 0.4% | 0.2%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 7 | 11 | 15 | 18 | 22 | 26 | 30 | 4.9% | 2.7% | 2.2% | 2.1% | 1.5% | 1.3%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 4 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 13 | 15 | 18 | 4.9% | 2.7% | 2.2% | 2.1% | 1.5% | 1.3%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 9 | 6 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | -3.8% | -5.2% | 0.9% | -0.5% | -0.3% | -0.2%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 41 | 32 | 40 | 32 | 31 | 30 | 29 | -2.5% | 2.1% | -2.0% | -0.4% | -0.4% | -0.4%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 50 | 62 | 57 | 64 | 65 | 66 | 68 | 2.2% | -0.8% | 1.1% | 0.2% | 0.2% | 0.2%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 12 | 8 | 13 | 14 | 16 | 17 | 19 | -4.2% | 5.6% | 0.8% | 0.9% | 0.9% | 1.2%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 77 | 85 | 82 | 90 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.6% | 1.0% | -0.3% | 0.8%
Gas | 17 | 26 | 22 | 25 | 37 | 36 | 35 | 4.7% | -1.9% | 1.5% | 4.0% | -0.1% | -0.5%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 55 | 66 | 96 | 109 | 57 | 18 | - 17 | 1.9% | 3.7% | 1.3% | -6.2% | -10.8% | n.s.
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 55 | 79 | 111 | 125 | 115 | 88 | 64 | 3.7% | 3.5% | 1.1% | -0.8% | -2.6% | -3.2%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 50 | 79 | 103 | 125 | 115 | 88 | 64 | 4.7% | 2.7% | 1.9% | -0.8% | -2.6% | -3.2%
CO₂ | 33 | 55 | 77 | 95 | 92 | 68 | 47 | 5.2% | 3.4% | 2.2% | -0.4% | -2.9% | -3.8%
CH₄ | 12 | 17 | 18 | 20 | 16 | 13 | 11 | 3.6% | 0.6% | 1.0% | -2.2% | -2.0% | -1.7%
N₂O | 5 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 3.0% | 1.8% | 1.5% | -2.0% | -0.8% | -0.7%
F gases | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -8.4% | 1.9% | -6.1% | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 40 | 67 | 89 | 108 | 102 | 76 | 53 | 5.2% | 2.9% | 2.0% | -0.6% | -2.8% | -3.6%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 30 | 50 | 71 | 87 | 83 | 59 | 38 | 5.3% | 3.5% | 2.1% | -0.5% | -3.3% | -4.2%
Power generation/District heating | 8 | 14 | 25 | 36 | 31 | 15 | 9 | 5.2% | 6.4% | 3.5% | -1.4% | -6.8% | -5.2%
Industry | 7 | 11 | 14 | 16 | 15 | 12 | 6 | 4.9% | 2.3% | 1.6% | -0.6% | -2.6% | -7.4%
Buildings | 3 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 3.7% | 1.7% | -0.6% | -2.3% | -2.9% | -4.1%
Agriculture | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3.7% | 4.6% | -1.7% | -1.1% | -4.2% | -4.3%
Transport | 9 | 17 | 19 | 24 | 25 | 23 | 19 | 6.7% | 0.9% | 2.4% | 0.5% | -1.0% | -1.9%
Other | 2 | 3 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 3 | 2.7% | 8.3% | -0.9% | 1.4% | -1.0% | -6.4%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 13 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 31.7% | 14.9%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 9 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 33.6% | 13.0%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 23.4% | 16.7%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 26.6% | 22.8%
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 7 | 8 | 9 | 14 | 21 | 28 | 36 | 1.1% | 0.8% | 4.4% | 4.3% | 3.1% | 2.5%
Coal | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | -15.4% | 0.5% | 23.1% | -1.1% | -4.4% | 1.3%
Oil | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -9.3% | 4.2% | -5.0% | 3.9% | 3.3% | 2.2%
Natural gas | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 1.2% | -0.3% | -0.2% | 8.9% | 4.8% | 3.5%
Biomass | 3 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 11 | 14 | 17 | 4.6% | 0.5% | 4.4% | 4.6% | 2.5% | 1.7%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 18.4% | 15.6%
Hydro | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 7.6% | 1.6% | 0.8% | 1.7% | 1.5% | 0.9%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 6 | n.s. | n.s. | 37.3% | 7.5% | 9.9% | 4.8%
Net Imports | 6 | 17 | 22 | 25 | 23 | 15 | 8 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 1 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 1 | 2 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | 5 | 10 | 14 | 17 | 15 | 11 | 9 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | 0 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | - 3 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 14 | 25 | 31 | 38 | 44 | 44 | 44 | 6.1% | 2.1% | 2.3% | 1.4% | -0.1% | 0.0%
Coal | 2 | 3 | 4 | 7 | 6 | 3 | 3 | 2.3% | 3.8% | 5.0% | -2.4% | -7.6% | 1.1%
Oil | 6 | 10 | 15 | 17 | 16 | 12 | 10 | 4.9% | 3.7% | 1.4% | -1.0% | -2.5% | -2.3%
Natural gas | 1 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 5 | 15.9% | -1.5% | -1.9% | 5.8% | 1.4% | -3.4%
Biomass | 3 | 4 | 5 | 8 | 13 | 15 | 17 | 4.6% | 0.5% | 5.1% | 5.1% | 2.0% | 1.3%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 18.4% | 15.6%
Hydro | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 7.6% | 1.6% | 0.8% | 1.7% | 1.5% | 0.9%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 6 | n.s. | n.s. | 37.3% | 7.5% | 9.9% | 4.8%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 14 | 25 | 31 | 38 | 44 | 44 | 44 | 6.1% | 2.1% | 2.3% | 1.4% | -0.1% | 0.0%
Energy for Power Generation | 3 | 6 | 10 | 15 | 18 | 18 | 20 | 7.2% | 4.7% | 4.3% | 2.1% | 0.2% | 1.0%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 5.9% | 2.3% | -1.2% | 5.4% | 2.3% | 1.0%
Final consumption | 11 | 21 | 24 | 29 | 32 | 33 | 33 | 6.2% | 1.5% | 1.8% | 1.1% | 0.2% | 0.1%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4.1% | -0.3% | 5.4% | -0.4% | -1.3% | -1.7%
Other Industry | 3 | 6 | 8 | 11 | 13 | 13 | 15 | 7.1% | 2.8% | 2.7% | 1.8% | 0.6% | 0.9%
Non-Energy Use | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 10.1% | -8.2% | -3.8% | 0.2% | 0.1% | -0.7%
Residential | 3 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4.5% | 0.9% | -0.2% | -0.2% | -0.2% | -0.3%
Services | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2.7% | 8.2% | 1.3% | 1.5% | 0.9% | 0.8%
Agriculture | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4.3% | 4.2% | -1.3% | 1.2% | 0.8% | 0.6%
Road | 3 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 6.8% | 2.2% | 2.6% | 1.2% | 0.0% | -0.6%
Rail | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.2% | 8.1% | 1.3% | 1.0% | 0.5% | 0.1%
Aviation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7.4% | 4.8% | 1.6% | 0.3% | -0.7% | -1.1%
Other Transport | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2.0% | 2.2% | 0.8% | 2.0% | -1.1% | -2.4%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 2 | 5 | 8 | 12 | 14 | 12 | 11 | 7.1% | 5.6% | 4.4% | 1.8% | -1.7% | -0.5%
Coal | 2 | 2 | 4 | 7 | 5 | 2 | 3 | 2.4% | 6.5% | 5.4% | -2.7% | -8.2% | 2.9%
Oil | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -0.4% | 14.4% | 0.6% | -2.3% | -6.0% | 3.1%
Gas | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 38.7% | 0.6% | -2.5% | 6.6% | 0.4% | -6.4%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 13.5% | 1.0% | 19.2% | 9.3% | 2.2% | -0.5%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 18 | 40 | 60 | 83 | 105 | 124 | 148 | 8.5% | 4.2% | 3.2% | 2.4% | 1.7% | 1.8%
Coal | 7 | 8 | 17 | 30 | 23 | 11 | 14 | 2.6% | 7.1% | 5.8% | -2.5% | -7.5% | 3.1%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 11 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 15.8%
Oil | 2 | 2 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 4 | 5 | -0.4% | 17.4% | -0.3% | -2.3% | -6.0% | 3.2%
Gas | 0 | 10 | 11 | 7 | 14 | 14 | 8 | 49.4% | 0.2% | -3.7% | 6.5% | 0.5% | -6.1%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 18.4%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 1 | 2 | 8 | 21 | 26 | 26 | 13.4% | 9.1% | 12.9% | 10.6% | 2.5% | -0.2%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Hydro | 9 | 19 | 22 | 23 | 28 | 32 | 35 | 7.6% | 1.6% | 0.8% | 1.7% | 1.5% | 0.9%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 10 | 20 | 27 | n.s. | n.s. | 31.1% | 7.4% | 7.2% | 2.9%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 16 | 32 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 6.5% | 18.3% | 7.2%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 27.1% | 18.4% | 12.9%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 5 | 10 | 16 | 26 | 34 | 49 | 57 | 8.0% | 4.9% | 4.8% | 2.7% | 3.7% | 1.5%
Coal | 1 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 2 | 6.5% | 0.9% | 7.0% | 0.7% | 0.0% | -7.2%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 16.8%
Oil | 1 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | -0.9% | 13.9% | 1.4% | 0.5% | 0.0% | -2.5%
Gas | 0 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 43.0% | 4.8% | -2.5% | 0.7% | -0.9% | -7.2%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 19.4%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 4.3% | 12.3% | 7.7% | 4.6% | 3.4% | 1.9%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Hydro | 2 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 5.8% | 2.8% | 2.1% | 1.7% | 1.5% | 0.9%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 6 | 10 | 12 | n.s. | n.s. | 33.0% | 7.0% | 6.0% | 1.8%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 5 | 13 | 22 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 5.3% | 10.8% | 5.7%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 17.8% | 12.4%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 11 | 21 | 24 | 29 | 32 | 33 | 33 | 6.2% | 1.5% | 1.8% | 1.1% | 0.2% | 0.1%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1.0% | -5.6% | 8.8% | 0.6% | -2.6% | -6.9%
Oil | 5 | 9 | 12 | 14 | 13 | 10 | 8 | 5.3% | 2.8% | 1.6% | -0.8% | -2.2% | -2.9%
Gas | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 13.4% | -3.3% | -3.3% | 4.9% | 2.2% | -1.4%
Electricity | 1 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 9 | 11 | 9.0% | 4.1% | 2.8% | 2.4% | 1.6% | 1.8%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 8.9% | 6.1% | 3.5%
Biomass & Other | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 10 | 4.1% | 0.4% | 2.3% | 2.5% | 1.6% | 2.1%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 33% | 31% | 26% | 30% | 39% | 54% | 69% | -0.7% | -1.4% | 1.2% | 2.9% | 3.3% | 2.4%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 4 | 9 | 10 | 12 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 7.5% | 0.6% | 2.4% | 1.5% | 0.5% | 0.6%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1.7% | -5.5% | 8.9% | 0.6% | -2.6% | -6.9%
Oil | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 3.5% | 4.6% | 1.2% | -2.1% | -4.1% | -5.3%
Gas | 1 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 14.9% | -4.8% | -6.2% | 3.9% | 2.8% | -1.7%
Electricity | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 9.7% | 3.4% | 3.3% | 2.4% | 1.4% | 1.7%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | -0.2% | -0.3% | -0.2%
Biomass & Other | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 5.3% | -0.3% | 8.2% | 3.7% | 2.0% | 3.1%
Buildings | 4 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 4.3% | 2.0% | 0.1% | 0.2% | 0.1% | 0.0%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -15.5% | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3.6% | 1.1% | -1.3% | -4.3% | -5.2% | -5.3%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5.4% | 4.5% | 1.4% | 1.9% | -0.3% | -3.1%
Electricity | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 7.8% | 5.6% | 1.9% | 0.9% | 0.6% | 1.1%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 9.0% | 6.1% | 3.5%
Biomass & Other | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3.7% | 0.7% | -0.9% | 0.4% | 0.2% | -0.3%
Agriculture | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4.3% | 4.2% | -1.3% | 1.2% | 0.8% | 0.6%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -13.4% | -8.8% | -4.6% | -3.4% | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8.3% | 5.0% | -1.6% | -1.0% | -4.1% | -4.3%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5.7% | -6.8% | 7.5% | 7.6% | 6.5% | 3.5%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 10.4% | 3.5%
Transport | 3 | 6 | 7 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 6.4% | 2.3% | 2.5% | 1.2% | -0.1% | -0.7%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 3 | 6 | 7 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 6 | 6.4% | 2.3% | 2.3% | 0.1% | -1.3% | -2.2%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3.5% | 8.5% | 21.5% | 17.0% | 3.6% | 0.4%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0.4% | 7.0% | 3.7% | 22.2% | 7.6% | 4.2%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 21.4% | 6.8% | 4.7%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 5.9% | 2.3% | -1.2% | 5.4% | 2.3% | 1.0%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Mexico | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 86 | 103 | 119 | 135 | 148 | 158 | 164 | 1.8% | 1.4% | 1.3% | 0.9% | 0.6% | 0.4%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 10 | 12 | 12 | 14 | 18 | 23 | 29 | 1.7% | 0.3% | 1.4% | 2.2% | 2.5% | 2.4%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 7 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 11 | 15 | 18 | 1.7% | 0.3% | 1.3% | 2.2% | 2.5% | 2.4%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 8 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | -7.7% | -0.2% | 0.4% | -0.9% | -0.8% | -0.6%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 28 | 35 | 35 | 32 | 32 | 30 | 28 | 2.1% | 0.1% | -0.8% | -0.3% | -0.5% | -0.6%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 64 | 62 | 61 | 64 | 65 | 67 | 69 | -0.3% | 0.0% | 0.4% | 0.2% | 0.3% | 0.3%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 12 | 8 | 13 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 16 | -4.2% | 5.6% | -0.6% | 0.4% | 1.1% | 1.5%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 77 | 85 | 82 | 90 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.6% | 1.0% | -0.3% | 0.8%
Gas | 17 | 26 | 22 | 25 | 37 | 36 | 35 | 4.7% | -1.9% | 1.5% | 4.0% | -0.1% | -0.5%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 485 | 589 | 718 | 738 | 602 | 470 | 300 | 2.0% | 2.0% | 0.3% | -2.0% | -2.4% | -4.4%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 498 | 613 | 731 | 738 | 703 | 594 | 466 | 2.1% | 1.8% | 0.1% | -0.5% | -1.7% | -2.4%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 445 | 561 | 694 | 726 | 703 | 552 | 359 | 2.3% | 2.2% | 0.4% | -0.3% | -2.4% | -4.2%
CO₂ | 284 | 381 | 452 | 507 | 519 | 405 | 247 | 3.0% | 1.7% | 1.2% | 0.2% | -2.4% | -4.8%
CH₄ | 103 | 118 | 166 | 136 | 106 | 75 | 56 | 1.3% | 3.4% | -2.0% | -2.5% | -3.3% | -2.9%
N₂O | 56 | 58 | 69 | 72 | 68 | 64 | 55 | 0.3% | 1.7% | 0.4% | -0.6% | -0.5% | -1.6%
F gases | 1 | 3 | 8 | 12 | 11 | 7 | 1 | 7.9% | 10.1% | 3.6% | -0.3% | -5.3% | -16.6%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 352 | 474 | 602 | 626 | 615 | 468 | 287 | 3.0% | 2.4% | 0.4% | -0.2% | -2.7% | -4.8%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 262 | 346 | 412 | 460 | 468 | 353 | 198 | 2.8% | 1.8% | 1.1% | 0.2% | -2.8% | -5.6%
Power generation/District heating | 63 | 112 | 122 | 157 | 175 | 101 | - 7 | 5.9% | 0.9% | 2.5% | 1.0% | -5.3% | n.s.
Industry | 55 | 52 | 47 | 60 | 54 | 40 | 27 | -0.6% | -1.0% | 2.5% | -1.0% | -2.9% | -4.0%
Buildings | 24 | 31 | 28 | 26 | 24 | 16 | 10 | 2.5% | -1.1% | -0.5% | -1.1% | -4.1% | -4.4%
Agriculture | 5 | 7 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 6 | 4 | 2.6% | 2.6% | 0.7% | -1.2% | -3.8% | -3.9%
Transport | 83 | 104 | 148 | 142 | 137 | 132 | 117 | 2.3% | 3.6% | -0.4% | -0.4% | -0.4% | -1.2%
Other | 31 | 39 | 57 | 63 | 69 | 59 | 48 | 2.5% | 3.9% | 1.1% | 0.9% | -1.7% | -2.0%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 36 | 151 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 50.7% | 32.2% | 15.5%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 9 | 28 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 47.4% | 19.7% | 11.7%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 11 | 50 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 32.6% | 16.3%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 16 | 74 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 24.0% | n.s. | 16.8%
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 196 | 230 | 221 | 186 | 188 | 196 | 211 | 1.6% | -0.4% | -1.7% | 0.1% | 0.4% | 0.7%
Coal | 3 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 6.8% | 1.7% | -0.1% | 0.7% | -1.4% | -0.4%
Oil | 155 | 174 | 148 | 115 | 91 | 49 | 32 | 1.1% | -1.5% | -2.5% | -2.3% | -6.0% | -4.2%
Natural gas | 23 | 32 | 48 | 43 | 41 | 36 | 31 | 3.4% | 4.2% | -0.9% | -0.6% | -1.3% | -1.4%
Biomass | 9 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 16 | 34 | 49 | 0.4% | -0.7% | -0.7% | 7.5% | 7.9% | 3.5%
Nuclear¹ | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 9 | 31 | 42 | 10.8% | -3.3% | 6.9% | 11.8% | 12.7% | 3.1%
Hydro | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3.5% | 1.1% | -1.1% | 0.3% | 0.2% | -0.1%
Other renewables | 4 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 22 | 38 | 49 | 1.5% | 1.5% | 2.6% | 11.0% | 5.8% | 2.6%
Net Imports | - 81 | - 84 | - 45 | 12 | 45 | 66 | 82 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 4 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | - 82 | - 83 | - 54 | - 22 | - 5 | 22 | 30 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | 1 | - 3 | 6 | 28 | 43 | 38 | 39 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 9 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 115 | 145 | 176 | 198 | 233 | 263 | 293 | 2.4% | 2.0% | 1.2% | 1.6% | 1.2% | 1.1%
Coal | 4 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 13 | 10 | 10 | 6.6% | 3.3% | 2.0% | 0.9% | -2.0% | -0.8%
Oil | 72 | 90 | 95 | 93 | 86 | 70 | 62 | 2.2% | 0.5% | -0.2% | -0.8% | -1.9% | -1.3%
Natural gas | 23 | 29 | 53 | 71 | 84 | 74 | 70 | 2.3% | 6.3% | 3.0% | 1.6% | -1.2% | -0.5%
Biomass | 9 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 18 | 37 | 57 | 0.4% | -0.7% | 0.6% | 7.2% | 7.5% | 4.6%
Nuclear¹ | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 9 | 31 | 42 | 10.8% | -3.3% | 6.9% | 11.8% | 12.7% | 3.1%
Hydro | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3.5% | 1.1% | -1.1% | 0.3% | 0.2% | -0.1%
Other renewables | 4 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 22 | 38 | 49 | 1.5% | 1.5% | 2.6% | 11.0% | 5.8% | 2.6%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 115 | 145 | 176 | 198 | 233 | 263 | 293 | 2.4% | 2.0% | 1.2% | 1.6% | 1.2% | 1.1%
Energy for Power Generation | 28 | 48 | 56 | 73 | 102 | 133 | 165 | 5.5% | 1.5% | 2.7% | 3.4% | 2.7% | 2.2%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 11 | 13 | 25 | 29 | 36 | 38 | 41 | 1.2% | 7.0% | 1.6% | 2.0% | 0.6% | 0.9%
Final consumption | 84 | 99 | 114 | 122 | 136 | 149 | 163 | 1.6% | 1.4% | 0.7% | 1.1% | 1.0% | 0.9%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 15 | 14 | 12 | 13 | 12 | 12 | 13 | -0.5% | -1.6% | 0.6% | -0.3% | -0.1% | 0.4%
Other Industry | 12 | 14 | 16 | 25 | 30 | 36 | 43 | 2.1% | 1.0% | 4.6% | 2.0% | 1.8% | 1.8%
Non-Energy Use | 9 | 10 | 8 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 0.8% | -1.9% | -2.4% | 1.0% | 1.0% | 0.5%
Residential | 16 | 18 | 18 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 19 | 1.4% | -0.1% | -0.5% | 0.8% | 0.1% | 0.3%
Services | 2 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 9 | 11 | 14 | 4.7% | 3.1% | 3.2% | 3.3% | 2.2% | 2.3%
Agriculture | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 2.4% | 2.2% | 1.2% | 1.4% | 1.3% | 1.1%
Road | 27 | 34 | 50 | 49 | 53 | 57 | 59 | 2.3% | 4.0% | -0.3% | 0.7% | 0.8% | 0.3%
Rail | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -1.0% | 0.5% | 1.0% | 1.2% | 1.4% | 1.3%
Aviation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | 1.1% | -8.4% | 2.7% | 2.3% | 1.6%
Other Transport | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 11.4% | -5.6% | 0.0% | 1.3% | -0.6% | -1.8%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 21 | 38 | 45 | 59 | 68 | 61 | 72 | 6.1% | 1.8% | 2.8% | 1.4% | -1.1% | 1.6%
Coal | 2 | 5 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 7 | 7 | 10.0% | 5.3% | 0.6% | 1.0% | -2.9% | -0.3%
Oil | 15 | 23 | 10 | 12 | 13 | 7 | 7 | 4.3% | -7.9% | 2.1% | 0.2% | -6.3% | 0.5%
Gas | 3 | 9 | 25 | 36 | 42 | 34 | 30 | 9.7% | 11.3% | 3.7% | 1.4% | -2.1% | -1.1%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 12 | 26 | n.s. | 4.1% | 3.6% | 6.6% | 14.5% | 8.1%
Other | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1.4% | 1.2% | -1.1% | 9.6% | 3.2% | 0.9%
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 116 | 204 | 271 | 365 | 522 | 692 | 896 | 5.8% | 2.9% | 3.0% | 3.6% | 2.8% | 2.6%
Coal | 8 | 19 | 33 | 35 | 40 | 31 | 34 | 9.6% | 5.3% | 0.7% | 1.3% | -2.4% | 0.8%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 27 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 20.7%
Oil | 62 | 94 | 44 | 53 | 55 | 29 | 30 | 4.3% | -7.4% | 1.9% | 0.3% | -6.1% | 0.4%
Gas | 14 | 41 | 141 | 196 | 238 | 192 | 182 | 11.1% | 13.0% | 3.4% | 1.9% | -2.1% | -0.5%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 26 | 122 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 16.9%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 12 | 55 | 127 | n.s. | 4.9% | -0.6% | 16.8% | 16.4% | 8.7%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 18 | 77 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 15.7%
Nuclear | 3 | 8 | 6 | 12 | 37 | 125 | 170 | 10.8% | -3.3% | 7.0% | 12.3% | 13.0% | 3.1%
Hydro | 23 | 33 | 37 | 33 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 3.5% | 1.1% | -1.1% | 0.3% | 0.2% | -0.1%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 1 | 26 | 80 | 152 | 183 | 34.2% | 51.9% | 35.7% | 11.8% | 6.5% | 1.9%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 12 | 52 | 112 | 19.9% | 8.0% | 37.8% | 23.9% | 16.1% | 7.9%
Other | 5 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 15 | 21 | 25 | 1.4% | 1.2% | -1.1% | 9.7% | 3.4% | 1.6%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 27 | 42 | 62 | 78 | 118 | 182 | 216 | 4.6% | 3.9% | 2.3% | 4.2% | 4.4% | 1.8%
Coal | 1 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 15.6% | 1.7% | 0.1% | -0.1% | -2.4% | -1.1%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 20.2%
Oil | 12 | 16 | 14 | 11 | 11 | 7 | 7 | 2.9% | -1.4% | -1.8% | -0.5% | -4.3% | -0.7%
Gas | 5 | 9 | 28 | 34 | 42 | 45 | 27 | 7.1% | 11.7% | 2.2% | 2.0% | 0.7% | -4.8%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 16 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 17.5%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 7 | 16 | n.s. | 1.2% | -1.0% | 14.7% | 16.5% | 8.1%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 10 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 15.1%
Nuclear | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 15 | 21 | 7.7% | 0.0% | 0.4% | 12.2% | 13.0% | 3.1%
Hydro | 8 | 10 | 12 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 2.1% | 1.8% | 0.5% | 0.4% | 0.2% | -0.1%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 1 | 10 | 28 | 51 | 59 | n.s. | n.s. | 34.3% | 11.1% | 6.0% | 1.5%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 10 | 36 | 66 | 19.9% | 8.0% | 47.5% | 21.3% | 13.6% | 6.3%
Other | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2.0% | 1.2% | -1.5% | 10.1% | 2.8% | 1.8%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 84 | 99 | 114 | 122 | 136 | 149 | 163 | 1.6% | 1.4% | 0.7% | 1.1% | 1.0% | 0.9%
Coal | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1.2% | -0.1% | 6.1% | -0.4% | -3.6% | -3.7%
Oil | 51 | 62 | 74 | 70 | 63 | 55 | 46 | 1.9% | 1.8% | -0.6% | -1.0% | -1.4% | -1.6%
Gas | 14 | 13 | 13 | 16 | 19 | 20 | 19 | -0.9% | -0.2% | 2.5% | 1.8% | 0.2% | -0.7%
Electricity | 9 | 14 | 18 | 25 | 36 | 48 | 63 | 4.9% | 2.5% | 3.6% | 3.7% | 2.9% | 2.7%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 9.6% | 10.4% | 4.2% | 18.2% | 12.1% | 4.9%
Biomass & Other | 9 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 13 | 21 | 29 | -0.4% | -1.2% | -0.5% | 6.3% | 5.2% | 3.2%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 14% | 12% | 10% | 10% | 20% | 37% | 50% | -1.3% | -2.0% | 0.3% | 7.0% | 6.1% | 3.0%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 36 | 38 | 36 | 44 | 49 | 56 | 64 | 0.7% | -0.6% | 2.0% | 1.2% | 1.2% | 1.3%
Coal | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1.2% | -0.1% | 6.1% | -0.4% | -3.6% | -3.7%
Oil | 14 | 14 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 9 | 8 | 0.1% | -2.2% | -0.5% | -0.6% | -1.3% | -0.8%
Gas | 13 | 12 | 12 | 14 | 13 | 11 | 10 | -0.9% | -0.4% | 1.5% | -0.6% | -1.2% | -1.5%
Electricity | 5 | 9 | 10 | 14 | 19 | 24 | 30 | 6.4% | 1.5% | 3.7% | 2.8% | 2.4% | 2.4%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | 10.4% | 5.9% | -0.2% | -0.3% | -0.2%
Biomass & Other | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 9 | 14 | -3.4% | -2.9% | 5.1% | 9.7% | 8.1% | 4.2%
Buildings | 18 | 22 | 23 | 23 | 27 | 30 | 33 | 1.8% | 0.5% | 0.4% | 1.5% | 0.8% | 1.1%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 7 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 2.8% | -1.5% | -1.5% | -3.0% | -6.3% | -6.1%
Gas | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | -1.6% | 3.4% | 6.8% | 5.3% | -0.4% | -2.6%
Electricity | 3 | 5 | 7 | 10 | 13 | 16 | 20 | 3.2% | 4.5% | 3.1% | 2.9% | 2.3% | 2.3%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 9.6% | 10.4% | 4.1% | 18.8% | 12.2% | 4.9%
Biomass & Other | 7 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 0.3% | -0.9% | -2.7% | 0.8% | -0.9% | -1.9%
Agriculture | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 2.4% | 2.2% | 1.2% | 1.4% | 1.3% | 1.1%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2.6% | 2.6% | 0.7% | -1.2% | -3.8% | -3.9%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Electricity | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1.7% | 0.9% | 2.6% | 3.5% | 3.6% | 2.8%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 35.5% | 9.8% | 3.3%
Transport | 29 | 36 | 52 | 51 | 54 | 59 | 60 | 2.4% | 3.7% | -0.2% | 0.7% | 0.8% | 0.3%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 28 | 36 | 52 | 49 | 45 | 41 | 36 | 2.4% | 3.7% | -0.5% | -0.9% | -0.8% | -1.5%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 6 | n.s. | 7.8% | 51.4% | 16.9% | 4.5% | 1.7%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 6 | 9 | 3.2% | 0.8% | 14.9% | 22.9% | 6.7% | 4.4%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 6 | 9 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 20.4% | 7.8% | 4.6%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 11 | 13 | 25 | 29 | 36 | 38 | 41 | 1.2% | 7.0% | 1.6% | 2.0% | 0.6% | 0.9%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

United States | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 253 | 283 | 310 | 334 | 356 | 374 | 389 | 1.1% | 0.9% | 0.7% | 0.6% | 0.5% | 0.4%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 33 | 41 | 44 | 50 | 56 | 64 | 71 | 2.3% | 0.7% | 1.4% | 1.1% | 1.2% | 1.1%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 33 | 41 | 44 | 50 | 56 | 64 | 71 | 2.3% | 0.7% | 1.4% | 1.1% | 1.2% | 1.1%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -1.5% | -0.1% | 1.0% | -0.5% | -0.5% | -0.4%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 24 | 23 | 20 | 20 | 19 | 18 | 16 | -0.3% | -1.3% | -0.2% | -0.6% | -0.7% | -0.8%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 75 | 76 | 78 | 79 | 80 | 81 | 83 | 0.1% | 0.4% | 0.0% | 0.2% | 0.2% | 0.2%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 12 | 8 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 16 | -4.2% | 5.6% | 0.4% | 0.1% | 0.2% | 1.1%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 77 | 85 | 82 | 90 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.6% | 1.0% | -0.3% | 0.8%
Gas | 17 | 26 | 22 | 25 | 37 | 36 | 35 | 4.7% | -1.9% | 1.5% | 4.0% | -0.1% | -0.5%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 5 233 | 6 146 | 5 691 | 5 150 | 3 525 | 2 349 | 1 359 | 1.6% | -0.8% | -1.0% | -3.7% | -4.0% | -5.3%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 6 056 | 6 830 | 6 649 | 6 025 | 4 323 | 3 017 | 1 911 | 1.2% | -0.3% | -1.0% | -3.3% | -3.5% | -4.5%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 6 056 | 6 829 | 6 649 | 6 025 | 4 323 | 3 017 | 1 911 | 1.2% | -0.3% | -1.0% | -3.3% | -3.5% | -4.5%
CO₂ | 4 938 | 5 721 | 5 515 | 5 042 | 3 571 | 2 354 | 1 316 | 1.5% | -0.4% | -0.9% | -3.4% | -4.1% | -5.7%
CH₄ | 633 | 588 | 581 | 450 | 318 | 273 | 229 | -0.7% | -0.1% | -2.5% | -3.4% | -1.5% | -1.7%
N₂O | 395 | 384 | 404 | 402 | 387 | 372 | 358 | -0.3% | 0.5% | 0.0% | -0.4% | -0.4% | -0.4%
F gases | 90 | 136 | 150 | 131 | 47 | 18 | 8 | 4.2% | 1.0% | -1.4% | -9.8% | -9.4% | -7.8%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 5 582 | 6 355 | 6 115 | 5 505 | 3 827 | 2 539 | 1 452 | 1.3% | -0.4% | -1.0% | -3.6% | -4.0% | -5.4%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 4 809 | 5 587 | 5 390 | 4 913 | 3 456 | 2 260 | 1 242 | 1.5% | -0.4% | -0.9% | -3.5% | -4.2% | -5.8%
Power generation/District heating | 1 866 | 2 372 | 2 332 | 1 777 | 1 008 | 377 | - 66 | 2.4% | -0.2% | -2.7% | -5.5% | -9.4% | n.s.
Industry | 581 | 524 | 428 | 445 | 331 | 233 | 118 | -1.0% | -2.0% | 0.4% | -2.9% | -3.5% | -6.6%
Buildings | 544 | 602 | 545 | 503 | 376 | 269 | 172 | 1.0% | -1.0% | -0.8% | -2.9% | -3.3% | -4.4%
Agriculture | 46 | 45 | 53 | 55 | 41 | 26 | 17 | -0.2% | 1.8% | 0.4% | -2.9% | -4.3% | -4.4%
Transport | 1 424 | 1 713 | 1 677 | 1 725 | 1 400 | 1 145 | 879 | 1.9% | -0.2% | 0.3% | -2.1% | -2.0% | -2.6%
Other | 349 | 331 | 354 | 407 | 300 | 209 | 122 | -0.5% | 0.7% | 1.4% | -3.0% | -3.6% | -5.2%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 152 | 789 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 28.6% | 17.9%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 57 | 146 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 19.3% | 9.9%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 26 | 150 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 58.4% | 25.9% | 19.3%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 70 | 493 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 0.5% | n.s. | 21.6%
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 1 623 | 1 692 | 1 777 | 2 052 | 1 897 | 1 811 | 1 773 | 0.4% | 0.5% | 1.4% | -0.8% | -0.5% | -0.2%
Coal | 488 | 542 | 540 | 372 | 245 | 129 | 110 | 1.1% | -0.1% | -3.7% | -4.1% | -6.2% | -1.6%
Oil | 433 | 376 | 355 | 628 | 554 | 422 | 266 | -1.4% | -0.6% | 5.9% | -1.3% | -2.7% | -4.5%
Natural gas | 420 | 448 | 499 | 624 | 435 | 324 | 296 | 0.7% | 1.1% | 2.3% | -3.6% | -2.9% | -0.9%
Biomass | 82 | 76 | 112 | 120 | 156 | 218 | 327 | -0.8% | 3.9% | 0.7% | 2.7% | 3.4% | 4.1%
Nuclear¹ | 162 | 211 | 222 | 212 | 283 | 395 | 447 | 2.7% | 0.5% | -0.5% | 2.9% | 3.4% | 1.3%
Hydro | 25 | 24 | 25 | 24 | 25 | 25 | 25 | -0.3% | 0.2% | -0.1% | 0.3% | 0.1% | 0.0%
Other renewables | 14 | 15 | 25 | 71 | 200 | 297 | 302 | 0.3% | 5.6% | 11.0% | 10.9% | 4.1% | 0.1%
Net Imports | 329 | 590 | 472 | 248 | 237 | 258 | 347 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | - 32 | - 9 | - 37 | - 80 | - 87 | - 58 | - 46 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | 340 | 496 | 450 | 176 | 103 | 109 | 159 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | 21 | 100 | 58 | 114 | 96 | 64 | 70 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 28 | 110 | 133 | 160 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | - 1 | 4 | 9 | 5 | - 2 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 1 953 | 2 282 | 2 249 | 2 299 | 2 134 | 2 069 | 2 120 | 1.6% | -0.1% | 0.2% | -0.7% | -0.3% | 0.2%
Coal | 456 | 534 | 503 | 292 | 159 | 71 | 65 | 1.6% | -0.6% | -5.3% | -5.9% | -7.7% | -1.0%
Oil | 772 | 871 | 805 | 804 | 657 | 531 | 425 | 1.2% | -0.8% | 0.0% | -2.0% | -2.1% | -2.2%
Natural gas | 441 | 548 | 556 | 738 | 531 | 388 | 366 | 2.2% | 0.2% | 2.9% | -3.2% | -3.1% | -0.6%
Biomass | 82 | 76 | 112 | 148 | 266 | 351 | 487 | -0.8% | 3.9% | 2.8% | 6.1% | 2.8% | 3.3%
Nuclear¹ | 162 | 211 | 222 | 212 | 283 | 395 | 447 | 2.7% | 0.5% | -0.5% | 2.9% | 3.4% | 1.3%
Hydro | 25 | 24 | 25 | 24 | 25 | 25 | 25 | -0.3% | 0.2% | -0.1% | 0.3% | 0.1% | 0.0%
Other renewables | 14 | 15 | 25 | 71 | 200 | 297 | 302 | 0.3% | 5.6% | 11.0% | 10.9% | 4.1% | 0.1%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 1 953 | 2 282 | 2 249 | 2 299 | 2 134 | 2 069 | 2 120 | 1.6% | -0.1% | 0.2% | -0.7% | -0.3% | 0.2%
Energy for Power Generation | 754 | 931 | 958 | 901 | 884 | 958 | 1 162 | 2.1% | 0.3% | -0.6% | -0.2% | 0.8% | 2.0%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 127 | 124 | 160 | 254 | 273 | 260 | 247 | -0.2% | 2.6% | 4.7% | 0.7% | -0.5% | -0.5%
Final consumption | 1 300 | 1 538 | 1 489 | 1 531 | 1 428 | 1 380 | 1 318 | 1.7% | -0.3% | 0.3% | -0.7% | -0.3% | -0.5%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 127 | 152 | 97 | 95 | 76 | 67 | 60 | 1.8% | -4.4% | -0.2% | -2.2% | -1.2% | -1.2%
Other Industry | 181 | 185 | 169 | 192 | 180 | 178 | 175 | 0.2% | -0.9% | 1.3% | -0.6% | -0.1% | -0.1%
Non-Energy Use | 119 | 153 | 135 | 122 | 117 | 115 | 108 | 2.5% | -1.2% | -1.1% | -0.4% | -0.2% | -0.6%
Residential | 224 | 265 | 268 | 259 | 237 | 231 | 224 | 1.7% | 0.1% | -0.3% | -0.9% | -0.3% | -0.3%
Services | 157 | 193 | 217 | 232 | 233 | 249 | 266 | 2.1% | 1.2% | 0.7% | 0.1% | 0.7% | 0.7%
Agriculture | 14 | 14 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | -0.2% | 2.2% | 0.9% | 0.5% | 0.4% | 0.3%
Road | 397 | 493 | 522 | 532 | 479 | 436 | 386 | 2.2% | 0.6% | 0.2% | -1.0% | -0.9% | -1.2%
Rail | 11 | 10 | 9 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 13 | -0.5% | -1.3% | 3.9% | 0.4% | 0.0% | -0.5%
Aviation | 64 | 68 | 49 | 57 | 61 | 60 | 57 | 0.7% | -3.2% | 1.5% | 0.6% | -0.1% | -0.5%
Other Transport | 6 | 4 | 4 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 7 | -4.3% | 0.5% | 7.6% | 0.4% | -1.3% | -2.3%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 554 | 681 | 686 | 594 | 376 | 241 | 388 | 2.1% | 0.1% | -1.4% | -4.5% | -4.4% | 4.9%
Coal | 392 | 492 | 469 | 254 | 125 | 33 | 28 | 2.3% | -0.5% | -5.9% | -6.9% | -12.6% | -1.3%
Oil | 27 | 30 | 11 | 20 | 16 | 10 | 25 | 0.8% | -9.5% | 6.3% | -2.0% | -4.6% | 9.3%
Gas | 93 | 137 | 185 | 300 | 197 | 126 | 149 | 3.9% | 3.1% | 4.9% | -4.1% | -4.3% | 1.7%
Biomass & Waste | 40 | 21 | 20 | 17 | 34 | 66 | 181 | -6.0% | -0.5% | -1.6% | 6.9% | 7.0% | 10.5%
Other | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 6 | -0.9% | 1.9% | 4.3% | 7.9% | 0.8% | 0.6%
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 3 210 | 4 052 | 4 378 | 4 544 | 4 897 | 5 670 | 6 510 | 2.4% | 0.8% | 0.4% | 0.8% | 1.5% | 1.4%
Coal | 1 700 | 2 129 | 1 994 | 1 099 | 541 | 143 | 140 | 2.3% | -0.7% | -5.8% | -6.8% | -12.5% | -0.2%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14 | 119 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 24.1%
Oil | 131 | 118 | 48 | 83 | 70 | 45 | 105 | -1.0% | -8.6% | 5.6% | -1.7% | -4.3% | 8.9%
Gas | 382 | 634 | 1 018 | 1 667 | 1 124 | 737 | 845 | 5.2% | 4.8% | 5.1% | -3.9% | -4.1% | 1.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 54 | 348 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 20.5%
Biomass & Waste | 79 | 72 | 75 | 63 | 144 | 306 | 886 | -0.9% | 0.5% | -1.7% | 8.5% | 7.8% | 11.2%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 64 | 485 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 22.4%
Nuclear | 612 | 798 | 839 | 802 | 1 093 | 1 572 | 1 798 | 2.7% | 0.5% | -0.5% | 3.1% | 3.7% | 1.4%
Hydro | 289 | 280 | 286 | 283 | 291 | 293 | 294 | -0.3% | 0.2% | -0.1% | 0.3% | 0.1% | 0.0%
Wind | 3 | 6 | 95 | 430 | 1 201 | 1 614 | 1 341 | 6.3% | 32.6% | 16.3% | 10.8% | 3.0% | -1.8%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 4 | 91 | 375 | 895 | 1 027 | 14.3% | 36.7% | 36.1% | 15.2% | 9.1% | 1.4%
Other | 16 | 15 | 18 | 27 | 58 | 65 | 74 | -0.9% | 1.9% | 4.3% | 8.0% | 1.1% | 1.3%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 739 | 859 | 1 040 | 1 090 | 1 390 | 1 785 | 1 634 | 1.5% | 1.9% | 0.5% | 2.5% | 2.5% | -0.9%
Coal | 271 | 321 | 319 | 218 | 116 | 85 | 19 | 1.7% | -0.1% | -3.7% | -6.1% | -3.1% | -14.0%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 16 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 23.3%
Oil | 82 | 130 | 56 | 32 | 33 | 29 | 28 | 4.7% | -8.1% | -5.3% | 0.3% | -1.3% | -0.3%
Gas | 176 | 190 | 407 | 445 | 433 | 371 | 178 | 0.8% | 7.9% | 0.9% | -0.3% | -1.5% | -7.1%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 53 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 21.6%
Biomass & Waste | 11 | 15 | 12 | 9 | 20 | 47 | 123 | 3.2% | -2.6% | -2.6% | 8.4% | 8.9% | 10.0%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 63 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 21.2%
Nuclear | 102 | 98 | 101 | 98 | 134 | 194 | 221 | -0.4% | 0.3% | -0.3% | 3.1% | 3.7% | 1.3%
Hydro | 92 | 99 | 101 | 103 | 106 | 107 | 107 | 0.7% | 0.2% | 0.2% | 0.3% | 0.1% | 0.0%
Wind | 2 | 2 | 39 | 133 | 333 | 441 | 366 | 4.5% | 32.3% | 13.0% | 9.6% | 2.9% | -1.9%
Solar | 0 | 1 | 3 | 48 | 207 | 502 | 581 | 2.3% | 18.9% | 31.7% | 15.8% | 9.3% | 1.5%
Other | 3 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 0.5% | -1.5% | 3.9% | 7.1% | 2.5% | 2.2%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 1 300 | 1 538 | 1 489 | 1 531 | 1 428 | 1 380 | 1 318 | 1.7% | -0.3% | 0.3% | -0.7% | -0.3% | -0.5%
Coal | 58 | 39 | 31 | 25 | 21 | 18 | 14 | -3.8% | -2.4% | -2.1% | -1.6% | -1.3% | -2.6%
Oil | 683 | 793 | 761 | 736 | 598 | 483 | 368 | 1.5% | -0.4% | -0.3% | -2.1% | -2.1% | -2.7%
Gas | 288 | 345 | 295 | 318 | 249 | 198 | 149 | 1.8% | -1.6% | 0.8% | -2.4% | -2.2% | -2.8%
Electricity | 226 | 301 | 326 | 337 | 364 | 422 | 487 | 2.9% | 0.8% | 0.4% | 0.8% | 1.5% | 1.5%
Heat | 2 | 7 | 8 | 10 | 21 | 35 | 47 | 11.3% | 1.3% | 2.1% | 7.7% | 5.0% | 3.2%
Biomass & Other | 43 | 52 | 69 | 104 | 174 | 223 | 252 | 2.1% | 2.8% | 4.2% | 5.3% | 2.5% | 1.2%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 6% | 6% | 8% | 13% | 30% | 47% | 56% | -0.4% | 2.9% | 4.8% | 9.3% | 4.3% | 1.9%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 427 | 490 | 402 | 408 | 373 | 360 | 343 | 1.4% | -2.0% | 0.2% | -0.9% | -0.4% | -0.5%
Coal | 53 | 37 | 29 | 24 | 21 | 18 | 14 | -3.6% | -2.3% | -2.1% | -1.3% | -1.2% | -2.6%
Oil | 147 | 160 | 150 | 124 | 112 | 98 | 84 | 0.8% | -0.6% | -1.9% | -1.0% | -1.4% | -1.5%
Gas | 124 | 155 | 111 | 142 | 106 | 85 | 62 | 2.3% | -3.3% | 2.5% | -2.9% | -2.2% | -3.0%
Electricity | 75 | 98 | 74 | 75 | 74 | 75 | 74 | 2.8% | -2.7% | 0.1% | -0.1% | 0.1% | 0.0%
Heat | 0 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | n.s. | 2.2% | -0.2% | -0.2% | -0.3% | -0.2%
Biomass & Other | 29 | 36 | 32 | 39 | 56 | 80 | 104 | 2.2% | -1.1% | 2.0% | 3.5% | 3.6% | 2.7%
Buildings | 381 | 458 | 485 | 492 | 471 | 480 | 490 | 1.8% | 0.6% | 0.1% | -0.4% | 0.2% | 0.2%
Coal | 5 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -7.0% | -3.8% | -3.4% | -11.1% | -15.7% | -16.2%
Oil | 45 | 48 | 36 | 32 | 34 | 30 | 20 | 0.5% | -2.8% | -1.0% | 0.5% | -1.5% | -3.8%
Gas | 164 | 189 | 182 | 170 | 114 | 75 | 46 | 1.5% | -0.4% | -0.7% | -3.9% | -4.1% | -4.7%
Electricity | 152 | 202 | 251 | 259 | 258 | 284 | 318 | 2.9% | 2.2% | 0.3% | -0.1% | 1.0% | 1.1%
Heat | 2 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 16 | 30 | 43 | 1.7% | -0.2% | 5.5% | 12.6% | 6.3% | 3.7%
Biomass & Other | 14 | 13 | 12 | 24 | 48 | 62 | 63 | -0.3% | -0.7% | 7.1% | 7.1% | 2.5% | 0.3%
Agriculture | 14 | 14 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | -0.2% | 2.2% | 0.9% | 0.5% | 0.4% | 0.3%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 14 | 14 | 16 | 16 | 12 | 8 | 5 | -0.2% | 1.1% | 0.5% | -2.9% | -4.4% | -4.6%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | -1.6% | -1.9% | -2.9% | -3.0%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 24.3% | 7.6% | 3.8%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 9 | 12 | n.s. | n.s. | 13.2% | 15.3% | 5.7% | 2.4%
Transport | 477 | 576 | 584 | 611 | 564 | 519 | 463 | 1.9% | 0.1% | 0.5% | -0.8% | -0.8% | -1.1%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 477 | 572 | 559 | 564 | 440 | 348 | 259 | 1.8% | -0.2% | 0.1% | -2.5% | -2.3% | -2.9%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 1 | 6 | 28 | 38 | 40 | n.s. | 10.2% | 24.2% | 17.1% | 3.0% | 0.5%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 31 | 60 | 90 | 0.7% | 3.6% | 18.7% | 26.3% | 6.8% | 4.1%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 3 | 24 | 39 | 65 | 72 | 73 | n.s. | 22.5% | 4.9% | 5.2% | 1.1% | 0.2%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 127 | 124 | 160 | 254 | 273 | 260 | 247 | -0.2% | 2.6% | 4.7% | 0.7% | -0.5% | -0.5%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Rest Central America | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 63 | 74 | 84 | 93 | 102 | 109 | 113 | 1.6% | 1.3% | 1.1% | 0.9% | 0.6% | 0.4%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 13 | 3.2% | 2.7% | 2.4% | 2.8% | 2.9% | 2.8%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 3 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 9 | 11 | 1.7% | 1.7% | 1.9% | 2.8% | 2.9% | 2.8%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 8 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 4 | -3.9% | 0.4% | 1.5% | -2.1% | -1.6% | -1.2%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 37 | 40 | 42 | 27 | 26 | 25 | 25 | 0.9% | 0.4% | -4.4% | -0.2% | -0.2% | -0.3%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 55 | 55 | 53 | 67 | 69 | 70 | 71 | -0.1% | -0.4% | 2.4% | 0.2% | 0.2% | 0.2%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 12 | 8 | 13 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 16 | -4.2% | 5.6% | -0.6% | 0.4% | 1.1% | 1.5%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 77 | 85 | 82 | 90 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.6% | 1.0% | -0.3% | 0.8%
Gas | 17 | 26 | 22 | 25 | 37 | 36 | 35 | 4.7% | -1.9% | 1.5% | 4.0% | -0.1% | -0.5%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 282 | 293 | 322 | 357 | 207 | 147 | 106 | 0.4% | 1.0% | 1.0% | -5.3% | -3.3% | -3.3%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 295 | 328 | 349 | 358 | 286 | 248 | 222 | 1.1% | 0.6% | 0.2% | -2.2% | -1.4% | -1.1%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 168 | 202 | 253 | 281 | 286 | 243 | 151 | 1.8% | 2.3% | 1.0% | 0.2% | -1.6% | -4.6%
CO₂ | 95 | 126 | 163 | 186 | 199 | 175 | 98 | 2.9% | 2.6% | 1.3% | 0.7% | -1.3% | -5.7%
CH₄ | 48 | 51 | 64 | 66 | 61 | 48 | 37 | 0.6% | 2.3% | 0.3% | -0.9% | -2.4% | -2.5%
N₂O | 25 | 24 | 24 | 27 | 25 | 19 | 17 | -0.7% | 0.2% | 1.2% | -1.0% | -2.3% | -1.6%
F gases | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | n.s. | 16.9% | -0.8% | 0.1% | -5.3% | -16.7%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 117 | 153 | 203 | 225 | 237 | 207 | 122 | 2.7% | 2.9% | 1.0% | 0.5% | -1.4% | -5.2%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 85 | 111 | 138 | 163 | 172 | 147 | 71 | 2.7% | 2.2% | 1.7% | 0.5% | -1.6% | -7.0%
Power generation/District heating | 23 | 37 | 51 | 56 | 51 | 35 | - 13 | 4.7% | 3.4% | 0.9% | -1.0% | -3.7% | n.s.
Industry | 22 | 23 | 25 | 34 | 39 | 31 | 17 | 0.4% | 0.8% | 3.1% | 1.4% | -2.1% | -5.8%
Buildings | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 8 | 5 | 0.8% | -0.2% | 0.6% | 0.4% | -1.9% | -3.8%
Agriculture | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | -1.6% | -4.4% | 0.1% | -0.2% | -3.6% | -3.8%
Transport | 20 | 31 | 40 | 44 | 48 | 49 | 45 | 4.6% | 2.4% | 1.0% | 0.9% | 0.2% | -0.9%
Other | 10 | 10 | 13 | 20 | 25 | 24 | 16 | -0.1% | 2.6% | 4.5% | 2.4% | -0.4% | -3.7%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 55 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 35.9% | 17.9%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 13 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 25.3% | 11.8%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 39.4% | 16.4%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 39 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 21.0%
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 33 | 42 | 70 | 63 | 58 | 73 | 98 | 2.6% | 5.1% | -1.0% | -0.8% | 2.3% | 3.0%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 9 | 10 | 11 | 8 | 11 | 14 | 15 | 1.9% | 0.1% | -2.2% | 2.9% | 2.1% | 1.1%
Natural gas | 4 | 13 | 38 | 24 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 11.7% | 11.0% | -4.6% | -16.6% | 1.3% | 3.6%
Biomass | 18 | 16 | 16 | 23 | 24 | 31 | 45 | -1.5% | 0.5% | 3.6% | 0.3% | 2.5% | 3.9%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 21.0% | 17.1%
Hydro | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2.8% | 3.4% | 0.5% | 0.9% | 0.8% | 0.3%
Other renewables | 1 | 2 | 3 | 6 | 17 | 21 | 29 | 9.2% | 6.1% | 6.5% | 11.4% | 2.4% | 2.9%
Net Imports | 18 | 20 | 10 | 31 | 60 | 58 | 46 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 6 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | 17 | 24 | 26 | 32 | 27 | 20 | 17 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | 0 | - 4 | - 18 | 2 | 31 | 33 | 25 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | - 6 | - 3 | - 2 | - 3 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 51 | 62 | 80 | 94 | 118 | 131 | 144 | 2.0% | 2.5% | 1.7% | 2.3% | 1.0% | 0.9%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 5.8% | 13.5% | 10.4% | 5.7% | 0.5% | -0.4%
Oil | 26 | 34 | 37 | 40 | 38 | 34 | 32 | 2.8% | 0.8% | 0.8% | -0.6% | -1.0% | -0.5%
Natural gas | 5 | 9 | 20 | 26 | 34 | 37 | 31 | 6.6% | 8.2% | 2.7% | 2.9% | 0.8% | -1.7%
Biomass | 18 | 16 | 16 | 17 | 21 | 29 | 42 | -1.5% | 0.5% | 0.4% | 1.9% | 3.4% | 3.9%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 21.0% | 17.1%
Hydro | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2.8% | 3.4% | 0.5% | 0.9% | 0.8% | 0.3%
Other renewables | 1 | 2 | 3 | 6 | 17 | 21 | 29 | 9.2% | 6.1% | 6.5% | 11.4% | 2.4% | 2.9%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 51 | 62 | 80 | 94 | 118 | 131 | 144 | 2.0% | 2.5% | 1.7% | 2.3% | 1.0% | 0.9%
Energy for Power Generation | 11 | 16 | 24 | 28 | 39 | 44 | 55 | 4.3% | 4.0% | 1.3% | 3.7% | 1.2% | 2.1%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 6 | 6 | 6 | 8 | 11 | 14 | 15 | -0.4% | -0.4% | 4.0% | 3.1% | 2.2% | 0.9%
Final consumption | 38 | 46 | 57 | 68 | 81 | 92 | 100 | 1.7% | 2.2% | 1.8% | 1.8% | 1.2% | 0.9%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6.4% | 4.9% | 1.1% | 0.4% | -0.6% | -0.5%
Other Industry | 14 | 12 | 11 | 16 | 19 | 22 | 25 | -0.9% | -0.9% | 3.3% | 2.1% | 1.2% | 1.4%
Non-Energy Use | 3 | 6 | 11 | 14 | 18 | 22 | 25 | 7.3% | 6.6% | 2.2% | 2.9% | 1.8% | 1.2%
Residential | 11 | 13 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 19 | 1.4% | 2.5% | 0.9% | 0.5% | 0.3% | 0.0%
Services | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 1.8% | 4.2% | 2.5% | 3.0% | 2.2% | 2.0%
Agriculture | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -1.3% | -1.6% | 1.2% | 1.4% | 1.3% | 1.2%
Road | 8 | 11 | 13 | 15 | 17 | 20 | 21 | 3.9% | 1.6% | 1.2% | 1.7% | 1.2% | 0.6%
Rail | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -8.6% | 10.0% | 4.7% | 2.1% | 1.9% | 1.6%
Aviation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4.7% | 9.3% | 1.4% | 3.4% | 2.7% | 1.8%
Other Transport | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -8.9% | -1.5% | 0.0% | 2.7% | 0.7% | -1.0%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 9 | 13 | 19 | 20 | 20 | 21 | 23 | 4.0% | 3.7% | 0.3% | 0.3% | 0.1% | 1.3%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 33.6% | 14.9% | 9.2% | 4.0% | 0.6% | 0.1%
Oil | 7 | 10 | 13 | 12 | 9 | 5 | 3 | 4.3% | 2.4% | -0.1% | -3.6% | -5.5% | -4.8%
Gas | 1 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 4 | 5.6% | 6.8% | 1.0% | 2.8% | 1.7% | -3.8%
Biomass & Waste | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 12 | -1.9% | 5.7% | -6.0% | 9.4% | 7.5% | 8.4%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9.1% | 5.5% | 4.7% | 10.4% | 0.0% | 1.7%
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 43 | 68 | 95 | 117 | 154 | 208 | 283 | 4.8% | 3.3% | 2.1% | 2.8% | 3.1% | 3.1%
Coal | 0 | 1 | 3 | 8 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 33.5% | 14.7% | 10.1% | 4.9% | 0.9% | 0.7%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 12 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 19.5%
Oil | 24 | 40 | 47 | 55 | 38 | 21 | 13 | 5.4% | 1.8% | 1.4% | -3.6% | -5.5% | -4.7%
Gas | 4 | 7 | 14 | 17 | 23 | 29 | 22 | 6.6% | 7.4% | 1.8% | 3.3% | 2.3% | -2.9%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 8 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 16.9%
Biomass & Waste | 2 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 20 | 56 | -0.1% | 4.7% | -7.3% | 11.0% | 16.9% | 10.8%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 39 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 19.2%
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Hydro | 13 | 17 | 23 | 24 | 27 | 29 | 30 | 2.8% | 3.4% | 0.5% | 0.9% | 0.8% | 0.3%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 23 | 46 | 72 | n.s. | 12.3% | 24.2% | 16.3% | 7.1% | 4.6%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 13 | 35 | 57 | n.s. | -15.9% | n.s. | 24.6% | 10.8% | 5.0%
Other | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 14 | 14 | 18 | 9.1% | 5.5% | 4.7% | 10.5% | 0.2% | 2.1%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 13 | 18 | 25 | 30 | 41 | 63 | 85 | 3.6% | 2.9% | 1.9% | 3.4% | 4.2% | 3.1%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 5.6% | 1.1% | 10.6% | 3.9% | 0.8% | 1.7%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 21.6%
Oil | 8 | 11 | 15 | 15 | 12 | 10 | 6 | 3.6% | 2.7% | 0.0% | -2.0% | -2.1% | -5.5%
Gas | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 4.3% | 3.6% | 2.8% | 1.0% | 1.7% | -0.5%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 20.2%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 9 | 6.1% | 5.1% | 1.2% | -1.2% | 12.7% | 12.0%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 6 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 20.3%
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Hydro | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 2.3% | 2.9% | 1.2% | 0.9% | 0.8% | 0.3%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 7 | 14 | 21 | n.s. | 14.9% | 21.4% | 15.3% | 6.7% | 4.3%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 7 | 20 | 33 | n.s. | -15.9% | n.s. | 24.9% | 10.8% | 4.9%
Other | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 9.3% | 2.4% | 4.3% | 8.9% | 1.4% | 1.6%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 38 | 46 | 57 | 68 | 81 | 92 | 100 | 1.7% | 2.2% | 1.8% | 1.8% | 1.2% | 0.9%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | -1.0% | 12.3% | 9.7% | 6.3% | -0.2% | -1.0%
Oil | 17 | 21 | 23 | 25 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 2.1% | 0.9% | 1.0% | 0.6% | 0.0% | 0.1%
Gas | 3 | 6 | 12 | 17 | 22 | 23 | 21 | 8.1% | 7.0% | 3.0% | 2.9% | 0.6% | -1.2%
Electricity | 3 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 11 | 15 | 20 | 4.6% | 3.7% | 2.1% | 2.9% | 3.1% | 3.1%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 9.8% | 3.3% | 2.6%
Biomass & Other | 15 | 14 | 14 | 16 | 17 | 21 | 26 | -1.2% | 0.4% | 0.9% | 0.7% | 2.3% | 2.4%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 45% | 36% | 35% | 33% | 38% | 51% | 68% | -2.1% | -0.4% | -0.5% | 1.4% | 2.9% | 2.9%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 17 | 19 | 24 | 31 | 39 | 45 | 51 | 1.2% | 2.2% | 2.7% | 2.4% | 1.4% | 1.3%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | -1.0% | 12.3% | 9.7% | 6.3% | -0.2% | -1.0%
Oil | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 10 | 11 | 13 | 0.2% | -0.8% | 2.1% | 1.8% | 1.1% | 2.0%
Gas | 3 | 6 | 12 | 16 | 19 | 20 | 17 | 8.0% | 7.2% | 2.5% | 2.2% | 0.3% | -1.3%
Electricity | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 4.5% | 2.7% | 2.9% | 3.4% | 2.9% | 3.0%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 6 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 6 | 11 | -3.7% | -6.2% | 2.9% | 1.8% | 6.6% | 5.7%
Buildings | 13 | 15 | 19 | 21 | 24 | 25 | 27 | 1.5% | 2.7% | 1.1% | 1.0% | 0.7% | 0.5%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0.4% | 0.0% | -1.4% | -2.9% | -4.8% | -5.1%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 11.9% | -2.6% | 19.4% | 7.7% | 0.9% | -2.9%
Electricity | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 4.8% | 4.1% | 1.7% | 1.6% | 2.1% | 2.4%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 9.8% | 3.3% | 2.6%
Biomass & Other | 8 | 9 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 0.8% | 3.1% | 0.4% | -0.1% | 0.2% | -0.4%
Agriculture | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -1.3% | -1.6% | 1.2% | 1.4% | 1.3% | 1.2%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -1.6% | -4.4% | 0.1% | -0.2% | -3.6% | -3.8%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -1.4% | 10.5% | 2.3% | 2.5% | 3.0% | 2.5%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3.1% | -2.7% | 4.5% | 4.8% | 7.5% | 3.1%
Transport | 8 | 12 | 14 | 15 | 18 | 20 | 22 | 3.2% | 1.6% | 1.2% | 1.7% | 1.2% | 0.6%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 7 | 11 | 13 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 14 | 4.3% | 2.2% | 0.9% | 0.5% | -0.1% | -1.1%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 17.8% | 5.0% | 1.7%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | -0.7% | 10.0% | 7.6% | 31.8% | 9.8% | 5.6%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | -4.9% | -12.0% | 4.4% | 10.4% | 6.5% | 5.4%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 6 | 6 | 6 | 8 | 11 | 14 | 15 | -0.4% | -0.4% | 4.0% | 3.1% | 2.2% | 0.9%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Rest South America | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 102 | 122 | 140 | 158 | 173 | 184 | 192 | 1.8% | 1.4% | 1.2% | 0.9% | 0.6% | 0.4%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 6 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 16 | 22 | 30 | 0.9% | 2.6% | 2.8% | 3.4% | 3.4% | 3.2%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 3 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 10 | 14 | 0.8% | 2.5% | 2.8% | 3.4% | 3.4% | 3.2%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 12 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 6 | -3.8% | -0.7% | 0.4% | -1.2% | -0.9% | -0.6%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 43 | 37 | 42 | 34 | 32 | 30 | 28 | -1.5% | 1.3% | -2.2% | -0.4% | -0.6% | -0.8%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 45 | 55 | 50 | 59 | 61 | 64 | 66 | 2.0% | -0.8% | 1.5% | 0.4% | 0.4% | 0.4%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 12 | 8 | 13 | 14 | 16 | 17 | 19 | -4.2% | 5.6% | 0.8% | 0.9% | 0.9% | 1.2%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 77 | 85 | 82 | 90 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.6% | 1.0% | -0.3% | 0.8%
Gas | 17 | 26 | 22 | 25 | 37 | 36 | 35 | 4.7% | -1.9% | 1.5% | 4.0% | -0.1% | -0.5%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 872 | 914 | 1 122 | 1 026 | 208 | - 272 | - 594 | 0.5% | 2.1% | -0.9% | -14.7% | n.s. | n.s.
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 891 | 985 | 1 183 | 1 026 | 676 | 524 | 337 | 1.0% | 1.8% | -1.4% | -4.1% | -2.5% | -4.3%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 414 | 504 | 661 | 699 | 644 | 492 | 294 | 2.0% | 2.7% | 0.6% | -0.8% | -2.7% | -5.0%
CO₂ | 206 | 265 | 378 | 419 | 425 | 304 | 133 | 2.6% | 3.6% | 1.0% | 0.1% | -3.3% | -7.9%
CH₄ | 152 | 182 | 210 | 203 | 154 | 127 | 107 | 1.8% | 1.4% | -0.3% | -2.7% | -1.9% | -1.8%
N₂O | 53 | 55 | 70 | 73 | 62 | 58 | 54 | 0.4% | 2.3% | 0.4% | -1.5% | -0.7% | -0.7%
F gases | 4 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | -8.2% | 8.2% | 1.1% | -1.2% | -4.4% | -10.5%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 266 | 338 | 463 | 498 | 486 | 350 | 166 | 2.4% | 3.2% | 0.7% | -0.2% | -3.2% | -7.2%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 188 | 238 | 348 | 387 | 387 | 266 | 97 | 2.4% | 3.9% | 1.1% | 0.0% | -3.7% | -9.6%
Power generation/District heating | 29 | 31 | 62 | 61 | 59 | 2 | - 81 | 0.7% | 7.0% | -0.2% | -0.3% | -28.3% | n.s.
Industry | 44 | 56 | 84 | 91 | 93 | 68 | 34 | 2.5% | 4.1% | 0.8% | 0.2% | -3.1% | -6.6%
Buildings | 17 | 19 | 22 | 25 | 24 | 17 | 11 | 1.6% | 1.1% | 1.6% | -0.6% | -3.2% | -4.1%
Agriculture | 2 | 5 | 6 | 9 | 8 | 6 | 4 | 7.3% | 2.9% | 3.8% | -0.5% | -3.5% | -3.6%
Transport | 65 | 80 | 119 | 145 | 150 | 136 | 115 | 2.1% | 4.1% | 2.0% | 0.3% | -1.0% | -1.6%
Other | 31 | 46 | 55 | 56 | 53 | 37 | 14 | 4.0% | 1.8% | 0.1% | -0.5% | -3.4% | -9.6%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 42 | 149 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 36.1% | 13.5%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 11 | 24 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 19.6% | 8.0%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 5 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 40.8% | 10.7%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 29 | 120 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 15.2%
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 218 | 317 | 362 | 452 | 503 | 491 | 550 | 3.8% | 1.3% | 2.3% | 1.1% | -0.2% | 1.1%
Coal | 15 | 31 | 51 | 70 | 86 | 50 | 32 | 7.6% | 5.1% | 3.3% | 2.0% | -5.2% | -4.5%
Oil | 155 | 229 | 227 | 254 | 215 | 188 | 153 | 3.9% | -0.1% | 1.1% | -1.7% | -1.3% | -2.0%
Natural gas | 25 | 31 | 53 | 72 | 108 | 94 | 75 | 2.3% | 5.4% | 3.2% | 4.1% | -1.4% | -2.2%
Biomass | 13 | 11 | 13 | 33 | 61 | 104 | 216 | -2.2% | 2.1% | 9.6% | 6.4% | 5.5% | 7.5%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 7 | 9 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 36.2% | 18.5% | 2.6%
Hydro | 10 | 16 | 18 | 21 | 25 | 27 | 30 | 4.6% | 1.5% | 1.6% | 1.4% | 1.0% | 1.0%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 7 | 20 | 35 | n.s. | -11.4% | 54.6% | 19.1% | 11.2% | 5.6%
Net Imports | - 129 | - 206 | - 208 | - 279 | - 300 | - 263 | - 283 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | - 11 | - 28 | - 46 | - 63 | - 75 | - 41 | - 22 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | - 111 | - 173 | - 143 | - 165 | - 135 | - 126 | - 105 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | - 4 | - 1 | - 15 | - 33 | - 61 | - 56 | - 44 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | - 15 | - 25 | - 36 | - 104 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - 1 | - 2 | - 3 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | - 2 | - 4 | - 4 | - 4 | - 4 | - 4 | - 4 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 89 | 111 | 154 | 173 | 203 | 228 | 267 | 2.3% | 3.3% | 1.2% | 1.6% | 1.1% | 1.6%
Coal | 4 | 3 | 4 | 7 | 11 | 9 | 9 | -0.9% | 2.4% | 5.7% | 3.8% | -1.4% | -0.2%
Oil | 44 | 55 | 84 | 90 | 81 | 62 | 48 | 2.3% | 4.3% | 0.7% | -1.1% | -2.5% | -2.5%
Natural gas | 20 | 30 | 38 | 39 | 47 | 39 | 31 | 4.0% | 2.2% | 0.4% | 1.8% | -1.9% | -2.2%
Biomass | 13 | 11 | 13 | 18 | 37 | 68 | 112 | -2.2% | 2.1% | 3.2% | 7.3% | 6.5% | 5.0%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 7 | 9 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 36.2% | 18.5% | 2.6%
Hydro | 10 | 16 | 18 | 21 | 25 | 27 | 30 | 4.6% | 1.5% | 1.6% | 1.4% | 1.0% | 1.0%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 7 | 20 | 35 | n.s. | -11.4% | 54.6% | 19.1% | 11.2% | 5.6%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 89 | 111 | 154 | 173 | 203 | 228 | 267 | 2.3% | 3.3% | 1.2% | 1.6% | 1.1% | 1.6%
Energy for Power Generation | 21 | 27 | 42 | 46 | 61 | 85 | 119 | 2.8% | 4.3% | 0.9% | 2.9% | 3.4% | 3.4%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 9 | 14 | 18 | 20 | 25 | 27 | 33 | 3.9% | 3.0% | 1.0% | 2.1% | 0.9% | 1.8%
Final consumption | 67 | 82 | 111 | 131 | 154 | 171 | 194 | 2.0% | 3.1% | 1.7% | 1.6% | 1.1% | 1.3%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 9 | 12 | 17 | 16 | 18 | 18 | 21 | 3.0% | 3.3% | -0.5% | 0.8% | 0.3% | 1.3%
Other Industry | 13 | 15 | 24 | 31 | 40 | 50 | 63 | 1.6% | 4.7% | 2.7% | 2.6% | 2.1% | 2.4%
Non-Energy Use | 2 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 10.1% | -4.8% | -0.7% | 0.7% | -0.1% | 0.0%
Residential | 16 | 16 | 18 | 19 | 21 | 22 | 23 | -0.3% | 1.6% | 0.7% | 0.6% | 0.4% | 0.7%
Services | 3 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 11 | 15 | 19 | 3.6% | 4.0% | 3.1% | 3.3% | 2.6% | 2.8%
Agriculture | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 2.4% | 2.4% | 2.7% | 1.5% | 1.2% | 1.0%
Road | 22 | 27 | 39 | 48 | 54 | 57 | 57 | 2.2% | 3.7% | 2.2% | 1.2% | 0.4% | 0.0%
Rail | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -2.7% | 1.3% | 4.8% | 1.6% | 1.4% | 1.2%
Aviation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | -0.8% | 1.1% | 3.9% | 3.6% | 2.7% | 0.6%
Other Transport | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -5.5% | 2.7% | 3.6% | 2.9% | 0.8% | -0.4%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 11 | 12 | 24 | 23 | 28 | 31 | 46 | 0.9% | 7.2% | -0.2% | 1.9% | 1.0% | 3.9%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 4 | -4.2% | 7.9% | 5.3% | 4.8% | -1.3% | 2.5%
Oil | 3 | 4 | 9 | 9 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 1.9% | 7.8% | 0.6% | -5.9% | -13.9% | -17.8%
Gas | 6 | 7 | 12 | 9 | 12 | 7 | 4 | 0.9% | 6.2% | -2.7% | 2.6% | -4.9% | -4.8%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 7 | 19 | 37 | 1.7% | 17.7% | 6.4% | 12.8% | 10.4% | 6.6%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 154 | 226 | 303 | 363 | 496 | 705 | 974 | 3.9% | 3.0% | 1.8% | 3.2% | 3.6% | 3.3%
Coal | 4 | 3 | 5 | 10 | 18 | 16 | 22 | -3.7% | 6.9% | 7.7% | 5.9% | -1.2% | 2.7%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 19 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 12.6%
Oil | 13 | 16 | 32 | 41 | 22 | 5 | 1 | 2.2% | 7.5% | 2.4% | -5.8% | -13.7% | -17.7%
Gas | 21 | 25 | 50 | 43 | 61 | 40 | 26 | 1.8% | 7.0% | -1.4% | 3.4% | -4.2% | -4.1%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 8 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 9.4%
Biomass & Waste | 1 | 1 | 4 | 8 | 31 | 91 | 182 | 3.6% | 19.1% | 6.5% | 14.3% | 11.5% | 7.2%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 33 | 113 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 13.0%
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 28 | 35 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 36.4% | 18.6% | 2.4%
Hydro | 116 | 182 | 212 | 247 | 285 | 316 | 347 | 4.6% | 1.5% | 1.6% | 1.4% | 1.0% | 1.0%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 46 | 105 | 185 | n.s. | n.s. | 55.0% | 17.7% | 8.7% | 5.9%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 28 | 105 | 174 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 21.6% | 14.0% | 5.2%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | 26.1% | 24.8% | 18.7% | 14.5%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 43 | 55 | 65 | 96 | 145 | 252 | 362 | 2.5% | 1.8% | 4.0% | 4.2% | 5.7% | 3.7%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4.7% | -0.2% | 7.0% | 6.1% | 1.9% | 2.0%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 15.8%
Oil | 6 | 9 | 8 | 15 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 3.3% | -0.6% | 6.0% | -0.1% | 0.5% | 0.8%
Gas | 8 | 10 | 16 | 26 | 26 | 30 | 27 | 1.8% | 5.3% | 4.9% | 0.1% | 1.6% | -1.0%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 15.0%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 19 | 45 | 1.9% | 14.0% | 10.1% | 11.3% | 15.0% | 9.1%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 21 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 16.2%
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 5 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 36.1% | 18.5% | 2.2%
Hydro | 28 | 36 | 40 | 44 | 51 | 57 | 62 | 2.4% | 1.1% | 1.1% | 1.4% | 1.0% | 1.0%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 28 | 60 | 96 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 16.5% | 7.7% | 4.9%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 17 | 63 | 105 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 22.0% | 14.1% | 5.3%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 24.1% | 18.1% | 14.0%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 67 | 82 | 111 | 131 | 154 | 171 | 194 | 2.0% | 3.1% | 1.7% | 1.6% | 1.1% | 1.3%
Coal | 2 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 2.6% | -2.2% | 6.8% | 2.6% | -4.1% | -6.1%
Oil | 36 | 46 | 60 | 70 | 67 | 54 | 42 | 2.6% | 2.7% | 1.5% | -0.5% | -2.0% | -2.4%
Gas | 8 | 11 | 19 | 19 | 24 | 23 | 20 | 3.3% | 5.9% | 0.0% | 2.0% | -0.2% | -1.5%
Electricity | 8 | 12 | 17 | 23 | 32 | 47 | 66 | 3.4% | 4.0% | 2.7% | 3.6% | 3.9% | 3.4%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | n.s. | -17.4% | 31.1% | 19.8% | 12.5% | 5.9%
Biomass & Other | 13 | 10 | 12 | 15 | 24 | 40 | 59 | -2.3% | 1.3% | 2.1% | 5.3% | 5.0% | 4.0%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 34% | 32% | 26% | 27% | 40% | 61% | 79% | -0.5% | -1.9% | 0.4% | 3.7% | 4.4% | 2.6%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 24 | 32 | 44 | 50 | 61 | 71 | 87 | 3.1% | 3.1% | 1.3% | 1.9% | 1.5% | 2.1%
Coal | 2 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 3.0% | -2.2% | 6.9% | 2.7% | -4.1% | -6.1%
Oil | 8 | 12 | 15 | 16 | 14 | 10 | 6 | 4.8% | 2.1% | 0.4% | -1.2% | -3.9% | -4.1%
Gas | 7 | 9 | 16 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 11 | 2.3% | 5.5% | -1.4% | 0.7% | -0.6% | -1.9%
Electricity | 4 | 5 | 7 | 10 | 14 | 21 | 30 | 2.2% | 3.9% | 3.7% | 3.6% | 4.1% | 3.5%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 3 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 12 | 22 | 37 | 1.0% | 2.1% | 4.5% | 6.9% | 6.5% | 5.2%
Buildings | 19 | 20 | 24 | 28 | 32 | 36 | 42 | 0.4% | 2.1% | 1.3% | 1.5% | 1.2% | 1.6%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -5.9% | -3.0% | 3.4% | -7.4% | -16.0% | -16.2%
Oil | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0.4% | 0.3% | -0.1% | -3.7% | -5.2% | -4.8%
Gas | 1 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 5 | 3 | 10.0% | 4.1% | 5.1% | 3.2% | -1.7% | -3.7%
Electricity | 4 | 7 | 10 | 12 | 14 | 18 | 24 | 4.2% | 4.1% | 1.9% | 1.9% | 2.3% | 2.9%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | n.s. | -17.4% | 31.1% | 19.8% | 12.5% | 5.9%
Biomass & Other | 9 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | -3.4% | 0.7% | -0.4% | 1.9% | 1.3% | 0.7%
Agriculture | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 2.4% | 2.4% | 2.7% | 1.5% | 1.2% | 1.0%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 7.2% | 3.0% | 3.8% | -0.5% | -3.5% | -3.6%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | 2.0% | -0.1% | -2.1% | -2.2%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 7.7% | 5.2% | 4.0% | 3.8% | 4.1% | 3.2%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | -3.4% | 0.2% | -1.4% | 5.8% | 6.1% | 2.7%
Transport | 23 | 27 | 39 | 49 | 56 | 58 | 59 | 2.0% | 3.7% | 2.2% | 1.3% | 0.4% | 0.0%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 22 | 27 | 38 | 46 | 46 | 41 | 34 | 1.9% | 3.4% | 2.0% | 0.0% | -1.3% | -1.9%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 28.3% | 23.7% | 2.2% | 7.8% | 3.4% | 1.4%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 7 | 11 | 0.7% | 1.3% | 11.4% | 40.9% | 9.8% | 4.6%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 6 | 9 | -22.0% | n.s. | 18.2% | 11.8% | 6.3% | 4.1%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 9 | 14 | 18 | 20 | 25 | 27 | 33 | 3.9% | 3.0% | 1.0% | 2.1% | 0.9% | 1.8%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Egypt | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 56 | 68 | 82 | 101 | 117 | 134 | 151 | 1.9% | 1.8% | 2.1% | 1.5% | 1.4% | 1.2%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 10 | 14 | 18 | 2.3% | 2.9% | 1.5% | 4.2% | 3.6% | 2.7%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 2.3% | 2.9% | 1.6% | 4.2% | 3.6% | 2.7%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 19 | 17 | 14 | 10 | 8 | 7 | 6 | -1.4% | -1.8% | -3.4% | -2.6% | -1.5% | -0.9%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 29 | 33 | 38 | 37 | 37 | 34 | 31 | 1.4% | 1.3% | -0.2% | -0.1% | -0.7% | -1.0%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 52 | 50 | 49 | 53 | 56 | 59 | 63 | -0.3% | -0.3% | 0.9% | 0.5% | 0.6% | 0.6%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 12 | 18 | 13 | 14 | 16 | 18 | -3.4% | 3.6% | -3.0% | 1.0% | 1.2% | 1.2%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 77 | 85 | 82 | 90 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.6% | 1.0% | -0.3% | 0.8%
Gas | 18 | 21 | 30 | 46 | 47 | 40 | 34 | 1.4% | 3.8% | 4.4% | 0.2% | -1.7% | -1.6%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 138 | 172 | 273 | 306 | 355 | 343 | 255 | 2.2% | 4.8% | 1.1% | 1.5% | -0.4% | -2.9%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 138 | 172 | 274 | 306 | 355 | 343 | 255 | 2.2% | 4.7% | 1.1% | 1.5% | -0.4% | -2.9%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 138 | 172 | 274 | 306 | 355 | 343 | 255 | 2.2% | 4.7% | 1.1% | 1.5% | -0.4% | -2.9%
CO₂ | 92 | 116 | 197 | 228 | 284 | 278 | 205 | 2.3% | 5.5% | 1.4% | 2.2% | -0.2% | -3.0%
CH₄ | 25 | 36 | 48 | 45 | 43 | 38 | 27 | 3.7% | 3.0% | -0.7% | -0.4% | -1.2% | -3.5%
N₂O | 19 | 18 | 24 | 30 | 26 | 25 | 22 | -0.8% | 3.2% | 2.3% | -1.5% | -0.2% | -1.2%
F gases | 2 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 3.5% | 2.8% | -1.3% | -4.0% | -3.1% | -6.0%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 120 | 147 | 245 | 269 | 317 | 305 | 222 | 2.1% | 5.3% | 0.9% | 1.6% | -0.4% | -3.1%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 81 | 99 | 171 | 193 | 237 | 222 | 152 | 2.1% | 5.6% | 1.2% | 2.1% | -0.6% | -3.7%
Power generation/District heating | 22 | 27 | 62 | 77 | 93 | 72 | 16 | 2.0% | 8.7% | 2.1% | 2.0% | -2.5% | -14.1%
Industry | 26 | 23 | 30 | 32 | 37 | 37 | 33 | -1.1% | 2.6% | 0.7% | 1.4% | 0.1% | -1.2%
Buildings | 11 | 12 | 18 | 18 | 23 | 19 | 10 | 1.6% | 3.7% | 0.2% | 2.2% | -1.8% | -5.9%
Agriculture | 0 | 0 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 6 | 4 | n.s. | 40.6% | 1.3% | 0.5% | -3.0% | -3.5%
Transport | 16 | 29 | 39 | 45 | 58 | 66 | 63 | 6.1% | 3.1% | 1.5% | 2.6% | 1.4% | -0.5%
Other | 6 | 8 | 16 | 14 | 18 | 22 | 25 | 2.1% | 7.1% | -1.5% | 2.7% | 2.0% | 1.5%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 19 | 96 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 48.3% | 17.2%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 8 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 38.1% | 14.0%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 17 | 55 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 52.4% | 12.4%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 32 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 18.7% | n.s.
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 54 | 55 | 88 | 89 | 109 | 119 | 120 | 0.2% | 4.8% | 0.1% | 2.0% | 0.9% | 0.1%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 45 | 35 | 34 | 26 | 21 | 17 | 15 | -2.4% | -0.2% | -2.8% | -2.3% | -2.0% | -1.3%
Natural gas | 7 | 17 | 51 | 58 | 79 | 81 | 74 | 9.9% | 11.3% | 1.3% | 3.2% | 0.2% | -0.9%
Biomass | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 5 | -1.7% | 1.7% | -1.8% | 2.8% | 1.7% | 8.3%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 6.9% | 10.6%
Hydro | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3.3% | -0.5% | 1.0% | 1.2% | 0.6% | 0.4%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 6 | 18 | 26 | 14.1% | 16.7% | 33.1% | 8.5% | 12.0% | 3.5%
Net Imports | - 22 | - 14 | - 15 | - 2 | 4 | 11 | 30 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | - 23 | - 12 | - 1 | 10 | 21 | 23 | 24 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | 0 | - 3 | - 15 | - 14 | - 20 | - 17 | - 6 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 7 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 32 | 41 | 73 | 87 | 112 | 131 | 150 | 2.4% | 6.0% | 1.9% | 2.5% | 1.5% | 1.4%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 2.4% | -6.2% | 14.1% | 4.9% | 4.0% | 2.9%
Oil | 22 | 23 | 34 | 36 | 42 | 40 | 38 | 0.3% | 3.9% | 0.8% | 1.3% | -0.3% | -0.5%
Natural gas | 7 | 14 | 36 | 44 | 59 | 64 | 68 | 7.9% | 9.5% | 2.1% | 2.9% | 0.8% | 0.5%
Biomass | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 11 | -1.9% | 1.7% | -1.6% | 3.7% | 3.9% | 14.9%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 6.9% | 10.6%
Hydro | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3.3% | -0.5% | 1.0% | 1.2% | 0.6% | 0.4%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 6 | 18 | 26 | 14.1% | 16.7% | 33.1% | 8.5% | 12.0% | 3.5%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 32 | 41 | 73 | 87 | 112 | 131 | 150 | 2.4% | 6.0% | 1.9% | 2.5% | 1.5% | 1.4%
Energy for Power Generation | 9 | 12 | 26 | 35 | 44 | 56 | 77 | 3.1% | 8.0% | 3.0% | 2.5% | 2.3% | 3.3%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 2 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 10 | 14 | 0.6% | 5.6% | 1.2% | 4.0% | 3.6% | 3.4%
Final consumption | 24 | 32 | 53 | 63 | 82 | 97 | 105 | 2.8% | 5.3% | 1.7% | 2.7% | 1.7% | 0.7%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1.0% | -5.3% | 10.5% | -2.2% | -1.4% | -0.6%
Other Industry | 10 | 9 | 14 | 15 | 19 | 21 | 22 | -0.3% | 4.1% | 0.7% | 2.3% | 1.1% | 0.2%
Non-Energy Use | 2 | 3 | 7 | 8 | 11 | 14 | 14 | 4.0% | 7.7% | 1.8% | 3.6% | 1.7% | 0.3%
Residential | 6 | 7 | 12 | 14 | 18 | 20 | 21 | 2.8% | 4.9% | 2.0% | 2.2% | 1.3% | 0.5%
Services | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 10 | 11.3% | 6.9% | 3.5% | 3.8% | 4.1% | 3.2%
Agriculture | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 10.1% | 24.9% | 2.1% | 2.1% | 2.0% | 1.8%
Road | 5 | 8 | 14 | 16 | 22 | 27 | 29 | 4.9% | 5.1% | 1.7% | 3.0% | 2.0% | 0.6%
Rail | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 4.6% | 4.0% | 3.1%
Aviation | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 8.0% | 2.5% | 1.2% | 4.2% | 2.9% | 1.4%
Other Transport | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | n.s. | -3.5% | -5.4% | 4.1% | 1.5% | -0.9%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 8 | 11 | 25 | 31 | 37 | 36 | 50 | 3.0% | 8.6% | 2.3% | 1.8% | -0.3% | 3.3%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 25.0% | 7.0% | 5.4%
Oil | 4 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 4 | 4 | -6.9% | 10.1% | -0.5% | 1.7% | -4.7% | 1.6%
Gas | 4 | 9 | 20 | 26 | 31 | 31 | 35 | 8.3% | 8.3% | 2.9% | 1.6% | 0.0% | 1.3%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 36.5%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 42 | 78 | 147 | 212 | 285 | 401 | 543 | 6.3% | 6.5% | 3.7% | 3.0% | 3.5% | 3.1%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 8 | 14 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 25.4% | 7.0% | 5.3%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 10 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 15.8%
Oil | 13 | 22 | 20 | 22 | 26 | 16 | 19 | 5.2% | -1.2% | 1.0% | 1.7% | -4.7% | 1.7%
Gas | 19 | 42 | 112 | 148 | 180 | 181 | 210 | 8.3% | 10.3% | 2.8% | 1.9% | 0.0% | 1.5%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 41 | 138 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 12.8%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 43 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 37.5%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 40 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Hydro | 10 | 14 | 13 | 14 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 3.3% | -0.5% | 1.0% | 1.2% | 0.6% | 0.4%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 1 | 26 | 55 | 139 | 172 | n.s. | 27.0% | 33.1% | 7.7% | 9.8% | 2.1%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 38 | 66 | n.s. | n.s. | 29.0% | 29.4% | 23.5% | 5.8%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 22.9% | 18.9%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 12 | 19 | 26 | 51 | 71 | 119 | 142 | 5.1% | 3.3% | 6.8% | 3.3% | 5.4% | 1.7%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 25.6% | 7.0% | 5.1%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 15.8%
Oil | 4 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 6 | 7 | 3.5% | -2.5% | 2.9% | 1.6% | -1.8% | 1.2%
Gas | 5 | 10 | 18 | 33 | 40 | 46 | 36 | 8.3% | 6.2% | 6.1% | 1.9% | 1.4% | -2.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 19 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 13.5%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 37.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Hydro | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 0.3% | 0.2% | 0.8% | 1.2% | 0.6% | 0.4%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 1 | 8 | 16 | 41 | 50 | n.s. | 40.0% | 31.0% | 7.2% | 9.4% | 2.0%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 21 | 38 | n.s. | n.s. | 29.1% | 29.6% | 23.6% | 5.8%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 22.3% | 18.4%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 24 | 32 | 53 | 63 | 82 | 97 | 105 | 2.8% | 5.3% | 1.7% | 2.7% | 1.7% | 0.7%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1.0% | -5.3% | 12.2% | 1.1% | -0.3% | -1.0%
Oil | 16 | 20 | 30 | 32 | 36 | 37 | 34 | 2.2% | 3.8% | 0.7% | 1.2% | 0.2% | -0.7%
Gas | 2 | 4 | 11 | 14 | 22 | 25 | 22 | 5.0% | 10.7% | 2.4% | 4.9% | 1.3% | -1.5%
Electricity | 3 | 6 | 11 | 14 | 19 | 28 | 37 | 5.9% | 6.8% | 3.0% | 3.1% | 3.6% | 3.1%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 5 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 9.3% | 14.7% | 5.9%
Biomass & Other | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | -1.9% | 1.7% | -1.3% | 4.2% | 4.1% | 4.0%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 11% | 8% | 6% | 9% | 12% | 27% | 38% | -2.6% | -3.6% | 4.2% | 3.7% | 8.0% | 3.6%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 13 | 13 | 21 | 24 | 31 | 36 | 37 | 0.6% | 4.8% | 1.3% | 2.6% | 1.3% | 0.3%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1.0% | -5.3% | 12.2% | 1.1% | -0.3% | -1.0%
Oil | 8 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 10 | -0.9% | 1.0% | 0.5% | 0.9% | 0.5% | 0.8%
Gas | 2 | 4 | 10 | 11 | 15 | 17 | 16 | 4.4% | 10.4% | 1.4% | 3.3% | 1.2% | -1.0%
Electricity | 1 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 3.8% | 5.2% | 0.9% | 3.5% | 2.8% | 2.4%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 37.7% | 2.1% | 0.0%
Buildings | 6 | 9 | 14 | 18 | 23 | 27 | 31 | 3.6% | 5.2% | 2.2% | 2.5% | 1.9% | 1.3%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 3 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1.1% | 3.1% | -1.9% | -3.3% | -5.0% | -6.2%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 6 | 6 | 3 | 16.9% | 9.7% | 9.7% | 10.1% | 0.0% | -5.7%
Electricity | 2 | 3 | 7 | 10 | 12 | 16 | 21 | 7.5% | 7.7% | 3.7% | 2.2% | 2.9% | 2.8%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 5 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 9.3% | 14.7% | 5.9%
Biomass & Other | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2.1% | 1.7% | -1.6% | -0.6% | -2.5% | -4.4%
Agriculture | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 10.1% | 24.9% | 2.1% | 2.1% | 2.0% | 1.8%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1 | n.s. | 40.6% | 1.3% | 0.5% | -3.0% | -3.5%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 6.9% | 6.9% | 5.6% | 5.3% | 6.8% | 4.3%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 15.7% | 4.2%
Transport | 5 | 10 | 15 | 17 | 24 | 29 | 31 | 6.0% | 4.5% | 1.6% | 3.1% | 2.1% | 0.7%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 5 | 10 | 15 | 17 | 21 | 23 | 22 | 6.0% | 4.3% | 1.4% | 2.3% | 1.0% | -0.8%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | 4.2% | 9.8% | 5.8% | 2.3%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 28.1% | 10.4% | 5.7%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 25.4% | 11.7% | 9.2%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 2 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 10 | 14 | 0.6% | 5.6% | 1.2% | 4.0% | 3.6% | 3.4%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Algeria & Libya | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 30 | 37 | 42 | 50 | 56 | 60 | 65 | 1.9% | 1.5% | 1.6% | 1.1% | 0.8% | 0.7%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 5 | 7 | 6 | 8 | 12 | 16 | 21 | 2.9% | -0.7% | 2.6% | 3.9% | 3.1% | 2.3%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 3.7% | 2.6% | 0.8% | 3.9% | 3.1% | 2.3%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 8 | 5 | 7 | 10 | 8 | 7 | 7 | -3.9% | 2.6% | 4.1% | -1.9% | -1.1% | -0.6%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 33 | 34 | 62 | 45 | 43 | 39 | 35 | 0.5% | 6.0% | -3.1% | -0.5% | -0.9% | -1.0%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 59 | 60 | 32 | 45 | 49 | 53 | 58 | 0.2% | -6.2% | 3.6% | 0.8% | 0.9% | 0.8%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 12 | 18 | 13 | 14 | 16 | 18 | -3.4% | 3.6% | -3.0% | 1.0% | 1.2% | 1.2%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 77 | 85 | 82 | 90 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.6% | 1.0% | -0.3% | 0.8%
Gas | 18 | 21 | 30 | 46 | 47 | 40 | 34 | 1.4% | 3.8% | 4.4% | 0.2% | -1.7% | -1.6%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 169 | 198 | 253 | 337 | 364 | 285 | 176 | 1.6% | 2.5% | 2.9% | 0.8% | -2.4% | -4.7%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 169 | 199 | 254 | 338 | 366 | 287 | 179 | 1.6% | 2.5% | 2.9% | 0.8% | -2.4% | -4.6%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 167 | 197 | 252 | 336 | 363 | 284 | 176 | 1.7% | 2.5% | 2.9% | 0.8% | -2.4% | -4.7%
CO₂ | 113 | 134 | 179 | 281 | 317 | 245 | 146 | 1.7% | 3.0% | 4.6% | 1.2% | -2.6% | -5.0%
CH₄ | 48 | 57 | 64 | 44 | 37 | 31 | 23 | 1.7% | 1.2% | -3.8% | -1.5% | -1.9% | -2.9%
N₂O | 6 | 5 | 7 | 10 | 8 | 8 | 7 | -0.4% | 2.9% | 3.1% | -1.5% | -0.3% | -1.5%
F gases | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4.0% | 3.0% | 0.2% | -3.0% | -2.1% | -2.6%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 159 | 189 | 242 | 322 | 350 | 271 | 165 | 1.7% | 2.5% | 2.9% | 0.8% | -2.5% | -4.9%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 80 | 102 | 145 | 231 | 266 | 199 | 107 | 2.5% | 3.5% | 4.8% | 1.4% | -2.9% | -6.0%
Power generation/District heating | 18 | 32 | 47 | 65 | 91 | 45 | - 14 | 5.8% | 4.1% | 3.2% | 3.4% | -6.9% | n.s.
Industry | 8 | 10 | 15 | 22 | 16 | 11 | 7 | 2.0% | 4.2% | 4.1% | -2.9% | -4.1% | -4.0%
Buildings | 10 | 14 | 20 | 30 | 28 | 17 | 10 | 3.6% | 3.7% | 4.3% | -0.7% | -4.8% | -5.5%
Agriculture | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.9% | 17.6% | 6.6% | -0.1% | -2.7% | -2.9%
Transport | 18 | 23 | 46 | 80 | 91 | 88 | 73 | 2.6% | 7.1% | 5.8% | 1.3% | -0.4% | -1.9%
Other | 26 | 24 | 17 | 34 | 39 | 39 | 31 | -0.9% | -3.4% | 6.9% | 1.6% | -0.2% | -2.1%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 38 | 109 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 47.6% | 43.6% | 11.0%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 16.7% | 30.3% | 12.6%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 24 | 57 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 38.5% | 9.0%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 49 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 20.8% | n.s. | 14.0%
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 179 | 227 | 255 | 218 | 273 | 275 | 253 | 2.4% | 1.1% | -1.5% | 2.3% | 0.1% | -0.8%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 133 | 150 | 174 | 125 | 131 | 128 | 120 | 1.2% | 1.5% | -3.3% | 0.5% | -0.2% | -0.7%
Natural gas | 46 | 77 | 80 | 93 | 140 | 139 | 125 | 5.3% | 0.4% | 1.5% | 4.2% | 0.0% | -1.1%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3.6% | 1.1% | 11.4% | 8.9% | 5.0% | -11.7%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 7.6% | -0.4%
Hydro | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -8.8% | 12.4% | 6.4% | 1.6% | 1.5% | 0.5%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 8 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 33.8% | 23.1% | 5.3%
Net Imports | - 145 | - 185 | - 195 | - 123 | - 160 | - 162 | - 132 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | - 116 | - 129 | - 144 | - 78 | - 80 | - 86 | - 82 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | - 30 | - 56 | - 51 | - 45 | - 81 | - 82 | - 71 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 19 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 34 | 43 | 60 | 95 | 113 | 112 | 120 | 2.3% | 3.5% | 4.7% | 1.7% | 0.0% | 0.7%
Coal | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2.6% | -4.1% | 0.4% | 6.9% | 6.4% | 0.1%
Oil | 17 | 21 | 30 | 46 | 51 | 42 | 38 | 2.0% | 3.8% | 4.3% | 0.9% | -2.0% | -1.1%
Natural gas | 16 | 21 | 29 | 48 | 59 | 57 | 53 | 2.6% | 3.3% | 5.1% | 2.1% | -0.3% | -0.7%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 7 | 20 | 3.6% | 1.1% | 9.4% | 12.9% | 15.2% | 10.6%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 7.6% | -0.4%
Hydro | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -8.8% | 12.4% | 6.4% | 1.6% | 1.5% | 0.5%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 8 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 33.8% | 23.1% | 5.3%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 34 | 43 | 60 | 95 | 113 | 112 | 120 | 2.3% | 3.5% | 4.7% | 1.7% | 0.0% | 0.7%
Energy for Power Generation | 7 | 12 | 19 | 26 | 37 | 42 | 57 | 5.8% | 4.5% | 3.3% | 3.7% | 1.4% | 3.0%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 11 | 9 | 7 | 12 | 16 | 18 | 20 | -1.9% | -2.6% | 6.2% | 2.7% | 1.1% | 1.1%
Final consumption | 18 | 24 | 40 | 64 | 72 | 70 | 68 | 3.0% | 5.0% | 5.0% | 1.1% | -0.3% | -0.2%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | -1.6% | 12.1% | 6.5% | -4.4% | -4.4% | -1.9%
Other Industry | 3 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 3.3% | 2.0% | 3.7% | 0.2% | -1.8% | -0.1%
Non-Energy Use | 3 | 5 | 5 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 3.5% | 1.5% | 3.8% | 1.6% | -0.2% | 0.0%
Residential | 4 | 6 | 8 | 12 | 12 | 10 | 9 | 4.5% | 3.0% | 4.3% | -0.1% | -2.0% | -0.5%
Services | 0 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 4.3% | 17.7% | 4.6% | 3.3% | 1.0% | 1.6%
Agriculture | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.9% | 10.0% | 2.5% | 2.4% | 2.1% | 1.9%
Road | 7 | 8 | 16 | 28 | 33 | 35 | 33 | 2.2% | 6.5% | 5.9% | 1.9% | 0.4% | -0.5%
Rail | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.2% | 9.5% | 2.9% | 0.5% | 0.0% | -0.4%
Aviation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7.2% | 26.5% | 8.7% | 1.6% | 0.9% | 0.4%
Other Transport | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.9% | 9.8% | 4.5% | 1.8% | -0.4% | -1.7%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 7 | 12 | 19 | 26 | 36 | 38 | 50 | 5.9% | 4.5% | 3.3% | 3.5% | 0.4% | 2.7%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 30.5% | 9.0% | 4.1%
Oil | 3 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 3 | 5 | 5.1% | 0.5% | 2.5% | 2.2% | -8.2% | 4.7%
Gas | 4 | 7 | 14 | 19 | 28 | 28 | 27 | 6.3% | 6.5% | 3.6% | 3.7% | 0.1% | -0.3%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 16 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 34.7% | 11.2%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 27 | 43 | 81 | 130 | 201 | 244 | 326 | 4.6% | 6.5% | 4.8% | 4.5% | 2.0% | 2.9%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 30.9% | 8.9% | 3.9%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 13.5%
Oil | 11 | 13 | 18 | 27 | 33 | 15 | 23 | 1.5% | 3.6% | 3.8% | 2.3% | -7.7% | 4.3%
Gas | 16 | 30 | 62 | 102 | 160 | 170 | 166 | 6.4% | 7.6% | 5.1% | 4.5% | 0.6% | -0.2%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 56 | 132 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 8.9%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 27 | 81 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 34.8% | 11.6%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 17 | 60 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 13.2%
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Hydro | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -8.8% | 12.4% | 6.4% | 1.6% | 1.5% | 0.5%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 20 | 32 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 41.6% | 18.8% | 4.7%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 9 | 20 | n.s. | n.s. | 38.0% | 14.2% | 25.4% | 8.1%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 27.0% | 15.9%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 8 | 11 | 20 | 30 | 39 | 59 | 68 | 2.7% | 6.2% | 4.4% | 2.6% | 4.2% | 1.4%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 31.2% | 8.6% | 3.8%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 13.6%
Oil | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 6 | -0.5% | -0.1% | 2.8% | 3.1% | 0.4% | -1.7%
Gas | 4 | 6 | 15 | 24 | 29 | 32 | 22 | 5.8% | 9.1% | 4.7% | 1.7% | 1.1% | -3.6%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 17 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 9.0%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 11 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 34.3% | 11.7%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 8 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 13.3%
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Hydro | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.4% | 0.0% | -0.8% | 1.6% | 1.5% | 0.5%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 8 | 12 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 40.5% | 18.1% | 4.3%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 7 | 16 | n.s. | n.s. | 48.1% | 10.1% | 24.9% | 7.8%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 26.4% | 15.3%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 18 | 24 | 40 | 64 | 72 | 70 | 68 | 3.0% | 5.0% | 5.0% | 1.1% | -0.3% | -0.2%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -3.2% | -0.9% | 1.0% | 2.3% | -2.3% | -3.2%
Oil | 12 | 15 | 23 | 38 | 41 | 37 | 31 | 2.3% | 4.9% | 4.9% | 0.8% | -1.0% | -1.7%
Gas | 4 | 7 | 11 | 18 | 18 | 14 | 11 | 4.6% | 4.6% | 5.4% | -0.3% | -2.1% | -2.8%
Electricity | 2 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 11 | 14 | 19 | 4.7% | 7.5% | 3.8% | 4.5% | 2.1% | 3.0%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 27.5% | 4.4%
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 3.6% | 1.1% | 14.4% | 6.9% | 3.5% | 6.9%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 1% | 1% | 1% | 1% | 3% | 14% | 31% | 0.0% | -3.6% | 2.3% | 12.7% | 18.2% | 8.3%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 7 | 9 | 12 | 19 | 19 | 16 | 16 | 2.9% | 3.0% | 4.3% | 0.0% | -1.3% | -0.2%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -3.2% | -0.9% | 1.0% | 2.3% | -2.3% | -3.2%
Oil | 2 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 7 | 2.6% | 2.8% | 3.3% | 1.3% | -0.7% | 0.7%
Gas | 3 | 5 | 6 | 10 | 8 | 7 | 5 | 3.7% | 3.1% | 4.6% | -2.0% | -2.3% | -2.7%
Electricity | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 2.7% | 4.0% | 6.3% | 3.2% | -0.1% | 1.7%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 3.8% | -8.6% | 23.2%
Buildings | 4 | 7 | 11 | 17 | 19 | 17 | 18 | 4.5% | 5.3% | 4.4% | 1.0% | -0.9% | 0.4%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2.3% | 1.0% | 2.1% | -1.8% | -5.5% | -5.5%
Gas | 1 | 2 | 4 | 8 | 8 | 5 | 3 | 6.9% | 7.5% | 6.2% | 0.0% | -4.4% | -5.5%
Electricity | 1 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 10 | 6.6% | 9.0% | 2.9% | 3.7% | 1.5% | 2.6%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 27.5% | 4.4%
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3.6% | 1.1% | 13.0% | 1.7% | -4.6% | 4.0%
Agriculture | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.9% | 10.0% | 2.5% | 2.4% | 2.1% | 1.9%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.9% | 12.0% | 1.6% | -0.4% | -3.5% | -3.8%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | 11.7% | 0.1% | -2.2% | -2.5%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1.0% | 8.8% | 1.1% | 2.9% | 2.9% | 2.4%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 9.5% | 4.3%
Transport | 7 | 9 | 16 | 28 | 34 | 36 | 34 | 2.2% | 6.6% | 5.8% | 1.9% | 0.4% | -0.5%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 7 | 9 | 16 | 28 | 31 | 29 | 23 | 2.2% | 6.6% | 5.7% | 0.9% | -0.7% | -2.1%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 20.9% | 5.3% | 0.7%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 3.0% | 7.5% | 7.8% | 27.2% | 8.8% | 5.7%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 34.7% | 9.9% | 7.0%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 11 | 9 | 7 | 12 | 16 | 18 | 20 | -1.9% | -2.6% | 6.2% | 2.7% | 1.1% | 1.1%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Morocco & Tunisia | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 33 | 39 | 43 | 49 | 53 | 56 | 58 | 1.6% | 1.1% | 1.2% | 0.8% | 0.5% | 0.3%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 3 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 11 | 16 | 23 | 1.7% | 3.7% | 3.2% | 4.2% | 4.1% | 3.4%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 8 | 11 | 1.9% | 3.7% | 3.1% | 4.2% | 4.1% | 3.4%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 17 | 13 | 12 | 10 | 8 | 7 | 6 | -3.2% | -0.1% | -2.0% | -2.3% | -1.5% | -0.9%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 32 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 29 | 26 | 22 | -0.6% | -0.2% | 0.0% | -0.3% | -1.1% | -1.6%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 51 | 57 | 58 | 60 | 63 | 67 | 72 | 1.2% | 0.1% | 0.4% | 0.5% | 0.6% | 0.6%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 12 | 18 | 13 | 14 | 16 | 18 | -3.4% | 3.6% | -3.0% | 1.0% | 1.2% | 1.2%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 77 | 85 | 82 | 90 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.6% | 1.0% | -0.3% | 0.8%
Gas | 18 | 21 | 30 | 46 | 47 | 40 | 34 | 1.4% | 3.8% | 4.4% | 0.2% | -1.7% | -1.6%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 50 | 69 | 104 | 131 | 155 | 152 | 124 | 3.2% | 4.2% | 2.4% | 1.7% | -0.2% | -2.0%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 59 | 79 | 104 | 131 | 158 | 155 | 128 | 3.0% | 2.8% | 2.3% | 1.9% | -0.2% | -1.9%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 58 | 78 | 103 | 130 | 158 | 155 | 128 | 3.0% | 2.9% | 2.3% | 2.0% | -0.2% | -1.9%
CO₂ | 37 | 54 | 77 | 101 | 128 | 127 | 104 | 3.8% | 3.6% | 2.8% | 2.4% | -0.1% | -1.9%
CH₄ | 13 | 16 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 20 | 16 | 2.1% | 1.3% | 0.5% | 0.6% | -0.4% | -1.9%
N₂O | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 8 | -0.2% | 0.6% | 1.2% | -0.1% | -0.6% | -1.1%
F gases | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 45 | 64 | 89 | 115 | 142 | 140 | 115 | 3.5% | 3.4% | 2.5% | 2.2% | -0.2% | -2.0%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 32 | 47 | 67 | 89 | 112 | 109 | 88 | 4.0% | 3.7% | 2.8% | 2.3% | -0.3% | -2.1%
Power generation/District heating | 12 | 17 | 24 | 33 | 42 | 37 | 24 | 3.9% | 3.7% | 3.0% | 2.5% | -1.4% | -4.2%
Industry | 8 | 8 | 11 | 14 | 16 | 15 | 12 | 0.0% | 2.3% | 2.7% | 1.7% | -1.0% | -2.2%
Buildings | 3 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 14 | 15 | 12 | 5.8% | 2.9% | 2.5% | 4.9% | 0.9% | -2.6%
Agriculture | 2 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 6.6% | 4.7% | 2.1% | -0.9% | -3.3% | -3.5%
Transport | 6 | 12 | 17 | 24 | 29 | 33 | 33 | 6.4% | 3.8% | 3.1% | 2.0% | 1.3% | -0.1%
Other | 1 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4.8% | 9.7% | 1.0% | 2.9% | 0.8% | 0.1%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 32 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 37.0% | 16.6%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 15 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 33.1% | 15.7%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 16 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 47.1% | 17.3%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 11.4% | 21.4%
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 7 | 8 | 10 | 11 | 19 | 28 | 38 | 0.8% | 2.5% | 1.0% | 5.5% | 4.4% | 3.0%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -22.5% | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 9 | 11 | -2.2% | 0.6% | -0.9% | 4.8% | 3.9% | 2.5%
Natural gas | 0 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 8 | 11 | 15 | 17.5% | 6.0% | 3.2% | 6.2% | 3.9% | 2.7%
Biomass | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2.7% | 1.2% | -2.6% | 3.6% | 0.0% | 0.2%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 16.8% | 10.6%
Hydro | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -4.7% | 16.8% | -2.8% | 1.5% | 0.9% | 0.6%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 6 | 10 | n.s. | 29.8% | 25.6% | 8.7% | 9.8% | 5.2%
Net Imports | 5 | 11 | 17 | 24 | 28 | 24 | 20 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 1 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 6 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | 3 | 7 | 11 | 16 | 16 | 11 | 6 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | 1 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 7 | 8 | 7 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 12 | 18 | 27 | 35 | 46 | 53 | 58 | 3.9% | 4.0% | 2.7% | 2.8% | 1.3% | 1.1%
Coal | 1 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 8.4% | 0.2% | 4.2% | 2.2% | -0.6% | 1.6%
Oil | 8 | 10 | 16 | 20 | 21 | 20 | 17 | 2.4% | 4.1% | 2.7% | 0.6% | -0.9% | -1.2%
Natural gas | 1 | 3 | 6 | 7 | 14 | 19 | 22 | 8.2% | 7.4% | 2.7% | 6.7% | 2.8% | 1.6%
Biomass | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2.7% | 1.2% | -2.4% | 3.4% | -0.1% | 0.2%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 16.8% | 10.6%
Hydro | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -4.7% | 16.8% | -2.8% | 1.5% | 0.9% | 0.6%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 6 | 10 | n.s. | 29.8% | 25.6% | 8.7% | 9.8% | 5.2%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 12 | 18 | 27 | 35 | 46 | 53 | 58 | 3.9% | 4.0% | 2.7% | 2.8% | 1.3% | 1.1%
Energy for Power Generation | 4 | 5 | 8 | 12 | 17 | 21 | 29 | 3.7% | 4.4% | 3.4% | 3.6% | 2.3% | 3.3%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4.3% | 13.5% | 3.6% | 4.3% | 1.6% | 1.6%
Final consumption | 9 | 14 | 20 | 26 | 34 | 39 | 42 | 4.2% | 3.6% | 2.6% | 2.7% | 1.4% | 0.8%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 0.1% | 20.9% | 4.1% | 1.5% | -0.3% | -0.9%
Other Industry | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 1.2% | -2.5% | 2.5% | 3.6% | 1.6% | 0.7%
Non-Energy Use | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8.5% | 4.7% | 3.3% | -0.4% | -1.9% | -3.0%
Residential | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 4.5% | 2.9% | 1.4% | 2.7% | 0.7% | 0.5%
Services | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 3.6% | 4.9% | 0.8% | 5.8% | 3.2% | 2.4%
Agriculture | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 6.5% | 4.9% | 2.3% | 1.8% | 1.7% | 1.5%
Road | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 13 | 14 | 6.1% | 3.6% | 3.2% | 2.7% | 2.0% | 0.9%
Rail | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5.7% | 3.4% | 2.0% | 0.9% | 0.7% | 0.2%
Aviation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | 6.4% | 4.2% | 3.5% | 1.8%
Other Transport | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9.9% | 5.3% | 4.0% | 2.8% | 0.7% | -0.9%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 4 | 5 | 8 | 10 | 14 | 15 | 19 | 3.8% | 4.1% | 2.8% | 3.0% | 0.5% | 2.4%
Coal | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 10.9% | 2.7% | 3.1% | 0.9% | -1.2% | 2.9%
Oil | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | -5.9% | 1.7% | 6.4% | 1.9% | -3.1% | -1.3%
Gas | 1 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 7 | 9 | 12 | 9.2% | 6.2% | 0.9% | 5.1% | 2.5% | 3.0%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 15 | 23 | 40 | 61 | 96 | 144 | 199 | 4.3% | 5.4% | 4.3% | 4.7% | 4.1% | 3.3%
Coal | 2 | 9 | 11 | 16 | 18 | 17 | 24 | 14.8% | 2.2% | 3.7% | 1.4% | -0.6% | 3.6%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 19 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 18.5%
Oil | 8 | 5 | 6 | 11 | 13 | 10 | 8 | -5.8% | 2.4% | 6.3% | 2.0% | -2.9% | -1.4%
Gas | 4 | 9 | 19 | 21 | 36 | 48 | 70 | 9.6% | 7.2% | 1.1% | 5.6% | 3.1% | 3.7%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 41 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 18.0%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Hydro | 1 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | -4.7% | 16.8% | -2.8% | 1.5% | 0.9% | 0.6%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 1 | 10 | 20 | 38 | 53 | n.s. | 24.8% | 29.3% | 6.8% | 6.5% | 3.5%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 28 | 39 | n.s. | n.s. | 21.5% | 29.6% | 16.6% | 3.3%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 28.9% | 18.4% | 14.4%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 4 | 7 | 10 | 17 | 26 | 48 | 61 | 6.8% | 3.5% | 5.2% | 4.6% | 6.2% | 2.4%
Coal | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 12.1% | 2.1% | 4.4% | 3.1% | 0.8% | -1.5%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 18.8%
Oil | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3.4% | -0.6% | 1.1% | 1.7% | 0.6% | -1.3%
Gas | 1 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 12 | 10.7% | 7.7% | 2.6% | 2.2% | 3.2% | 2.8%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 6 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 19.0%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Hydro | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4.3% | 1.4% | 1.8% | 1.4% | 0.9% | 0.6%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 7 | 13 | 17 | n.s. | 18.7% | 27.9% | 6.3% | 5.9% | 2.9%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 16 | 23 | n.s. | n.s. | 21.7% | 29.9% | 16.6% | 3.4%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 17.8% | 13.9%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 9 | 14 | 20 | 26 | 34 | 39 | 42 | 4.2% | 3.6% | 2.6% | 2.7% | 1.4% | 0.8%
Coal | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2.8% | -30.6% | 37.3% | 10.2% | -0.2% | -3.9%
Oil | 6 | 9 | 14 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 15 | 4.3% | 4.1% | 2.1% | 0.4% | -0.5% | -1.2%
Gas | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 6 | 8 | 8 | 6.1% | 6.1% | 8.2% | 9.2% | 3.1% | -0.7%
Electricity | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 11 | 14 | 5.2% | 5.5% | 3.7% | 4.5% | 4.0% | 3.1%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | 6.2% | -4.0% | 18.7% | 25.4%
Biomass & Other | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2.7% | 1.2% | -2.4% | 2.7% | 1.2% | 1.9%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 16% | 14% | 13% | 11% | 13% | 22% | 30% | -1.6% | -1.0% | -1.7% | 2.4% | 4.9% | 3.4%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 3 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 1.7% | 3.2% | 3.3% | 2.2% | 0.5% | -0.1%
Coal | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2.8% | -30.6% | 37.3% | 10.2% | -0.2% | -3.9%
Oil | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 2 | -0.3% | 5.5% | 1.9% | -1.5% | -4.0% | -4.4%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 5.1% | 5.7% | 2.1% | 5.7% | 3.6% | 0.7%
Electricity | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 4.3% | 3.1% | 5.3% | 4.1% | 2.9% | 2.0%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | 1.5% | 3.6% | 3.8% | -2.6% | -2.2%
Buildings | 3 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 10 | 11 | 13 | 4.3% | 3.4% | 1.2% | 3.6% | 1.6% | 1.3%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 5.5% | 2.6% | -1.4% | -0.8% | -1.9% | -2.4%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 10.1% | 6.9% | 16.7% | 10.5% | 2.2% | -2.7%
Electricity | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 6.4% | 7.6% | 2.3% | 3.2% | 3.5% | 3.3%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | 6.2% | -4.0% | 18.7% | 25.4%
Biomass & Other | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2.3% | 1.2% | -3.1% | -1.5% | -3.3% | -2.4%
Agriculture | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 6.5% | 4.9% | 2.3% | 1.8% | 1.7% | 1.5%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 6.6% | 4.7% | 2.0% | -0.9% | -3.3% | -3.6%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | 13.9% | -0.3% | -2.0% | -2.2%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 6.1% | 6.9% | 3.9% | 8.5% | 6.9% | 4.2%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 10.2% | 3.5%
Transport | 2 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 12 | 14 | 15 | 6.3% | 3.8% | 3.3% | 2.7% | 1.9% | 0.8%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 2 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 12 | 11 | 6.4% | 3.8% | 3.1% | 1.7% | 1.0% | -0.4%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 21.6% | 7.7% | 3.5%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2.8% | -1.8% | 7.5% | 20.5% | 9.8% | 5.5%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 20.8% | 4.3% | 4.8%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4.3% | 13.5% | 3.6% | 4.3% | 1.6% | 1.6%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

South Africa | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 37 | 45 | 52 | 57 | 60 | 63 | 66 | 2.0% | 1.4% | 0.9% | 0.6% | 0.5% | 0.4%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 8 | 7 | 9 | 10 | 13 | 18 | 21 | -0.2% | 2.1% | 0.9% | 2.6% | 3.0% | 1.8%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 8 | 11 | 13 | -0.2% | 2.0% | 0.8% | 2.6% | 3.0% | 1.8%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 5 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | -3.4% | -2.2% | -1.2% | -0.7% | -0.6% | -0.3%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 40 | 32 | 30 | 29 | 26 | 23 | 21 | -2.3% | -0.5% | -0.5% | -0.8% | -1.2% | -1.0%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 55 | 65 | 67 | 69 | 71 | 75 | 77 | 1.6% | 0.4% | 0.3% | 0.3% | 0.4% | 0.3%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 12 | 18 | 13 | 16 | 18 | 19 | -3.4% | 3.6% | -3.2% | 2.1% | 1.2% | 0.6%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 77 | 85 | 82 | 90 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.6% | 1.0% | -0.3% | 0.8%
Gas | 18 | 21 | 30 | 46 | 47 | 40 | 34 | 1.4% | 3.8% | 4.4% | 0.2% | -1.7% | -1.6%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 351 | 403 | 511 | 548 | 468 | 346 | 197 | 1.4% | 2.4% | 0.7% | -1.6% | -3.0% | -5.5%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 351 | 405 | 511 | 548 | 470 | 348 | 199 | 1.5% | 2.3% | 0.7% | -1.5% | -3.0% | -5.5%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 347 | 402 | 510 | 537 | 467 | 317 | 181 | 1.5% | 2.4% | 0.5% | -1.4% | -3.8% | -5.5%
CO₂ | 275 | 324 | 426 | 457 | 403 | 268 | 143 | 1.7% | 2.8% | 0.7% | -1.2% | -4.0% | -6.1%
CH₄ | 51 | 57 | 63 | 58 | 44 | 31 | 22 | 1.2% | 1.0% | -0.8% | -2.7% | -3.3% | -3.7%
N₂O | 20 | 19 | 18 | 19 | 18 | 17 | 15 | -0.4% | -0.4% | 0.6% | -0.6% | -0.8% | -0.8%
F gases | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0.6% | 5.2% | -1.3% | -3.7% | -2.8% | -5.6%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 315 | 370 | 476 | 501 | 435 | 289 | 155 | 1.6% | 2.5% | 0.5% | -1.4% | -4.0% | -6.0%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 254 | 304 | 405 | 425 | 366 | 225 | 105 | 1.8% | 2.9% | 0.5% | -1.5% | -4.8% | -7.4%
Power generation/District heating | 142 | 188 | 242 | 200 | 168 | 66 | - 30 | 2.8% | 2.6% | -1.8% | -1.7% | -9.0% | n.s.
Industry | 32 | 28 | 42 | 35 | 28 | 19 | 13 | -1.3% | 4.2% | -1.7% | -2.4% | -3.7% | -3.7%
Buildings | 12 | 9 | 17 | 27 | 15 | 7 | 5 | -2.2% | 6.3% | 4.7% | -5.4% | -7.2% | -4.5%
Agriculture | 3 | 4 | 3 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 2.0% | -1.1% | 6.4% | -1.3% | -4.0% | -4.2%
Transport | 29 | 36 | 42 | 55 | 59 | 63 | 58 | 2.0% | 1.5% | 2.8% | 0.7% | 0.6% | -0.8%
Other | 36 | 40 | 60 | 102 | 90 | 66 | 57 | 1.1% | 4.1% | 5.4% | -1.2% | -3.0% | -1.6%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 15 | 76 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 39.2% | 17.7%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 21 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 28.4% | 13.8%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 32.0% | 20.2%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 52 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 19.6%
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 108 | 153 | 166 | 167 | 180 | 145 | 142 | 3.6% | 0.8% | 0.0% | 0.8% | -2.1% | -0.2%
Coal | 91 | 128 | 145 | 144 | 143 | 81 | 70 | 3.5% | 1.3% | -0.1% | -0.1% | -5.5% | -1.4%
Oil | 5 | 10 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 6 | 4 | 7.2% | -8.0% | 4.2% | 1.3% | -2.6% | -5.0%
Natural gas | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | -0.8% | -1.0% | -2.3% | 7.3% | 0.5% | 0.9%
Biomass | 8 | 9 | 11 | 9 | 13 | 18 | 19 | 1.9% | 1.4% | -1.5% | 3.5% | 3.1% | 0.4%
Nuclear¹ | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 8 | 30 | 34 | 4.4% | -0.7% | 0.2% | 9.3% | 14.2% | 1.3%
Hydro | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3.3% | 2.6% | -0.9% | 3.4% | 2.4% | 1.2%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 6 | 8 | 13 | n.s. | n.s. | 37.7% | 12.2% | 3.4% | 5.0%
Net Imports | - 21 | - 47 | - 27 | - 30 | - 45 | - 12 | - 9 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | - 23 | - 46 | - 45 | - 49 | - 66 | - 41 | - 42 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | 3 | - 2 | 15 | 13 | 12 | 13 | 11 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | - 1 | 0 | 3 | 4 | 7 | 14 | 10 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 11 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 87 | 106 | 138 | 136 | 134 | 134 | 134 | 2.0% | 2.7% | -0.1% | -0.2% | 0.0% | 0.0%
Coal | 68 | 82 | 100 | 95 | 77 | 40 | 28 | 1.9% | 2.1% | -0.5% | -2.1% | -6.4% | -3.3%
Oil | 9 | 9 | 20 | 20 | 19 | 19 | 15 | 0.2% | 8.5% | 0.0% | -0.1% | -0.3% | -2.3%
Natural gas | 0 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 9 | 16 | 13 | 10.9% | 10.7% | 1.5% | 7.3% | 5.6% | -2.0%
Biomass | 8 | 9 | 11 | 12 | 15 | 22 | 30 | 1.9% | 1.4% | 0.8% | 2.7% | 3.5% | 3.3%
Nuclear¹ | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 8 | 30 | 34 | 4.4% | -0.7% | 0.2% | 9.3% | 14.2% | 1.3%
Hydro | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3.3% | 2.6% | -0.9% | 3.4% | 2.4% | 1.2%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 6 | 8 | 13 | n.s. | n.s. | 37.7% | 12.2% | 3.4% | 5.0%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 87 | 106 | 138 | 136 | 134 | 134 | 134 | 2.0% | 2.7% | -0.1% | -0.2% | 0.0% | 0.0%
Energy for Power Generation | 38 | 51 | 64 | 56 | 59 | 68 | 77 | 3.0% | 2.4% | -1.4% | 0.4% | 1.5% | 1.3%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 8 | 13 | 21 | 22 | 21 | 17 | 16 | 4.8% | 4.8% | 0.5% | -0.6% | -2.1% | -0.8%
Final consumption | 52 | 57 | 70 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 74 | 0.8% | 2.1% | 0.6% | 0.1% | 0.0% | -0.1%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 10 | 7 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 7 | 6 | -3.5% | 3.4% | -0.2% | -1.2% | -2.3% | -1.9%
Other Industry | 13 | 14 | 18 | 16 | 15 | 14 | 14 | 0.9% | 2.7% | -1.4% | -0.3% | -0.9% | 0.2%
Non-Energy Use | 4 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2.8% | -2.6% | -4.7% | 0.0% | -0.9% | -1.8%
Residential | 10 | 12 | 15 | 16 | 15 | 13 | 12 | 1.5% | 2.2% | 0.9% | -0.7% | -1.2% | -1.2%
Services | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 2.5% | 1.8% | 2.4% | -0.5% | 0.7% | 1.6%
Agriculture | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 1.7% | 0.3% | 4.5% | 1.5% | 1.4% | 1.0%
Road | 9 | 11 | 15 | 20 | 23 | 26 | 26 | 1.8% | 3.0% | 2.8% | 1.4% | 1.4% | 0.1%
Rail | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5.2% | -6.5% | 2.9% | 1.6% | 1.8% | 0.9%
Aviation | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 5.7% | 5.0% | 2.9% | 2.9% | 2.7% | 0.9%
Other Transport | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | 4.5% | 32.7% | 1.4% | -0.1% | -2.2%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 36 | 47 | 61 | 51 | 45 | 29 | 30 | 2.9% | 2.6% | -1.8% | -1.3% | -4.1% | 0.1%
Coal | 36 | 47 | 61 | 50 | 40 | 15 | 7 | 2.8% | 2.6% | -1.9% | -2.1% | -9.6% | -7.2%
Oil | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | 19.3% | 8.5% | 4.9% | -4.1%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 7 | 5 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 43.4% | 10.8% | -4.4%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 7 | 18 | n.s. | -0.7% | 11.6% | 14.5% | 19.4% | 10.1%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 167 | 211 | 260 | 241 | 285 | 343 | 424 | 2.3% | 2.1% | -0.7% | 1.7% | 1.9% | 2.1%
Coal | 156 | 193 | 242 | 204 | 168 | 63 | 33 | 2.2% | 2.3% | -1.7% | -1.9% | -9.3% | -6.2%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 23 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 18.1%
Oil | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | 18.8% | 9.0% | 5.4% | -3.7%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 34 | 25 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 41.1% | 11.2% | -3.1%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 6 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 21.1%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 32 | 88 | n.s. | -0.7% | 11.6% | 19.1% | 20.7% | 10.6%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 62 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 19.1%
Nuclear | 8 | 13 | 12 | 12 | 31 | 122 | 139 | 4.4% | -0.7% | 0.2% | 9.8% | 14.5% | 1.3%
Hydro | 3 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 9 | 3.3% | 2.6% | -0.9% | 3.4% | 2.4% | 1.2%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 42 | 57 | 84 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 17.5% | 3.0% | 4.0%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 18 | 22 | 41 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 6.2% | 2.5% | 6.3%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 31.4% | 19.2% | 11.1%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 35 | 41 | 44 | 54 | 76 | 91 | 121 | 1.7% | 0.7% | 2.1% | 3.3% | 1.9% | 2.9%
Coal | 31 | 37 | 38 | 35 | 30 | 16 | 10 | 1.8% | 0.2% | -0.7% | -1.6% | -5.9% | -4.6%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 18.6%
Oil | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 29.8% | 0.0% | -1.2% | 2.6% | 6.3% | 4.5%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 8 | n.s. | n.s. | 2.7% | 3.8% | 4.9% | 2.2%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 22.2%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 13 | n.s. | 0.0% | 11.8% | 13.8% | 20.7% | 11.3%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 8 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 19.5%
Nuclear | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 17 | 19 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.2% | 9.6% | 14.3% | 1.1%
Hydro | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 0.3% | 0.1% | 0.8% | 3.4% | 2.4% | 1.2%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 18 | 24 | 33 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 16.4% | 2.7% | 3.2%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 14 | 18 | 32 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 6.4% | 2.2% | 6.1%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 18.7% | 10.6%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 52 | 57 | 70 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 74 | 0.8% | 2.1% | 0.6% | 0.1% | 0.0% | -0.1%
Coal | 17 | 16 | 16 | 15 | 9 | 3 | 1 | -0.9% | -0.1% | -0.1% | -4.9% | -9.7% | -9.0%
Oil | 15 | 16 | 23 | 28 | 27 | 26 | 23 | 0.7% | 3.6% | 2.1% | -0.2% | -0.4% | -1.3%
Gas | 0 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 7 | 5.6% | 15.2% | 0.5% | 4.6% | 3.0% | -0.6%
Electricity | 12 | 15 | 17 | 16 | 19 | 23 | 29 | 2.3% | 1.5% | -0.6% | 1.8% | 1.8% | 2.1%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | 11.7% | 7.4% | 8.8% | 7.1%
Biomass & Other | 8 | 9 | 11 | 11 | 13 | 13 | 12 | 1.8% | 1.5% | 0.3% | 1.6% | 0.2% | -1.3%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 16% | 17% | 16% | 17% | 25% | 33% | 47% | 0.8% | -0.8% | 0.9% | 4.0% | 2.7% | 3.5%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 27 | 27 | 32 | 28 | 26 | 23 | 22 | -0.2% | 2.0% | -1.4% | -0.6% | -1.3% | -0.6%
Coal | 15 | 14 | 12 | 9 | 6 | 3 | 1 | -0.4% | -1.5% | -2.6% | -3.7% | -8.1% | -8.2%
Oil | 4 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 2 | -6.6% | 9.4% | -0.6% | -1.4% | -2.1% | -2.4%
Gas | 0 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5.5% | 15.6% | -0.7% | 0.9% | 1.2% | -1.1%
Electricity | 7 | 8 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 12 | 1.6% | 2.2% | -0.8% | 0.6% | 0.2% | 1.5%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1.3% | 1.6% | -1.1% | 4.5% | 1.7% | -1.2%
Buildings | 14 | 16 | 20 | 22 | 21 | 20 | 19 | 1.7% | 2.1% | 1.3% | -0.7% | -0.6% | -0.2%
Coal | 2 | 1 | 3 | 6 | 3 | 0 | 0 | -4.6% | 8.3% | 5.6% | -7.3% | -15.5% | -15.8%
Oil | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 5.0% | 1.6% | -0.6% | -3.5% | -3.0% | -3.2%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8.2% | -4.5% | 26.2% | 14.5% | 4.8% | -1.8%
Electricity | 4 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 3.4% | 0.7% | -0.6% | 1.8% | 2.4% | 2.0%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | 11.7% | 7.4% | 8.8% | 7.1%
Biomass & Other | 6 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 7 | 5 | 1.9% | 1.4% | 0.4% | -0.1% | -2.3% | -4.3%
Agriculture | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 1.7% | 0.3% | 4.5% | 1.5% | 1.4% | 1.0%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3.3% | -0.3% | 22.6% | -3.5% | -7.5% | -7.5%
Oil | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2.0% | -1.2% | 4.5% | -0.8% | -3.4% | -3.9%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.8% | 4.1% | 0.2% | 3.7% | 3.8% | 2.8%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 55.9% | 10.4% | 3.2%
Transport | 10 | 12 | 16 | 22 | 25 | 29 | 30 | 2.1% | 2.8% | 2.9% | 1.5% | 1.5% | 0.2%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 10 | 12 | 16 | 21 | 21 | 22 | 20 | 2.1% | 3.0% | 2.7% | 0.2% | 0.2% | -1.0%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 20.6% | 5.8% | 0.8%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 2.9% | -4.1% | 1.8% | 15.2% | 7.3% | 4.3%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 17.7% | 7.7% | 3.7%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 8 | 13 | 21 | 22 | 21 | 17 | 16 | 4.8% | 4.8% | 0.5% | -0.6% | -2.1% | -0.8%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Rest Sub-Saharan Africa | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 475 | 625 | 825 | 1 084 | 1 393 | 1 749 | 2 138 | 2.8% | 2.8% | 2.8% | 2.5% | 2.3% | 2.0%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 6 | -0.3% | 3.6% | 3.0% | 3.9% | 4.0% | 4.0%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | -0.5% | 3.5% | 2.9% | 3.9% | 4.0% | 4.0%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 32 | 27 | 23 | 17 | 11 | 8 | 6 | -1.7% | -1.6% | -2.8% | -4.4% | -3.1% | -2.1%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 29 | 33 | 29 | 27 | 29 | 30 | 29 | 1.3% | -1.2% | -0.7% | 0.6% | 0.2% | -0.2%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 39 | 40 | 47 | 55 | 60 | 62 | 64 | 0.2% | 1.8% | 1.5% | 0.8% | 0.4% | 0.3%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 12 | 18 | 13 | 16 | 18 | 19 | -3.4% | 3.6% | -3.2% | 2.1% | 1.2% | 0.6%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 77 | 85 | 82 | 90 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.6% | 1.0% | -0.3% | 0.8%
Gas | 18 | 21 | 30 | 46 | 47 | 40 | 34 | 1.4% | 3.8% | 4.4% | 0.2% | -1.7% | -1.6%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 1 701 | 1 841 | 1 878 | 2 423 | 1 819 | 1 468 | 1 437 | 0.8% | 0.2% | 2.6% | -2.8% | -2.1% | -0.2%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 1 701 | 1 841 | 1 878 | 2 423 | 2 031 | 2 378 | 2 545 | 0.8% | 0.2% | 2.6% | -1.8% | 1.6% | 0.7%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 629 | 759 | 884 | 1 221 | 1 369 | 1 456 | 1 160 | 1.9% | 1.5% | 3.3% | 1.2% | 0.6% | -2.3%
CO₂ | 160 | 208 | 241 | 451 | 689 | 854 | 722 | 2.7% | 1.5% | 6.5% | 4.3% | 2.2% | -1.7%
CH₄ | 310 | 394 | 454 | 566 | 503 | 445 | 294 | 2.4% | 1.4% | 2.2% | -1.2% | -1.2% | -4.1%
N₂O | 157 | 155 | 186 | 200 | 173 | 153 | 141 | -0.2% | 1.9% | 0.7% | -1.4% | -1.2% | -0.8%
F gases | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 2 | -0.2% | 3.7% | 4.4% | 0.1% | -0.8% | -3.6%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 329 | 399 | 459 | 775 | 1 009 | 1 150 | 892 | 1.9% | 1.4% | 5.4% | 2.7% | 1.3% | -2.5%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 99 | 130 | 192 | 364 | 523 | 610 | 450 | 2.8% | 4.0% | 6.6% | 3.7% | 1.5% | -3.0%
Power generation/District heating | 20 | 27 | 40 | 106 | 143 | 122 | - 70 | 3.0% | 4.0% | 10.2% | 3.0% | -1.6% | n.s.
Industry | 21 | 19 | 28 | 51 | 80 | 93 | 67 | -1.2% | 4.1% | 6.2% | 4.6% | 1.5% | -3.2%
Buildings | 12 | 17 | 24 | 39 | 50 | 45 | 34 | 3.6% | 3.4% | 4.8% | 2.5% | -0.9% | -2.8%
Agriculture | 2 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 6.2% | 0.4% | 3.8% | 0.0% | -3.6% | -3.4%
Transport | 38 | 52 | 83 | 140 | 204 | 290 | 373 | 3.2% | 4.7% | 5.4% | 3.9% | 3.6% | 2.6%
Other | 5 | 10 | 13 | 22 | 40 | 56 | 42 | 8.3% | 2.2% | 5.8% | 5.9% | 3.4% | -2.7%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 40 | 255 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 38.4% | 20.3%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 15 | 50 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 26.3% | 12.5%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 16 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 15.6%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 21 | 189 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 24.6%
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 309 | 438 | 611 | 529 | 624 | 692 | 819 | 3.6% | 3.4% | -1.4% | 1.7% | 1.0% | 1.7%
Coal | 4 | 4 | 3 | 41 | 10 | 8 | 8 | -0.5% | -4.0% | 31.4% | -13.1% | -1.9% | -0.4%
Oil | 151 | 227 | 310 | 213 | 215 | 191 | 151 | 4.1% | 3.2% | -3.7% | 0.1% | -1.2% | -2.3%
Natural gas | 5 | 15 | 46 | 60 | 103 | 126 | 127 | 12.2% | 11.6% | 2.7% | 5.6% | 2.0% | 0.1%
Biomass | 144 | 186 | 243 | 197 | 265 | 312 | 440 | 2.6% | 2.7% | -2.0% | 3.0% | 1.7% | 3.5%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 25.7% | 15.9%
Hydro | 4 | 5 | 8 | 9 | 11 | 13 | 15 | 3.1% | 4.4% | 1.4% | 2.0% | 1.9% | 1.6%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 1 | 9 | 21 | 41 | 77 | 2.9% | 13.0% | 21.2% | 9.1% | 7.1% | 6.3%
Net Imports | - 127 | - 200 | - 287 | - 105 | - 91 | - 58 | - 66 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 1 | 0 | 1 | - 30 | 11 | 14 | 11 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | - 127 | - 192 | - 256 | - 116 | - 93 | - 46 | 20 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | - 1 | - 8 | - 32 | - 35 | - 51 | - 40 | - 35 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 78 | 50 | 21 | - 60 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | - 2 | - 7 | - 6 | - 2 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 181 | 237 | 323 | 424 | 534 | 633 | 753 | 2.7% | 3.1% | 2.7% | 2.3% | 1.7% | 1.7%
Coal | 5 | 4 | 3 | 11 | 21 | 22 | 19 | -1.9% | -1.3% | 12.3% | 6.6% | 0.4% | -1.4%
Oil | 25 | 34 | 54 | 96 | 121 | 145 | 171 | 3.3% | 4.7% | 5.9% | 2.3% | 1.8% | 1.7%
Natural gas | 4 | 8 | 14 | 25 | 52 | 85 | 92 | 7.2% | 6.1% | 6.1% | 7.6% | 5.1% | 0.7%
Biomass | 144 | 186 | 243 | 275 | 314 | 333 | 379 | 2.6% | 2.7% | 1.3% | 1.3% | 0.6% | 1.3%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 25.7% | 15.9%
Hydro | 4 | 5 | 8 | 9 | 11 | 13 | 15 | 3.1% | 4.4% | 1.4% | 2.0% | 1.9% | 1.6%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 1 | 9 | 21 | 41 | 77 | 2.9% | 13.0% | 21.2% | 9.1% | 7.1% | 6.3%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 181 | 237 | 323 | 424 | 534 | 633 | 753 | 2.7% | 3.1% | 2.7% | 2.3% | 1.7% | 1.7%
Energy for Power Generation | 11 | 15 | 24 | 54 | 83 | 123 | 202 | 3.5% | 4.8% | 8.5% | 4.4% | 4.0% | 5.1%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 2 | 4 | 6 | 11 | 28 | 43 | 58 | 8.1% | 4.3% | 6.3% | 10.0% | 4.4% | 3.2%
Final consumption | 174 | 225 | 304 | 379 | 460 | 534 | 612 | 2.6% | 3.1% | 2.2% | 2.0% | 1.5% | 1.4%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 5 | -3.9% | 0.1% | 7.8% | 3.6% | 1.8% | 1.9%
Other Industry | 14 | 17 | 28 | 40 | 56 | 71 | 88 | 2.4% | 5.1% | 3.6% | 3.4% | 2.4% | 2.2%
Non-Energy Use | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 7 | 12 | 18 | 0.8% | 3.8% | 8.8% | 6.4% | 5.1% | 4.1%
Residential | 137 | 175 | 228 | 257 | 280 | 288 | 283 | 2.5% | 2.7% | 1.2% | 0.9% | 0.3% | -0.2%
Services | 6 | 9 | 10 | 17 | 25 | 31 | 42 | 3.8% | 1.6% | 5.3% | 4.0% | 2.1% | 3.0%
Agriculture | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4.7% | 1.1% | 2.9% | 1.3% | 1.4% | 1.3%
Road | 12 | 18 | 31 | 52 | 80 | 117 | 161 | 4.0% | 5.4% | 5.4% | 4.3% | 3.9% | 3.3%
Rail | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | -5.6% | -0.8% | 4.1% | 1.8% | 2.1% | 2.4%
Aviation | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 8 | 4.3% | 8.2% | 6.8% | 6.5% | 5.9% | 5.1%
Other Transport | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -1.2% | 2.2% | 6.2% | 4.9% | 3.0% | 1.3%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 7 | 9 | 15 | 36 | 51 | 68 | 110 | 3.7% | 4.6% | 9.4% | 3.5% | 2.8% | 4.9%
Coal | 2 | 2 | 1 | 6 | 13 | 13 | 12 | -1.2% | -3.0% | 15.8% | 7.6% | 0.3% | -0.6%
Oil | 2 | 3 | 6 | 18 | 16 | 11 | 10 | 4.2% | 5.6% | 11.8% | -1.2% | -3.9% | -0.6%
Gas | 2 | 4 | 7 | 10 | 17 | 27 | 27 | 7.1% | 6.1% | 4.5% | 5.3% | 4.6% | -0.1%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 15 | 58 | 4.1% | 6.2% | 4.6% | 15.8% | 15.3% | 14.5%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2.9% | 13.0% | 20.1% | 4.6% | 0.2% | 1.5%
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 66 | 90 | 147 | 277 | 473 | 807 | 1 360 | 3.1% | 5.1% | 6.5% | 5.5% | 5.5% | 5.4%
Coal | 6 | 5 | 5 | 26 | 61 | 63 | 63 | -1.1% | -1.7% | 18.9% | 8.8% | 0.4% | 0.0%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 52 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 18.6%
Oil | 8 | 12 | 20 | 79 | 72 | 49 | 46 | 3.7% | 5.5% | 14.5% | -1.0% | -3.7% | -0.6%
Gas | 7 | 12 | 29 | 47 | 88 | 145 | 146 | 5.3% | 8.9% | 4.9% | 6.5% | 5.2% | 0.0%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 38 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 16.2%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 15 | 70 | 292 | 3.8% | 5.1% | 7.2% | 20.9% | 16.6% | 15.3%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 202 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 23.1%
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Hydro | 44 | 59 | 90 | 104 | 126 | 153 | 179 | 3.1% | 4.4% | 1.4% | 2.0% | 1.9% | 1.6%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 55 | 171 | 334 | 21.8% | 11.3% | n.s. | 23.7% | 12.1% | 6.9%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 43 | 139 | 277 | n.s. | 39.0% | 42.2% | 29.2% | 12.6% | 7.1%
Other | 0 | 0 | 1 | 9 | 15 | 16 | 22 | 2.9% | 13.0% | 20.1% | 4.7% | 0.8% | 3.3%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 23 | 27 | 41 | 71 | 141 | 269 | 447 | 1.6% | 4.2% | 5.6% | 7.1% | 6.7% | 5.2%
Coal | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 11 | 11 | 10 | -0.5% | 1.4% | 7.5% | 9.8% | 0.7% | -1.3%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 8 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 20.0%
Oil | 4 | 5 | 8 | 20 | 29 | 31 | 29 | 1.2% | 5.0% | 9.6% | 3.9% | 0.9% | -0.9%
Gas | 3 | 6 | 11 | 18 | 22 | 32 | 36 | 8.2% | 6.6% | 5.4% | 1.9% | 4.1% | 1.0%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 6 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 18.7%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 11 | 48 | 1.0% | 7.6% | 1.4% | 18.3% | 16.9% | 16.3%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 31 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 24.6%
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Hydro | 15 | 15 | 20 | 23 | 28 | 34 | 40 | 0.3% | 3.0% | 1.3% | 2.0% | 1.9% | 1.6%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 23 | 67 | 122 | n.s. | 13.2% | n.s. | 22.5% | 11.4% | 6.3%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 25 | 81 | 159 | n.s. | 39.0% | 42.4% | 29.6% | 12.6% | 7.1%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4.1% | 12.0% | 18.5% | 4.9% | 2.0% | 2.7%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 174 | 225 | 304 | 379 | 460 | 534 | 612 | 2.6% | 3.1% | 2.2% | 2.0% | 1.5% | 1.4%
Coal | 3 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 6 | 4 | -2.6% | 0.2% | 9.0% | 4.5% | -1.6% | -5.3%
Oil | 21 | 29 | 46 | 75 | 102 | 131 | 158 | 3.1% | 4.8% | 5.0% | 3.1% | 2.5% | 1.9%
Gas | 1 | 2 | 4 | 9 | 22 | 37 | 43 | 5.3% | 6.1% | 9.7% | 9.6% | 5.4% | 1.3%
Electricity | 4 | 6 | 10 | 19 | 33 | 57 | 95 | 3.3% | 5.6% | 6.4% | 5.6% | 5.5% | 5.3%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 9 | n.s. | n.s. | 4.0% | 52.2% | 28.4% | 16.0%
Biomass & Other | 144 | 186 | 242 | 271 | 295 | 300 | 304 | 2.6% | 2.7% | 1.1% | 0.9% | 0.2% | 0.1%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 84% | 84% | 81% | 73% | 67% | 65% | 67% | 0.0% | -0.3% | -1.1% | -0.8% | -0.4% | 0.4%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 16 | 20 | 31 | 46 | 67 | 87 | 111 | 1.7% | 4.8% | 4.1% | 3.7% | 2.7% | 2.5%
Coal | 2 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 7 | 6 | 4 | -3.6% | -1.5% | 12.5% | 6.0% | -0.9% | -5.2%
Oil | 5 | 4 | 6 | 10 | 13 | 15 | 16 | -0.4% | 3.9% | 4.4% | 3.1% | 1.2% | 0.8%
Gas | 1 | 1 | 4 | 7 | 13 | 23 | 25 | 2.3% | 9.2% | 7.1% | 6.7% | 5.6% | 1.0%
Electricity | 2 | 3 | 4 | 8 | 14 | 23 | 37 | 1.9% | 4.2% | 7.0% | 5.4% | 5.0% | 4.8%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 7 | 10 | 16 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 29 | 3.9% | 5.1% | 1.1% | 0.9% | 0.4% | 3.7%
Buildings | 143 | 184 | 239 | 275 | 306 | 319 | 325 | 2.6% | 2.6% | 1.4% | 1.1% | 0.4% | 0.2%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -2.8% | 6.2% | 1.2% | -4.6% | -15.0% | -15.8%
Oil | 3 | 5 | 7 | 10 | 10 | 7 | 5 | 3.3% | 4.0% | 3.8% | -0.1% | -3.6% | -4.4%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 7 | 10 | 8 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 14.9% | 3.5% | -1.3%
Electricity | 2 | 3 | 6 | 11 | 18 | 28 | 47 | 4.9% | 7.0% | 5.9% | 5.1% | 5.0% | 5.1%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 9 | n.s. | n.s. | 4.0% | 52.2% | 28.4% | 16.0%
Biomass & Other | 137 | 175 | 225 | 251 | 271 | 272 | 256 | 2.5% | 2.5% | 1.1% | 0.7% | 0.0% | -0.6%
Agriculture | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4.7% | 1.1% | 2.9% | 1.3% | 1.4% | 1.3%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6.1% | 1.0% | 2.4% | -2.1% | -7.2% | -7.5%
Oil | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6.4% | 0.0% | 4.8% | 1.1% | -2.3% | -2.5%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3.2% | -0.6% | 4.7% | 5.2% | 6.3% | 4.6%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3.2% | 2.3% | 1.2% | 1.8% | 3.9% | 2.0%
Transport | 13 | 19 | 32 | 55 | 84 | 124 | 172 | 3.8% | 5.3% | 5.5% | 4.4% | 4.0% | 3.3%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -21.2% | 1.4% | 2.7% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0%
Oil | 13 | 19 | 32 | 54 | 77 | 108 | 136 | 3.9% | 5.3% | 5.4% | 3.6% | 3.4% | 2.4%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 5 | 9 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 26.6% | 9.7% | 6.0%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 11 | n.s. | 4.7% | 32.7% | 42.2% | 13.7% | 8.5%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 6 | 16 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 22.5% | 6.9% | 9.5%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 2 | 4 | 6 | 11 | 28 | 43 | 58 | 8.1% | 4.3% | 6.3% | 10.0% | 4.4% | 3.2%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Iran | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 56 | 66 | 74 | 83 | 89 | 91 | 92 | 1.6% | 1.2% | 1.2% | 0.6% | 0.3% | 0.1%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 6 | 7 | 11 | 12 | 17 | 24 | 32 | 2.1% | 4.0% | 0.6% | 3.8% | 3.7% | 2.7%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 2.1% | 3.8% | 0.6% | 3.8% | 3.7% | 2.7%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 13 | 9 | 7 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 7 | -3.3% | -2.8% | 2.4% | -1.3% | -0.9% | -0.5%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 34 | 41 | 41 | 38 | 36 | 33 | 31 | 1.9% | 0.2% | -0.9% | -0.5% | -0.7% | -0.7%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 54 | 50 | 52 | 54 | 56 | 60 | 62 | -0.7% | 0.3% | 0.3% | 0.5% | 0.5% | 0.4%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 12 | 18 | 12 | 14 | 16 | 17 | -3.4% | 3.6% | -3.7% | 1.6% | 0.9% | 1.0%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 77 | 85 | 82 | 90 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.6% | 1.0% | -0.3% | 0.8%
Gas | 28 | 24 | 47 | 58 | 45 | 38 | 34 | -1.2% | 6.8% | 2.1% | -2.4% | -1.7% | -1.1%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 292 | 456 | 678 | 833 | 794 | 566 | 326 | 4.5% | 4.0% | 2.1% | -0.5% | -3.3% | -5.4%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 293 | 456 | 681 | 835 | 802 | 576 | 337 | 4.5% | 4.1% | 2.1% | -0.4% | -3.3% | -5.2%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 293 | 456 | 681 | 835 | 802 | 576 | 337 | 4.5% | 4.1% | 2.1% | -0.4% | -3.3% | -5.2%
CO₂ | 214 | 352 | 541 | 705 | 686 | 471 | 247 | 5.1% | 4.4% | 2.7% | -0.3% | -3.7% | -6.3%
CH₄ | 57 | 80 | 115 | 100 | 87 | 76 | 64 | 3.5% | 3.8% | -1.4% | -1.4% | -1.4% | -1.6%
N₂O | 19 | 23 | 23 | 29 | 28 | 28 | 25 | 1.6% | 0.2% | 2.2% | -0.3% | 0.1% | -1.2%
F gases | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -1.5% | -1.6% | -1.3% | -6.1% | 0.3% | 0.3%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 260 | 418 | 641 | 784 | 750 | 524 | 291 | 4.8% | 4.4% | 2.0% | -0.4% | -3.5% | -5.7%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 184 | 316 | 485 | 639 | 616 | 400 | 181 | 5.6% | 4.4% | 2.8% | -0.4% | -4.2% | -7.6%
Power generation/District heating | 36 | 69 | 131 | 194 | 229 | 83 | - 66 | 6.8% | 6.6% | 4.0% | 1.7% | -9.6% | n.s.
Industry | 38 | 43 | 84 | 131 | 133 | 129 | 119 | 1.4% | 6.9% | 4.5% | 0.2% | -0.3% | -0.8%
Buildings | 43 | 92 | 122 | 131 | 84 | 46 | 24 | 8.0% | 2.8% | 0.7% | -4.4% | -5.9% | -6.2%
Agriculture | 12 | 11 | 14 | 11 | 10 | 7 | 5 | -0.8% | 1.8% | -2.0% | -0.6% | -3.4% | -3.7%
Transport | 39 | 75 | 101 | 115 | 108 | 93 | 69 | 6.6% | 3.1% | 1.3% | -0.6% | -1.4% | -3.0%
Other | 16 | 26 | 34 | 58 | 52 | 41 | 31 | 4.9% | 2.5% | 5.4% | -1.1% | -2.3% | -2.9%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 69 | 220 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 47.7% | 37.3% | 12.4%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 6.5% | 38.8% | 14.3%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 41 | 100 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 30.9% | 9.3%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 26 | 115 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 8.3% | n.s. | 16.0%
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 187 | 251 | 349 | 435 | 556 | 585 | 542 | 3.0% | 3.4% | 2.2% | 2.5% | 0.5% | -0.8%
Coal | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 8.0% | -0.4% | 0.2% | -1.8% | -3.0% | -2.5%
Oil | 164 | 200 | 221 | 223 | 251 | 258 | 272 | 2.0% | 1.0% | 0.1% | 1.2% | 0.3% | 0.5%
Natural gas | 22 | 49 | 126 | 207 | 288 | 285 | 218 | 8.5% | 9.9% | 5.1% | 3.4% | -0.1% | -2.6%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 6 | 7 | -1.8% | 16.4% | 12.4% | 5.1% | 5.5% | 1.6%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 8 | 23 | 24 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 18.9% | 10.6% | 0.4%
Hydro | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | -5.0% | 10.1% | 5.5% | 1.8% | 1.3% | 0.3%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 11 | 18 | n.s. | 17.6% | 22.7% | 32.5% | 18.3% | 5.1%
Net Imports | - 117 | - 128 | - 141 | - 150 | - 264 | - 310 | - 249 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | - 113 | - 132 | - 138 | - 120 | - 154 | - 186 | - 202 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | - 4 | 3 | - 4 | - 29 | - 110 | - 136 | - 96 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | - 1 | 0 | 10 | 45 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | - 1 | - 1 | - 1 | - 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 70 | 123 | 208 | 285 | 292 | 275 | 293 | 5.8% | 5.4% | 3.2% | 0.2% | -0.6% | 0.6%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 10.8% | 0.2% | -1.6% | 5.9% | 5.3% | 1.8%
Oil | 51 | 69 | 83 | 102 | 97 | 72 | 71 | 2.9% | 1.9% | 2.1% | -0.5% | -3.0% | -0.1%
Natural gas | 17 | 53 | 122 | 178 | 178 | 149 | 122 | 11.7% | 8.8% | 3.8% | 0.0% | -1.8% | -2.0%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 15 | 52 | -1.8% | 16.4% | 8.9% | 8.4% | 16.9% | 12.9%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 8 | 23 | 24 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 18.9% | 10.6% | 0.4%
Hydro | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | -5.0% | 10.1% | 5.5% | 1.8% | 1.3% | 0.3%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 11 | 18 | n.s. | 17.6% | 22.7% | 32.5% | 18.3% | 5.1%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 70 | 123 | 208 | 285 | 292 | 275 | 293 | 5.8% | 5.4% | 3.2% | 0.2% | -0.6% | 0.6%
Energy for Power Generation | 14 | 27 | 52 | 78 | 103 | 108 | 137 | 7.2% | 6.8% | 4.1% | 2.8% | 0.5% | 2.4%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 6 | 9 | 15 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 29 | 5.1% | 4.5% | 4.6% | 0.5% | 0.2% | 1.7%
Final consumption | 55 | 95 | 157 | 211 | 205 | 193 | 195 | 5.6% | 5.2% | 3.0% | -0.3% | -0.6% | 0.1%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 1 | 3 | 9 | 14 | 13 | 12 | 11 | 17.6% | 12.1% | 4.4% | -0.7% | -1.1% | -0.4%
Other Industry | 14 | 16 | 30 | 48 | 52 | 53 | 58 | 1.7% | 6.4% | 4.9% | 0.8% | 0.2% | 0.9%
Non-Energy Use | 6 | 8 | 14 | 25 | 29 | 32 | 34 | 1.9% | 6.0% | 6.4% | 1.4% | 0.9% | 0.7%
Residential | 13 | 30 | 47 | 58 | 41 | 28 | 25 | 8.9% | 4.6% | 2.2% | -3.3% | -3.9% | -1.2%
Services | 4 | 9 | 11 | 13 | 13 | 12 | 14 | 7.4% | 2.3% | 1.4% | 0.1% | -0.7% | 1.0%
Agriculture | 4 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 13 | 0.4% | 4.0% | 1.3% | 2.0% | 1.9% | 1.7%
Road | 13 | 24 | 40 | 45 | 47 | 45 | 40 | 6.3% | 5.0% | 1.3% | 0.3% | -0.4% | -1.1%
Rail | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | 36.8% | 5.6% | 3.1% | 2.8% | 1.9%
Aviation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Other Transport | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | -30.1% | 4.1% | -1.3% | -0.6% | -2.0%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 13 | 27 | 51 | 75 | 90 | 72 | 92 | 7.5% | 6.7% | 3.9% | 1.9% | -2.3% | 2.6%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 22.3% | -3.1% | -6.5% | 28.3% | 6.1% | 4.3%
Oil | 6 | 7 | 13 | 22 | 21 | 2 | 8 | 1.5% | 6.1% | 5.4% | -0.7% | -21.7% | 15.4%
Gas | 7 | 19 | 38 | 53 | 68 | 57 | 44 | 11.2% | 7.0% | 3.3% | 2.7% | -1.9% | -2.4%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 39 | n.s. | n.s. | 9.7% | 46.6% | 43.0% | 12.7%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 59 | 121 | 233 | 376 | 534 | 607 | 771 | 7.5% | 6.7% | 4.9% | 3.6% | 1.3% | 2.4%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 6 | 9 | 22.2% | -3.1% | -2.4% | 28.8% | 6.0% | 4.1%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 6 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 15.1%
Oil | 22 | 25 | 46 | 91 | 85 | 8 | 31 | 1.5% | 6.1% | 7.1% | -0.7% | -21.0% | 14.6%
Gas | 31 | 92 | 177 | 261 | 366 | 326 | 272 | 11.5% | 6.8% | 4.0% | 3.5% | -1.1% | -1.8%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 90 | 243 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 10.4%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 57 | 195 | n.s. | n.s. | 11.3% | 49.4% | 42.7% | 13.1%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 34 | 136 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 15.0%
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 34 | 95 | 99 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 19.3% | 10.7% | 0.4%
Hydro | 6 | 4 | 10 | 16 | 19 | 22 | 23 | -5.0% | 10.1% | 5.5% | 1.8% | 1.3% | 0.3%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 22 | 67 | 84 | n.s. | 16.0% | 24.1% | 31.5% | 11.8% | 2.4%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 26 | 56 | n.s. | n.s. | 3.1% | 51.8% | 27.9% | 8.2%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 28.2% | 19.0%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 18 | 34 | 61 | 86 | 124 | 165 | 172 | 6.5% | 6.2% | 3.4% | 3.8% | 2.9% | 0.4%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 22.2% | n.s. | n.s. | 29.2% | 5.7% | 4.0%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 15.2%
Oil | 6 | 8 | 13 | 18 | 21 | 20 | 11 | 3.5% | 4.1% | 3.8% | 1.2% | -0.5% | -5.6%
Gas | 10 | 23 | 40 | 54 | 73 | 65 | 36 | 8.6% | 5.8% | 3.0% | 3.0% | -1.2% | -5.8%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 31 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 10.5%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 26 | n.s. | n.s. | -2.6% | 49.7% | 42.3% | 13.1%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 18 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 15.1%
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 15 | 15 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 19.0% | 10.5% | 0.2%
Hydro | 2 | 2 | 8 | 12 | 14 | 16 | 17 | 0.2% | 15.6% | 3.3% | 1.8% | 1.3% | 0.3%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 9 | 26 | 33 | n.s. | n.s. | 21.4% | 30.1% | 11.2% | 2.1%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 15 | 34 | n.s. | n.s. | 3.2% | 51.9% | 28.2% | 8.4%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 27.6% | 18.4%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 55 | 95 | 157 | 211 | 205 | 193 | 195 | 5.6% | 5.2% | 3.0% | -0.3% | -0.6% | 0.1%
Coal | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 7.4% | -0.8% | 0.6% | 3.9% | 2.9% | 1.5%
Oil | 41 | 56 | 64 | 72 | 69 | 65 | 58 | 3.3% | 1.3% | 1.1% | -0.4% | -0.6% | -1.0%
Gas | 9 | 29 | 75 | 108 | 92 | 74 | 61 | 12.0% | 10.0% | 3.7% | -1.6% | -2.2% | -1.9%
Electricity | 4 | 8 | 16 | 27 | 38 | 44 | 56 | 6.7% | 7.0% | 5.3% | 3.6% | 1.3% | 2.5%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 6 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 6.8%
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 11 | -1.8% | 16.3% | 19.5% | 1.3% | 2.8% | 7.7%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 1% | 1% | 1% | 1% | 4% | 15% | 31% | -9.6% | 6.9% | 4.0% | 9.8% | 14.8% | 7.9%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 21 | 27 | 53 | 88 | 95 | 97 | 104 | 2.7% | 7.0% | 5.2% | 0.8% | 0.3% | 0.7%
Coal | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 7.2% | -0.7% | 0.6% | 4.0% | 2.9% | 1.5%
Oil | 12 | 12 | 16 | 19 | 23 | 28 | 32 | 0.3% | 2.6% | 1.7% | 2.0% | 1.8% | 1.5%
Gas | 7 | 11 | 31 | 59 | 58 | 53 | 49 | 4.6% | 11.2% | 6.7% | -0.2% | -0.8% | -0.9%
Electricity | 1 | 3 | 5 | 9 | 12 | 14 | 18 | 8.6% | 6.7% | 5.0% | 3.0% | 1.6% | 2.5%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 4.0% | 0.6% | 21.3%
Buildings | 17 | 39 | 58 | 71 | 54 | 40 | 38 | 8.6% | 4.1% | 2.0% | -2.6% | -3.0% | -0.5%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | -7.3% | -1.1% | -8.8% | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 12 | 15 | 9 | 7 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 3.0% | -5.0% | -2.3% | -3.9% | -2.6% | -4.6%
Gas | 3 | 19 | 40 | 46 | 29 | 14 | 7 | 21.7% | 7.9% | 1.5% | -4.5% | -6.8% | -6.9%
Electricity | 3 | 5 | 8 | 14 | 18 | 17 | 21 | 5.3% | 6.5% | 5.2% | 2.6% | -0.6% | 1.9%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 6 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 6.8%
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | -1.8% | 16.3% | 18.3% | -3.6% | -5.0% | 1.9%
Agriculture | 4 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 13 | 0.4% | 4.0% | 1.3% | 2.0% | 1.9% | 1.7%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1 | -0.8% | 1.1% | -3.0% | -0.7% | -3.7% | -4.0%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | 6.6% | -0.1% | -2.2% | -2.5%
Electricity | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 10 | 9.4% | 10.2% | 5.9% | 3.4% | 3.7% | 2.8%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 55.2% | 10.3% | 3.2%
Transport | 13 | 25 | 40 | 45 | 47 | 45 | 40 | 6.6% | 4.7% | 1.3% | 0.3% | -0.4% | -1.1%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 13 | 25 | 35 | 43 | 38 | 31 | 23 | 6.6% | 3.4% | 2.0% | -1.1% | -1.9% | -3.2%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 5 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 5 | n.s. | n.s. | -7.0% | 6.3% | 2.8% | -1.8%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 5 | 8 | n.s. | 36.8% | 28.7% | 26.0% | 5.4% | 3.7%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 5 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 34.5% | 9.7% | 7.0%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 6 | 9 | 15 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 29 | 5.1% | 4.5% | 4.6% | 0.5% | 0.2% | 1.7%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Saudi Arabia | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 16 | 21 | 28 | 34 | 39 | 43 | 46 | 2.7% | 2.8% | 2.0% | 1.3% | 1.0% | 0.7%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 19 | 19 | 24 | 27 | 31 | 37 | 41 | 0.0% | 2.5% | 1.1% | 1.5% | 1.7% | 1.1%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 12 | 12 | 15 | 17 | 20 | 23 | 26 | 0.0% | 2.3% | 1.3% | 1.5% | 1.7% | 1.1%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 6 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | -1.5% | -7.1% | -0.5% | -0.2% | -0.2% | -0.1%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 49 | 54 | 58 | 46 | 44 | 42 | 40 | 1.0% | 0.8% | -2.4% | -0.4% | -0.5% | -0.4%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 45 | 41 | 39 | 52 | 54 | 56 | 58 | -1.0% | -0.5% | 2.8% | 0.4% | 0.4% | 0.3%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 12 | 18 | 12 | 14 | 16 | 17 | -3.4% | 3.6% | -3.7% | 1.6% | 0.9% | 1.0%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 77 | 85 | 82 | 90 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.6% | 1.0% | -0.3% | 0.8%
Gas | 28 | 24 | 47 | 58 | 45 | 38 | 34 | -1.2% | 6.8% | 2.1% | -2.4% | -1.7% | -1.1%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 211 | 316 | 545 | 710 | 633 | 469 | 289 | 4.1% | 5.6% | 2.7% | -1.1% | -2.9% | -4.7%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 211 | 316 | 545 | 710 | 634 | 471 | 291 | 4.1% | 5.6% | 2.7% | -1.1% | -2.9% | -4.7%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 211 | 316 | 545 | 710 | 634 | 471 | 291 | 4.1% | 5.6% | 2.7% | -1.1% | -2.9% | -4.7%
CO₂ | 171 | 266 | 477 | 636 | 580 | 425 | 256 | 4.5% | 6.0% | 2.9% | -0.9% | -3.1% | -5.0%
CH₄ | 31 | 43 | 60 | 65 | 47 | 40 | 31 | 3.5% | 3.4% | 0.7% | -3.1% | -1.7% | -2.6%
N₂O | 6 | 6 | 8 | 9 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 0.2% | 1.7% | 1.6% | -3.5% | -1.1% | -1.6%
F gases | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | -26.3% | 11.7% | 3.6% | 0.9% | -2.5% | -21.8%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 206 | 311 | 541 | 705 | 629 | 465 | 286 | 4.2% | 5.7% | 2.7% | -1.1% | -3.0% | -4.7%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 156 | 240 | 429 | 565 | 502 | 346 | 185 | 4.4% | 6.0% | 2.8% | -1.2% | -3.7% | -6.1%
Power generation/District heating | 59 | 104 | 181 | 250 | 216 | 89 | - 37 | 5.9% | 5.7% | 3.3% | -1.4% | -8.5% | n.s.
Industry | 28 | 53 | 112 | 145 | 134 | 123 | 117 | 6.5% | 7.8% | 2.6% | -0.8% | -0.8% | -0.5%
Buildings | 3 | 4 | 5 | 8 | 10 | 8 | 6 | 3.0% | 2.8% | 3.9% | 3.0% | -2.0% | -3.6%
Agriculture | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Transport | 49 | 61 | 106 | 140 | 121 | 106 | 81 | 2.1% | 5.8% | 2.8% | -1.5% | -1.3% | -2.6%
Other | 17 | 19 | 25 | 23 | 21 | 20 | 18 | 1.2% | 2.6% | -0.6% | -0.8% | -0.9% | -0.7%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 49 | 142 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 55.3% | 11.1%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 5 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 40.5% | 11.8%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 18 | 43 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 42.7% | 9.2%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 30 | 94 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 12.1%
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 380 | 491 | 559 | 782 | 777 | 775 | 706 | 2.6% | 1.3% | 3.4% | -0.1% | 0.0% | -0.9%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 352 | 450 | 486 | 683 | 633 | 623 | 574 | 2.5% | 0.8% | 3.4% | -0.8% | -0.2% | -0.8%
Natural gas | 28 | 41 | 72 | 98 | 141 | 141 | 118 | 3.9% | 5.8% | 3.1% | 3.7% | 0.0% | -1.7%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 3 | -9.3% | 2.9% | n.s. | 3.5% | 15.2% | -3.2%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | -0.2%
Hydro | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 7 | 10 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 15.8% | 11.9% | 3.6%
Net Imports | - 318 | - 393 | - 373 | - 549 | - 564 | - 578 | - 513 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 4 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | - 309 | - 383 | - 361 | - 542 | - 519 | - 548 | - 512 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | - 8 | - 10 | - 13 | - 7 | - 47 | - 43 | - 35 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 30 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 62 | 98 | 186 | 233 | 214 | 197 | 193 | 4.6% | 6.6% | 2.3% | -0.9% | -0.8% | -0.2%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 16.7% | 6.3% | 2.5%
Oil | 43 | 67 | 126 | 141 | 114 | 75 | 62 | 4.6% | 6.5% | 1.1% | -2.1% | -4.1% | -1.8%
Natural gas | 19 | 31 | 60 | 91 | 95 | 98 | 83 | 4.7% | 6.9% | 4.2% | 0.4% | 0.4% | -1.7%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 14 | 33 | -9.5% | 2.9% | n.s. | 4.8% | 29.9% | 8.7%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | -0.2%
Hydro | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 7 | 10 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 15.8% | 11.9% | 3.6%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 62 | 98 | 186 | 233 | 214 | 197 | 193 | 4.6% | 6.6% | 2.3% | -0.9% | -0.8% | -0.2%
Energy for Power Generation | 22 | 37 | 65 | 93 | 83 | 74 | 79 | 5.6% | 5.7% | 3.6% | -1.1% | -1.1% | 0.7%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 6 | 5 | 17 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 7 | -0.4% | 12.3% | -13.8% | 0.1% | 2.3% | 3.8%
Final consumption | 39 | 64 | 121 | 162 | 153 | 148 | 143 | 4.9% | 6.6% | 3.0% | -0.6% | -0.3% | -0.4%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | 5.6% | 0.4% | 0.1% | 0.5%
Other Industry | 11 | 20 | 42 | 56 | 53 | 51 | 50 | 6.3% | 7.7% | 2.8% | -0.6% | -0.4% | -0.2%
Non-Energy Use | 7 | 14 | 25 | 34 | 32 | 31 | 30 | 7.1% | 5.7% | 3.0% | -0.4% | -0.3% | -0.4%
Residential | 3 | 6 | 11 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 5.9% | 6.1% | 3.4% | -0.5% | 0.0% | 0.6%
Services | 1 | 2 | 5 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 5.3% | 8.2% | 4.1% | 0.3% | 0.5% | 1.0%
Agriculture | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9.2% | 4.8% | 3.0% | 2.1% | 2.0% | 1.7%
Road | 16 | 20 | 35 | 46 | 42 | 39 | 34 | 2.2% | 5.8% | 2.8% | -0.9% | -0.6% | -1.3%
Rail | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Aviation | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2.0% | 0.5% | 2.5% | -4.4% | -2.9% | -2.3%
Other Transport | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 22 | 37 | 65 | 92 | 80 | 67 | 69 | 5.6% | 5.7% | 3.6% | -1.3% | -1.8% | 0.3%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 22.6% | 6.0% | 2.9%
Oil | 9 | 19 | 35 | 42 | 33 | 8 | 7 | 7.7% | 6.0% | 1.8% | -2.4% | -12.7% | -1.6%
Gas | 12 | 18 | 30 | 50 | 47 | 44 | 29 | 3.7% | 5.3% | 5.3% | -0.7% | -0.6% | -4.1%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 31 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 7.5% | 50.3% | 9.1%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 69 | 126 | 240 | 363 | 360 | 378 | 438 | 6.2% | 6.6% | 4.2% | -0.1% | 0.5% | 1.5%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 7 | 9 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 23.0% | 5.9% | 2.7%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 6 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 12.2%
Oil | 34 | 68 | 129 | 169 | 133 | 37 | 32 | 7.2% | 6.6% | 2.7% | -2.3% | -11.9% | -1.6%
Gas | 35 | 58 | 111 | 188 | 197 | 204 | 147 | 5.1% | 6.7% | 5.4% | 0.5% | 0.4% | -3.2%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 43 | 102 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 9.2%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 63 | 156 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 8.3% | 51.7% | 9.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 39 | 115 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 11.5%
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Hydro | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 16 | 30 | 36 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 10.4% | 6.8% | 1.9%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 37 | 57 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 41.4% | 14.2% | 4.5%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 25.9% | 16.5%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 24 | 31 | 60 | 93 | 91 | 111 | 121 | 2.6% | 6.8% | 4.5% | -0.2% | 2.1% | 0.8%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 23.3% | 5.6% | 2.6%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 12.3%
Oil | 13 | 18 | 33 | 50 | 41 | 33 | 29 | 3.2% | 6.4% | 4.4% | -2.0% | -2.3% | -1.2%
Gas | 11 | 13 | 27 | 40 | 37 | 36 | 22 | 1.9% | 7.2% | 3.9% | -0.7% | -0.2% | -4.8%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 13 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 9.3%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 21 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 8.4% | 51.3% | 9.5%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 15 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 11.5%
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Hydro | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 7 | 12 | 14 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 10.1% | 6.1% | 1.6%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 21 | 34 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 41.6% | 14.3% | 4.7%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 25.4% | 16.0%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 39 | 64 | 121 | 162 | 153 | 148 | 143 | 4.9% | 6.6% | 3.0% | -0.6% | -0.3% | -0.4%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 12.5% | 4.9% | 1.7%
Oil | 29 | 43 | 76 | 98 | 82 | 68 | 57 | 4.3% | 5.7% | 2.6% | -1.8% | -1.8% | -1.7%
Gas | 6 | 12 | 27 | 37 | 44 | 48 | 47 | 6.4% | 9.0% | 3.1% | 1.7% | 1.0% | -0.3%
Electricity | 5 | 9 | 17 | 26 | 26 | 27 | 32 | 6.1% | 7.4% | 4.0% | 0.0% | 0.6% | 1.5%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 28.9% | 4.6%
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | -9.6% | 2.9% | 55.5% | 3.8% | 9.1% | 7.6%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 0% | 0% | 0% | 1% | 2% | 13% | 26% | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 12.4% | 18.1% | 7.3%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 18 | 34 | 69 | 92 | 88 | 85 | 83 | 6.6% | 7.2% | 2.9% | -0.5% | -0.4% | -0.2%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 12.5% | 4.9% | 1.7%
Oil | 11 | 22 | 39 | 50 | 42 | 35 | 32 | 6.9% | 6.0% | 2.6% | -1.8% | -1.9% | -0.8%
Gas | 6 | 12 | 27 | 36 | 39 | 43 | 43 | 6.4% | 9.0% | 2.8% | 0.9% | 0.9% | -0.1%
Electricity | 1 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 4.2% | 8.7% | 6.7% | 1.0% | 0.6% | 1.2%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | -6.0% | 2.5% | 1.5%
Buildings | 5 | 8 | 16 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 25 | 5.7% | 6.8% | 3.7% | -0.2% | 0.2% | 0.8%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3.0% | 2.8% | 1.4% | -2.7% | -4.1% | -3.8%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 13.2% | -0.6% | -3.6%
Electricity | 4 | 7 | 15 | 21 | 19 | 19 | 21 | 6.3% | 7.3% | 3.5% | -1.0% | -0.1% | 1.1%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 28.9% | 4.6%
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -9.6% | 2.9% | 33.1% | 4.4% | 0.7% | -1.0%
Agriculture | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9.2% | 4.8% | 3.0% | 2.1% | 2.0% | 1.7%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9.2% | 4.8% | 3.0% | 2.1% | 2.0% | 1.7%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Transport | 16 | 20 | 35 | 46 | 42 | 40 | 35 | 2.2% | 5.6% | 2.8% | -1.0% | -0.6% | -1.3%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 16 | 20 | 35 | 46 | 38 | 33 | 25 | 2.2% | 5.6% | 2.7% | -1.8% | -1.6% | -2.7%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 22.2% | 4.1% | -1.6%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 32.7% | 6.7% | 4.6%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 44.5% | 13.8% | 9.3%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 6 | 5 | 17 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 7 | -0.4% | 12.3% | -13.8% | 0.1% | 2.3% | 3.8%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Turkey | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 54 | 63 | 72 | 82 | 88 | 93 | 96 | 1.6% | 1.3% | 1.3% | 0.6% | 0.6% | 0.3%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 8 | 10 | 13 | 16 | 21 | 26 | 31 | 2.0% | 2.5% | 2.4% | 2.8% | 2.2% | 1.6%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 5 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 13 | 16 | 19 | 2.0% | 2.5% | 2.5% | 2.8% | 2.2% | 1.6%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 18 | 11 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 7 | -4.6% | -1.8% | -1.3% | -0.7% | -0.5% | -0.3%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 32 | 31 | 26 | 26 | 25 | 24 | 23 | -0.3% | -1.7% | -0.1% | -0.5% | -0.5% | -0.4%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 50 | 57 | 64 | 66 | 68 | 69 | 70 | 1.4% | 1.1% | 0.2% | 0.3% | 0.2% | 0.2%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 12 | 18 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 17 | -3.4% | 3.6% | -2.8% | 1.0% | 0.6% | 1.0%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 77 | 85 | 82 | 90 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.6% | 1.0% | -0.3% | 0.8%
Gas | 18 | 21 | 30 | 46 | 47 | 40 | 34 | 1.4% | 3.8% | 4.4% | 0.2% | -1.7% | -1.6%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 137 | 238 | 309 | 408 | 330 | 249 | 99 | 5.6% | 2.6% | 2.8% | -2.1% | -2.7% | -8.8%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 181 | 288 | 367 | 455 | 416 | 338 | 199 | 4.7% | 2.4% | 2.2% | -0.9% | -2.1% | -5.2%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 181 | 288 | 367 | 455 | 416 | 338 | 199 | 4.7% | 2.4% | 2.2% | -0.9% | -2.1% | -5.2%
CO₂ | 135 | 216 | 291 | 370 | 353 | 293 | 171 | 4.8% | 3.0% | 2.4% | -0.5% | -1.8% | -5.3%
CH₄ | 34 | 53 | 57 | 62 | 42 | 28 | 16 | 4.7% | 0.7% | 0.8% | -3.7% | -4.1% | -5.7%
N₂O | 12 | 17 | 14 | 16 | 14 | 13 | 11 | 3.4% | -1.9% | 1.4% | -1.5% | -0.9% | -1.7%
F gases | 1 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 4 | 1 | 10.6% | 11.4% | 3.6% | -0.7% | -4.4% | -10.6%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 151 | 260 | 340 | 420 | 386 | 311 | 176 | 5.6% | 2.7% | 2.1% | -0.8% | -2.1% | -5.6%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 118 | 195 | 254 | 323 | 299 | 238 | 121 | 5.1% | 2.7% | 2.4% | -0.8% | -2.3% | -6.5%
Power generation/District heating | 31 | 68 | 96 | 113 | 105 | 71 | - 8 | 8.1% | 3.6% | 1.6% | -0.7% | -3.8% | n.s.
Industry | 28 | 52 | 44 | 41 | 40 | 36 | 28 | 6.5% | -1.7% | -0.7% | -0.1% | -1.0% | -2.6%
Buildings | 23 | 27 | 49 | 48 | 32 | 21 | 13 | 1.6% | 6.2% | -0.2% | -3.8% | -4.2% | -4.6%
Agriculture | 6 | 8 | 14 | 14 | 13 | 9 | 6 | 3.4% | 5.4% | -0.2% | -0.9% | -3.8% | -4.1%
Transport | 26 | 34 | 43 | 79 | 84 | 81 | 70 | 2.6% | 2.3% | 6.3% | 0.7% | -0.4% | -1.5%
Other | 4 | 6 | 8 | 29 | 24 | 19 | 13 | 3.2% | 3.3% | 13.5% | -1.7% | -2.4% | -4.2%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 23 | 86 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 36.0% | 32.2% | 14.1%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 7 | 15 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 42.9% | 18.5% | 8.6%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 18 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 29.4% | 45.4% | 11.5%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 53 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 7.7% | n.s. | 17.7%
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 23 | 26 | 31 | 50 | 70 | 94 | 109 | 1.0% | 2.0% | 4.9% | 3.4% | 3.0% | 1.5%
Coal | 10 | 13 | 18 | 14 | 9 | 6 | 4 | 2.4% | 3.3% | -2.2% | -4.3% | -4.1% | -5.3%
Oil | 4 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 7 | -2.9% | -1.0% | 1.6% | 4.6% | 2.8% | 1.5%
Natural gas | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 11.6% | 0.7% | 4.4% | 10.4% | 5.4% | 3.6%
Biomass | 7 | 7 | 5 | 15 | 21 | 28 | 32 | -1.0% | -3.5% | 12.9% | 3.4% | 2.6% | 1.6%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 6 | 8 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 38.1% | 19.7% | 3.1%
Hydro | 2 | 3 | 4 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 2.9% | 5.3% | 4.2% | 2.3% | 1.1% | 0.5%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 1 | 10 | 23 | 35 | 42 | 13.1% | 14.3% | 23.1% | 8.7% | 4.2% | 2.0%
Net Imports | 26 | 50 | 73 | 84 | 84 | 76 | 66 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 4 | 10 | 14 | 20 | 16 | 11 | 5 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | 19 | 28 | 28 | 35 | 34 | 29 | 22 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | 3 | 12 | 31 | 36 | 41 | 39 | 36 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | - 8 | - 7 | - 4 | 2 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 50 | 76 | 104 | 135 | 155 | 170 | 175 | 4.4% | 3.2% | 2.6% | 1.4% | 0.9% | 0.3%
Coal | 15 | 23 | 32 | 35 | 25 | 17 | 9 | 4.6% | 3.5% | 0.8% | -3.3% | -3.7% | -6.2%
Oil | 23 | 31 | 30 | 38 | 39 | 35 | 29 | 3.0% | -0.3% | 2.3% | 0.2% | -0.9% | -2.0%
Natural gas | 3 | 13 | 31 | 37 | 43 | 43 | 41 | 16.0% | 9.5% | 1.7% | 1.5% | -0.1% | -0.3%
Biomass | 7 | 7 | 5 | 7 | 15 | 24 | 34 | -1.0% | -3.5% | 5.1% | 6.9% | 4.9% | 3.8%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 6 | 8 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 38.1% | 19.7% | 3.1%
Hydro | 2 | 3 | 4 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 2.9% | 5.3% | 4.2% | 2.3% | 1.1% | 0.5%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 1 | 10 | 23 | 35 | 42 | 13.1% | 14.3% | 23.1% | 8.7% | 4.2% | 2.0%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 50 | 76 | 104 | 135 | 155 | 170 | 175 | 4.4% | 3.2% | 2.6% | 1.4% | 0.9% | 0.3%
Energy for Power Generation | 11 | 24 | 37 | 54 | 73 | 91 | 106 | 7.9% | 4.6% | 3.7% | 3.1% | 2.2% | 1.6%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 2 | 3 | 4 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 5.4% | 3.5% | 6.1% | -0.1% | 0.9% | -0.2%
Final consumption | 41 | 59 | 80 | 99 | 111 | 121 | 122 | 3.7% | 3.1% | 2.2% | 1.1% | 0.9% | 0.1%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 5 | 6 | 9 | 14 | 15 | 18 | 19 | 2.1% | 4.6% | 3.8% | 1.3% | 1.7% | 0.6%
Other Industry | 7 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 18 | 20 | 22 | 8.1% | 0.3% | -0.1% | 1.6% | 1.3% | 0.7%
Non-Energy Use | 3 | 4 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 9 | 2.3% | 7.3% | 1.2% | 1.4% | 0.7% | -0.9%
Residential | 15 | 18 | 23 | 22 | 22 | 21 | 20 | 1.8% | 2.7% | -0.4% | -0.2% | -0.1% | -0.8%
Services | 1 | 2 | 6 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 16 | 13.4% | 9.7% | 7.4% | 0.7% | 1.0% | 1.1%
Agriculture | 2 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 4.1% | 5.5% | -0.1% | 1.4% | 1.0% | 0.6%
Road | 8 | 11 | 13 | 22 | 26 | 28 | 28 | 2.3% | 2.4% | 5.2% | 1.7% | 0.8% | -0.2%
Rail | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.4% | -3.6% | 2.5% | 1.1% | 0.7% | 0.2%
Aviation | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9.5% | -5.7% | 3.7% | 3.8% | 2.2% | 0.9%
Other Transport | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -2.6% | 11.9% | 2.9% | 2.1% | -0.7% | -2.5%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 9 | 21 | 32 | 37 | 40 | 40 | 46 | 8.7% | 4.3% | 1.5% | 0.9% | 0.0% | 1.3%
Coal | 6 | 11 | 14 | 18 | 12 | 8 | 4 | 6.4% | 2.6% | 2.6% | -4.2% | -3.4% | -7.7%
Oil | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 8.9% | -14.3% | 1.2% | 7.6% | 3.3% | -3.6%
Gas | 2 | 7 | 17 | 17 | 23 | 22 | 22 | 13.3% | 8.7% | 0.0% | 3.2% | -0.7% | 0.1%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 8 | 18 | n.s. | 7.3% | 21.8% | 13.0% | 10.1% | 9.1%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -0.5% | 24.3% | 24.0% | 8.7% | 0.4% | -0.7%
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 58 | 125 | 211 | 301 | 423 | 572 | 707 | 8.1% | 5.4% | 3.6% | 3.5% | 3.1% | 2.2%
Coal | 20 | 38 | 55 | 71 | 48 | 35 | 18 | 6.6% | 3.7% | 2.6% | -3.8% | -3.0% | -6.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 15 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 15.8%
Oil | 4 | 9 | 2 | 3 | 6 | 8 | 6 | 9.0% | -13.5% | 2.5% | 7.6% | 3.4% | -3.5%
Gas | 10 | 46 | 98 | 103 | 139 | 125 | 131 | 16.3% | 7.8% | 0.5% | 3.0% | -1.0% | 0.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 15 | 44 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 11.5%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 12 | 35 | 89 | n.s. | 7.6% | 22.3% | 13.5% | 11.2% | 9.7%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 63 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 17.2%
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 25 | 33 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 39.5% | 19.9% | 3.0%
Hydro | 23 | 31 | 52 | 78 | 98 | 108 | 114 | 2.9% | 5.3% | 4.2% | 2.3% | 1.1% | 0.5%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 3 | 32 | 79 | 153 | 200 | n.s. | 56.5% | 27.2% | 9.3% | 6.8% | 2.7%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 24 | 68 | 102 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 19.3% | 10.7% | 4.1%
Other | 0 | 0 | 1 | 6 | 13 | 14 | 15 | -0.5% | 24.3% | 24.0% | 8.8% | 0.7% | 0.3%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 17 | 27 | 49 | 102 | 153 | 228 | 260 | 5.0% | 6.1% | 7.6% | 4.1% | 4.1% | 1.3%
Coal | 6 | 7 | 12 | 17 | 16 | 13 | 3 | 2.9% | 5.1% | 3.4% | -0.4% | -2.3% | -14.5%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 16.8%
Oil | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | -2.7% | -0.4% | -2.0% | 2.4% | 4.4% | 0.3%
Gas | 2 | 7 | 18 | 31 | 40 | 49 | 42 | 12.3% | 10.0% | 5.6% | 2.4% | 2.2% | -1.6%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 8 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 14.5%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 13 | n.s. | 11.5% | 21.8% | 8.2% | 11.3% | 10.3%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 9 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 18.1%
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 5 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 39.2% | 19.6% | 2.8%
Hydro | 7 | 11 | 16 | 34 | 41 | 46 | 48 | 5.1% | 3.5% | 7.9% | 2.0% | 1.0% | 0.6%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 1 | 15 | 34 | 63 | 77 | n.s. | 53.0% | 27.1% | 8.9% | 6.2% | 2.2%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 15 | 44 | 66 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 19.6% | 10.9% | 4.2%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0.0% | 20.2% | 22.4% | 8.9% | 2.6% | 0.9%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 41 | 59 | 80 | 99 | 111 | 121 | 122 | 3.7% | 3.1% | 2.2% | 1.1% | 0.9% | 0.1%
Coal | 8 | 12 | 17 | 12 | 9 | 5 | 3 | 3.5% | 3.3% | -3.5% | -2.5% | -5.4% | -5.9%
Oil | 20 | 26 | 28 | 37 | 37 | 34 | 28 | 2.5% | 0.8% | 2.7% | 0.0% | -1.0% | -1.8%
Gas | 1 | 5 | 13 | 19 | 18 | 19 | 17 | 21.0% | 10.3% | 3.8% | -0.4% | 0.5% | -1.3%
Electricity | 4 | 8 | 15 | 21 | 30 | 41 | 50 | 7.9% | 5.9% | 3.7% | 3.6% | 3.1% | 2.1%
Heat | 0 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 12.4% | 9.2% | 3.6% | 2.0% | 1.9% | 1.7%
Biomass & Other | 7 | 6 | 4 | 7 | 11 | 16 | 17 | -1.1% | -3.7% | 3.9% | 5.8% | 3.4% | 0.6%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 24% | 16% | 13% | 20% | 33% | 47% | 59% | -3.7% | -2.4% | 4.4% | 5.3% | 3.8% | 2.3%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 15 | 24 | 32 | 37 | 43 | 48 | 50 | 5.3% | 2.7% | 1.4% | 1.5% | 1.3% | 0.3%
Coal | 5 | 10 | 9 | 6 | 7 | 5 | 3 | 6.5% | -0.8% | -3.6% | 0.4% | -3.3% | -5.4%
Oil | 6 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 2.9% | -0.2% | 0.8% | -0.3% | -0.6% | -0.8%
Gas | 1 | 2 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 10.1% | 14.0% | 2.7% | -0.4% | 1.2% | -0.5%
Electricity | 2 | 4 | 7 | 10 | 14 | 19 | 24 | 5.4% | 5.3% | 4.2% | 3.4% | 3.4% | 2.2%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 50.7% | 10.9% | 4.2% | -0.2% | -0.3% | -0.2%
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 5 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 12.1% | 4.5% | 0.2%
Buildings | 15 | 20 | 29 | 34 | 34 | 35 | 35 | 2.6% | 3.7% | 1.6% | 0.1% | 0.3% | 0.0%
Coal | 3 | 2 | 7 | 5 | 2 | 0 | 0 | -4.5% | 13.9% | -3.4% | -7.6% | -16.0% | -16.2%
Oil | 3 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1.4% | -8.7% | -1.7% | 0.0% | -0.9% | -2.3%
Gas | 0 | 3 | 6 | 10 | 8 | 7 | 4 | 50.4% | 7.5% | 4.5% | -2.0% | -1.8% | -4.4%
Electricity | 1 | 4 | 7 | 10 | 13 | 16 | 19 | 10.7% | 6.5% | 3.2% | 2.6% | 2.2% | 1.6%
Heat | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 7.4% | 8.0% | 3.0% | 3.6% | 3.0% | 2.5%
Biomass & Other | 7 | 6 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 5 | -1.1% | -3.7% | 1.1% | 2.0% | 0.4% | -1.9%
Agriculture | 2 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 4.1% | 5.5% | -0.1% | 1.4% | 1.0% | 0.6%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | 27.9% | -3.4% | -7.5% | -7.5%
Oil | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 3.4% | 5.3% | -0.4% | -0.9% | -3.8% | -4.1%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | 12.9% | -0.4% | -2.5% | -2.8%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 18.2% | 6.2% | 0.4% | 4.8% | 5.1% | 3.1%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 48.5% | 10.4% | 3.4%
Transport | 9 | 12 | 14 | 24 | 28 | 31 | 30 | 2.4% | 2.1% | 5.1% | 1.8% | 0.8% | -0.2%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 9 | 12 | 14 | 23 | 23 | 22 | 18 | 2.4% | 2.1% | 4.7% | 0.3% | -0.7% | -1.9%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 4 | n.s. | 36.7% | 16.8% | 19.4% | 5.9% | 2.1%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 8.3% | -6.5% | 22.3% | 22.5% | 6.1% | 3.5%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | 54.5% | 10.5% | 6.3% | 3.6%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 2 | 3 | 4 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 5.4% | 3.5% | 6.1% | -0.1% | 0.9% | -0.2%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Mediterranean Middle East | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 27 | 36 | 46 | 54 | 65 | 73 | 80 | 2.9% | 2.5% | 1.6% | 1.9% | 1.2% | 1.0%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 5 | 7 | 8 | 10 | 12 | 15 | 20 | 2.7% | 1.5% | 1.8% | 2.0% | 2.5% | 2.4%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 3 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 9 | 12 | 4.0% | -0.1% | 1.8% | 2.0% | 2.5% | 2.4%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 6 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -4.3% | -11.8% | 1.3% | -0.9% | -0.9% | -0.7%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 6 | 8 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 3.1% | -4.2% | 1.5% | -0.2% | -0.3% | -0.4%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 89 | 88 | 94 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 94 | 0.0% | 0.6% | -0.1% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 12 | 18 | 12 | 14 | 16 | 17 | -3.4% | 3.6% | -3.7% | 1.6% | 0.9% | 1.0%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 77 | 85 | 82 | 90 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.6% | 1.0% | -0.3% | 0.8%
Gas | 28 | 24 | 47 | 58 | 45 | 38 | 34 | -1.2% | 6.8% | 2.1% | -2.4% | -1.7% | -1.1%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 110 | 166 | 197 | 193 | 202 | 164 | 83 | 4.2% | 1.7% | -0.2% | 0.4% | -2.1% | -6.6%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 110 | 167 | 198 | 195 | 203 | 166 | 85 | 4.3% | 1.7% | -0.2% | 0.4% | -2.0% | -6.5%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 110 | 167 | 198 | 195 | 203 | 166 | 85 | 4.3% | 1.7% | -0.2% | 0.4% | -2.0% | -6.5%
CO₂ | 90 | 140 | 168 | 176 | 185 | 148 | 71 | 4.6% | 1.8% | 0.5% | 0.5% | -2.2% | -7.1%
CH₄ | 12 | 17 | 19 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 10 | 4.0% | 0.8% | -5.2% | 0.8% | 0.5% | -1.7%
N₂O | 7 | 7 | 8 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 0.6% | 1.2% | -7.8% | -1.9% | -1.7% | -1.7%
F gases | 1 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 3.4% | 6.6% | 3.7% | -0.7% | -4.3% | -9.4%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 101 | 157 | 187 | 192 | 201 | 163 | 82 | 4.5% | 1.7% | 0.3% | 0.4% | -2.1% | -6.6%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 81 | 127 | 158 | 163 | 169 | 131 | 55 | 4.6% | 2.2% | 0.3% | 0.4% | -2.5% | -8.3%
Power generation/District heating | 29 | 59 | 88 | 94 | 96 | 59 | - 7 | 7.3% | 4.1% | 0.7% | 0.2% | -4.8% | n.s.
Industry | 8 | 10 | 13 | 13 | 15 | 15 | 14 | 2.4% | 2.3% | 0.6% | 1.4% | -0.4% | -1.0%
Buildings | 14 | 17 | 18 | 14 | 11 | 9 | 7 | 2.1% | 0.9% | -3.1% | -1.9% | -2.1% | -2.6%
Agriculture | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4.0% | 2.5% | -3.2% | -0.6% | -3.6% | -3.7%
Transport | 21 | 31 | 31 | 34 | 37 | 39 | 35 | 4.0% | 0.1% | 1.0% | 0.7% | 0.6% | -1.1%
Other | 9 | 8 | 6 | 6 | 8 | 9 | 6 | -0.2% | -3.9% | 1.2% | 2.5% | 0.5% | -2.8%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 14 | 65 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 38.1% | 16.7%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 9 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 21.6% | 10.8%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 13 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 56.9% | 14.7%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 43 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 19.3%
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 22 | 33 | 31 | 11 | 21 | 33 | 43 | 4.0% | -0.6% | -9.7% | 6.3% | 4.9% | 2.7%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5.4% | 0.1% | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 20 | 27 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3.1% | -3.1% | -50.6% | 19.3% | 28.3% | -0.9%
Natural gas | 1 | 4 | 9 | 9 | 14 | 17 | 20 | 12.2% | 7.8% | -0.6% | 4.3% | 2.4% | 1.4%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3.0% | 1.3% | 8.8% | 6.9% | 3.1% | 1.2%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 6 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 36.8% | 18.9% | 4.5%
Hydro | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.5% | -0.6% | 0.2% | 1.2% | 0.9% | 0.3%
Other renewables | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 10 | 15 | 4.8% | 6.7% | 2.5% | 12.4% | 6.3% | 4.5%
Net Imports | 5 | 10 | 27 | 47 | 48 | 44 | 47 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 2 | 7 | 8 | 11 | 11 | 8 | 7 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | 2 | 3 | 15 | 35 | 31 | 20 | 18 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | 0 | 0 | 5 | 1 | 6 | 10 | 2 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 6 | 20 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 27 | 43 | 58 | 58 | 69 | 78 | 90 | 4.8% | 3.0% | 0.0% | 1.7% | 1.2% | 1.5%
Coal | 2 | 7 | 8 | 11 | 11 | 8 | 7 | 11.2% | 1.4% | 4.2% | -0.5% | -3.2% | -1.4%
Oil | 23 | 31 | 35 | 35 | 31 | 21 | 19 | 3.2% | 1.1% | 0.1% | -1.1% | -3.8% | -1.2%
Natural gas | 1 | 5 | 15 | 10 | 19 | 28 | 22 | 12.4% | 11.8% | -3.9% | 6.9% | 3.7% | -2.3%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 7 | 21 | 2.9% | 1.3% | 12.4% | 13.0% | 15.6% | 11.5%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 6 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 36.8% | 18.9% | 4.5%
Hydro | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.5% | -0.6% | 0.2% | 1.2% | 0.9% | 0.3%
Other renewables | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 10 | 15 | 4.8% | 6.7% | 2.5% | 12.4% | 6.3% | 4.5%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 27 | 43 | 58 | 58 | 69 | 78 | 90 | 4.8% | 3.0% | 0.0% | 1.7% | 1.2% | 1.5%
Energy for Power Generation | 9 | 19 | 31 | 31 | 38 | 44 | 57 | 7.0% | 5.2% | 0.0% | 2.1% | 1.5% | 2.6%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 6 | -1.6% | -5.0% | 3.9% | 5.5% | 3.7% | 1.5%
Final consumption | 18 | 29 | 37 | 37 | 44 | 52 | 59 | 4.9% | 2.4% | 0.0% | 1.9% | 1.5% | 1.4%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 17.8% | 2.5% | -1.8% | 0.8% | -0.6% | 0.4%
Other Industry | 3 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 10 | 2.1% | 2.7% | 0.6% | 2.5% | 1.7% | 2.2%
Non-Energy Use | 1 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 11.9% | -1.9% | -1.6% | 1.9% | 0.9% | 0.8%
Residential | 3 | 6 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 11 | 6.2% | 3.3% | -1.0% | 1.4% | 1.2% | 1.5%
Services | 3 | 4 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 10 | 1.7% | 3.3% | -0.3% | 2.3% | 1.8% | 2.1%
Agriculture | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4.6% | 2.7% | -0.9% | 1.9% | 1.8% | 1.7%
Road | 6 | 9 | 12 | 14 | 16 | 19 | 21 | 3.7% | 3.1% | 1.2% | 1.9% | 1.7% | 0.7%
Rail | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Aviation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 32.7% | -12.2% | -2.4% | 3.5% | 2.9% | 2.1%
Other Transport | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | 5.8% | -2.2% | 2.0% | 0.0% | -1.2%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 9 | 18 | 29 | 29 | 32 | 30 | 35 | 7.3% | 5.2% | -0.2% | 0.9% | -0.6% | 1.7%
Coal | 2 | 6 | 7 | 11 | 10 | 6 | 5 | 10.6% | 1.7% | 3.7% | -0.9% | -4.1% | -1.5%
Oil | 6 | 9 | 9 | 12 | 10 | 3 | 3 | 4.5% | 0.3% | 2.4% | -1.5% | -11.1% | 0.5%
Gas | 1 | 2 | 13 | 6 | 11 | 15 | 9 | 13.8% | 18.1% | -6.7% | 5.8% | 3.2% | -4.8%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 17 | n.s. | n.s. | 9.8% | 29.5% | 22.7% | 12.9%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 38 | 85 | 136 | 137 | 178 | 237 | 331 | 8.5% | 4.8% | 0.1% | 2.7% | 2.9% | 3.4%
Coal | 10 | 29 | 34 | 48 | 45 | 30 | 26 | 10.9% | 1.6% | 3.5% | -0.8% | -4.0% | -1.3%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 9 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 18.5%
Oil | 21 | 42 | 39 | 50 | 43 | 14 | 14 | 7.0% | -0.8% | 2.7% | -1.6% | -10.8% | 0.4%
Gas | 3 | 10 | 59 | 30 | 55 | 81 | 55 | 13.6% | 19.3% | -6.4% | 6.2% | 3.9% | -3.8%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 34 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 15.1%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 25 | 87 | n.s. | n.s. | 11.7% | 30.8% | 23.2% | 13.3%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 52 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 18.7%
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 16 | 24 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 37.0% | 19.0% | 4.5%
Hydro | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 1.5% | -0.6% | 0.2% | 1.2% | 0.9% | 0.3%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 35 | 67 | 11.6% | 13.9% | 44.4% | 34.2% | 15.7% | 6.7%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 17 | 32 | 52 | n.s. | n.s. | 37.7% | 18.9% | 6.6% | 5.0%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 31.6% | 17.6% | 11.1%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 11 | 20 | 27 | 38 | 50 | 69 | 91 | 6.4% | 2.8% | 3.3% | 3.0% | 3.2% | 2.8%
Coal | 2 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 8 | 6 | 7.8% | 1.2% | 4.0% | 2.1% | -1.6% | -2.5%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 18.6%
Oil | 7 | 9 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 2.9% | -4.3% | 1.5% | -1.1% | -2.6% | -0.5%
Gas | 1 | 5 | 15 | 19 | 18 | 16 | 8 | 19.5% | 11.5% | 2.9% | -0.8% | -1.2% | -6.9%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 15.4%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 12 | n.s. | n.s. | 7.7% | 30.9% | 23.0% | 13.3%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 7 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 18.8%
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 36.7% | 18.8% | 4.3%
Hydro | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4.6% | -2.0% | -0.4% | 1.2% | 0.9% | 0.3%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 14 | 25 | n.s. | 18.1% | 39.1% | 32.8% | 14.9% | 6.2%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 11 | 20 | 31 | n.s. | n.s. | 40.9% | 17.9% | 5.6% | 4.5%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 17.0% | 10.6%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 18 | 29 | 37 | 37 | 44 | 52 | 59 | 4.9% | 2.4% | 0.0% | 1.9% | 1.5% | 1.4%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 30.2% | -0.1% | 17.6% | 2.2% | -1.1% | -1.6%
Oil | 14 | 20 | 24 | 22 | 20 | 18 | 15 | 3.5% | 1.9% | -0.9% | -0.9% | -1.4% | -1.6%
Gas | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 6 | 10 | 10 | 11.5% | -2.5% | 3.8% | 9.2% | 4.5% | 0.6%
Electricity | 3 | 6 | 9 | 10 | 13 | 17 | 24 | 8.4% | 4.8% | 0.3% | 2.9% | 3.0% | 3.4%
Heat | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 4.8% | 6.6% | 0.5% | 8.7% | 2.3% | 1.8%
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 2.9% | -0.1% | 11.4% | 9.7% | 8.3% | 6.2%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 4% | 4% | 5% | 6% | 16% | 31% | 54% | -0.7% | 1.4% | 3.1% | 9.9% | 6.9% | 5.6%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 5 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 12 | 13 | 16 | 6.9% | 0.9% | -0.5% | 2.1% | 1.2% | 1.7%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 30.2% | -0.1% | 17.6% | 2.2% | -1.1% | -1.6%
Oil | 4 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 2.7% | 1.1% | -1.6% | 0.0% | -1.5% | -0.6%
Gas | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 55.4% | -2.5% | -0.6% | 5.6% | 3.6% | 1.3%
Electricity | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 7.3% | 3.7% | -0.7% | 2.6% | 2.5% | 3.5%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | -0.2% | -0.3% | -0.2%
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 16.8% | 10.6% | 10.9%
Buildings | 7 | 10 | 14 | 13 | 15 | 18 | 21 | 4.1% | 3.3% | -0.7% | 1.8% | 1.5% | 1.8%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 4 | 5 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 3.5% | 0.9% | -4.1% | -4.4% | -6.1% | -4.6%
Gas | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 9.4% | 3.6% | -1.1%
Electricity | 2 | 4 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 10 | 13 | 9.1% | 5.4% | 0.4% | 1.6% | 2.1% | 2.8%
Heat | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 4.8% | 6.6% | 0.5% | 8.7% | 2.3% | 1.8%
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2.9% | -0.1% | 7.3% | 2.9% | 6.1% | 3.1%
Agriculture | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4.6% | 2.7% | -0.9% | 1.9% | 1.8% | 1.7%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4.0% | 2.5% | -3.2% | -0.6% | -3.6% | -3.7%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5.8% | 3.0% | 2.5% | 3.2% | 3.4% | 2.8%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 11.5% | 3.7%
Transport | 6 | 9 | 12 | 14 | 16 | 19 | 21 | 4.0% | 2.8% | 1.2% | 1.9% | 1.7% | 0.7%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 6 | 9 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 12 | 10 | 4.0% | 2.8% | 0.8% | -0.3% | -0.6% | -1.6%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 19.8% | 6.5% | 0.6%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 5 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 27.3% | 7.5% | 5.5%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 16.6% | 8.8% | 6.7%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 6 | -1.6% | -5.0% | 3.9% | 5.5% | 3.7% | 1.5%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Rest Persian Gulf | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 34 | 48 | 69 | 90 | 111 | 133 | 155 | 3.3% | 3.8% | 2.7% | 2.1% | 1.8% | 1.5%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 6 | 11 | 12 | 11 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 7.2% | 0.5% | -0.7% | 1.6% | 0.9% | 0.4%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 5 | 7 | 8 | 10 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 4.2% | 1.3% | 2.3% | 1.6% | 0.9% | 0.4%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4.8% | -4.8% | -11.9% | -0.7% | -0.3% | -0.1%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 4 | 17 | 29 | 24 | 24 | 23 | 23 | 16.5% | 5.6% | -1.9% | -0.2% | -0.1% | -0.1%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 96 | 82 | 70 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 77 | -1.5% | -1.6% | 0.8% | 0.1% | 0.0% | 0.0%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 12 | 18 | 12 | 14 | 16 | 17 | -3.4% | 3.6% | -3.7% | 1.6% | 0.9% | 1.0%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 77 | 85 | 82 | 90 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.6% | 1.0% | -0.3% | 0.8%
Gas | 28 | 24 | 47 | 58 | 45 | 38 | 34 | -1.2% | 6.8% | 2.1% | -2.4% | -1.7% | -1.1%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 284 | 413 | 685 | 877 | 851 | 570 | 382 | 3.8% | 5.2% | 2.5% | -0.3% | -3.9% | -3.9%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 284 | 415 | 686 | 877 | 852 | 571 | 384 | 3.8% | 5.2% | 2.5% | -0.3% | -3.9% | -3.9%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 284 | 415 | 686 | 877 | 852 | 571 | 384 | 3.8% | 5.2% | 2.5% | -0.3% | -3.9% | -3.9%
CO₂ | 214 | 319 | 540 | 727 | 730 | 467 | 300 | 4.1% | 5.4% | 3.0% | 0.0% | -4.4% | -4.3%
CH₄ | 57 | 85 | 131 | 138 | 112 | 96 | 78 | 4.2% | 4.4% | 0.6% | -2.1% | -1.6% | -2.0%
N₂O | 10 | 9 | 12 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 5 | -1.3% | 2.8% | -4.0% | -1.1% | -1.9% | -1.0%
F gases | 4 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | -5.5% | 6.0% | -0.2% | -2.1% | -2.5% | -8.3%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 273 | 402 | 670 | 871 | 846 | 565 | 378 | 3.9% | 5.3% | 2.7% | -0.3% | -4.0% | -3.9%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 174 | 277 | 479 | 652 | 650 | 395 | 236 | 4.8% | 5.6% | 3.1% | 0.0% | -4.9% | -5.0%
Power generation/District heating | 60 | 105 | 207 | 256 | 261 | 102 | 7 | 5.7% | 7.1% | 2.2% | 0.2% | -9.0% | -24.0%
Industry | 44 | 67 | 112 | 180 | 179 | 133 | 113 | 4.3% | 5.3% | 4.9% | -0.1% | -2.9% | -1.6%
Buildings | 9 | 15 | 19 | 22 | 22 | 13 | 9 | 4.8% | 2.6% | 1.3% | 0.2% | -4.8% | -4.2%
Agriculture | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 11.0% | -5.2% | 0.8% | -0.9% | -4.0% | -4.3%
Transport | 42 | 55 | 83 | 106 | 99 | 87 | 71 | 2.8% | 4.2% | 2.5% | -0.7% | -1.3% | -1.9%
Other | 19 | 35 | 58 | 87 | 89 | 60 | 36 | 6.1% | 5.2% | 4.1% | 0.1% | -3.8% | -4.9%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 54 | 162 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 47.3% | 11.5%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 33.9% | 13.5%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 36 | 88 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 42.7% | 9.4%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 17 | 70 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 15.0%
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 351 | 539 | 719 | 1 106 | 1 246 | 1 216 | 1 118 | 4.4% | 2.9% | 4.4% | 1.2% | -0.2% | -0.8%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 314 | 460 | 517 | 759 | 767 | 770 | 759 | 3.9% | 1.2% | 3.9% | 0.1% | 0.0% | -0.1%
Natural gas | 36 | 79 | 202 | 346 | 473 | 425 | 335 | 8.1% | 9.8% | 5.5% | 3.2% | -1.1% | -2.4%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 2.4% | 6.3% | 17.6% | 8.7% | 3.4% | 6.2%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 8.6% | -0.3%
Hydro | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -13.5% | 22.8% | 2.1% | 1.9% | 1.5% | 0.7%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 18 | 19 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 32.2% | 16.1% | 0.5%
Net Imports | - 282 | - 429 | - 518 | - 814 | - 943 | - 970 | - 873 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | - 279 | - 409 | - 433 | - 669 | - 686 | - 716 | - 703 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | - 3 | - 19 | - 86 | - 148 | - 261 | - 266 | - 202 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 7 | 27 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 69 | 111 | 202 | 292 | 303 | 246 | 245 | 4.8% | 6.2% | 3.8% | 0.4% | -2.1% | -0.1%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | 11.1% | 3.4% | 1.3% | 0.0%
Oil | 35 | 51 | 84 | 90 | 81 | 54 | 57 | 3.7% | 5.1% | 0.7% | -1.1% | -4.0% | 0.5%
Natural gas | 33 | 60 | 116 | 198 | 211 | 159 | 133 | 6.0% | 6.9% | 5.5% | 0.7% | -2.8% | -1.8%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 10 | 31 | 2.5% | 6.3% | 18.3% | 13.1% | 14.7% | 12.3%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 8.6% | -0.3%
Hydro | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -13.5% | 22.8% | 2.1% | 1.9% | 1.5% | 0.7%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 18 | 19 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 32.2% | 16.1% | 0.5%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 69 | 111 | 202 | 292 | 303 | 246 | 245 | 4.8% | 6.2% | 3.8% | 0.4% | -2.1% | -0.1%
Energy for Power Generation | 23 | 40 | 79 | 102 | 111 | 88 | 100 | 5.7% | 7.2% | 2.5% | 0.8% | -2.3% | 1.3%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 7 | 13 | 26 | 49 | 52 | 45 | 44 | 6.0% | 6.9% | 6.7% | 0.6% | -1.4% | -0.2%
Final consumption | 44 | 68 | 116 | 172 | 180 | 156 | 151 | 4.3% | 5.5% | 4.1% | 0.4% | -1.4% | -0.3%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 2 | 3 | 6 | 13 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 5.6% | 5.2% | 8.1% | -1.1% | 0.0% | 0.2%
Other Industry | 17 | 26 | 43 | 67 | 68 | 48 | 43 | 4.6% | 5.2% | 4.6% | 0.2% | -3.4% | -1.1%
Non-Energy Use | 5 | 6 | 13 | 20 | 23 | 22 | 22 | 3.5% | 7.1% | 4.4% | 1.4% | -0.3% | 0.1%
Residential | 6 | 9 | 14 | 18 | 20 | 19 | 20 | 4.4% | 4.2% | 2.8% | 0.7% | -0.5% | 0.6%
Services | 1 | 3 | 8 | 13 | 17 | 17 | 19 | 11.3% | 10.6% | 5.0% | 2.3% | 0.3% | 1.1%
Agriculture | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8.0% | -4.4% | 1.3% | 1.5% | 1.3% | 1.2%
Road | 14 | 19 | 32 | 41 | 41 | 38 | 35 | 3.3% | 5.1% | 2.5% | -0.1% | -0.7% | -0.9%
Rail | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Aviation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | 1.7% | -1.6% | -0.4% | -0.5%
Other Transport | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 23 | 40 | 79 | 101 | 106 | 69 | 80 | 5.8% | 7.1% | 2.5% | 0.5% | -4.2% | 1.5%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 25.7% | 3.8% | 3.0%
Oil | 9 | 14 | 26 | 23 | 18 | 3 | 12 | 5.0% | 6.6% | -1.3% | -2.6% | -16.2% | 15.0%
Gas | 14 | 26 | 53 | 78 | 87 | 57 | 42 | 6.3% | 7.4% | 4.0% | 1.0% | -4.1% | -3.0%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 8 | 24 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 22.8% | 12.2%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 79 | 140 | 284 | 454 | 553 | 529 | 601 | 5.9% | 7.4% | 4.8% | 2.0% | -0.4% | 1.3%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 5 | 6 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 26.1% | 3.7% | 2.8%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 14.5%
Oil | 31 | 53 | 62 | 97 | 74 | 13 | 50 | 5.6% | 1.6% | 4.6% | -2.7% | -15.8% | 14.2%
Gas | 45 | 86 | 218 | 347 | 418 | 290 | 233 | 6.7% | 9.7% | 4.8% | 1.9% | -3.6% | -2.2%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 74 | 179 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 9.2%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 37 | 124 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 22.9% | 12.8%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 22 | 85 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 14.3%
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Hydro | 3 | 1 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | -13.5% | 22.8% | 2.1% | 1.9% | 1.5% | 0.7%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 14 | 25 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 53.0% | 16.0% | 5.8%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 42 | 161 | 153 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 31.1% | 14.3% | -0.5%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 33.7% | 18.1%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 26 | 35 | 68 | 116 | 143 | 207 | 166 | 2.9% | 6.9% | 5.5% | 2.1% | 3.8% | -2.2%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 26.3% | 4.1% | 2.7%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 14.7%
Oil | 14 | 14 | 16 | 25 | 17 | 14 | 12 | -0.1% | 1.2% | 4.9% | -3.8% | -2.3% | -1.0%
Gas | 10 | 18 | 50 | 86 | 96 | 87 | 36 | 5.7% | 10.5% | 5.6% | 1.2% | -1.0% | -8.5%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 25 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 9.6%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 17 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 23.1% | 12.8%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 12 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 14.6%
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Hydro | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4.7% | -0.4% | 2.3% | 1.9% | 1.5% | 0.7%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 6 | 9 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 51.7% | 15.4% | 5.3%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 23 | 91 | 86 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 31.3% | 14.6% | -0.5%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 33.2% | 17.6%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 44 | 68 | 116 | 172 | 180 | 156 | 151 | 4.3% | 5.5% | 4.1% | 0.4% | -1.4% | -0.3%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | 10.8% | 1.2% | -1.5% | -1.1%
Oil | 24 | 33 | 53 | 67 | 67 | 56 | 50 | 3.3% | 4.7% | 2.5% | -0.1% | -1.7% | -1.3%
Gas | 15 | 25 | 43 | 71 | 71 | 55 | 47 | 5.2% | 5.7% | 5.2% | 0.0% | -2.5% | -1.5%
Electricity | 6 | 10 | 19 | 31 | 38 | 37 | 43 | 6.2% | 6.8% | 4.9% | 2.0% | -0.2% | 1.4%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 38.2% | 2.0%
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 6 | 2.5% | 6.3% | 17.3% | 8.2% | 5.4% | 9.7%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 1% | 0% | 0% | 1% | 4% | 17% | 27% | -11.7% | 9.8% | 5.2% | 16.7% | 16.9% | 4.5%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 23 | 36 | 61 | 99 | 102 | 81 | 77 | 4.5% | 5.6% | 4.9% | 0.3% | -2.2% | -0.6%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | 10.8% | 1.2% | -1.5% | -1.1%
Oil | 7 | 9 | 14 | 20 | 26 | 23 | 23 | 2.4% | 5.0% | 3.6% | 2.2% | -1.1% | 0.2%
Gas | 15 | 24 | 43 | 69 | 65 | 49 | 42 | 5.1% | 5.8% | 4.9% | -0.6% | -2.7% | -1.6%
Electricity | 1 | 3 | 4 | 7 | 9 | 7 | 8 | 6.3% | 3.1% | 7.5% | 2.1% | -2.2% | 0.5%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | -2.7% | -2.8% | 30.0%
Buildings | 7 | 12 | 22 | 32 | 36 | 36 | 39 | 5.7% | 6.1% | 3.7% | 1.4% | -0.1% | 0.8%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 3 | 4 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 4.6% | 2.7% | -0.5% | -4.0% | -7.3% | -5.2%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 12.0% | -2.7% | 26.3% | 10.0% | -2.6% | -3.5%
Electricity | 4 | 7 | 16 | 24 | 28 | 28 | 32 | 6.2% | 7.9% | 4.2% | 1.4% | -0.1% | 1.3%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 38.2% | 2.0%
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2.5% | 6.3% | 9.7% | 2.0% | -2.9% | 6.0%
Agriculture | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8.0% | -4.4% | 1.3% | 1.5% | 1.3% | 1.2%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11.0% | -5.2% | 0.8% | -0.9% | -4.0% | -4.3%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -24.9% | 22.5% | 5.9% | 9.5% | 7.5% | 3.3%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 11.9% | 5.3%
Transport | 14 | 19 | 32 | 41 | 41 | 38 | 35 | 3.3% | 5.2% | 2.5% | -0.1% | -0.7% | -0.9%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 14 | 19 | 32 | 41 | 37 | 31 | 25 | 3.3% | 5.2% | 2.5% | -1.0% | -1.6% | -2.2%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 24.4% | 4.6% | 1.3%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 31.3% | 5.1% | 3.8%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 31.0% | 9.0% | 5.9%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 7 | 13 | 26 | 49 | 52 | 45 | 44 | 6.0% | 6.9% | 6.7% | 0.6% | -1.4% | -0.2%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

China | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 1 155 | 1 270 | 1 342 | 1 403 | 1 416 | 1 395 | 1 349 | 1.0% | 0.5% | 0.5% | 0.1% | -0.1% | -0.3%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 1 | 3 | 7 | 13 | 21 | 30 | 38 | 8.9% | 9.6% | 6.5% | 4.9% | 3.6% | 2.3%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 1 | 1 | 3 | 6 | 9 | 13 | 16 | 8.6% | 9.4% | 6.4% | 4.9% | 3.6% | 2.3%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 22 | 13 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 7 | -5.2% | -3.3% | -1.3% | -0.9% | -0.4% | -0.2%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 34 | 41 | 45 | 38 | 33 | 28 | 24 | 2.1% | 0.8% | -1.6% | -1.3% | -1.6% | -1.5%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 44 | 46 | 46 | 54 | 59 | 65 | 69 | 0.3% | 0.1% | 1.6% | 1.0% | 0.9% | 0.6%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 26 | 10 | 23 | 20 | 21 | 21 | 22 | -9.4% | 8.8% | -1.3% | 0.4% | 0.0% | 0.3%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 77 | 85 | 82 | 90 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.6% | 1.0% | -0.3% | 0.8%
Gas | 28 | 24 | 47 | 58 | 45 | 38 | 34 | -1.2% | 6.8% | 2.1% | -2.4% | -1.7% | -1.1%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 3 707 | 4 773 | 10 942 | 13 480 | 11 840 | 7 535 | 4 442 | 2.6% | 8.7% | 2.1% | -1.3% | -4.4% | -5.1%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 3 811 | 5 105 | 11 235 | 13 860 | 12 279 | 7 990 | 5 069 | 3.0% | 8.2% | 2.1% | -1.2% | -4.2% | -4.4%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 3 811 | 5 105 | 11 235 | 13 860 | 12 279 | 7 990 | 5 069 | 3.0% | 8.2% | 2.1% | -1.2% | -4.2% | -4.4%
CO₂ | 2 445 | 3 632 | 8 884 | 11 326 | 10 359 | 6 577 | 4 149 | 4.0% | 9.4% | 2.5% | -0.9% | -4.4% | -4.5%
CH₄ | 1 016 | 1 045 | 1 644 | 1 574 | 1 041 | 795 | 595 | 0.3% | 4.6% | -0.4% | -4.1% | -2.7% | -2.9%
N₂O | 338 | 378 | 529 | 632 | 548 | 426 | 292 | 1.1% | 3.4% | 1.8% | -1.4% | -2.5% | -3.7%
F gases | 13 | 51 | 177 | 328 | 331 | 192 | 34 | 14.8% | 13.3% | 6.4% | 0.1% | -5.3% | -15.9%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 3 035 | 4 316 | 10 231 | 12 715 | 11 394 | 7 264 | 4 548 | 3.6% | 9.0% | 2.2% | -1.1% | -4.4% | -4.6%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 2 206 | 3 196 | 7 737 | 9 688 | 8 560 | 4 902 | 2 821 | 3.8% | 9.2% | 2.3% | -1.2% | -5.4% | -5.4%
Power generation/District heating | 594 | 1 253 | 3 175 | 4 412 | 3 707 | 1 169 | 173 | 7.8% | 9.7% | 3.3% | -1.7% | -10.9% | -17.4%
Industry | 801 | 935 | 2 711 | 2 620 | 2 167 | 1 356 | 849 | 1.6% | 11.2% | -0.3% | -1.9% | -4.6% | -4.6%
Buildings | 417 | 319 | 502 | 615 | 470 | 336 | 231 | -2.6% | 4.6% | 2.1% | -2.6% | -3.3% | -3.7%
Agriculture | 89 | 49 | 89 | 112 | 89 | 50 | 28 | -5.9% | 6.3% | 2.3% | -2.3% | -5.5% | -5.6%
Transport | 115 | 249 | 524 | 987 | 1 188 | 1 238 | 1 102 | 8.0% | 7.7% | 6.5% | 1.9% | 0.4% | -1.2%
Other | 190 | 392 | 736 | 943 | 938 | 753 | 436 | 7.5% | 6.5% | 2.5% | -0.1% | -2.2% | -5.3%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 174 | 871 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 54.1% | 37.2% | 17.4%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 58 | 283 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 48.8% | 37.6% | 17.2%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 52 | 284 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 26.5% | 18.5%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 64 | 304 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 2.4% | n.s. | 16.8%
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 898 | 1 145 | 2 251 | 2 567 | 2 736 | 2 771 | 2 774 | 2.5% | 7.0% | 1.3% | 0.6% | 0.1% | 0.0%
Coal | 537 | 733 | 1 660 | 1 673 | 1 162 | 406 | 246 | 3.2% | 8.5% | 0.1% | -3.6% | -10.0% | -4.9%
Oil | 137 | 161 | 202 | 236 | 226 | 155 | 83 | 1.7% | 2.3% | 1.6% | -0.4% | -3.7% | -6.1%
Natural gas | 13 | 23 | 82 | 121 | 313 | 464 | 412 | 5.8% | 13.4% | 4.0% | 10.0% | 4.0% | -1.2%
Biomass | 201 | 203 | 214 | 253 | 329 | 364 | 413 | 0.1% | 0.5% | 1.7% | 2.7% | 1.0% | 1.3%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 4 | 19 | 88 | 362 | 875 | 998 | n.s. | 15.9% | 16.4% | 15.2% | 9.2% | 1.3%
Hydro | 11 | 19 | 62 | 122 | 152 | 159 | 154 | 5.8% | 12.5% | 7.0% | 2.2% | 0.4% | -0.3%
Other renewables | 0 | 1 | 12 | 74 | 193 | 348 | 468 | 29.4% | 27.6% | 19.6% | 10.0% | 6.1% | 3.0%
Net Imports | - 66 | 1 | 377 | 973 | 1 216 | 1 104 | 966 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | - 48 | - 65 | 135 | 338 | 309 | 106 | 73 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | - 20 | 65 | 230 | 507 | 597 | 629 | 540 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | 1 | 0 | 11 | 109 | 240 | 228 | 165 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 1 | 19 | 69 | 139 | 180 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 8 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | - 1 | - 1 | - 1 | - 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 832 | 1 146 | 2 628 | 3 541 | 3 952 | 3 876 | 3 740 | 3.3% | 8.6% | 3.0% | 1.1% | -0.2% | -0.4%
Coal | 489 | 668 | 1 795 | 2 012 | 1 471 | 512 | 318 | 3.2% | 10.4% | 1.1% | -3.1% | -10.0% | -4.6%
Oil | 117 | 227 | 432 | 744 | 823 | 784 | 623 | 6.8% | 6.7% | 5.6% | 1.0% | -0.5% | -2.3%
Natural gas | 15 | 23 | 93 | 230 | 553 | 691 | 577 | 4.7% | 14.8% | 9.5% | 9.2% | 2.3% | -1.8%
Biomass | 201 | 204 | 215 | 272 | 398 | 503 | 593 | 0.1% | 0.5% | 2.4% | 3.9% | 2.4% | 1.7%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 4 | 19 | 88 | 362 | 875 | 998 | n.s. | 15.9% | 16.4% | 15.2% | 9.2% | 1.3%
Hydro | 11 | 19 | 62 | 122 | 152 | 159 | 154 | 5.8% | 12.5% | 7.0% | 2.2% | 0.4% | -0.3%
Other renewables | 0 | 1 | 12 | 74 | 193 | 348 | 468 | 29.4% | 27.6% | 19.6% | 10.0% | 6.1% | 3.0%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 832 | 1 146 | 2 628 | 3 541 | 3 952 | 3 876 | 3 740 | 3.3% | 8.6% | 3.0% | 1.1% | -0.2% | -0.4%
Energy for Power Generation | 163 | 344 | 911 | 1 437 | 1 786 | 1 941 | 2 121 | 7.8% | 10.2% | 4.7% | 2.2% | 0.8% | 0.9%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 50 | 101 | 315 | 389 | 468 | 510 | 519 | 7.4% | 12.1% | 2.1% | 1.9% | 0.9% | 0.2%
Final consumption | 676 | 821 | 1 777 | 2 369 | 2 565 | 2 452 | 2 275 | 2.0% | 8.0% | 2.9% | 0.8% | -0.5% | -0.7%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 143 | 209 | 664 | 733 | 733 | 584 | 468 | 3.9% | 12.3% | 1.0% | 0.0% | -2.2% | -2.2%
Other Industry | 107 | 117 | 298 | 394 | 464 | 491 | 499 | 0.9% | 9.8% | 2.8% | 1.7% | 0.6% | 0.2%
Non-Energy Use | 43 | 61 | 121 | 192 | 183 | 165 | 133 | 3.6% | 7.1% | 4.7% | -0.5% | -1.0% | -2.1%
Residential | 294 | 284 | 361 | 453 | 453 | 401 | 354 | -0.3% | 2.4% | 2.3% | 0.0% | -1.2% | -1.2%
Services | 26 | 41 | 98 | 167 | 215 | 253 | 285 | 4.8% | 9.2% | 5.4% | 2.6% | 1.7% | 1.2%
Agriculture | 29 | 18 | 34 | 42 | 45 | 47 | 48 | -4.5% | 6.2% | 2.2% | 0.7% | 0.4% | 0.1%
Road | 22 | 66 | 161 | 317 | 377 | 409 | 394 | 11.7% | 9.2% | 7.0% | 1.7% | 0.8% | -0.4%
Rail | 10 | 9 | 12 | 13 | 16 | 18 | 19 | -1.3% | 2.9% | 0.8% | 1.9% | 1.2% | 0.5%
Aviation | 1 | 4 | 11 | 26 | 37 | 44 | 45 | 22.1% | 10.3% | 8.9% | 3.5% | 1.7% | 0.2%
Other Transport | 3 | 12 | 17 | 32 | 42 | 39 | 30 | 16.7% | 3.8% | 6.4% | 2.7% | -0.6% | -2.8%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 152 | 320 | 817 | 1 153 | 1 079 | 558 | 501 | 7.7% | 9.8% | 3.5% | -0.7% | -6.4% | -1.1%
Coal | 139 | 302 | 783 | 1 060 | 777 | 144 | 96 | 8.1% | 10.0% | 3.1% | -3.1% | -15.5% | -4.0%
Oil | 13 | 13 | 4 | 25 | 49 | 51 | 22 | 0.6% | -10.6% | 19.0% | 7.0% | 0.4% | -8.1%
Gas | 1 | 4 | 18 | 49 | 197 | 246 | 214 | 19.5% | 17.1% | 10.4% | 15.0% | 2.2% | -1.4%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 1 | 12 | 20 | 57 | 118 | 169 | n.s. | 30.2% | 5.4% | 11.1% | 7.7% | 3.7%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6.7% | 1.4% | 0.8% | -16.7% | n.s. | n.s.
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 651 | 1 389 | 4 247 | 7 349 | 9 914 | 11 551 | 13 237 | 7.9% | 11.8% | 5.6% | 3.0% | 1.5% | 1.4%
Coal | 470 | 1 080 | 3 274 | 4 739 | 3 482 | 664 | 465 | 8.7% | 11.7% | 3.8% | -3.0% | -15.3% | -3.5%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 57 | 343 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 19.7%
Oil | 52 | 49 | 14 | 112 | 219 | 227 | 98 | -0.5% | -11.5% | 22.7% | 7.0% | 0.3% | -8.0%
Gas | 3 | 18 | 83 | 245 | 1 021 | 1 305 | 1 262 | 20.6% | 16.6% | 11.4% | 15.3% | 2.5% | -0.3%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 89 | 697 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 22.9%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 2 | 34 | 54 | 223 | 524 | 802 | n.s. | 30.2% | 4.8% | 15.2% | 8.9% | 4.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 77 | 325 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 15.4%
Nuclear | 0 | 17 | 74 | 347 | 1 464 | 3 576 | 4 089 | n.s. | 16.0% | 16.7% | 15.5% | 9.3% | 1.3%
Hydro | 127 | 222 | 722 | 1 415 | 1 765 | 1 845 | 1 794 | 5.8% | 12.5% | 7.0% | 2.2% | 0.4% | -0.3%
Wind | 0 | 1 | 45 | 335 | 1 311 | 2 238 | 2 847 | n.s. | 53.5% | 22.3% | 14.6% | 5.5% | 2.4%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 1 | 101 | 427 | 1 163 | 1 854 | 26.7% | 22.7% | n.s. | 15.5% | 10.5% | 4.8%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 8 | 27 | 6.7% | 3.1% | 5.8% | 20.4% | 17.6% | 12.3%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 158 | 346 | 1 013 | 1 885 | 3 047 | 4 248 | 4 241 | 8.2% | 11.3% | 6.4% | 4.9% | 3.4% | 0.0%
Coal | 98 | 232 | 701 | 1 059 | 1 092 | 1 002 | 261 | 9.0% | 11.7% | 4.2% | 0.3% | -0.9% | -12.6%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 50 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 20.8%
Oil | 21 | 21 | 15 | 24 | 43 | 46 | 49 | 0.2% | -3.1% | 4.4% | 6.0% | 0.7% | 0.7%
Gas | 3 | 11 | 31 | 56 | 167 | 225 | 299 | 14.9% | 11.2% | 5.9% | 11.6% | 3.0% | 2.9%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 107 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 25.5%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 7 | 9 | 31 | 76 | 127 | n.s. | 30.4% | 3.2% | 12.9% | 9.2% | 5.3%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 44 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 15.6%
Nuclear | 0 | 2 | 10 | 52 | 217 | 519 | 587 | n.s. | 16.6% | 17.9% | 15.3% | 9.1% | 1.2%
Hydro | 36 | 79 | 216 | 394 | 476 | 495 | 483 | 8.2% | 10.5% | 6.2% | 1.9% | 0.4% | -0.2%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 31 | 199 | 686 | 1 072 | 1 249 | n.s. | 57.2% | 20.3% | 13.2% | 4.6% | 1.5%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 1 | 92 | 335 | 813 | 1 183 | 26.7% | 31.7% | n.s. | 13.8% | 9.3% | 3.8%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 0.0% | 0.4% | 3.2% | 20.1% | 17.0% | 11.8%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 676 | 821 | 1 777 | 2 369 | 2 565 | 2 452 | 2 275 | 2.0% | 8.0% | 2.9% | 0.8% | -0.5% | -0.7%
Coal | 322 | 297 | 767 | 715 | 511 | 257 | 150 | -0.8% | 10.0% | -0.7% | -3.3% | -6.6% | -5.3%
Oil | 87 | 185 | 373 | 641 | 688 | 651 | 536 | 7.8% | 7.2% | 5.6% | 0.7% | -0.5% | -1.9%
Gas | 10 | 16 | 62 | 140 | 238 | 292 | 251 | 5.0% | 14.3% | 8.5% | 5.5% | 2.1% | -1.5%
Electricity | 43 | 92 | 301 | 527 | 715 | 838 | 957 | 7.8% | 12.5% | 5.8% | 3.1% | 1.6% | 1.3%
Heat | 13 | 28 | 73 | 118 | 143 | 169 | 181 | 7.7% | 10.2% | 4.9% | 1.9% | 1.7% | 0.7%
Biomass & Other | 201 | 202 | 201 | 229 | 271 | 244 | 201 | 0.1% | -0.1% | 1.3% | 1.7% | -1.0% | -1.9%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 33% | 28% | 16% | 19% | 25% | 33% | 40% | -1.4% | -5.4% | 1.4% | 3.0% | 2.7% | 1.9%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 292 | 387 | 1 082 | 1 319 | 1 380 | 1 240 | 1 100 | 2.8% | 10.8% | 2.0% | 0.5% | -1.1% | -1.2%
Coal | 204 | 226 | 670 | 624 | 470 | 247 | 146 | 1.0% | 11.5% | -0.7% | -2.8% | -6.2% | -5.1%
Oil | 40 | 72 | 138 | 204 | 183 | 146 | 104 | 6.1% | 6.7% | 4.0% | -1.1% | -2.2% | -3.3%
Gas | 8 | 10 | 28 | 75 | 151 | 201 | 172 | 2.4% | 11.2% | 10.4% | 7.3% | 2.9% | -1.5%
Electricity | 30 | 60 | 204 | 344 | 455 | 504 | 556 | 7.1% | 13.0% | 5.4% | 2.8% | 1.0% | 1.0%
Heat | 11 | 19 | 43 | 58 | 71 | 82 | 87 | 5.9% | 8.4% | 3.2% | 2.0% | 1.4% | 0.7%
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 50 | 59 | 35 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 14.8% | 1.7% | -5.2%
Buildings | 319 | 324 | 459 | 620 | 667 | 655 | 640 | 0.2% | 3.5% | 3.0% | 0.7% | -0.2% | -0.2%
Coal | 97 | 61 | 82 | 76 | 31 | 5 | 1 | -4.6% | 3.1% | -0.8% | -8.7% | -16.4% | -16.6%
Oil | 8 | 19 | 34 | 63 | 57 | 44 | 30 | 9.8% | 6.0% | 6.1% | -0.9% | -2.5% | -4.0%
Gas | 2 | 7 | 27 | 48 | 72 | 75 | 58 | 10.8% | 15.4% | 5.9% | 4.0% | 0.5% | -2.6%
Electricity | 9 | 27 | 85 | 166 | 231 | 293 | 350 | 11.4% | 12.3% | 6.9% | 3.4% | 2.4% | 1.8%
Heat | 3 | 9 | 31 | 60 | 72 | 88 | 94 | 13.4% | 13.2% | 6.9% | 1.8% | 2.0% | 0.7%
Biomass & Other | 201 | 202 | 199 | 207 | 205 | 149 | 108 | 0.1% | -0.2% | 0.4% | -0.1% | -3.1% | -3.2%
Agriculture | 29 | 18 | 34 | 42 | 45 | 47 | 48 | -4.5% | 6.2% | 2.2% | 0.7% | 0.4% | 0.1%
Coal | 11 | 6 | 11 | 12 | 8 | 3 | 1 | -5.8% | 6.8% | 0.8% | -4.4% | -8.5% | -8.5%
Oil | 15 | 8 | 14 | 20 | 18 | 12 | 7 | -5.9% | 5.8% | 3.5% | -0.9% | -4.2% | -4.8%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | 6.2% | 0.3% | -2.2% | -2.7%
Electricity | 4 | 5 | 8 | 10 | 13 | 16 | 18 | 2.2% | 6.2% | 1.6% | 2.8% | 2.4% | 0.9%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 16 | 21 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 48.4% | 9.5% | 3.0%
Transport | 35 | 92 | 201 | 389 | 472 | 510 | 487 | 10.0% | 8.2% | 6.8% | 2.0% | 0.8% | -0.5%
Coal | 10 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | -8.0% | -2.8% | -2.9% | -2.0% | -2.0% | -2.0%
Oil | 25 | 86 | 186 | 354 | 430 | 449 | 395 | 13.1% | 8.0% | 6.6% | 2.0% | 0.4% | -1.3%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 7 | 16 | 15 | 16 | 21 | n.s. | 46.2% | 9.3% | -0.9% | 0.4% | 2.8%
Electricity | 1 | 1 | 3 | 7 | 15 | 24 | 33 | 9.6% | 10.3% | 7.3% | 8.1% | 4.7% | 3.5%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 2 | 10 | 10 | 20 | 37 | n.s. | n.s. | 19.2% | 0.1% | 7.4% | 6.6%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 50 | 101 | 315 | 389 | 468 | 510 | 519 | 7.4% | 12.1% | 2.1% | 1.9% | 0.9% | 0.2%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

India | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 871 | 1 053 | 1 231 | 1 389 | 1 528 | 1 634 | 1 705 | 1.9% | 1.6% | 1.2% | 1.0% | 0.7% | 0.4%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 9 | 14 | 20 | 3.6% | 5.9% | 5.5% | 6.0% | 4.4% | 3.5%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 3.6% | 5.9% | 5.8% | 6.0% | 4.4% | 3.5%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 29 | 23 | 18 | 16 | 14 | 13 | 13 | -2.3% | -2.3% | -1.5% | -1.3% | -0.6% | -0.3%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 26 | 26 | 27 | 30 | 27 | 23 | 18 | -0.2% | 0.5% | 0.9% | -1.0% | -1.7% | -2.2%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 44 | 51 | 55 | 54 | 59 | 64 | 69 | 1.4% | 0.7% | 0.0% | 0.9% | 0.8% | 0.7%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 7 | 20 | 23 | 24 | 24 | 26 | -7.8% | 10.3% | 1.4% | 0.6% | -0.1% | 0.7%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 77 | 85 | 82 | 90 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.6% | 1.0% | -0.3% | 0.8%
Gas | 28 | 24 | 47 | 58 | 45 | 38 | 34 | -1.2% | 6.8% | 2.1% | -2.4% | -1.7% | -1.1%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 1 200 | 1 633 | 2 334 | 3 573 | 4 034 | 2 984 | 1 212 | 3.1% | 3.6% | 4.3% | 1.2% | -3.0% | -8.6%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 1 229 | 1 682 | 2 463 | 3 674 | 4 157 | 3 104 | 1 367 | 3.2% | 3.9% | 4.1% | 1.2% | -2.9% | -7.9%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 1 229 | 1 682 | 2 462 | 3 674 | 4 157 | 3 104 | 1 367 | 3.2% | 3.9% | 4.1% | 1.2% | -2.9% | -7.9%
CO₂ | 546 | 929 | 1 610 | 2 685 | 3 273 | 2 344 | 762 | 5.5% | 5.7% | 5.2% | 2.0% | -3.3% | -10.6%
CH₄ | 507 | 555 | 615 | 686 | 585 | 514 | 448 | 0.9% | 1.0% | 1.1% | -1.6% | -1.3% | -1.4%
N₂O | 166 | 188 | 220 | 264 | 238 | 199 | 153 | 1.3% | 1.5% | 1.9% | -1.0% | -1.8% | -2.6%
F gases | 10 | 10 | 18 | 39 | 61 | 47 | 4 | 0.6% | 5.8% | 8.2% | 4.5% | -2.5% | -21.6%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 748 | 1 165 | 1 922 | 3 076 | 3 644 | 2 677 | 1 030 | 4.5% | 5.1% | 4.8% | 1.7% | -3.0% | -9.1%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 502 | 866 | 1 442 | 2 401 | 2 826 | 1 887 | 384 | 5.6% | 5.2% | 5.2% | 1.6% | -4.0% | -14.7%
Power generation/District heating | 215 | 490 | 792 | 1 276 | 1 481 | 697 | - 587 | 8.6% | 4.9% | 4.9% | 1.5% | -7.3% | n.s.
Industry | 107 | 125 | 260 | 491 | 562 | 435 | 287 | 1.5% | 7.6% | 6.6% | 1.4% | -2.5% | -4.1%
Buildings | 76 | 97 | 157 | 224 | 232 | 134 | 80 | 2.5% | 5.0% | 3.6% | 0.4% | -5.3% | -5.1%
Agriculture | 14 | 26 | 27 | 37 | 40 | 28 | 19 | 6.6% | 0.5% | 3.4% | 0.7% | -3.4% | -3.9%
Transport | 74 | 96 | 164 | 281 | 375 | 444 | 470 | 2.5% | 5.5% | 5.5% | 2.9% | 1.7% | 0.6%
Other | 16 | 33 | 42 | 90 | 136 | 148 | 115 | 7.6% | 2.6% | 7.9% | 4.2% | 0.9% | -2.5%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 159 | 1 076 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 21.1%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 23 | 87 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 44.0% | n.s. | 14.1%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 48 | 196 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 42.4% | 15.1%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 88 | 793 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 38.1% | n.s. | 24.6%
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 268 | 350 | 493 | 640 | 696 | 823 | 844 | 2.7% | 3.5% | 2.6% | 0.8% | 1.7% | 0.2%
Coal | 85 | 134 | 216 | 315 | 268 | 110 | 38 | 4.7% | 4.9% | 3.9% | -1.6% | -8.5% | -10.0%
Oil | 35 | 38 | 44 | 41 | 39 | 35 | 27 | 0.8% | 1.5% | -0.8% | -0.5% | -1.0% | -2.6%
Natural gas | 10 | 22 | 41 | 52 | 46 | 39 | 34 | 8.0% | 6.5% | 2.5% | -1.3% | -1.5% | -1.3%
Biomass | 130 | 145 | 173 | 186 | 202 | 244 | 254 | 1.1% | 1.8% | 0.7% | 0.8% | 1.9% | 0.4%
Nuclear¹ | 2 | 4 | 7 | 15 | 60 | 244 | 281 | 10.7% | 4.4% | 7.7% | 15.2% | 15.1% | 1.4%
Hydro | 6 | 6 | 11 | 14 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 0.4% | 5.2% | 3.1% | 2.0% | 0.9% | 0.2%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 2 | 17 | 64 | 132 | 190 | 32.5% | 27.1% | 23.9% | 14.3% | 7.4% | 3.7%
Net Imports | 32 | 87 | 195 | 419 | 644 | 636 | 662 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 7 | 12 | 64 | 135 | 140 | 39 | 16 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | 24 | 74 | 118 | 226 | 283 | 291 | 261 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | 1 | 1 | 14 | 58 | 219 | 299 | 249 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 129 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 7 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 300 | 438 | 689 | 1 059 | 1 341 | 1 459 | 1 506 | 3.8% | 4.6% | 4.4% | 2.4% | 0.8% | 0.3%
Coal | 92 | 146 | 280 | 450 | 409 | 149 | 54 | 4.7% | 6.7% | 4.9% | -1.0% | -9.6% | -9.6%
Oil | 59 | 112 | 162 | 267 | 322 | 326 | 288 | 6.6% | 3.7% | 5.1% | 1.9% | 0.1% | -1.2%
Natural gas | 11 | 23 | 54 | 110 | 265 | 339 | 283 | 7.9% | 9.0% | 7.3% | 9.2% | 2.5% | -1.8%
Biomass | 130 | 145 | 173 | 187 | 202 | 247 | 383 | 1.1% | 1.8% | 0.8% | 0.8% | 2.0% | 4.5%
Nuclear¹ | 2 | 4 | 7 | 15 | 60 | 244 | 281 | 10.7% | 4.4% | 7.7% | 15.2% | 15.1% | 1.4%
Hydro | 6 | 6 | 11 | 14 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 0.4% | 5.2% | 3.1% | 2.0% | 0.9% | 0.2%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 2 | 17 | 64 | 132 | 190 | 32.5% | 27.1% | 23.9% | 14.3% | 7.4% | 3.7%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 300 | 438 | 689 | 1 059 | 1 341 | 1 459 | 1 506 | 3.8% | 4.6% | 4.4% | 2.4% | 0.8% | 0.3%
Energy for Power Generation | 64 | 140 | 239 | 398 | 599 | 780 | 917 | 8.1% | 5.5% | 5.2% | 4.2% | 2.7% | 1.6%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 7 | 8 | 29 | 45 | 69 | 86 | 92 | 2.0% | 13.5% | 4.3% | 4.4% | 2.3% | 0.6%
Final consumption | 247 | 321 | 483 | 739 | 886 | 906 | 903 | 2.6% | 4.2% | 4.4% | 1.8% | 0.2% | 0.0%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 24 | 38 | 72 | 143 | 127 | 93 | 71 | 4.7% | 6.6% | 7.2% | -1.2% | -3.1% | -2.6%
Other Industry | 46 | 49 | 86 | 136 | 193 | 195 | 177 | 0.6% | 5.8% | 4.7% | 3.6% | 0.1% | -1.0%
Non-Energy Use | 14 | 30 | 37 | 61 | 79 | 76 | 64 | 7.7% | 2.3% | 5.2% | 2.5% | -0.4% | -1.6%
Residential | 120 | 141 | 172 | 208 | 210 | 191 | 170 | 1.7% | 2.0% | 1.9% | 0.1% | -1.0% | -1.1%
Services | 14 | 16 | 33 | 49 | 82 | 110 | 145 | 1.6% | 7.1% | 4.2% | 5.1% | 3.0% | 2.8%
Agriculture | 9 | 15 | 19 | 30 | 38 | 44 | 50 | 6.0% | 2.3% | 4.5% | 2.3% | 1.5% | 1.2%
Road | 16 | 28 | 58 | 102 | 141 | 175 | 196 | 6.2% | 7.4% | 5.7% | 3.3% | 2.2% | 1.1%
Rail | 4 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 8 | 12 | 16 | -6.2% | 5.0% | 4.3% | 4.3% | 3.6% | 2.9%
Aviation | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 6 | 9 | 11 | 3.0% | 8.5% | 6.2% | 6.8% | 4.2% | 2.4%
Other Transport | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | -0.5% | 4.4% | 2.2% | 5.8% | 2.0% | -0.4%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 57 | 129 | 220 | 352 | 457 | 385 | 426 | 8.6% | 5.4% | 4.8% | 2.7% | -1.7% | 1.0%
Coal | 48 | 110 | 177 | 286 | 298 | 101 | 30 | 8.7% | 4.9% | 4.9% | 0.4% | -10.2% | -11.3%
Oil | 5 | 9 | 7 | 12 | 21 | 27 | 8 | 6.0% | -1.9% | 4.8% | 5.7% | 2.8% | -11.3%
Gas | 3 | 9 | 27 | 42 | 98 | 151 | 128 | 10.3% | 11.1% | 4.7% | 8.9% | 4.4% | -1.7%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 1 | 8 | 11 | 41 | 106 | 260 | n.s. | 27.3% | 3.4% | 13.5% | 10.0% | 9.4%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 293 | 570 | 979 | 1 872 | 3 022 | 4 133 | 5 415 | 6.9% | 5.6% | 6.7% | 4.9% | 3.2% | 2.7%
Coal | 192 | 390 | 658 | 1 172 | 1 246 | 433 | 147 | 7.4% | 5.4% | 5.9% | 0.6% | -10.0% | -10.3%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 27 | 108 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 14.8%
Oil | 13 | 29 | 24 | 53 | 92 | 122 | 37 | 8.2% | -1.8% | 8.1% | 5.6% | 2.9% | -11.2%
Gas | 10 | 56 | 113 | 196 | 461 | 744 | 742 | 18.8% | 7.3% | 5.7% | 8.9% | 4.9% | 0.0%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 105 | 492 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 16.7%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 1 | 15 | 35 | 144 | 457 | 1 273 | n.s. | 27.6% | 9.2% | 15.0% | 12.2% | 10.8%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 114 | 963 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 23.8%
Nuclear | 6 | 17 | 26 | 56 | 241 | 1 001 | 1 153 | 10.7% | 4.5% | 7.9% | 15.6% | 15.3% | 1.4%
Hydro | 72 | 74 | 123 | 167 | 205 | 223 | 227 | 0.4% | 5.2% | 3.1% | 2.0% | 0.9% | 0.2%
Wind | 0 | 2 | 20 | 111 | 367 | 710 | 1 191 | 48.6% | 27.9% | 18.9% | 12.7% | 6.8% | 5.3%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 81 | 267 | 441 | 636 | 8.8% | 11.8% | n.s. | 12.7% | 5.1% | 3.7%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 9 | n.s. | n.s. | 19.5% | 35.6% | 19.5% | 14.4%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 78 | 123 | 202 | 470 | 828 | 1 252 | 1 645 | 4.6% | 5.1% | 8.8% | 5.8% | 4.2% | 2.8%
Coal | 52 | 79 | 118 | 241 | 270 | 237 | 128 | 4.3% | 4.1% | 7.4% | 1.1% | -1.3% | -6.0%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 15 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 15.2%
Oil | 3 | 5 | 5 | 9 | 15 | 22 | 24 | 5.9% | -1.2% | 6.6% | 5.1% | 4.1% | 0.9%
Gas | 3 | 10 | 21 | 32 | 67 | 114 | 164 | 11.4% | 7.5% | 4.4% | 7.7% | 5.4% | 3.7%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 67 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 17.7%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 1 | 3 | 13 | 21 | 65 | 195 | n.s. | 14.6% | 14.6% | 4.6% | 12.0% | 11.7%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 15 | 138 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 24.7%
Nuclear | 1 | 3 | 4 | 8 | 33 | 136 | 153 | 8.2% | 4.9% | 6.6% | 15.4% | 15.1% | 1.2%
Hydro | 19 | 24 | 37 | 53 | 65 | 71 | 72 | 2.3% | 4.7% | 3.5% | 2.1% | 0.8% | 0.2%
Wind | 0 | 1 | 13 | 62 | 181 | 325 | 501 | 44.9% | 27.1% | 16.5% | 11.4% | 6.0% | 4.4%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 53 | 175 | 282 | 406 | 8.8% | 11.8% | n.s. | 12.7% | 4.9% | 3.7%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 34.9% | 18.9% | 13.9%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 247 | 321 | 483 | 739 | 886 | 906 | 903 | 2.6% | 4.2% | 4.4% | 1.8% | 0.2% | 0.0%
Coal | 43 | 41 | 99 | 156 | 106 | 45 | 22 | -0.5% | 9.4% | 4.7% | -3.8% | -8.2% | -7.0%
Oil | 50 | 94 | 134 | 228 | 270 | 267 | 251 | 6.5% | 3.6% | 5.5% | 1.7% | -0.1% | -0.6%
Gas | 6 | 10 | 22 | 57 | 142 | 153 | 122 | 5.1% | 8.6% | 10.0% | 9.5% | 0.7% | -2.3%
Electricity | 18 | 32 | 62 | 121 | 198 | 270 | 353 | 5.8% | 6.8% | 6.9% | 5.0% | 3.1% | 2.7%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 33 | 33 | 16.5% | 23.5% | 3.8% | 36.9% | 12.7% | 0.0%
Biomass & Other | 130 | 144 | 165 | 176 | 161 | 140 | 123 | 1.0% | 1.3% | 0.6% | -0.9% | -1.4% | -1.2%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 57% | 49% | 38% | 29% | 29% | 36% | 48% | -1.5% | -2.5% | -2.7% | 0.1% | 2.2% | 2.8%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 84 | 116 | 194 | 341 | 400 | 364 | 313 | 3.3% | 5.3% | 5.8% | 1.6% | -0.9% | -1.5%
Coal | 30 | 32 | 84 | 138 | 92 | 42 | 21 | 0.5% | 10.1% | 5.2% | -4.0% | -7.7% | -6.6%
Oil | 17 | 36 | 37 | 70 | 82 | 73 | 62 | 8.1% | 0.2% | 6.7% | 1.5% | -1.1% | -1.6%
Gas | 6 | 9 | 17 | 44 | 109 | 121 | 94 | 4.8% | 6.6% | 9.8% | 9.4% | 1.1% | -2.5%
Electricity | 9 | 14 | 28 | 52 | 74 | 83 | 92 | 4.1% | 7.3% | 6.5% | 3.6% | 1.2% | 1.1%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | 23.5% | 3.4% | -0.2% | -0.3% | -0.2%
Biomass & Other | 23 | 26 | 29 | 36 | 43 | 45 | 44 | 1.3% | 1.3% | 2.2% | 1.7% | 0.4% | -0.2%
Buildings | 134 | 158 | 205 | 257 | 292 | 300 | 315 | 1.7% | 2.6% | 2.3% | 1.3% | 0.3% | 0.5%
Coal | 10 | 9 | 16 | 18 | 14 | 3 | 1 | -1.4% | 5.9% | 1.5% | -2.7% | -13.3% | -15.0%
Oil | 11 | 19 | 27 | 39 | 34 | 19 | 11 | 5.6% | 3.6% | 3.7% | -1.4% | -5.6% | -5.8%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 3 | 12 | 29 | 25 | 19 | 21.0% | 27.7% | 13.8% | 9.7% | -1.4% | -3.1%
Electricity | 5 | 11 | 23 | 49 | 93 | 143 | 202 | 8.5% | 7.8% | 7.9% | 6.7% | 4.4% | 3.5%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 33 | 33 | 16.5% | 23.5% | 3.8% | 37.7% | 12.8% | 0.0%
Biomass & Other | 108 | 119 | 136 | 139 | 111 | 77 | 50 | 1.0% | 1.3% | 0.2% | -2.2% | -3.6% | -4.1%
Agriculture | 9 | 15 | 19 | 30 | 38 | 44 | 50 | 6.0% | 2.3% | 4.5% | 2.3% | 1.5% | 1.2%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 4 | 8 | 8 | 12 | 13 | 9 | 6 | 6.6% | 0.4% | 3.4% | 0.7% | -3.4% | -3.9%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5.4% | 2.7% | 1.8% | 0.9% | -2.2% | -2.6%
Electricity | 4 | 7 | 11 | 18 | 24 | 29 | 35 | 5.3% | 4.1% | 5.3% | 2.7% | 2.2% | 1.8%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 6 | 9 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 14.9% | 3.9%
Transport | 21 | 32 | 64 | 111 | 157 | 198 | 225 | 4.4% | 7.2% | 5.6% | 3.5% | 2.4% | 1.3%
Coal | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 18 | 31 | 62 | 107 | 141 | 165 | 172 | 5.5% | 7.1% | 5.6% | 2.8% | 1.6% | 0.4%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 6 | 9 | n.s. | 33.6% | 0.3% | 10.1% | 5.3% | 3.6%
Electricity | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 7 | 15 | 24 | 7.2% | 5.0% | 8.3% | 11.3% | 7.1% | 4.9%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 12 | 20 | n.s. | -0.7% | 20.0% | 28.6% | 9.0% | 5.3%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 7 | 8 | 29 | 45 | 69 | 86 | 92 | 2.0% | 13.5% | 4.3% | 4.4% | 2.3% | 0.6%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Indonesia | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 181 | 212 | 242 | 272 | 295 | 312 | 322 | 1.5% | 1.3% | 1.2% | 0.8% | 0.6% | 0.3%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 2 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 9 | 13 | 18 | 2.6% | 3.8% | 4.4% | 4.4% | 3.5% | 3.2%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 2.6% | 3.8% | 4.3% | 4.4% | 3.5% | 3.2%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 19 | 16 | 14 | 12 | 11 | 10 | 10 | -2.2% | -1.1% | -1.1% | -1.2% | -0.6% | -0.4%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 39 | 46 | 43 | 40 | 39 | 37 | 34 | 1.6% | -0.7% | -0.6% | -0.2% | -0.5% | -0.8%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 41 | 38 | 43 | 47 | 50 | 52 | 56 | -0.7% | 1.2% | 0.9% | 0.5% | 0.5% | 0.6%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 7 | 20 | 22 | 25 | 28 | 30 | -7.8% | 10.3% | 1.0% | 1.4% | 1.1% | 0.5%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 77 | 85 | 82 | 90 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.6% | 1.0% | -0.3% | 0.8%
Gas | 28 | 24 | 47 | 58 | 45 | 38 | 34 | -1.2% | 6.8% | 2.1% | -2.4% | -1.7% | -1.1%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 996 | 1 325 | 1 920 | 1 902 | 1 361 | 1 154 | 912 | 2.9% | 3.8% | -0.1% | -3.3% | -1.6% | -2.3%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 1 333 | 1 572 | 1 920 | 1 902 | 1 361 | 1 154 | 948 | 1.7% | 2.0% | -0.1% | -3.3% | -1.6% | -2.0%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 377 | 511 | 701 | 887 | 916 | 759 | 462 | 3.1% | 3.2% | 2.4% | 0.3% | -1.9% | -4.8%
CO₂ | 158 | 291 | 414 | 553 | 638 | 524 | 273 | 6.3% | 3.6% | 2.9% | 1.4% | -1.9% | -6.3%
CH₄ | 141 | 158 | 214 | 244 | 199 | 163 | 130 | 1.1% | 3.1% | 1.3% | -2.0% | -1.9% | -2.2%
N₂O | 76 | 62 | 73 | 89 | 78 | 71 | 58 | -2.0% | 1.5% | 2.0% | -1.2% | -1.0% | -1.9%
F gases | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -12.9% | 3.7% | 6.7% | -0.7% | -0.2% | -4.8%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 248 | 384 | 548 | 712 | 771 | 637 | 365 | 4.5% | 3.6% | 2.7% | 0.8% | -1.9% | -5.4%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 137 | 265 | 383 | 509 | 580 | 464 | 220 | 6.8% | 3.8% | 2.9% | 1.3% | -2.2% | -7.2%
Power generation/District heating | 22 | 62 | 122 | 167 | 168 | 96 | - 61 | 10.7% | 7.1% | 3.2% | 0.1% | -5.4% | n.s.
Industry | 31 | 60 | 93 | 104 | 128 | 100 | 56 | 6.9% | 4.5% | 1.1% | 2.0% | -2.4% | -5.7%
Buildings | 21 | 38 | 25 | 31 | 31 | 18 | 11 | 5.9% | -4.3% | 2.3% | 0.1% | -5.3% | -4.6%
Agriculture | 3 | 8 | 9 | 7 | 7 | 5 | 4 | 9.4% | 2.0% | -3.1% | 0.8% | -3.2% | -3.6%
Transport | 32 | 64 | 94 | 125 | 139 | 148 | 144 | 7.0% | 4.0% | 2.9% | 1.1% | 0.6% | -0.2%
Other | 27 | 34 | 39 | 75 | 106 | 96 | 65 | 2.0% | 1.6% | 6.7% | 3.6% | -1.0% | -3.8%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 30 | 159 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 29.1% | 48.5% | 18.1%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 6 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 9.0% | 42.8% | 12.5%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 32 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 48.7% | 35.1% | 12.6%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 19 | 121 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 11.5% | n.s. | 20.6%
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 161 | 229 | 371 | 496 | 373 | 335 | 319 | 3.6% | 4.9% | 3.0% | -2.8% | -1.1% | -0.5%
Coal | 6 | 46 | 189 | 275 | 85 | 19 | 2 | 22.7% | 15.2% | 3.8% | -11.1% | -13.9% | -18.4%
Oil | 75 | 72 | 49 | 54 | 71 | 69 | 50 | -0.5% | -3.7% | 1.0% | 2.8% | -0.2% | -3.3%
Natural gas | 37 | 57 | 71 | 87 | 114 | 106 | 86 | 4.6% | 2.1% | 2.1% | 2.7% | -0.7% | -2.1%
Biomass | 42 | 49 | 52 | 65 | 71 | 90 | 123 | 1.6% | 0.6% | 2.2% | 0.8% | 2.4% | 3.2%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 5 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 1.7%
Hydro | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 5.8% | 5.7% | -0.6% | 2.0% | 3.7% | 2.2%
Other renewables | 1 | 4 | 8 | 13 | 30 | 44 | 49 | 15.8% | 6.9% | 4.7% | 8.9% | 3.7% | 1.1%
Net Imports | - 65 | - 78 | - 169 | - 243 | - 64 | - 21 | - 7 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | - 1 | - 34 | - 159 | - 249 | - 61 | - 3 | 3 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | - 41 | - 14 | 22 | 38 | 22 | 12 | 23 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | - 22 | - 31 | - 32 | - 28 | - 17 | - 16 | - 16 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | - 3 | - 9 | - 15 | - 17 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | - 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 96 | 151 | 202 | 253 | 308 | 313 | 312 | 4.6% | 2.9% | 2.3% | 2.0% | 0.2% | 0.0%
Coal | 5 | 12 | 30 | 27 | 24 | 16 | 5 | 10.2% | 9.8% | -1.4% | -1.2% | -3.9% | -10.8%
Oil | 34 | 58 | 71 | 92 | 93 | 82 | 73 | 5.6% | 2.0% | 2.6% | 0.2% | -1.3% | -1.2%
Natural gas | 15 | 27 | 39 | 59 | 98 | 90 | 70 | 6.1% | 3.9% | 4.3% | 5.2% | -0.8% | -2.5%
Biomass | 42 | 49 | 52 | 62 | 62 | 75 | 106 | 1.6% | 0.6% | 1.7% | 0.0% | 1.9% | 3.6%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 5 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 1.7%
Hydro | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 5.8% | 5.7% | -0.6% | 2.0% | 3.7% | 2.2%
Other renewables | 1 | 4 | 8 | 13 | 30 | 44 | 49 | 15.8% | 6.9% | 4.7% | 8.9% | 3.7% | 1.1%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 96 | 151 | 202 | 253 | 308 | 313 | 312 | 4.6% | 2.9% | 2.3% | 2.0% | 0.2% | 0.0%
Energy for Power Generation | 8 | 24 | 46 | 68 | 90 | 103 | 120 | 11.7% | 6.7% | 3.8% | 2.9% | 1.3% | 1.5%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 11 | 12 | 18 | 21 | 34 | 36 | 36 | 1.1% | 4.2% | 1.3% | 4.9% | 0.7% | -0.1%
Final consumption | 80 | 121 | 150 | 188 | 215 | 216 | 212 | 4.3% | 2.1% | 2.3% | 1.4% | 0.1% | -0.2%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 3 | 5 | 10 | 13 | 14 | 11 | 8 | 6.3% | 6.1% | 3.3% | 0.9% | -3.1% | -2.4%
Other Industry | 15 | 25 | 32 | 36 | 46 | 43 | 40 | 5.2% | 2.2% | 1.2% | 2.5% | -0.5% | -0.8%
Non-Energy Use | 7 | 10 | 9 | 13 | 16 | 15 | 14 | 2.9% | -1.4% | 4.0% | 2.3% | -0.4% | -0.9%
Residential | 42 | 53 | 56 | 67 | 70 | 68 | 63 | 2.4% | 0.6% | 1.8% | 0.5% | -0.2% | -0.8%
Services | 1 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 10 | 14 | 18 | 13.2% | 3.2% | 4.0% | 3.7% | 2.9% | 2.7%
Agriculture | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 9.4% | 2.4% | -2.7% | 2.2% | 1.5% | 1.1%
Road | 10 | 20 | 32 | 42 | 46 | 51 | 54 | 7.4% | 4.9% | 3.0% | 0.8% | 1.0% | 0.6%
Rail | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Aviation | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7.4% | 14.1% | 6.2% | 2.8% | 1.7% | 0.8%
Other Transport | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 7.9% | 2.0% | 4.1% | 3.1% | 0.1% | -1.8%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 7 | 19 | 37 | 53 | 58 | 53 | 63 | 11.3% | 6.7% | 3.7% | 0.9% | -1.0% | 1.8%
Coal | 2 | 8 | 19 | 21 | 18 | 13 | 4 | 13.7% | 8.4% | 1.3% | -1.7% | -3.5% | -10.2%
Oil | 4 | 5 | 8 | 13 | 12 | 5 | 3 | 1.5% | 6.3% | 4.6% | -0.6% | -8.2% | -6.6%
Gas | 0 | 6 | 9 | 17 | 25 | 24 | 22 | 39.3% | 4.1% | 7.0% | 3.7% | -0.3% | -0.9%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 8 | 31 | n.s. | 31.5% | 26.6% | 7.1% | 25.2% | 14.5%
Other | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 15.8% | 6.8% | 2.2% | 8.9% | 1.9% | 0.8%
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 33 | 93 | 170 | 276 | 353 | 432 | 548 | 11.1% | 6.2% | 5.0% | 2.5% | 2.0% | 2.4%
Coal | 10 | 34 | 68 | 84 | 71 | 52 | 19 | 13.3% | 7.2% | 2.1% | -1.6% | -3.2% | -9.3%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 7 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 13.1%
Oil | 15 | 18 | 34 | 55 | 52 | 23 | 12 | 1.8% | 6.4% | 4.9% | -0.6% | -7.8% | -6.4%
Gas | 1 | 26 | 40 | 75 | 116 | 120 | 123 | 42.9% | 4.4% | 6.4% | 4.5% | 0.3% | 0.2%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 74 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 13.8%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 38 | 154 | n.s. | 31.5% | 33.0% | 8.2% | 26.7% | 15.0%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 23 | 131 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 18.9%
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 18 | 22 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 1.7%
Hydro | 6 | 10 | 17 | 16 | 20 | 29 | 36 | 5.8% | 5.7% | -0.6% | 2.0% | 3.7% | 2.2%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 17 | 29 | 65 | 81 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 5.8% | 8.4% | 2.2%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 16 | 33 | 54 | 65 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 7.6% | 5.1% | 1.8%
Other | 1 | 5 | 9 | 12 | 27 | 33 | 37 | 15.8% | 6.8% | 2.2% | 8.9% | 2.0% | 1.0%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 13 | 25 | 34 | 77 | 102 | 140 | 167 | 6.9% | 3.0% | 8.4% | 2.9% | 3.3% | 1.8%
Coal | 2 | 8 | 13 | 30 | 30 | 27 | 15 | 16.1% | 5.4% | 8.6% | 0.0% | -0.9% | -5.7%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 13.2%
Oil | 7 | 5 | 6 | 9 | 8 | 6 | 6 | -4.6% | 2.2% | 4.2% | -0.4% | -3.7% | -0.2%
Gas | 1 | 8 | 10 | 14 | 18 | 18 | 20 | 32.6% | 2.1% | 3.0% | 2.7% | -0.1% | 1.0%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 9 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 14.1%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 21 | n.s. | 31.2% | 13.9% | 7.9% | 26.4% | 15.2%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 18 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 19.1%
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 1.5%
Hydro | 3 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 16 | 23 | 2.9% | -1.2% | 4.3% | 3.8% | 6.8% | 3.8%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 13 | 27 | 32 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 5.6% | 7.6% | 1.9%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 21 | 35 | 43 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 8.1% | 5.3% | 2.1%
Other | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 9.9% | 12.7% | 2.2% | 8.7% | 2.6% | 1.1%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 80 | 121 | 150 | 188 | 215 | 216 | 212 | 4.3% | 2.1% | 2.3% | 1.4% | 0.1% | -0.2%
Coal | 2 | 5 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 6 | 3 | 7.7% | 5.9% | -0.4% | 0.2% | -3.7% | -4.8%
Oil | 27 | 49 | 61 | 73 | 77 | 73 | 68 | 6.0% | 2.3% | 1.8% | 0.5% | -0.5% | -0.8%
Gas | 6 | 12 | 16 | 27 | 43 | 38 | 27 | 6.7% | 3.2% | 5.5% | 4.7% | -1.3% | -3.5%
Electricity | 2 | 7 | 13 | 21 | 27 | 33 | 42 | 10.8% | 6.5% | 5.1% | 2.5% | 2.0% | 2.4%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 5 | 6 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 23.6% | 12.4% | 1.3%
Biomass & Other | 42 | 49 | 51 | 58 | 58 | 61 | 66 | 1.6% | 0.4% | 1.2% | 0.1% | 0.5% | 0.8%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 58% | 45% | 37% | 35% | 34% | 42% | 55% | -2.6% | -1.8% | -0.6% | -0.3% | 2.2% | 2.5%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 26 | 40 | 50 | 62 | 76 | 69 | 62 | 4.7% | 2.1% | 2.2% | 2.1% | -0.9% | -1.1%
Coal | 2 | 5 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 6 | 3 | 7.7% | 5.9% | -0.4% | 0.2% | -3.7% | -4.8%
Oil | 9 | 13 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 14 | 12 | 3.8% | 1.7% | 0.5% | 0.7% | -1.6% | -1.7%
Gas | 6 | 11 | 16 | 25 | 37 | 33 | 22 | 6.7% | 3.2% | 4.8% | 4.0% | -1.2% | -3.8%
Electricity | 1 | 3 | 4 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 8.9% | 4.2% | 4.1% | 2.0% | 0.4% | 1.0%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 7 | 9 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 8 | 15 | 1.8% | -3.0% | 0.0% | -0.4% | 3.0% | 6.5%
Buildings | 43 | 57 | 61 | 74 | 81 | 82 | 81 | 2.9% | 0.7% | 2.0% | 0.8% | 0.2% | -0.1%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | -4.6% | -15.0% | n.s.
Oil | 7 | 12 | 8 | 8 | 6 | 3 | 1 | 5.9% | -4.4% | 0.7% | -3.7% | -7.5% | -6.3%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 8.1% | 14.4% | 30.0% | 10.5% | -3.0% | -3.3%
Electricity | 1 | 4 | 8 | 14 | 18 | 23 | 30 | 12.6% | 7.8% | 5.7% | 2.5% | 2.4% | 2.6%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 5 | 6 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 23.6% | 12.4% | 1.3%
Biomass & Other | 35 | 41 | 45 | 49 | 49 | 47 | 41 | 1.6% | 1.0% | 0.9% | 0.0% | -0.4% | -1.4%
Agriculture | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 9.4% | 2.4% | -2.7% | 2.2% | 1.5% | 1.1%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 9.4% | 2.0% | -3.1% | 0.8% | -3.2% | -3.6%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | 3.8% | 5.9% | 6.2% | 4.0%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 15.1% | 4.5%
Transport | 11 | 22 | 36 | 50 | 55 | 61 | 64 | 7.4% | 5.1% | 3.3% | 1.1% | 1.0% | 0.5%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 11 | 22 | 36 | 47 | 52 | 55 | 53 | 7.4% | 5.1% | 2.8% | 0.9% | 0.5% | -0.3%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | -6.6% | 29.3% | 18.0% | 4.6% | 4.2%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 51.5% | 9.6% | 5.8%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 8 | n.s. | n.s. | 29.3% | 0.9% | 6.2% | 5.8%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 11 | 12 | 18 | 21 | 34 | 36 | 36 | 1.1% | 4.2% | 1.3% | 4.9% | 0.7% | -0.1%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Malaysia | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 18 | 23 | 28 | 32 | 36 | 39 | 41 | 2.5% | 1.8% | 1.4% | 1.1% | 0.7% | 0.5%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 7 | 11 | 14 | 20 | 27 | 36 | 46 | 4.4% | 2.7% | 3.5% | 3.3% | 2.8% | 2.5%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 3 | 5 | 6 | 9 | 12 | 17 | 21 | 4.4% | 2.7% | 3.5% | 3.3% | 2.8% | 2.5%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 15 | 9 | 10 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | -5.5% | 1.6% | -2.0% | -0.3% | -0.2% | -0.1%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 42 | 48 | 41 | 37 | 32 | 27 | 22 | 1.4% | -1.7% | -0.9% | -1.4% | -1.7% | -2.0%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 43 | 43 | 49 | 55 | 60 | 65 | 70 | 0.1% | 1.4% | 1.0% | 0.9% | 0.8% | 0.7%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 7 | 20 | 22 | 25 | 28 | 30 | -7.8% | 10.3% | 1.0% | 1.4% | 1.1% | 0.5%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 77 | 85 | 82 | 90 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.6% | 1.0% | -0.3% | 0.8%
Gas | 28 | 24 | 47 | 58 | 45 | 38 | 34 | -1.2% | 6.8% | 2.1% | -2.4% | -1.7% | -1.1%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | - 153 | - 57 | 404 | 478 | 410 | 325 | 236 | n.s. | n.s. | 1.7% | -1.5% | -2.3% | -3.2%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 126 | 211 | 404 | 478 | 410 | 326 | 248 | 5.3% | 6.7% | 1.7% | -1.5% | -2.3% | -2.7%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 91 | 165 | 257 | 334 | 306 | 231 | 126 | 6.1% | 4.6% | 2.6% | -0.9% | -2.8% | -5.9%
CO₂ | 63 | 127 | 211 | 284 | 268 | 202 | 104 | 7.3% | 5.2% | 3.0% | -0.6% | -2.8% | -6.4%
CH₄ | 18 | 28 | 33 | 33 | 24 | 16 | 10 | 4.4% | 1.7% | 0.0% | -3.2% | -4.0% | -4.0%
N₂O | 9 | 9 | 13 | 16 | 13 | 12 | 10 | 0.1% | 3.3% | 2.1% | -1.8% | -0.8% | -1.5%
F gases | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.7% | 7.1% | 2.0% | -4.1% | -1.5% | -3.3%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 78 | 152 | 242 | 316 | 291 | 217 | 115 | 6.9% | 4.8% | 2.7% | -0.8% | -2.9% | -6.2%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 58 | 116 | 192 | 259 | 241 | 176 | 83 | 7.2% | 5.1% | 3.0% | -0.7% | -3.1% | -7.2%
Power generation/District heating | 16 | 37 | 96 | 125 | 102 | 51 | - 23 | 8.9% | 9.9% | 2.7% | -2.0% | -6.8% | n.s.
Industry | 14 | 26 | 31 | 38 | 35 | 24 | 14 | 6.4% | 1.6% | 2.3% | -0.9% | -3.5% | -5.6%
Buildings | 2 | 4 | 6 | 6 | 9 | 8 | 5 | 7.0% | 3.5% | 0.3% | 2.7% | -1.2% | -3.9%
Agriculture | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | n.s. | 25.9% | 0.5% | -0.5% | -3.6% | -3.9%
Transport | 15 | 31 | 40 | 62 | 65 | 70 | 71 | 7.9% | 2.6% | 4.4% | 0.5% | 0.7% | 0.2%
Other | 11 | 17 | 15 | 24 | 26 | 22 | 15 | 4.2% | -1.0% | 4.4% | 1.1% | -2.0% | -3.8%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 69 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 51.0% | 20.9%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 38.8% | 12.2%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 18 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 53.3% | 12.1%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 47 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 55.8% | 30.7%
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 47 | 74 | 91 | 126 | 140 | 114 | 102 | 4.6% | 2.1% | 3.4% | 1.1% | -2.0% | -1.1%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 14.5% | 20.3% | 3.7% | -0.8% | -4.8% | -6.6%
Oil | 31 | 33 | 36 | 42 | 32 | 17 | 10 | 0.6% | 0.9% | 1.6% | -2.8% | -6.0% | -5.2%
Natural gas | 14 | 38 | 50 | 74 | 86 | 63 | 45 | 10.4% | 2.7% | 4.0% | 1.5% | -3.1% | -3.4%
Biomass | 1 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 16 | 23 | 34 | 1.8% | 2.2% | 10.8% | 10.2% | 3.7% | 3.9%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 16.5% | 0.9%
Hydro | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 5.7% | -0.7% | 8.0% | 1.6% | 1.4% | 0.4%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 8 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 28.5% | 14.7% | 4.1%
Net Imports | - 25 | - 25 | - 16 | - 20 | - 28 | - 6 | 8 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 1 | 2 | 13 | 21 | 14 | 7 | 3 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | - 19 | - 14 | - 10 | - 2 | 7 | 19 | 25 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | - 7 | - 14 | - 19 | - 36 | - 42 | - 26 | - 16 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | - 2 | - 6 | - 6 | - 4 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 22 | 49 | 74 | 106 | 112 | 108 | 110 | 8.1% | 4.3% | 3.6% | 0.5% | -0.4% | 0.2%
Coal | 1 | 2 | 15 | 23 | 16 | 8 | 4 | 5.7% | 20.3% | 4.6% | -3.5% | -6.8% | -6.3%
Oil | 12 | 19 | 26 | 40 | 39 | 36 | 35 | 4.6% | 2.9% | 4.5% | -0.3% | -0.7% | -0.4%
Natural gas | 7 | 25 | 31 | 38 | 44 | 37 | 29 | 13.6% | 2.4% | 2.1% | 1.4% | -1.8% | -2.5%
Biomass | 1 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 10 | 18 | 30 | 1.8% | 2.2% | 5.6% | 10.1% | 5.9% | 5.4%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 16.5% | 0.9%
Hydro | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 5.7% | -0.7% | 8.0% | 1.6% | 1.4% | 0.4%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 8 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 28.5% | 14.7% | 4.1%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 22 | 49 | 74 | 106 | 112 | 108 | 110 | 8.1% | 4.3% | 3.6% | 0.5% | -0.4% | 0.2%
Energy for Power Generation | 6 | 15 | 33 | 41 | 43 | 41 | 47 | 10.7% | 8.0% | 2.2% | 0.4% | -0.3% | 1.2%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 5 | 9 | 8 | 14 | 16 | 15 | 16 | 6.5% | -0.7% | 5.2% | 1.3% | -0.3% | 0.6%
Final consumption | 14 | 30 | 43 | 66 | 71 | 72 | 74 | 8.0% | 3.7% | 4.4% | 0.8% | 0.1% | 0.3%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Other Industry | 6 | 12 | 15 | 19 | 20 | 17 | 15 | 7.9% | 2.4% | 2.7% | 0.3% | -1.5% | -1.2%
Non-Energy Use | 1 | 2 | 4 | 11 | 11 | 9 | 7 | 10.4% | 5.1% | 11.7% | -0.4% | -2.0% | -2.1%
Residential | 2 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 4.2% | 3.5% | 2.4% | 1.2% | 0.6% | 0.3%
Services | 1 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 11 | 14 | 10.9% | 6.9% | 3.0% | 3.8% | 2.8% | 2.5%
Agriculture | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | n.s. | 26.2% | 0.6% | 1.8% | 1.2% | 0.9%
Road | 5 | 10 | 15 | 22 | 24 | 27 | 29 | 8.5% | 3.3% | 4.5% | 0.7% | 1.0% | 0.8%
Rail | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | 15.1% | 3.8% | 3.2% | 2.5% | 2.0%
Aviation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Other Transport | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -20.8% | 11.6% | 19.3% | 2.0% | -0.6% | -2.1%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 5 | 15 | 32 | 39 | 39 | 32 | 34 | 10.9% | 8.2% | 2.1% | -0.1% | -2.1% | 0.7%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 13 | 20 | 14 | 6 | 3 | 6.3% | 24.1% | 4.5% | -3.7% | -7.7% | -7.6%
Oil | 3 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 1 | -10.7% | -2.6% | 11.6% | -3.5% | -13.4% | 3.3%
Gas | 1 | 12 | 18 | 16 | 18 | 15 | 12 | 24.4% | 4.1% | -1.1% | 1.2% | -2.1% | -2.0%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 6 | 10 | 19 | n.s. | n.s. | 9.0% | 21.1% | 6.4% | 6.1%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 23 | 69 | 125 | 172 | 204 | 236 | 290 | 11.6% | 6.1% | 3.2% | 1.8% | 1.4% | 2.1%
Coal | 3 | 8 | 43 | 80 | 56 | 27 | 13 | 10.1% | 18.7% | 6.4% | -3.5% | -7.1% | -6.9%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 12.9%
Oil | 11 | 4 | 4 | 9 | 6 | 2 | 2 | -10.2% | 0.2% | 9.7% | -3.6% | -12.9% | 3.9%
Gas | 6 | 51 | 71 | 65 | 86 | 73 | 69 | 24.9% | 3.3% | -0.9% | 2.9% | -1.6% | -0.6%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14 | 48 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 12.7%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 22 | 43 | 88 | n.s. | n.s. | 10.2% | 23.2% | 7.2% | 7.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 53 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 30.9%
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 12 | 13 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 16.6% | 0.9%
Hydro | 4 | 7 | 6 | 14 | 16 | 19 | 20 | 5.7% | -0.7% | 8.0% | 1.6% | 1.4% | 0.4%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 31 | 48 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 44.0% | 15.6% | 4.4%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 8 | 28 | 36 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 22.5% | 13.3% | 2.5%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 30.1% | 19.3% | 13.3%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 5 | 14 | 27 | 40 | 50 | 73 | 87 | 11.4% | 7.0% | 3.9% | 2.3% | 3.9% | 1.8%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 8 | 13 | 13 | 10 | 8 | 0.8% | 19.4% | 5.6% | -0.4% | -1.8% | -2.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 12.9%
Oil | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4.7% | -3.6% | 5.7% | -2.9% | 0.0% | 1.5%
Gas | 1 | 8 | 15 | 16 | 16 | 12 | 11 | 24.4% | 6.6% | 0.3% | 0.1% | -2.4% | -1.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 6 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 13.0%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 7 | 13 | n.s. | 20.9% | 8.4% | 9.3% | 6.6% | 6.3%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 31.0%
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 16.4% | 0.7%
Hydro | 1 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 6.6% | 0.1% | 10.9% | 1.6% | 1.4% | 0.4%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 12 | 18 | n.s. | n.s. | 53.7% | 43.0% | 14.9% | 4.0%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 19 | 25 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 22.8% | 13.5% | 2.7%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 18.8% | 12.8%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 14 | 30 | 43 | 66 | 71 | 72 | 74 | 8.0% | 3.7% | 4.4% | 0.8% | 0.1% | 0.3%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 6.8% | 6.3% | 3.1% | -2.5% | -2.6% | -3.3%
Oil | 9 | 18 | 23 | 34 | 34 | 32 | 31 | 7.1% | 2.7% | 3.9% | -0.1% | -0.4% | -0.5%
Gas | 1 | 4 | 6 | 13 | 15 | 13 | 9 | 13.5% | 4.9% | 7.4% | 1.6% | -1.7% | -3.5%
Electricity | 2 | 5 | 10 | 14 | 16 | 19 | 23 | 11.9% | 6.1% | 3.6% | 1.8% | 1.5% | 2.1%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 45.6% | 19.7%
Biomass & Other | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 9 | 1.8% | -0.3% | 3.9% | 4.2% | 5.4% | 3.7%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 13% | 8% | 6% | 7% | 13% | 27% | 42% | -5.0% | -3.5% | 2.2% | 6.9% | 7.2% | 4.5%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 6 | 14 | 19 | 31 | 31 | 26 | 22 | 8.2% | 2.9% | 5.1% | 0.0% | -1.6% | -1.5%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 6.8% | 6.3% | 3.1% | -2.5% | -2.6% | -3.3%
Oil | 4 | 6 | 6 | 10 | 8 | 6 | 5 | 5.1% | 0.3% | 4.4% | -1.2% | -2.8% | -2.2%
Gas | 1 | 4 | 6 | 12 | 13 | 10 | 7 | 13.5% | 4.5% | 7.3% | 0.6% | -2.4% | -4.1%
Electricity | 1 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 12.9% | 4.9% | 3.4% | 0.6% | -1.0% | -0.1%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 2.5% | n.s. | n.s. | 15.1% | 10.8% | 6.0%
Buildings | 3 | 5 | 9 | 11 | 15 | 18 | 21 | 6.5% | 5.0% | 2.7% | 2.6% | 1.9% | 1.7%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 7.0% | 3.4% | -1.4% | -2.9% | -5.5% | -4.7%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 7.4% | 8.2% | 29.6% | 14.9% | 1.6% | -3.5%
Electricity | 1 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 12 | 16 | 10.7% | 7.3% | 3.7% | 2.6% | 2.7% | 2.9%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 45.6% | 19.7%
Biomass & Other | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 1.6% | 1.8% | 1.5% | 1.1% | 1.6% | -0.5%
Agriculture | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | n.s. | 26.2% | 0.6% | 1.8% | 1.2% | 0.9%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | n.s. | 25.9% | 0.5% | -0.5% | -3.6% | -3.9%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | 5.6% | 11.7% | 7.8% | 4.3%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 50.7% | 11.1% | 3.7%
Transport | 5 | 10 | 15 | 23 | 24 | 27 | 29 | 8.4% | 3.3% | 4.5% | 0.7% | 1.0% | 0.8%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 5 | 10 | 14 | 22 | 23 | 25 | 25 | 8.4% | 3.1% | 4.4% | 0.5% | 0.6% | 0.1%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | 42.2% | -2.0% | 2.0% | 3.6% | 6.1%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | 15.1% | 4.3% | 18.1% | 10.2% | 6.7%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | 54.6% | 7.0% | 6.9% | 6.5%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 5 | 9 | 8 | 14 | 16 | 15 | 16 | 6.5% | -0.7% | 5.2% | 1.3% | -0.3% | 0.6%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Thailand | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 57 | 63 | 67 | 69 | 68 | 66 | 62 | 1.0% | 0.6% | 0.3% | 0.0% | -0.3% | -0.6%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 4 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 15 | 21 | 28 | 3.4% | 3.7% | 2.6% | 3.6% | 3.7% | 3.0%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 11 | 3.4% | 3.7% | 2.6% | 3.6% | 3.7% | 3.0%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 12 | 9 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 9 | -3.8% | 2.2% | -0.3% | -0.6% | -0.4% | -0.2%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 37 | 37 | 40 | 36 | 34 | 30 | 26 | -0.1% | 0.8% | -1.0% | -0.7% | -1.1% | -1.3%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 50 | 55 | 49 | 54 | 57 | 61 | 65 | 0.8% | -1.0% | 0.8% | 0.5% | 0.7% | 0.6%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 7 | 20 | 22 | 25 | 28 | 30 | -7.8% | 10.3% | 1.0% | 1.4% | 1.1% | 0.5%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 77 | 85 | 82 | 90 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.6% | 1.0% | -0.3% | 0.8%
Gas | 28 | 24 | 47 | 58 | 45 | 38 | 34 | -1.2% | 6.8% | 2.1% | -2.4% | -1.7% | -1.1%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 210 | 278 | 365 | 436 | 366 | 309 | 213 | 2.9% | 2.8% | 1.8% | -1.7% | -1.7% | -3.7%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 210 | 284 | 383 | 442 | 396 | 344 | 256 | 3.1% | 3.0% | 1.4% | -1.1% | -1.4% | -2.9%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 191 | 268 | 367 | 438 | 396 | 337 | 232 | 3.4% | 3.2% | 1.8% | -1.0% | -1.6% | -3.7%
CO₂ | 93 | 169 | 249 | 315 | 304 | 262 | 174 | 6.2% | 4.0% | 2.4% | -0.4% | -1.5% | -4.0%
CH₄ | 82 | 81 | 97 | 99 | 72 | 57 | 42 | 0.0% | 1.8% | 0.2% | -3.1% | -2.3% | -3.0%
N₂O | 16 | 16 | 20 | 24 | 20 | 19 | 16 | 0.2% | 2.4% | 1.5% | -1.7% | -0.6% | -1.5%
F gases | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -2.4% | -8.4% | -1.8% | -6.6% | 0.5% | 0.2%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 121 | 203 | 293 | 359 | 337 | 287 | 192 | 5.3% | 3.7% | 2.1% | -0.6% | -1.6% | -3.9%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 82 | 154 | 231 | 296 | 283 | 241 | 157 | 6.5% | 4.1% | 2.5% | -0.4% | -1.6% | -4.2%
Power generation/District heating | 27 | 54 | 81 | 85 | 70 | 51 | - 1 | 7.1% | 4.2% | 0.5% | -2.0% | -3.2% | n.s.
Industry | 14 | 31 | 50 | 74 | 64 | 42 | 23 | 8.2% | 4.8% | 4.1% | -1.4% | -4.2% | -5.6%
Buildings | 3 | 5 | 9 | 8 | 10 | 9 | 6 | 6.0% | 5.8% | -1.1% | 1.9% | -0.9% | -4.3%
Agriculture | 6 | 9 | 11 | 14 | 13 | 9 | 6 | 4.5% | 2.1% | 2.4% | -0.7% | -3.7% | -4.1%
Transport | 27 | 44 | 61 | 82 | 87 | 93 | 92 | 4.9% | 3.3% | 3.0% | 0.6% | 0.7% | -0.2%
Other | 5 | 11 | 19 | 33 | 40 | 38 | 31 | 8.8% | 5.9% | 5.8% | 1.8% | -0.5% | -1.8%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 75 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 55.3% | 19.1%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 7 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 46.8% | 11.7%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 28 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 11.3%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 40 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 41.3% | 42.1%
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 21 | 41 | 72 | 70 | 65 | 61 | 59 | 6.8% | 5.8% | -0.4% | -0.7% | -0.6% | -0.4%
Coal | 3 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 4.9% | 0.4% | -0.3% | -1.4% | -5.0% | -2.0%
Oil | 3 | 9 | 19 | 18 | 11 | 5 | 3 | 11.0% | 7.9% | -0.9% | -4.9% | -6.6% | -5.0%
Natural gas | 5 | 17 | 30 | 28 | 21 | 14 | 8 | 11.9% | 6.0% | -0.8% | -2.7% | -3.7% | -5.3%
Biomass | 9 | 10 | 17 | 16 | 22 | 25 | 30 | 0.7% | 5.8% | -0.9% | 3.4% | 1.3% | 1.8%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 6 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 21.9% | 1.2%
Hydro | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1.9% | -0.8% | 2.3% | 1.2% | 1.3% | 0.9%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 5 | 8 | 8 | n.s. | 6.4% | n.s. | 6.6% | 4.5% | 0.7%
Net Imports | 15 | 26 | 40 | 79 | 93 | 96 | 97 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 1 | 2 | 11 | 15 | 8 | 3 | 3 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | 15 | 23 | 26 | 45 | 49 | 51 | 48 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | 0 | 1 | 3 | 15 | 33 | 37 | 38 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 6 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 37 | 68 | 113 | 149 | 158 | 158 | 155 | 6.3% | 5.2% | 2.8% | 0.6% | 0.0% | -0.1%
Coal | 4 | 8 | 16 | 20 | 12 | 6 | 5 | 7.1% | 7.9% | 2.1% | -4.7% | -6.7% | -2.2%
Oil | 18 | 32 | 45 | 63 | 60 | 57 | 51 | 5.8% | 3.5% | 3.4% | -0.5% | -0.5% | -1.0%
Natural gas | 5 | 17 | 33 | 43 | 54 | 52 | 46 | 13.3% | 6.6% | 2.6% | 2.4% | -0.4% | -1.1%
Biomass | 9 | 10 | 17 | 19 | 24 | 28 | 36 | 0.7% | 5.8% | 1.0% | 2.5% | 1.4% | 2.5%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 6 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 21.9% | 1.2%
Hydro | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1.9% | -0.8% | 2.3% | 1.2% | 1.3% | 0.9%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 5 | 8 | 8 | n.s. | 6.4% | n.s. | 6.6% | 4.5% | 0.7%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 37 | 68 | 113 | 149 | 158 | 158 | 155 | 6.3% | 5.2% | 2.8% | 0.6% | 0.0% | -0.1%
Energy for Power Generation | 9 | 20 | 33 | 36 | 39 | 45 | 53 | 8.0% | 4.9% | 1.1% | 0.6% | 1.5% | 1.7%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 2 | 4 | 8 | 18 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 7.9% | 8.1% | 7.9% | 2.1% | 0.3% | 0.4%
Final consumption | 29 | 51 | 85 | 112 | 117 | 115 | 109 | 5.8% | 5.2% | 2.8% | 0.5% | -0.2% | -0.5%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 2 | 6 | 12 | 16 | 13 | 10 | 8 | 8.4% | 7.8% | 2.8% | -1.7% | -2.9% | -1.9%
Other Industry | 6 | 12 | 15 | 20 | 22 | 20 | 18 | 6.5% | 2.4% | 3.1% | 1.2% | -0.8% | -1.4%
Non-Energy Use | 0 | 6 | 18 | 26 | 27 | 23 | 19 | 29.3% | 12.4% | 3.8% | 0.2% | -1.3% | -1.9%
Residential | 8 | 8 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 12 | 10 | 0.2% | 3.9% | 0.9% | 0.2% | -0.6% | -1.3%
Services | 1 | 3 | 6 | 7 | 9 | 12 | 14 | 8.2% | 6.1% | 1.6% | 2.7% | 3.0% | 2.1%
Agriculture | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 4.5% | 2.1% | 2.4% | 1.4% | 1.1% | 0.7%
Road | 9 | 14 | 19 | 26 | 28 | 31 | 32 | 5.3% | 3.0% | 3.1% | 0.8% | 1.0% | 0.3%
Rail | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.6% | -1.1% | 1.4% | 1.0% | 0.9% | 0.4%
Aviation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | 4.3% | -0.4% | -0.7% | -1.1%
Other Transport | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -16.2% | 2.7% | 8.8% | 1.2% | -0.9% | -2.6%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 9 | 20 | 32 | 33 | 32 | 31 | 39 | 8.2% | 5.0% | 0.3% | -0.2% | -0.3% | 2.1%
Coal | 3 | 4 | 7 | 8 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 5.0% | 5.2% | 1.8% | -5.4% | -7.6% | 1.2%
Oil | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 4 | -0.8% | -19.6% | 13.7% | -5.0% | 17.5% | 2.1%
Gas | 4 | 13 | 23 | 21 | 21 | 19 | 19 | 12.8% | 5.9% | -0.7% | 0.0% | -1.0% | 0.2%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 6 | 7 | 13 | n.s. | 17.5% | 1.9% | 8.0% | 2.0% | 6.0%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 44 | 96 | 160 | 196 | 224 | 272 | 319 | 8.1% | 5.2% | 2.1% | 1.3% | 1.9% | 1.6%
Coal | 11 | 18 | 30 | 30 | 18 | 10 | 12 | 4.9% | 5.4% | -0.1% | -4.7% | -5.8% | 1.6%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 8 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 12.3%
Oil | 10 | 10 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 13 | 16 | -0.3% | -19.3% | 13.7% | -4.9% | 17.5% | 2.1%
Gas | 18 | 62 | 119 | 116 | 116 | 105 | 113 | 13.2% | 6.8% | -0.3% | 0.0% | -1.0% | 0.7%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 75 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 11.7%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 1 | 3 | 9 | 20 | 27 | 62 | n.s. | 20.9% | 10.6% | 8.2% | 2.9% | 8.6%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 43 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 53.6%
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 21 | 24 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 22.1% | 1.2%
Hydro | 5 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 1.9% | -0.8% | 2.3% | 1.2% | 1.3% | 0.9%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 27 | 47 | 42 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 3.2% | 5.7% | -1.2%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 29 | 39 | 40 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 11.2% | 3.0% | 0.2%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 7.2% | 2.4% | 1.8% | 27.9% | 19.3% | 13.8%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 10 | 27 | 41 | 68 | 87 | 96 | 94 | 10.9% | 4.2% | 5.2% | 2.4% | 1.0% | -0.2%
Coal | 1 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 1 | 2 | 5.7% | 4.3% | 1.9% | 0.1% | -11.4% | 1.3%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 12.3%
Oil | 3 | 6 | 10 | 8 | 7 | 5 | 5 | 7.0% | 5.6% | -2.1% | -1.0% | -3.8% | 0.3%
Gas | 3 | 15 | 21 | 25 | 25 | 19 | 16 | 17.7% | 3.4% | 1.7% | -0.1% | -2.9% | -1.2%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 10 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 11.8%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 8 | n.s. | 9.8% | 12.1% | 0.5% | 1.5% | 7.9%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 53.7%
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 21.8% | 1.0%
Hydro | 2 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 3.5% | 3.9% | 3.0% | 1.2% | 1.3% | 0.9%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 18 | 28 | 22 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 2.9% | 4.7% | -2.5%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 21 | 28 | 28 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 11.0% | 2.8% | 0.1%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 18.7% | 13.3%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 29 | 51 | 85 | 112 | 117 | 115 | 109 | 5.8% | 5.2% | 2.8% | 0.5% | -0.2% | -0.5%
Coal | 1 | 4 | 9 | 12 | 8 | 4 | 2 | 10.3% | 10.0% | 2.5% | -4.2% | -6.3% | -4.7%
Oil | 15 | 29 | 44 | 58 | 55 | 50 | 44 | 6.9% | 4.2% | 2.9% | -0.5% | -1.0% | -1.2%
Gas | 0 | 2 | 5 | 11 | 19 | 19 | 15 | 27.0% | 11.8% | 8.8% | 6.0% | 0.1% | -2.8%
Electricity | 3 | 8 | 13 | 16 | 19 | 22 | 26 | 8.7% | 5.4% | 2.4% | 1.3% | 1.9% | 1.5%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 53.8% | 23.9%
Biomass & Other | 9 | 9 | 14 | 15 | 17 | 19 | 20 | 0.2% | 4.4% | 0.5% | 0.9% | 1.3% | 0.8%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 31% | 20% | 21% | 21% | 25% | 32% | 40% | -4.2% | 0.5% | -0.2% | 1.9% | 2.4% | 2.2%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 9 | 23 | 45 | 62 | 62 | 54 | 45 | 9.6% | 6.9% | 3.3% | 0.1% | -1.4% | -1.7%
Coal | 1 | 4 | 9 | 12 | 8 | 4 | 2 | 10.3% | 10.0% | 2.5% | -4.2% | -6.3% | -4.7%
Oil | 3 | 10 | 20 | 28 | 24 | 18 | 14 | 12.1% | 7.1% | 3.5% | -1.5% | -2.6% | -2.4%
Gas | 0 | 2 | 3 | 8 | 16 | 16 | 12 | 27.0% | 7.6% | 10.0% | 6.9% | 0.0% | -2.9%
Electricity | 2 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8.4% | 4.7% | 2.2% | 0.5% | -0.3% | -0.6%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 3 | 4 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 9 | 10 | 4.0% | 5.0% | 0.0% | 0.5% | 1.5% | 1.4%
Buildings | 9 | 11 | 17 | 19 | 21 | 23 | 25 | 1.9% | 4.6% | 1.1% | 1.1% | 1.0% | 0.5%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6.0% | 5.8% | -3.0% | -4.1% | -5.2% | -4.8%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 14.3% | 1.7% | -4.1%
Electricity | 2 | 4 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 14 | 17 | 8.9% | 6.0% | 2.5% | 1.5% | 2.6% | 2.0%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 53.8% | 23.9%
Biomass & Other | 6 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 4 | -2.1% | 2.9% | 0.2% | -0.4% | -1.3% | -3.0%
Agriculture | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 4.5% | 2.1% | 2.4% | 1.4% | 1.1% | 0.7%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 4.5% | 2.1% | 2.4% | -0.7% | -3.7% | -4.1%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4.8% | 8.1% | 5.8% | 19.7% | 10.4% | 4.7%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 55.5% | 11.0% | 3.6%
Transport | 9 | 15 | 20 | 27 | 29 | 32 | 33 | 4.9% | 3.1% | 3.1% | 0.7% | 0.9% | 0.3%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 9 | 15 | 18 | 24 | 26 | 28 | 28 | 4.9% | 2.0% | 3.0% | 0.9% | 0.8% | -0.2%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | 2.8% | -6.4% | -2.8% | 3.3%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | 6.6% | 13.4% | 23.0% | 11.3% | 6.6%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | 6.5% | 3.9% | 2.6% | 3.2%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 2 | 4 | 8 | 18 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 7.9% | 8.1% | 7.9% | 2.1% | 0.3% | 0.4%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Vietnam | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 68 | 80 | 88 | 98 | 105 | 110 | 113 | 1.6% | 1.0% | 1.1% | 0.7% | 0.4% | 0.3%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 8 | 12 | 16 | 5.8% | 5.6% | 4.9% | 4.9% | 4.1% | 3.3%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 5.8% | 5.6% | 4.9% | 4.9% | 4.1% | 3.3%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 39 | 23 | 18 | 15 | 13 | 12 | 11 | -5.2% | -2.1% | -1.9% | -1.6% | -0.8% | -0.5%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 23 | 34 | 32 | 34 | 34 | 32 | 30 | 4.2% | -0.6% | 0.5% | -0.1% | -0.5% | -0.7%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 39 | 43 | 50 | 51 | 53 | 56 | 59 | 1.1% | 1.4% | 0.3% | 0.5% | 0.5% | 0.5%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 7 | 20 | 22 | 25 | 28 | 30 | -7.8% | 10.3% | 1.0% | 1.4% | 1.1% | 0.5%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 77 | 85 | 82 | 90 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.6% | 1.0% | -0.3% | 0.8%
Gas | 28 | 24 | 47 | 58 | 45 | 38 | 34 | -1.2% | 6.8% | 2.1% | -2.4% | -1.7% | -1.1%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 112 | 100 | 273 | 397 | 387 | 307 | 221 | -1.1% | 10.5% | 3.8% | -0.2% | -2.3% | -3.2%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 112 | 144 | 288 | 409 | 426 | 350 | 272 | 2.6% | 7.2% | 3.6% | 0.4% | -1.9% | -2.5%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 89 | 144 | 287 | 409 | 426 | 347 | 252 | 4.9% | 7.2% | 3.6% | 0.4% | -2.0% | -3.1%
CO₂ | 20 | 52 | 147 | 251 | 300 | 243 | 172 | 10.0% | 11.0% | 5.5% | 1.8% | -2.1% | -3.4%
CH₄ | 59 | 74 | 109 | 113 | 85 | 67 | 50 | 2.3% | 4.0% | 0.4% | -2.8% | -2.3% | -2.9%
N₂O | 10 | 18 | 31 | 45 | 41 | 37 | 30 | 5.7% | 5.4% | 3.9% | -1.1% | -1.0% | -1.9%
F gases | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 36 | 78 | 204 | 298 | 335 | 271 | 192 | 8.2% | 10.0% | 3.9% | 1.2% | -2.1% | -3.4%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 17 | 44 | 124 | 213 | 247 | 185 | 120 | 9.9% | 10.9% | 5.6% | 1.5% | -2.9% | -4.2%
Power generation/District heating | 5 | 11 | 41 | 87 | 105 | 48 | - 9 | 9.0% | 13.7% | 7.8% | 2.0% | -7.6% | n.s.
Industry | 6 | 14 | 41 | 65 | 67 | 51 | 42 | 9.9% | 11.1% | 4.8% | 0.4% | -2.6% | -2.0%
Buildings | 2 | 7 | 11 | 13 | 17 | 15 | 11 | 12.9% | 5.4% | 1.4% | 2.4% | -0.7% | -3.6%
Agriculture | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 5.0% | 3.8% | 1.7% | 0.8% | -3.1% | -3.7%
Transport | 4 | 11 | 28 | 42 | 50 | 63 | 71 | 9.8% | 10.4% | 4.0% | 1.9% | 2.2% | 1.2%
Other | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 4 | 8.4% | 45.6% | 14.4% | 2.0% | 0.5% | -3.4%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14 | 59 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 50.9% | 15.5%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 6 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 41.3% | 15.1%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 20 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 43.9% | 14.5%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 32 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 16.3%
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 17 | 39 | 65 | 63 | 55 | 68 | 76 | 8.4% | 5.3% | -0.4% | -1.3% | 2.3% | 1.1%
Coal | 2 | 7 | 25 | 13 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 10.3% | 14.5% | -6.7% | -25.4% | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 3 | 16 | 16 | 19 | 18 | 17 | 13 | 20.0% | -0.5% | 1.8% | -0.4% | -0.7% | -2.3%
Natural gas | 0 | 1 | 8 | 9 | 12 | 15 | 17 | 44.5% | 19.4% | 1.9% | 2.3% | 2.3% | 1.2%
Biomass | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 21 | 24 | 1.2% | 0.3% | 0.8% | 0.7% | 2.6% | 1.6%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 5 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 3.8%
Hydro | 0 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 10.5% | 6.6% | 7.8% | 0.8% | 1.0% | 0.1%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 7 | 11 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 5.4% | 10.3% | 5.4%
Net Imports | 0 | - 11 | - 7 | 25 | 51 | 41 | 38 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 0 | - 2 | - 11 | 15 | 24 | 8 | 5 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | 0 | - 9 | 3 | 6 | 12 | 15 | 18 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 16 | 18 | 13 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 17 | 28 | 58 | 87 | 106 | 109 | 114 | 4.9% | 7.6% | 4.2% | 2.0% | 0.3% | 0.4%
Coal | 2 | 4 | 15 | 28 | 25 | 8 | 5 | 7.0% | 12.9% | 6.7% | -1.2% | -10.6% | -5.1%
Oil | 3 | 8 | 19 | 24 | 30 | 32 | 31 | 11.2% | 9.1% | 2.7% | 2.0% | 0.6% | -0.1%
Natural gas | 0 | 1 | 8 | 13 | 27 | 33 | 30 | n.s. | 21.9% | 4.9% | 7.6% | 1.8% | -0.9%
Biomass | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 21 | 25 | 1.2% | 0.3% | 0.9% | 0.7% | 2.6% | 2.0%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 5 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 3.8%
Hydro | 0 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 10.5% | 6.6% | 7.8% | 0.8% | 1.0% | 0.1%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 7 | 11 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 5.4% | 10.3% | 5.4%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 17 | 28 | 58 | 87 | 106 | 109 | 114 | 4.9% | 7.6% | 4.2% | 2.0% | 0.3% | 0.4%
Energy for Power Generation | 2 | 5 | 16 | 32 | 41 | 42 | 50 | 10.7% | 12.8% | 7.3% | 2.5% | 0.2% | 1.6%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 0 | 0 | 1 | - 1 | 0 | 2 | 5 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 16.0% | 10.2%
Final consumption | 16 | 25 | 48 | 70 | 83 | 88 | 89 | 4.6% | 6.8% | 3.8% | 1.7% | 0.6% | 0.1%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 0 | 0 | 6 | 13 | 13 | 12 | 12 | n.s. | n.s. | 7.8% | 0.6% | -0.9% | -0.6%
Other Industry | 5 | 8 | 11 | 17 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 5.7% | 3.8% | 4.3% | 2.8% | 0.1% | -0.2%
Non-Energy Use | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 16.9% | 32.8% | 1.9% | 2.1% | -0.9% | -2.2%
Residential | 10 | 12 | 16 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 17 | 2.4% | 2.9% | 1.5% | 0.4% | -0.2% | -1.0%
Services | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 12.6% | 4.8% | 4.9% | 4.6% | 1.8% | 0.2%
Agriculture | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5.4% | 3.8% | 3.0% | 2.5% | 1.9% | 1.5%
Road | 1 | 3 | 10 | 15 | 18 | 24 | 28 | 10.3% | 11.4% | 4.1% | 2.2% | 2.6% | 1.7%
Rail | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Aviation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.4% | 3.9% | 2.9% | 0.4% | -0.3% | -1.0%
Other Transport | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 17.8% | 8.3% | -3.1% | 3.5% | 0.6% | -1.7%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 1 | 4 | 14 | 26 | 33 | 26 | 28 | 10.8% | 14.4% | 6.6% | 2.6% | -2.4% | 0.5%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 5 | 15 | 16 | 4 | 2 | 2.6% | 15.5% | 12.2% | 0.1% | -13.6% | -4.7%
Oil | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 13.1% | -1.2% | 3.4% | 7.9% | -1.9% | -6.1%
Gas | 0 | 1 | 8 | 9 | 14 | 16 | 14 | n.s. | 21.4% | 1.4% | 4.7% | 1.3% | -1.4%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 10 | n.s. | n.s. | 5.7% | 28.6% | 27.7% | 10.1%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 4.6% | 1.6% | -1.3%
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 9 | 27 | 95 | 188 | 241 | 278 | 331 | 11.8% | 13.6% | 7.1% | 2.5% | 1.4% | 1.8%
Coal | 2 | 3 | 20 | 66 | 68 | 16 | 11 | 4.6% | 20.2% | 12.8% | 0.3% | -13.3% | -3.9%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 8 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 16.2%
Oil | 1 | 5 | 3 | 7 | 16 | 13 | 7 | 13.2% | -2.8% | 7.9% | 7.9% | -1.9% | -6.0%
Gas | 0 | 4 | 44 | 50 | 80 | 91 | 84 | n.s. | 26.1% | 1.2% | 4.8% | 1.4% | -0.8%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 54 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 15.8%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 18 | 49 | n.s. | n.s. | 6.0% | 31.5% | 28.2% | 10.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 36 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 15.0%
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 19 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 3.8%
Hydro | 5 | 15 | 28 | 58 | 63 | 70 | 71 | 10.5% | 6.6% | 7.8% | 0.8% | 1.0% | 0.1%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 7 | 32 | 48 | n.s. | n.s. | 58.2% | 4.2% | 15.5% | 4.2%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 22 | 40 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 18.5% | 20.0% | 6.1%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 4.7% | 2.3% | 1.2%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 2 | 6 | 20 | 49 | 63 | 101 | 124 | 11.7% | 11.7% | 9.6% | 2.6% | 4.8% | 2.1%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 3 | 17 | 22 | 22 | 21 | -1.0% | 17.4% | 18.5% | 2.5% | 0.0% | -0.8%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 16.1%
Oil | 1 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 8.2% | 2.2% | 6.5% | 0.5% | -0.9% | 0.6%
Gas | 0 | 1 | 6 | 8 | 11 | 15 | 14 | n.s. | 19.4% | 1.7% | 4.2% | 2.8% | -0.6%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 7 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 16.5%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 7 | n.s. | n.s. | 0.8% | 31.3% | 28.4% | 10.3%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 14.9%
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 3.6%
Hydro | 1 | 3 | 8 | 15 | 16 | 18 | 18 | 16.6% | 9.7% | 6.6% | 0.8% | 1.0% | 0.1%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 7 | 21 | 28 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 3.2% | 12.5% | 2.9%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 16 | 29 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 18.9% | 20.2% | 6.3%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3.4% | 0.0% | 8.5% | 4.5% | 1.4% | 2.2%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 16 | 25 | 48 | 70 | 83 | 88 | 89 | 4.6% | 6.8% | 3.8% | 1.7% | 0.6% | 0.1%
Coal | 1 | 3 | 10 | 13 | 9 | 4 | 3 | 9.2% | 11.8% | 2.6% | -3.1% | -7.0% | -5.5%
Oil | 2 | 7 | 17 | 24 | 27 | 29 | 30 | 10.8% | 9.8% | 3.5% | 1.2% | 0.8% | 0.3%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 14 | 17 | 16 | n.s. | 39.2% | 25.2% | 11.3% | 2.1% | -0.7%
Electricity | 1 | 2 | 7 | 14 | 19 | 21 | 26 | 13.7% | 14.5% | 6.8% | 2.5% | 1.5% | 1.8%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 23.2%
Biomass & Other | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 15 | 16 | 13 | 1.2% | 0.3% | 0.8% | 0.2% | 0.6% | -2.0%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 76% | 58% | 34% | 29% | 27% | 33% | 40% | -2.7% | -5.2% | -1.5% | -1.0% | 2.3% | 1.7%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 5 | 8 | 20 | 33 | 40 | 38 | 37 | 5.7% | 9.4% | 5.3% | 1.9% | -0.3% | -0.5%
Coal | 1 | 2 | 8 | 11 | 8 | 4 | 3 | 8.5% | 13.4% | 3.2% | -2.9% | -6.4% | -5.3%
Oil | 0 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 13.2% | 10.3% | 3.3% | 0.5% | -2.6% | -2.4%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 10 | 12 | 12 | n.s. | 39.2% | 23.0% | 9.9% | 1.6% | -0.1%
Electricity | 0 | 1 | 4 | 9 | 11 | 13 | 15 | 12.3% | 17.7% | 7.8% | 2.9% | 1.2% | 1.4%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 1.3% | -2.1% | 1.8% | 1.5% | 2.6% | -1.7%
Buildings | 10 | 13 | 18 | 22 | 24 | 24 | 23 | 2.9% | 3.1% | 1.9% | 1.0% | 0.2% | -0.7%
Coal | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 14.3% | 6.2% | -1.4% | -4.6% | -15.0% | -15.8%
Oil | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 11.7% | 4.6% | 1.6% | -1.4% | -2.8% | -3.2%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 17.1% | 3.1% | -3.3%
Electricity | 0 | 1 | 3 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 10 | 15.9% | 12.1% | 5.4% | 1.8% | 1.5% | 1.8%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 23.2%
Biomass & Other | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 11 | 10 | 7 | 1.2% | 1.0% | 0.5% | -0.6% | -1.0% | -4.1%
Agriculture | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5.4% | 3.8% | 3.0% | 2.5% | 1.9% | 1.5%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -9.4% | -2.0% | -0.7% | -2.1% | -7.2% | -7.5%
Oil | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 8.8% | 4.2% | 1.8% | 0.9% | -3.0% | -3.6%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4.0% | 3.5% | 8.9% | 4.6% | 4.7% | 3.4%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 15.6% | 4.5%
Transport | 1 | 3 | 10 | 15 | 19 | 24 | 28 | 9.7% | 11.2% | 4.0% | 2.2% | 2.5% | 1.7%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 1 | 3 | 10 | 15 | 18 | 22 | 25 | 9.9% | 11.2% | 4.0% | 1.8% | 2.2% | 1.1%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 24.0% | 7.8% | 8.1%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 14.8% | 9.5%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 22.4% | 7.6% | 6.7%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 0 | 0 | 1 | - 1 | 0 | 2 | 5 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 16.0% | 10.2%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Rest South Asia | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 262 | 333 | 398 | 468 | 531 | 585 | 626 | 2.4% | 1.8% | 1.6% | 1.3% | 1.0% | 0.7%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 8 | 12 | 1.9% | 3.4% | 3.8% | 5.4% | 5.2% | 4.4%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 1.9% | 3.4% | 3.8% | 5.4% | 5.2% | 4.4%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 30 | 25 | 21 | 17 | 13 | 11 | 10 | -1.7% | -1.9% | -2.0% | -2.8% | -1.6% | -0.9%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 23 | 24 | 23 | 25 | 27 | 26 | 24 | 0.2% | -0.1% | 0.7% | 0.7% | -0.2% | -0.9%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 47 | 51 | 56 | 58 | 60 | 63 | 66 | 0.9% | 0.9% | 0.4% | 0.4% | 0.4% | 0.5%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 7 | 20 | 22 | 24 | 24 | 25 | -7.8% | 10.3% | 1.1% | 0.8% | 0.2% | 0.4%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 77 | 85 | 82 | 90 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.6% | 1.0% | -0.3% | 0.8%
Gas | 28 | 24 | 47 | 58 | 45 | 38 | 34 | -1.2% | 6.8% | 2.1% | -2.4% | -1.7% | -1.1%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 439 | 537 | 662 | 850 | 1 041 | 993 | 744 | 2.0% | 2.1% | 2.5% | 2.0% | -0.5% | -2.8%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 439 | 537 | 662 | 850 | 1 041 | 993 | 744 | 2.0% | 2.1% | 2.5% | 2.0% | -0.5% | -2.8%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 341 | 444 | 606 | 797 | 1 003 | 958 | 716 | 2.7% | 3.2% | 2.8% | 2.3% | -0.5% | -2.9%
CO₂ | 82 | 146 | 234 | 398 | 603 | 598 | 415 | 6.0% | 4.8% | 5.5% | 4.2% | -0.1% | -3.6%
CH₄ | 216 | 245 | 307 | 326 | 330 | 293 | 239 | 1.3% | 2.3% | 0.6% | 0.1% | -1.2% | -2.0%
N₂O | 42 | 52 | 64 | 72 | 70 | 66 | 60 | 2.1% | 2.2% | 1.1% | -0.3% | -0.5% | -0.9%
F gases | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -2.1% | 3.0% | 0.1% | -4.9% | 2.3% | 1.7%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 144 | 231 | 353 | 541 | 762 | 736 | 523 | 4.8% | 4.3% | 4.4% | 3.5% | -0.3% | -3.4%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 75 | 135 | 213 | 367 | 556 | 541 | 358 | 6.0% | 4.7% | 5.6% | 4.2% | -0.3% | -4.0%
Power generation/District heating | 20 | 45 | 67 | 122 | 148 | 115 | - 20 | 8.4% | 4.2% | 6.1% | 2.0% | -2.5% | n.s.
Industry | 20 | 28 | 50 | 61 | 111 | 102 | 82 | 3.6% | 5.8% | 2.2% | 6.1% | -0.8% | -2.2%
Buildings | 12 | 18 | 26 | 47 | 90 | 68 | 26 | 3.5% | 4.1% | 6.0% | 6.8% | -2.8% | -9.0%
Agriculture | 2 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 3 | 3.2% | 2.8% | 3.5% | 1.7% | -2.1% | -2.8%
Transport | 19 | 37 | 60 | 122 | 186 | 236 | 252 | 6.8% | 4.8% | 7.4% | 4.3% | 2.4% | 0.7%
Other | 2 | 5 | 7 | 11 | 16 | 16 | 14 | 10.4% | 3.0% | 5.2% | 3.8% | 0.1% | -0.9%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 30 | 165 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 49.2% | 39.0% | 18.5%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 18 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 22.5% | 49.6% | 13.5%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 24 | 68 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 37.2% | 11.1%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 79 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 23.2% | 44.2% | 48.1%
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 56 | 76 | 114 | 117 | 127 | 153 | 192 | 3.2% | 4.1% | 0.2% | 0.8% | 1.9% | 2.3%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 2.3% | 5.1% | 1.0% | 3.3% | 0.5% | -1.4%
Oil | 3 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 8 | 11 | 14 | 1.0% | 2.2% | 2.8% | 3.7% | 3.5% | 2.7%
Natural gas | 14 | 26 | 51 | 62 | 59 | 55 | 52 | 6.0% | 7.2% | 1.9% | -0.6% | -0.5% | -0.7%
Biomass | 36 | 43 | 52 | 41 | 45 | 48 | 61 | 2.0% | 1.7% | -2.3% | 0.9% | 0.6% | 2.6%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 16 | 21 | 21.2% | 5.5% | 5.2% | 10.5% | 14.9% | 2.4%
Hydro | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 0.4% | 7.0% | 0.1% | 1.7% | 1.7% | 1.1%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 14 | 34 | n.s. | n.s. | 45.1% | 19.9% | 14.8% | 9.6%
Net Imports | 12 | 23 | 24 | 67 | 142 | 148 | 135 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 1 | 1 | 4 | 9 | 11 | 10 | 7 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | 11 | 24 | 28 | 58 | 77 | 81 | 80 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | - 1 | - 2 | - 7 | - 3 | 53 | 56 | 42 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 3 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 68 | 100 | 139 | 183 | 268 | 301 | 326 | 4.0% | 3.3% | 2.8% | 3.9% | 1.2% | 0.8%
Coal | 2 | 3 | 6 | 11 | 14 | 13 | 11 | 1.3% | 8.6% | 6.7% | 2.7% | -0.6% | -2.5%
Oil | 14 | 27 | 32 | 64 | 84 | 91 | 93 | 6.7% | 1.6% | 7.1% | 2.9% | 0.8% | 0.2%
Natural gas | 14 | 24 | 44 | 60 | 111 | 112 | 94 | 5.8% | 6.3% | 3.0% | 6.5% | 0.0% | -1.7%
Biomass | 36 | 43 | 52 | 43 | 45 | 48 | 65 | 2.0% | 1.7% | -1.8% | 0.5% | 0.5% | 3.1%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 16 | 21 | 21.2% | 5.5% | 5.2% | 10.5% | 14.9% | 2.4%
Hydro | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 0.4% | 7.0% | 0.1% | 1.7% | 1.7% | 1.1%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 14 | 34 | n.s. | n.s. | 45.1% | 19.9% | 14.8% | 9.6%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 68 | 100 | 139 | 183 | 268 | 301 | 326 | 4.0% | 3.3% | 2.8% | 3.9% | 1.2% | 0.8%
Energy for Power Generation | 10 | 19 | 30 | 49 | 67 | 88 | 122 | 6.8% | 4.9% | 5.0% | 3.1% | 2.7% | 3.3%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 1 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 9 | 16 | 34 | 15.2% | 0.1% | 3.1% | 9.2% | 6.1% | 7.5%
Final consumption | 60 | 84 | 116 | 148 | 221 | 243 | 249 | 3.4% | 3.3% | 2.4% | 4.1% | 1.0% | 0.2%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 3 | 4 | 7 | 8 | 11 | 10 | 9 | 2.7% | 5.0% | 1.8% | 2.4% | -0.6% | -0.4%
Other Industry | 7 | 11 | 19 | 24 | 53 | 59 | 57 | 4.9% | 5.3% | 2.3% | 8.3% | 1.0% | -0.3%
Non-Energy Use | 4 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 4.2% | -0.4% | 1.4% | 4.9% | 1.0% | 0.0%
Residential | 38 | 48 | 60 | 62 | 69 | 56 | 42 | 2.4% | 2.3% | 0.3% | 1.1% | -2.1% | -2.8%
Services | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 5.0% | 5.1% | 3.7% | 5.5% | 2.0% | 0.6%
Agriculture | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 2.0% | 4.1% | 3.3% | 3.5% | 3.0% | 2.5%
Road | 6 | 11 | 18 | 38 | 62 | 86 | 103 | 6.2% | 5.5% | 7.6% | 5.1% | 3.3% | 1.9%
Rail | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1.5% | 0.4% | 3.6% | 1.8% | 2.0% | 1.7%
Aviation | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 16.1% | 0.1% | 3.3% | 6.8% | 5.6% | 3.9%
Other Transport | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5.2% | 10.5% | 2.9% | 5.0% | 2.7% | 0.3%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 8 | 16 | 25 | 43 | 54 | 52 | 60 | 7.8% | 4.5% | 5.5% | 2.3% | -0.5% | 1.5%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 5 | 17.8% | 12.7% | 28.2% | 3.5% | 2.4% | -2.8%
Oil | 2 | 8 | 9 | 18 | 16 | 6 | 6 | 12.5% | 2.0% | 6.8% | -1.4% | -8.6% | -1.6%
Gas | 5 | 8 | 16 | 21 | 33 | 38 | 32 | 4.8% | 6.3% | 3.2% | 4.6% | 1.3% | -1.7%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 18 | n.s. | n.s. | 8.8% | 8.9% | 23.2% | 34.4%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 52 | 95 | 157 | 249 | 376 | 564 | 775 | 6.2% | 5.2% | 4.7% | 4.2% | 4.1% | 3.2%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 1 | 13 | 22 | 29 | 25 | 20.3% | 13.6% | 31.5% | 5.0% | 2.9% | -1.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 21 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 14.5%
Oil | 8 | 32 | 40 | 80 | 70 | 29 | 25 | 14.2% | 2.3% | 7.1% | -1.3% | -8.5% | -1.6%
Gas | 19 | 36 | 64 | 94 | 169 | 206 | 187 | 6.4% | 5.9% | 4.0% | 6.0% | 2.0% | -1.0%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 41 | 131 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 12.4%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 92 | n.s. | n.s. | 10.8% | 15.9% | 26.9% | 35.6%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 87 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 2 | 3 | 6 | 16 | 66 | 84 | 21.2% | 5.5% | 5.4% | 10.9% | 15.1% | 2.4%
Hydro | 24 | 25 | 49 | 50 | 59 | 69 | 77 | 0.4% | 7.0% | 0.1% | 1.7% | 1.7% | 1.1%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 36 | 122 | 186 | n.s. | 33.3% | n.s. | 18.9% | 12.9% | 4.3%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 38 | 98 | n.s. | n.s. | 2.9% | 40.0% | 24.9% | 10.0%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 24.5% | 18.8% | 14.8%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 13 | 24 | 34 | 53 | 83 | 145 | 218 | 6.5% | 3.7% | 4.4% | 4.7% | 5.8% | 4.2%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 0.0% | 10.7% | 17.6% | 5.0% | 2.5% | -2.0%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 15.0%
Oil | 3 | 5 | 7 | 14 | 15 | 13 | 14 | 4.7% | 3.5% | 7.2% | 1.1% | -1.3% | 0.4%
Gas | 4 | 11 | 16 | 21 | 32 | 35 | 36 | 9.9% | 3.6% | 3.2% | 3.9% | 1.0% | 0.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 19 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 14.1%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 14 | n.s. | n.s. | 5.8% | 10.3% | 26.4% | 37.3%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 10 | 13 | 13.7% | 0.0% | 7.2% | 10.7% | 14.9% | 2.2%
Hydro | 5 | 7 | 11 | 12 | 14 | 16 | 18 | 3.7% | 4.0% | 0.8% | 1.7% | 1.7% | 1.1%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 13 | 42 | 62 | n.s. | 29.9% | 51.4% | 17.9% | 12.1% | 3.9%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 23 | 58 | n.s. | n.s. | 9.6% | 34.9% | 22.9% | 9.5%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 18.3% | 14.3%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 60 | 84 | 116 | 148 | 221 | 243 | 249 | 3.4% | 3.3% | 2.4% | 4.1% | 1.0% | 0.2%
Coal | 2 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 7 | 5 | 0.3% | 9.0% | 2.9% | 2.4% | -2.9% | -3.1%
Oil | 11 | 19 | 22 | 44 | 67 | 83 | 86 | 5.0% | 1.6% | 7.4% | 4.2% | 2.2% | 0.4%
Gas | 8 | 14 | 27 | 36 | 74 | 66 | 49 | 5.7% | 6.7% | 3.0% | 7.5% | -1.1% | -3.0%
Electricity | 3 | 6 | 11 | 17 | 26 | 40 | 55 | 6.1% | 6.5% | 4.7% | 4.2% | 4.2% | 3.3%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 36 | 43 | 52 | 43 | 45 | 48 | 45 | 2.0% | 1.7% | -1.7% | 0.4% | 0.5% | -0.6%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 64% | 56% | 49% | 32% | 25% | 30% | 43% | -1.4% | -1.4% | -4.1% | -2.6% | 2.0% | 3.8%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 14 | 21 | 31 | 38 | 73 | 79 | 77 | 4.2% | 4.0% | 2.1% | 6.7% | 0.8% | -0.2%
Coal | 2 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 7 | 5 | 0.5% | 8.5% | 3.1% | 2.7% | -2.7% | -3.1%
Oil | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 6 | 8 | 9 | 6.0% | -4.1% | 3.8% | 6.2% | 2.8% | 1.5%
Gas | 6 | 9 | 15 | 17 | 35 | 34 | 30 | 4.7% | 4.7% | 1.0% | 7.6% | -0.2% | -1.3%
Electricity | 1 | 2 | 4 | 7 | 10 | 12 | 15 | 4.6% | 7.4% | 4.8% | 4.0% | 2.2% | 2.0%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 3 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 14 | 18 | 19 | 4.2% | 1.9% | 0.3% | 10.9% | 2.9% | 0.1%
Buildings | 39 | 50 | 63 | 67 | 78 | 67 | 54 | 2.5% | 2.5% | 0.5% | 1.5% | -1.5% | -2.2%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -11.7% | 31.8% | -0.4% | -5.1% | -15.5% | -16.2%
Oil | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 2 | -0.1% | -2.1% | 3.5% | 4.7% | 0.7% | -6.8%
Gas | 2 | 4 | 8 | 16 | 33 | 23 | 8 | 7.8% | 6.4% | 7.0% | 7.5% | -3.5% | -9.6%
Electricity | 2 | 3 | 6 | 10 | 12 | 17 | 22 | 8.4% | 6.0% | 4.8% | 2.3% | 3.5% | 2.3%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 33 | 40 | 47 | 38 | 29 | 22 | 12 | 1.9% | 1.7% | -2.0% | -2.8% | -2.6% | -6.2%
Agriculture | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 2.0% | 4.1% | 3.3% | 3.5% | 3.0% | 2.5%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 3.1% | 2.8% | 3.6% | 1.7% | -2.1% | -2.8%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | 2.9% | 0.8% | 1.9% | -0.9% | -1.4%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 0.1% | 6.0% | 3.0% | 4.7% | 4.9% | 3.9%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 16.8% | 4.8%
Transport | 7 | 12 | 20 | 40 | 67 | 92 | 112 | 6.4% | 5.1% | 7.3% | 5.1% | 3.3% | 1.9%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 7 | 12 | 17 | 37 | 55 | 69 | 73 | 6.3% | 3.2% | 8.3% | 4.1% | 2.3% | 0.6%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 6 | 9 | 10 | n.s. | 42.7% | -0.7% | 7.1% | 3.7% | 1.3%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 8 | 14 | -7.2% | n.s. | n.s. | 40.0% | 10.9% | 6.6%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 6 | 13 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 23.4% | 10.1% | 7.7%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 1 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 9 | 16 | 34 | 15.2% | 0.1% | 3.1% | 9.2% | 6.1% | 7.5%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Rest South East Asia | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 170 | 202 | 229 | 257 | 281 | 300 | 314 | 1.8% | 1.3% | 1.1% | 0.9% | 0.7% | 0.4%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 2.8% | 4.1% | 3.3% | 1.9% | 1.9% | 2.1%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3.1% | 4.2% | 3.4% | 1.9% | 1.9% | 2.1%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 12 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | -4.9% | -1.1% | -2.5% | -0.8% | -0.7% | -0.6%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 34 | 34 | 29 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 0.3% | -1.6% | -1.4% | 0.1% | 0.0% | -0.1%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 55 | 58 | 64 | 69 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 0.7% | 0.9% | 0.8% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.1%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 7 | 20 | 22 | 25 | 28 | 30 | -7.8% | 10.3% | 1.0% | 1.4% | 1.1% | 0.5%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 77 | 85 | 82 | 90 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.6% | 1.0% | -0.3% | 0.8%
Gas | 28 | 24 | 47 | 58 | 45 | 38 | 34 | -1.2% | 6.8% | 2.1% | -2.4% | -1.7% | -1.1%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 740 | 857 | 949 | 1 123 | 879 | 587 | 405 | 1.5% | 1.0% | 1.7% | -2.4% | -4.0% | -3.6%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 740 | 857 | 949 | 1 123 | 993 | 754 | 627 | 1.5% | 1.0% | 1.7% | -1.2% | -2.7% | -1.8%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 525 | 671 | 782 | 951 | 867 | 629 | 408 | 2.5% | 1.5% | 2.0% | -0.9% | -3.2% | -4.2%
CO₂ | 338 | 454 | 524 | 625 | 599 | 419 | 248 | 3.0% | 1.4% | 1.8% | -0.4% | -3.5% | -5.1%
CH₄ | 141 | 161 | 196 | 251 | 207 | 158 | 121 | 1.4% | 2.0% | 2.5% | -1.9% | -2.7% | -2.6%
N₂O | 44 | 43 | 42 | 52 | 44 | 39 | 33 | -0.1% | -0.3% | 2.2% | -1.6% | -1.1% | -1.8%
F gases | 3 | 12 | 20 | 23 | 18 | 14 | 7 | 15.7% | 5.3% | 1.4% | -2.3% | -2.7% | -6.8%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 404 | 538 | 626 | 772 | 724 | 513 | 318 | 2.9% | 1.5% | 2.1% | -0.6% | -3.4% | -4.7%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 310 | 430 | 496 | 591 | 553 | 371 | 207 | 3.3% | 1.4% | 1.8% | -0.7% | -3.9% | -5.7%
Power generation/District heating | 88 | 180 | 228 | 279 | 242 | 114 | 6 | 7.4% | 2.4% | 2.0% | -1.4% | -7.3% | -25.3%
Industry | 127 | 110 | 121 | 130 | 128 | 97 | 62 | -1.4% | 1.0% | 0.7% | -0.2% | -2.8% | -4.4%
Buildings | 30 | 31 | 32 | 36 | 36 | 22 | 13 | 0.4% | 0.3% | 1.1% | -0.1% | -4.6% | -5.3%
Agriculture | 4 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1 | -0.6% | -5.7% | 3.2% | -0.2% | -3.8% | -4.0%
Transport | 42 | 73 | 82 | 101 | 103 | 103 | 100 | 5.8% | 1.2% | 2.1% | 0.2% | 0.0% | -0.2%
Other | 19 | 31 | 30 | 42 | 41 | 34 | 24 | 5.1% | -0.5% | 3.4% | 0.0% | -2.0% | -3.3%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 19 | 109 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 52.5% | 19.3%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 7 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 41.0% | 15.7%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 35 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 46.9% | 15.2%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 67 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 22.9%
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 84 | 88 | 121 | 354 | 442 | 323 | 330 | 0.6% | 3.2% | 11.4% | 2.2% | -3.1% | 0.2%
Coal | 27 | 20 | 40 | 243 | 254 | 87 | 72 | -2.8% | 7.0% | 19.7% | 0.5% | -10.1% | -1.9%
Oil | 9 | 11 | 11 | 7 | 8 | 10 | 16 | 2.1% | -0.3% | -3.4% | 1.1% | 1.5% | 5.1%
Natural gas | 9 | 13 | 24 | 25 | 63 | 61 | 42 | 3.3% | 6.4% | 0.4% | 9.9% | -0.4% | -3.7%
Biomass | 22 | 21 | 23 | 52 | 61 | 75 | 98 | -0.4% | 0.9% | 8.4% | 1.5% | 2.2% | 2.7%
Nuclear¹ | 9 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 16 | 37 | 35 | 1.6% | 0.8% | -0.1% | 4.2% | 8.6% | -0.7%
Hydro | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 0.2% | 1.3% | 0.8% | 0.9% | 1.2% | 0.8%
Other renewables | 5 | 10 | 9 | 12 | 35 | 49 | 63 | 7.9% | -1.4% | 3.2% | 11.3% | 3.5% | 2.5%
Net Imports | 54 | 96 | 102 | - 80 | - 132 | - 15 | - 17 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 15 | 34 | 28 | - 172 | - 202 | - 66 | - 58 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | 44 | 66 | 70 | 95 | 84 | 68 | 54 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | - 5 | - 3 | 4 | 22 | 13 | 14 | 21 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | - 25 | - 26 | - 29 | - 35 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - 1 | - 2 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 137 | 185 | 223 | 274 | 309 | 309 | 312 | 3.0% | 1.9% | 2.1% | 1.2% | 0.0% | 0.1%
Coal | 43 | 54 | 69 | 71 | 52 | 21 | 14 | 2.5% | 2.4% | 0.4% | -3.0% | -8.6% | -3.9%
Oil | 53 | 77 | 81 | 102 | 92 | 78 | 69 | 3.8% | 0.5% | 2.4% | -1.0% | -1.7% | -1.2%
Natural gas | 4 | 10 | 28 | 47 | 76 | 74 | 63 | 10.0% | 11.0% | 5.4% | 5.0% | -0.2% | -1.7%
Biomass | 22 | 21 | 23 | 28 | 35 | 46 | 64 | -0.4% | 0.9% | 1.7% | 2.4% | 2.8% | 3.2%
Nuclear¹ | 9 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 16 | 37 | 35 | 1.6% | 0.8% | -0.1% | 4.2% | 8.6% | -0.7%
Hydro | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 0.2% | 1.3% | 0.8% | 0.9% | 1.2% | 0.8%
Other renewables | 5 | 10 | 9 | 12 | 35 | 49 | 63 | 7.9% | -1.4% | 3.2% | 11.3% | 3.5% | 2.5%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 137 | 185 | 223 | 274 | 309 | 309 | 312 | 3.0% | 1.9% | 2.1% | 1.2% | 0.0% | 0.1%
Energy for Power Generation | 42 | 76 | 93 | 115 | 140 | 149 | 166 | 6.1% | 2.1% | 2.1% | 2.0% | 0.6% | 1.1%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 7 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 15 | 17 | 17 | 5.1% | -0.5% | 0.6% | 2.2% | 1.2% | -0.2%
Final consumption | 101 | 119 | 150 | 187 | 201 | 198 | 195 | 1.6% | 2.4% | 2.2% | 0.7% | -0.2% | -0.2%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 14 | 18 | 23 | 27 | 28 | 24 | 22 | 2.4% | 2.4% | 1.6% | 0.6% | -1.4% | -1.2%
Other Industry | 27 | 25 | 28 | 34 | 39 | 38 | 38 | -0.9% | 1.3% | 1.7% | 1.4% | -0.2% | 0.0%
Non-Energy Use | 6 | 11 | 28 | 42 | 43 | 42 | 39 | 5.7% | 9.8% | 4.1% | 0.5% | -0.4% | -0.7%
Residential | 26 | 28 | 29 | 33 | 34 | 34 | 33 | 0.5% | 0.6% | 1.2% | 0.4% | 0.0% | -0.3%
Services | 9 | 11 | 14 | 18 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 2.0% | 2.4% | 2.3% | 1.0% | 0.4% | 0.9%
Agriculture | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | -0.1% | -3.2% | 3.3% | 1.6% | 1.4% | 1.3%
Road | 14 | 22 | 24 | 30 | 32 | 34 | 35 | 4.4% | 0.8% | 2.1% | 0.7% | 0.6% | 0.4%
Rail | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.1% | 11.0% | 4.4% | 0.9% | 0.7% | 0.6%
Aviation | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5.4% | -4.5% | 6.1% | 1.2% | 0.4% | -0.4%
Other Transport | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 5.6% | -0.8% | 1.1% | 0.8% | -1.3% | -2.8%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 26 | 53 | 70 | 89 | 85 | 59 | 63 | 7.4% | 2.9% | 2.4% | -0.4% | -3.7% | 0.8%
Coal | 12 | 29 | 40 | 43 | 31 | 10 | 7 | 9.6% | 3.1% | 0.9% | -3.3% | -10.9% | -2.6%
Oil | 12 | 16 | 7 | 10 | 8 | 5 | 4 | 2.4% | -7.6% | 3.6% | -2.5% | -3.6% | -2.6%
Gas | 1 | 6 | 21 | 33 | 41 | 32 | 26 | 18.2% | 12.9% | 4.6% | 2.2% | -2.4% | -2.2%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 8 | 22 | 11.5% | 9.0% | -0.3% | 4.8% | 10.8% | 10.6%
Other | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 7.8% | -1.6% | 2.8% | 11.0% | 1.4% | 1.8%
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 168 | 296 | 402 | 512 | 582 | 639 | 736 | 5.8% | 3.1% | 2.5% | 1.3% | 0.9% | 1.4%
Coal | 41 | 116 | 161 | 179 | 129 | 41 | 33 | 11.1% | 3.3% | 1.0% | -3.2% | -10.9% | -1.9%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 8 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 17.6%
Oil | 53 | 67 | 29 | 45 | 34 | 24 | 18 | 2.3% | -8.0% | 4.4% | -2.5% | -3.6% | -2.5%
Gas | 3 | 28 | 117 | 182 | 233 | 185 | 152 | 23.7% | 15.2% | 4.5% | 2.5% | -2.3% | -1.9%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 93 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 16.4%
Biomass & Waste | 1 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 10 | 35 | 107 | 13.8% | 8.4% | 0.1% | 7.4% | 13.3% | 11.8%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 71 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 21.2%
Nuclear | 33 | 39 | 42 | 41 | 64 | 151 | 141 | 1.6% | 0.8% | -0.1% | 4.5% | 9.0% | -0.7%
Hydro | 32 | 32 | 37 | 40 | 44 | 49 | 53 | 0.2% | 1.3% | 0.8% | 0.9% | 1.2% | 0.8%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 13 | 47 | 88 | n.s. | n.s. | 11.8% | 15.5% | 13.4% | 6.5%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 18 | 65 | 90 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 15.3% | 13.9% | 3.4%
Other | 5 | 12 | 10 | 13 | 37 | 43 | 53 | 7.8% | -1.6% | 2.8% | 11.0% | 1.6% | 2.0%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 41 | 69 | 103 | 116 | 144 | 199 | 203 | 5.2% | 4.2% | 1.2% | 2.1% | 3.3% | 0.2%
Coal | 11 | 22 | 35 | 38 | 38 | 32 | 10 | 7.3% | 4.4% | 0.8% | 0.1% | -1.7% | -11.1%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 17.8%
Oil | 13 | 19 | 12 | 12 | 10 | 6 | 5 | 4.1% | -4.5% | 0.1% | -1.5% | -5.5% | -2.0%
Gas | 2 | 7 | 30 | 35 | 39 | 38 | 24 | 16.5% | 15.6% | 1.4% | 1.2% | -0.1% | -4.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 12 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 17.2%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 15 | 23.2% | 4.2% | -0.8% | 3.9% | 13.0% | 11.8%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 9 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 21.4%
Nuclear | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 8 | 18 | 17 | 0.0% | 0.2% | 0.2% | 4.5% | 9.0% | -0.7%
Hydro | 10 | 13 | 18 | 18 | 20 | 22 | 24 | 2.3% | 3.4% | 0.1% | 0.9% | 1.2% | 0.8%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 8 | 25 | 44 | n.s. | n.s. | 14.0% | 15.4% | 12.3% | 5.7%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 15 | 46 | 58 | n.s. | n.s. | 35.7% | 12.9% | 12.2% | 2.2%
Other | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8.1% | 0.2% | -0.2% | 10.6% | 1.4% | 1.8%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 101 | 119 | 150 | 187 | 201 | 198 | 195 | 1.6% | 2.4% | 2.2% | 0.7% | -0.2% | -0.2%
Coal | 30 | 23 | 27 | 25 | 19 | 10 | 5 | -2.7% | 1.7% | -1.0% | -2.7% | -6.4% | -5.8%
Oil | 34 | 51 | 66 | 86 | 79 | 69 | 62 | 4.0% | 2.5% | 2.8% | -0.8% | -1.5% | -1.0%
Gas | 1 | 2 | 4 | 12 | 31 | 38 | 33 | 5.5% | 8.3% | 10.6% | 10.0% | 2.0% | -1.4%
Electricity | 12 | 21 | 30 | 38 | 44 | 49 | 56 | 5.8% | 3.5% | 2.5% | 1.3% | 1.0% | 1.4%
Heat | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 5 | -2.9% | 4.0% | 1.4% | 2.9% | 10.2% | 3.0%
Biomass & Other | 22 | 21 | 22 | 25 | 27 | 30 | 34 | -0.7% | 0.5% | 1.3% | 0.8% | 1.1% | 1.3%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 25% | 21% | 20% | 19% | 22% | 32% | 45% | -1.9% | -0.7% | -0.3% | 1.6% | 3.8% | 3.3%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 48 | 54 | 79 | 102 | 110 | 104 | 98 | 1.2% | 3.9% | 2.6% | 0.8% | -0.6% | -0.5%
Coal | 26 | 19 | 23 | 22 | 17 | 9 | 5 | -2.8% | 2.0% | -0.8% | -2.4% | -5.7% | -5.6%
Oil | 14 | 21 | 35 | 48 | 42 | 34 | 30 | 4.2% | 5.2% | 3.3% | -1.3% | -2.2% | -1.3%
Gas | 1 | 1 | 3 | 9 | 24 | 31 | 28 | 6.6% | 10.6% | 12.1% | 10.3% | 2.6% | -1.2%
Electricity | 6 | 10 | 15 | 20 | 23 | 24 | 26 | 5.0% | 3.6% | 2.9% | 1.5% | 0.4% | 0.8%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -3.6% | 0.7% | 0.5% | -0.2% | -0.3% | -0.2%
Biomass & Other | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 9 | 7.7% | 2.8% | 1.7% | 1.1% | 4.3% | 6.6%
Buildings | 36 | 39 | 43 | 51 | 54 | 55 | 56 | 0.9% | 1.2% | 1.6% | 0.6% | 0.1% | 0.2%
Coal | 5 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 0 | -1.6% | 0.4% | -2.1% | -4.6% | -15.0% | -15.8%
Oil | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 2.6% | -0.4% | 2.3% | -2.8% | -5.3% | -5.6%
Gas | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 4.3% | 3.4% | 7.8% | 8.9% | -1.2% | -4.3%
Electricity | 5 | 11 | 14 | 18 | 19 | 22 | 27 | 6.9% | 3.2% | 2.1% | 0.9% | 1.4% | 1.8%
Heat | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 5 | -2.5% | 5.3% | 1.6% | 3.6% | 11.4% | 3.1%
Biomass & Other | 21 | 19 | 19 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 19 | -1.2% | 0.1% | 1.0% | 0.1% | -0.2% | -0.7%
Agriculture | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | -0.1% | -3.2% | 3.3% | 1.6% | 1.4% | 1.3%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -32.8% | 12.8% | 4.7% | -2.1% | -7.2% | n.s.
Oil | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0.0% | -5.7% | 3.2% | -0.2% | -3.8% | -4.0%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1.5% | 4.7% | 3.5% | 2.9% | 3.2% | 2.6%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4.3% | 7.0% | -0.7% | 24.6% | 13.6% | 4.2%
Transport | 16 | 25 | 26 | 33 | 36 | 38 | 39 | 4.4% | 0.8% | 2.3% | 0.7% | 0.6% | 0.3%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -4.4% | n.s. | n.s. | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0%
Oil | 16 | 24 | 26 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 30 | 4.4% | 0.5% | 2.1% | 0.1% | -0.1% | -0.4%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | 0.6% | 11.1% | 5.2% | 5.0%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4.5% | 15.0% | 3.9% | 6.5% | 5.6% | 4.2%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | 14.1% | 11.1% | 5.1% | 2.1%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 7 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 15 | 17 | 17 | 5.1% | -0.5% | 0.6% | 2.2% | 1.2% | -0.2%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Australia | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 17 | 19 | 22 | 26 | 28 | 31 | 33 | 1.1% | 1.5% | 1.5% | 1.1% | 0.9% | 0.8%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 24 | 30 | 34 | 39 | 46 | 53 | 61 | 2.2% | 1.5% | 1.3% | 1.6% | 1.5% | 1.3%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 25 | 31 | 36 | 41 | 48 | 56 | 64 | 2.2% | 1.5% | 1.3% | 1.6% | 1.5% | 1.3%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 5 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | -3.0% | -3.5% | -0.3% | -0.6% | -0.4% | -0.3%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 31 | 27 | 27 | 26 | 25 | 23 | 21 | -1.5% | 0.1% | -0.3% | -0.7% | -0.7% | -0.7%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 64 | 70 | 71 | 71 | 73 | 75 | 77 | 0.9% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.3% | 0.2% | 0.2%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 7 | 20 | 22 | 24 | 25 | 26 | -7.8% | 10.3% | 1.2% | 0.9% | 0.2% | 0.5%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 77 | 85 | 82 | 90 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.6% | 1.0% | -0.3% | 0.8%
Gas | 28 | 24 | 47 | 58 | 45 | 38 | 34 | -1.2% | 6.8% | 2.1% | -2.4% | -1.7% | -1.1%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 502 | 534 | 558 | 507 | 295 | 115 | - 43 | 0.6% | 0.4% | -1.0% | -5.3% | -9.0% | n.s.
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 540 | 549 | 581 | 514 | 451 | 341 | 250 | 0.2% | 0.6% | -1.2% | -1.3% | -2.8% | -3.0%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 408 | 482 | 536 | 499 | 435 | 313 | 173 | 1.7% | 1.1% | -0.7% | -1.4% | -3.3% | -5.7%
CO₂ | 265 | 342 | 394 | 374 | 337 | 238 | 112 | 2.6% | 1.4% | -0.5% | -1.0% | -3.4% | -7.2%
CH₄ | 110 | 107 | 102 | 87 | 70 | 53 | 42 | -0.3% | -0.4% | -1.6% | -2.2% | -2.8% | -2.1%
N₂O | 28 | 31 | 33 | 30 | 26 | 21 | 18 | 1.1% | 0.5% | -0.8% | -1.6% | -1.9% | -1.6%
F gases | 5 | 3 | 7 | 7 | 2 | 1 | 0 | -6.6% | 10.6% | -0.5% | -10.0% | -10.0% | -10.4%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 328 | 402 | 464 | 429 | 371 | 260 | 128 | 2.0% | 1.5% | -0.8% | -1.4% | -3.5% | -6.8%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 250 | 325 | 375 | 356 | 319 | 222 | 100 | 2.6% | 1.4% | -0.5% | -1.1% | -3.5% | -7.7%
Power generation/District heating | 132 | 182 | 206 | 160 | 124 | 58 | - 21 | 3.3% | 1.2% | -2.5% | -2.5% | -7.3% | n.s.
Industry | 35 | 41 | 39 | 49 | 48 | 35 | 20 | 1.4% | -0.5% | 2.5% | -0.4% | -2.9% | -5.6%
Buildings | 9 | 11 | 13 | 12 | 14 | 11 | 8 | 2.1% | 1.8% | -0.5% | 1.0% | -1.8% | -3.4%
Agriculture | 3 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 2.2% | 3.9% | 1.0% | -1.3% | -4.0% | -4.1%
Transport | 58 | 70 | 83 | 90 | 84 | 73 | 59 | 1.9% | 1.7% | 0.8% | -0.8% | -1.3% | -2.1%
Other | 12 | 17 | 28 | 37 | 44 | 40 | 31 | 2.9% | 5.3% | 2.9% | 1.7% | -0.9% | -2.4%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 23 | 94 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 24.9% | 40.1% | 14.9%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 8.7% | 28.9% | 11.2%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 10 | 28 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 52.5% | 31.1% | 11.2%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 62 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 3.9% | n.s. | 17.5%
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 176 | 235 | 313 | 335 | 383 | 283 | 243 | 2.9% | 2.9% | 0.7% | 1.4% | -3.0% | -1.5%
Coal | 126 | 166 | 240 | 222 | 196 | 73 | 33 | 2.8% | 3.7% | -0.8% | -1.2% | -9.5% | -7.7%
Oil | 28 | 35 | 23 | 22 | 34 | 34 | 26 | 2.2% | -4.0% | -0.4% | 4.3% | 0.0% | -2.6%
Natural gas | 16 | 26 | 43 | 72 | 118 | 126 | 108 | 4.9% | 5.1% | 5.1% | 5.1% | 0.6% | -1.5%
Biomass | 4 | 5 | 4 | 14 | 24 | 32 | 56 | 2.4% | -1.7% | 12.5% | 5.6% | 3.1% | 5.6%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 35.0% | 22.8% | 1.2%
Hydro | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1.2% | -2.1% | 2.4% | 0.6% | 0.7% | 0.0%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 9 | 13 | 14 | 0.9% | 23.0% | 19.1% | 8.0% | 3.7% | 1.3%
Net Imports | - 87 | - 126 | - 188 | - 205 | - 249 | - 153 | - 110 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | - 90 | - 118 | - 190 | - 186 | - 176 | - 65 | - 30 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | 4 | - 1 | 17 | 25 | 6 | - 3 | - 3 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | - 2 | - 7 | - 15 | - 37 | - 68 | - 75 | - 62 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | - 6 | - 11 | - 9 | - 15 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - 1 | - 1 | - 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 89 | 108 | 124 | 130 | 135 | 130 | 132 | 2.0% | 1.4% | 0.5% | 0.3% | -0.3% | 0.2%
Coal | 36 | 48 | 50 | 36 | 21 | 8 | 3 | 2.9% | 0.3% | -3.3% | -5.3% | -9.2% | -9.4%
Oil | 33 | 34 | 40 | 47 | 41 | 32 | 24 | 0.5% | 1.6% | 1.7% | -1.6% | -2.5% | -2.8%
Natural gas | 14 | 19 | 28 | 34 | 51 | 51 | 46 | 3.0% | 4.0% | 1.9% | 4.0% | 0.0% | -0.9%
Biomass | 4 | 5 | 4 | 8 | 13 | 23 | 41 | 2.4% | -1.7% | 6.2% | 5.1% | 6.2% | 5.8%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 35.0% | 22.8% | 1.2%
Hydro | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1.2% | -2.1% | 2.4% | 0.6% | 0.7% | 0.0%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 9 | 13 | 14 | 0.9% | 23.0% | 19.1% | 8.0% | 3.7% | 1.3%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 89 | 108 | 124 | 130 | 135 | 130 | 132 | 2.0% | 1.4% | 0.5% | 0.3% | -0.3% | 0.2%
Energy for Power Generation | 37 | 50 | 58 | 53 | 53 | 54 | 63 | 3.0% | 1.6% | -1.0% | 0.0% | 0.3% | 1.5%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 5 | 3 | 7 | 10 | 15 | 16 | 17 | -5.6% | 9.8% | 3.0% | 4.1% | 0.8% | 0.7%
Final consumption | 58 | 71 | 77 | 87 | 91 | 88 | 87 | 2.0% | 0.9% | 1.2% | 0.4% | -0.3% | -0.1%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 0.4% | 0.5% | 0.1% | -0.8% | -2.6% | -1.9%
Other Industry | 13 | 17 | 16 | 21 | 23 | 22 | 23 | 2.8% | -1.0% | 3.1% | 0.9% | -0.4% | 0.1%
Non-Energy Use | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 1.2% | 0.7% | 1.1% | -0.5% | -1.2% | -1.1%
Residential | 7 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 1.9% | 1.3% | 0.0% | 0.8% | 0.2% | 0.3%
Services | 3 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 9 | 10 | 12 | 3.8% | 3.4% | 0.4% | 2.1% | 1.4% | 1.4%
Agriculture | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2.1% | 3.2% | 1.1% | 1.0% | 0.8% | 0.6%
Road | 19 | 22 | 25 | 27 | 26 | 25 | 24 | 1.8% | 1.0% | 0.8% | -0.2% | -0.4% | -0.6%
Rail | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.9% | 4.2% | 1.2% | 0.2% | -0.1% | -0.4%
Aviation | 1 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5.9% | 2.8% | 3.7% | 1.2% | 0.0% | -0.3%
Other Transport | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -3.9% | 6.7% | -10.5% | 0.9% | -1.4% | -2.4%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 35 | 48 | 56 | 47 | 42 | 37 | 43 | 3.1% | 1.6% | -1.8% | -1.2% | -1.3% | 1.7%
Coal | 30 | 43 | 46 | 30 | 18 | 7 | 3 | 3.5% | 0.6% | -4.0% | -5.3% | -9.3% | -9.1%
Oil | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -5.7% | 4.5% | 7.8% | -2.1% | -5.6% | 5.6%
Gas | 3 | 4 | 9 | 14 | 21 | 21 | 20 | 1.6% | 8.6% | 4.3% | 3.9% | 0.1% | -0.6%
Biomass & Waste | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 8 | 20 | -0.2% | 0.5% | 1.6% | 9.3% | 14.6% | 9.1%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 155 | 210 | 252 | 256 | 302 | 349 | 414 | 3.1% | 1.8% | 0.2% | 1.6% | 1.5% | 1.7%
Coal | 121 | 174 | 181 | 119 | 69 | 26 | 12 | 3.7% | 0.4% | -4.1% | -5.3% | -9.3% | -7.6%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 13.3%
Oil | 4 | 2 | 4 | 7 | 6 | 3 | 6 | -6.7% | 9.3% | 4.7% | -2.0% | -5.1% | 5.5%
Gas | 14 | 16 | 45 | 68 | 103 | 113 | 115 | 1.2% | 10.8% | 4.1% | 4.3% | 0.9% | 0.2%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 21 | 65 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 11.9%
Biomass & Waste | 1 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 8 | 37 | 95 | 4.2% | 9.4% | 0.9% | 10.8% | 16.0% | 9.8%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 15 | 68 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 16.3%
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 14 | 16 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 36.3% | 23.0% | 1.2%
Hydro | 15 | 17 | 14 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 1.2% | -2.1% | 2.4% | 0.6% | 0.7% | 0.0%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 5 | 31 | 76 | 106 | 112 | n.s. | 56.3% | 19.8% | 9.4% | 3.4% | 0.6%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 20 | 29 | 37 | 13.6% | 22.3% | 44.6% | 5.5% | 3.8% | 2.3%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | 14.3% | 30.3% | 18.2% | 14.5%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 38 | 46 | 60 | 74 | 88 | 102 | 105 | 1.9% | 2.6% | 2.1% | 1.8% | 1.4% | 0.3%
Coal | 24 | 27 | 30 | 24 | 15 | 9 | 2 | 0.9% | 1.2% | -2.1% | -4.8% | -5.3% | -14.5%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 13.1%
Oil | 2 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 9.3% | -5.9% | 0.5% | 0.1% | -3.4% | -1.5%
Gas | 4 | 6 | 16 | 18 | 22 | 23 | 20 | 4.6% | 10.5% | 0.9% | 2.0% | 0.4% | -1.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 8 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 12.0%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 12 | 4.5% | 4.0% | -1.0% | 9.6% | 15.6% | 9.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 9 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 16.2%
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 36.0% | 22.8% | 1.0%
Hydro | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 1.0% | -0.5% | 0.1% | 0.6% | 0.7% | 0.0%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 2 | 10 | 22 | 30 | 31 | n.s. | 49.7% | 18.3% | 8.4% | 3.1% | 0.3%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 16 | 21 | 25 | 13.6% | 22.3% | 48.7% | 5.0% | 2.7% | 1.8%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 17.7% | 14.0%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 58 | 71 | 77 | 87 | 91 | 88 | 87 | 2.0% | 0.9% | 1.2% | 0.4% | -0.3% | -0.1%
Coal | 6 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 1 | -0.4% | -2.1% | 1.9% | -4.5% | -6.1% | -5.8%
Oil | 29 | 35 | 39 | 44 | 38 | 30 | 23 | 1.8% | 1.1% | 1.1% | -1.5% | -2.2% | -2.9%
Gas | 9 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 19 | 18 | 15 | 2.5% | 1.0% | 0.8% | 3.4% | -0.5% | -2.1%
Electricity | 11 | 15 | 18 | 18 | 22 | 25 | 30 | 2.9% | 1.9% | 0.2% | 1.8% | 1.4% | 1.8%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0.0% | 11.9% | 5.2% | 2.6% | 6.5% | 4.1%
Biomass & Other | 3 | 4 | 3 | 6 | 9 | 12 | 18 | 2.9% | -2.6% | 6.0% | 3.7% | 3.5% | 3.7%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 8% | 8% | 7% | 13% | 23% | 37% | 53% | 0.2% | -1.8% | 6.8% | 5.4% | 4.9% | 3.7%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 24 | 29 | 29 | 35 | 36 | 33 | 31 | 1.9% | -0.3% | 2.0% | 0.3% | -0.9% | -0.4%
Coal | 5 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 1 | -0.2% | -2.1% | 1.9% | -4.5% | -6.1% | -5.8%
Oil | 6 | 8 | 7 | 10 | 7 | 5 | 4 | 1.8% | -0.3% | 2.5% | -2.4% | -3.3% | -2.7%
Gas | 6 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 13 | 11 | 8 | 2.1% | 0.9% | 1.4% | 3.0% | -1.2% | -3.5%
Electricity | 5 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 2.7% | 0.4% | 0.3% | 1.5% | 0.8% | 1.1%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 1 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 9 | 5.2% | -3.3% | 7.5% | 1.6% | 2.5% | 4.7%
Buildings | 11 | 14 | 17 | 18 | 20 | 22 | 24 | 2.5% | 2.1% | 0.1% | 1.3% | 0.8% | 0.8%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -10.4% | -3.9% | -3.4% | -9.4% | -17.2% | n.s.
Oil | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.4% | 4.1% | 1.5% | 0.3% | -0.9% | -2.8%
Gas | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 3.1% | 1.3% | -1.2% | 1.4% | -2.1% | -3.7%
Electricity | 6 | 8 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 15 | 3.2% | 3.1% | -0.1% | 0.9% | 1.0% | 1.6%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0.0% | 11.9% | 5.2% | 2.6% | 6.5% | 4.1%
Biomass & Other | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 0.6% | -2.9% | 3.0% | 3.7% | 2.6% | 1.4%
Agriculture | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2.1% | 3.2% | 1.1% | 1.0% | 0.8% | 0.6%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2.2% | 3.9% | 0.9% | -1.3% | -4.1% | -4.1%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | 21.5% | -0.8% | -2.7% | -2.8%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2.0% | -2.0% | 0.7% | 4.5% | 4.6% | 2.8%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 25.7% | 9.3% | 3.3%
Transport | 21 | 25 | 29 | 32 | 32 | 31 | 29 | 1.9% | 1.4% | 0.9% | 0.0% | -0.3% | -0.6%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 21 | 25 | 28 | 31 | 27 | 22 | 17 | 1.8% | 1.3% | 0.7% | -1.3% | -1.8% | -2.9%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 24.9% | -1.0% | 15.0% | 19.3% | 5.3% | 2.9%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 2.6% | 5.4% | 3.4% | 13.4% | 6.0% | 4.5%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | 8.5% | 10.1% | 5.7% | 4.8%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 5 | 3 | 7 | 10 | 15 | 16 | 17 | -5.6% | 9.8% | 3.0% | 4.1% | 0.8% | 0.7%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Japan | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 122 | 126 | 127 | 125 | 120 | 114 | 107 | 0.3% | 0.1% | -0.2% | -0.4% | -0.5% | -0.6%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 27 | 29 | 31 | 34 | 38 | 44 | 51 | 0.8% | 0.6% | 0.8% | 1.2% | 1.5% | 1.5%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 32 | 34 | 37 | 40 | 45 | 52 | 60 | 0.8% | 0.6% | 0.8% | 1.2% | 1.5% | 1.5%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -2.8% | -2.9% | -0.3% | -0.6% | -0.6% | -0.5%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 38 | 31 | 28 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | -2.0% | -1.2% | -0.2% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 60 | 67 | 71 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 1.2% | 0.6% | 0.1% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 7 | 20 | 22 | 24 | 24 | 25 | -7.8% | 10.3% | 1.2% | 0.5% | 0.1% | 0.5%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 77 | 85 | 82 | 90 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.6% | 1.0% | -0.3% | 0.8%
Gas | 28 | 24 | 47 | 58 | 45 | 38 | 34 | -1.2% | 6.8% | 2.1% | -2.4% | -1.7% | -1.1%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 1 058 | 1 139 | 1 067 | 936 | 780 | 555 | 241 | 0.7% | -0.6% | -1.3% | -1.8% | -3.3% | -8.0%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 1 133 | 1 228 | 1 142 | 979 | 783 | 561 | 250 | 0.8% | -0.7% | -1.5% | -2.2% | -3.3% | -7.8%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 1 125 | 1 224 | 1 140 | 978 | 769 | 494 | 213 | 0.9% | -0.7% | -1.5% | -2.4% | -4.3% | -8.1%
CO₂ | 1 037 | 1 146 | 1 089 | 932 | 737 | 469 | 193 | 1.0% | -0.5% | -1.5% | -2.3% | -4.4% | -8.5%
CH₄ | 32 | 26 | 21 | 19 | 16 | 13 | 10 | -2.2% | -2.3% | -0.7% | -1.9% | -2.1% | -2.3%
N₂O | 30 | 28 | 21 | 19 | 13 | 10 | 9 | -0.8% | -2.8% | -1.1% | -3.6% | -2.0% | -1.6%
F gases | 26 | 25 | 9 | 8 | 3 | 1 | 1 | -0.2% | -10.2% | -0.6% | -9.6% | -8.5% | -7.5%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 1 096 | 1 199 | 1 115 | 954 | 749 | 476 | 197 | 0.9% | -0.7% | -1.5% | -2.4% | -4.4% | -8.4%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 950 | 1 061 | 1 022 | 867 | 682 | 424 | 157 | 1.1% | -0.4% | -1.6% | -2.4% | -4.6% | -9.5%
Power generation/District heating | 333 | 383 | 431 | 355 | 272 | 123 | - 49 | 1.4% | 1.2% | -1.9% | -2.6% | -7.6% | n.s.
Industry | 200 | 185 | 157 | 143 | 114 | 85 | 59 | -0.8% | -1.6% | -1.0% | -2.2% | -2.9% | -3.5%
Buildings | 143 | 177 | 156 | 121 | 92 | 63 | 44 | 2.1% | -1.3% | -2.5% | -2.7% | -3.6% | -3.5%
Agriculture | 21 | 16 | 10 | 10 | 8 | 5 | 3 | -2.6% | -4.3% | -0.4% | -2.1% | -4.7% | -4.6%
Transport | 213 | 260 | 229 | 198 | 163 | 123 | 82 | 2.0% | -1.2% | -1.4% | -1.9% | -2.8% | -3.9%
Other | 40 | 40 | 39 | 40 | 33 | 24 | 16 | 0.1% | -0.3% | 0.4% | -1.9% | -3.1% | -3.9%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 34 | 156 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 32.2% | 33.3% | 16.5%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 11 | 30 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 41.4% | 20.7% | 10.7%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 24 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 23.4% | 39.7% | 15.0%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 17 | 102 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 0.7% | n.s. | 19.6%
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 76 | 107 | 101 | 90 | 115 | 141 | 151 | 3.5% | -0.7% | -1.1% | 2.5% | 2.1% | 0.7%
Coal | 4 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -9.0% | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.3% | -0.7% | -3.9% | 0.1% | -0.7% | -3.5%
Natural gas | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1.5% | 3.0% | -5.1% | -8.4% | -7.0% | -4.7%
Biomass | 5 | 6 | 10 | 10 | 20 | 27 | 29 | 1.6% | 5.5% | 0.1% | 7.1% | 3.2% | 0.7%
Nuclear¹ | 54 | 85 | 76 | 58 | 58 | 55 | 52 | 4.8% | -1.1% | -2.8% | 0.0% | -0.5% | -0.6%
Hydro | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 0.1% | -0.7% | 0.4% | 0.8% | 0.2% | 0.1%
Other renewables | 3 | 4 | 3 | 12 | 28 | 50 | 61 | 3.4% | -1.1% | 13.9% | 8.6% | 6.0% | 2.0%
Net Imports | 363 | 413 | 400 | 351 | 298 | 227 | 196 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 73 | 96 | 115 | 103 | 73 | 40 | 25 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | 243 | 254 | 202 | 161 | 123 | 88 | 61 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | 47 | 63 | 83 | 82 | 90 | 76 | 65 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 12 | 22 | 44 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 439 | 521 | 500 | 441 | 413 | 369 | 347 | 1.7% | -0.4% | -1.3% | -0.6% | -1.1% | -0.6%
Coal | 77 | 97 | 115 | 103 | 73 | 40 | 25 | 2.4% | 1.7% | -1.1% | -3.4% | -5.9% | -4.6%
Oil | 243 | 255 | 202 | 162 | 124 | 89 | 61 | 0.5% | -2.3% | -2.2% | -2.7% | -3.3% | -3.6%
Natural gas | 49 | 66 | 86 | 84 | 90 | 76 | 65 | 2.9% | 2.7% | -0.2% | 0.7% | -1.7% | -1.5%
Biomass | 5 | 6 | 10 | 13 | 32 | 49 | 73 | 1.6% | 5.5% | 3.1% | 9.2% | 4.6% | 4.0%
Nuclear¹ | 54 | 85 | 76 | 58 | 58 | 55 | 52 | 4.8% | -1.1% | -2.8% | 0.0% | -0.5% | -0.6%
Hydro | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 0.1% | -0.7% | 0.4% | 0.8% | 0.2% | 0.1%
Other renewables | 3 | 4 | 3 | 12 | 28 | 50 | 61 | 3.4% | -1.1% | 13.9% | 8.6% | 6.0% | 2.0%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 439 | 521 | 500 | 441 | 413 | 369 | 347 | 1.7% | -0.4% | -1.3% | -0.6% | -1.1% | -0.6%
Energy for Power Generation | 174 | 222 | 230 | 198 | 200 | 190 | 200 | 2.4% | 0.4% | -1.4% | 0.1% | -0.5% | 0.5%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 15 | 20 | 16 | 12 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 3.2% | -2.1% | -2.5% | -0.9% | -0.4% | -0.5%
Final consumption | 316 | 362 | 342 | 310 | 289 | 264 | 243 | 1.4% | -0.6% | -1.0% | -0.7% | -0.9% | -0.8%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 62 | 62 | 60 | 60 | 52 | 40 | 31 | 0.0% | -0.3% | 0.0% | -1.4% | -2.6% | -2.4%
Other Industry | 52 | 51 | 42 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 36 | -0.2% | -1.8% | -1.9% | 0.0% | -0.1% | 0.3%
Non-Energy Use | 39 | 46 | 45 | 41 | 40 | 39 | 38 | 1.5% | -0.3% | -0.8% | -0.4% | -0.2% | -0.3%
Residential | 38 | 49 | 50 | 40 | 37 | 36 | 35 | 2.5% | 0.2% | -2.1% | -0.7% | -0.4% | -0.4%
Services | 45 | 62 | 64 | 61 | 62 | 61 | 61 | 3.1% | 0.3% | -0.4% | 0.1% | -0.1% | 0.0%
Agriculture | 7 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | -2.6% | -4.4% | -0.4% | 0.3% | 0.3% | 0.2%
Road | 63 | 78 | 69 | 60 | 52 | 42 | 31 | 2.1% | -1.2% | -1.3% | -1.5% | -2.0% | -2.9%
Rail | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0.4% | -0.1% | -0.6% | 0.5% | 0.6% | 0.5%
Aviation | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 2.1% | 1.1% | -1.4% | 0.1% | 0.0% | -0.3%
Other Transport | 4 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 0.9% | -3.3% | -0.9% | -0.8% | -2.5% | -3.4%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 110 | 124 | 142 | 121 | 105 | 76 | 78 | 1.2% | 1.4% | -1.7% | -1.3% | -3.2% | 0.3%
Coal | 25 | 47 | 61 | 49 | 33 | 15 | 9 | 6.6% | 2.6% | -2.2% | -4.0% | -7.3% | -5.2%
Oil | 49 | 27 | 18 | 11 | 6 | 3 | 0 | -5.9% | -4.1% | -5.0% | -5.4% | -7.0% | -16.6%
Gas | 33 | 47 | 56 | 54 | 52 | 34 | 26 | 3.5% | 1.9% | -0.5% | -0.3% | -4.2% | -2.9%
Biomass & Waste | 2 | 3 | 7 | 6 | 13 | 23 | 42 | 2.9% | 8.6% | -0.8% | 7.5% | 5.4% | 6.4%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6.8% | -2.4% | 9.5% | 5.4% | 0.3% | 2.1%
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 842 | 1 059 | 1 117 | 1 016 | 1 087 | 1 155 | 1 237 | 2.3% | 0.5% | -0.9% | 0.7% | 0.6% | 0.7%
Coal | 116 | 229 | 299 | 237 | 159 | 75 | 45 | 7.0% | 2.7% | -2.3% | -3.9% | -7.3% | -5.0%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 33 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 17.2%
Oil | 237 | 135 | 92 | 46 | 27 | 13 | 2 | -5.4% | -3.8% | -6.6% | -5.4% | -7.0% | -16.6%
Gas | 179 | 256 | 301 | 298 | 290 | 188 | 148 | 3.7% | 1.6% | -0.1% | -0.3% | -4.2% | -2.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 15 | 64 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 15.8%
Biomass & Waste | 11 | 16 | 36 | 32 | 63 | 105 | 203 | 3.7% | 8.8% | -1.2% | 6.9% | 5.3% | 6.8%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 21 | 121 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 18.9%
Nuclear | 202 | 322 | 288 | 230 | 229 | 218 | 204 | 4.8% | -1.1% | -2.2% | 0.0% | -0.5% | -0.7%
Hydro | 96 | 97 | 91 | 94 | 102 | 104 | 105 | 0.1% | -0.7% | 0.4% | 0.8% | 0.2% | 0.1%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 4 | 27 | 136 | 312 | 349 | n.s. | 43.4% | 21.3% | 17.4% | 8.6% | 1.1%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 4 | 45 | 69 | 126 | 162 | 39.2% | 27.0% | 28.0% | 4.5% | 6.2% | 2.5%
Other | 2 | 3 | 3 | 7 | 11 | 13 | 19 | 6.8% | -2.4% | 9.5% | 5.7% | 1.4% | 3.8%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 225 | 258 | 283 | 328 | 379 | 461 | 464 | 1.4% | 0.9% | 1.5% | 1.5% | 2.0% | 0.1%
Coal | 31 | 63 | 63 | 76 | 72 | 54 | 18 | 7.4% | 0.1% | 1.8% | -0.6% | -2.7% | -10.5%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 17.7%
Oil | 78 | 66 | 56 | 50 | 40 | 36 | 35 | -1.6% | -1.6% | -1.1% | -2.2% | -1.1% | -0.4%
Gas | 47 | 37 | 55 | 53 | 51 | 46 | 38 | -2.3% | 4.1% | -0.4% | -0.4% | -1.1% | -1.9%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 9 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 17.3%
Biomass & Waste | 3 | 3 | 8 | 6 | 11 | 17 | 31 | 1.8% | 9.6% | -1.6% | 5.2% | 4.6% | 6.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 16 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 19.1%
Nuclear | 29 | 42 | 46 | 37 | 36 | 34 | 31 | 4.0% | 0.9% | -2.2% | -0.2% | -0.7% | -0.9%
Hydro | 38 | 46 | 48 | 52 | 56 | 57 | 57 | 2.0% | 0.4% | 0.7% | 0.8% | 0.2% | 0.1%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 2 | 12 | 52 | 110 | 120 | n.s. | 32.7% | 17.9% | 15.8% | 7.9% | 0.8%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 4 | 41 | 60 | 105 | 132 | 43.4% | 27.1% | 27.4% | 4.0% | 5.7% | 2.3%
Other | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 7.0% | 0.1% | 5.9% | 5.9% | 1.6% | 3.4%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 316 | 362 | 342 | 310 | 289 | 264 | 243 | 1.4% | -0.6% | -1.0% | -0.7% | -0.9% | -0.8%
Coal | 50 | 46 | 48 | 49 | 35 | 19 | 11 | -0.8% | 0.3% | 0.3% | -3.3% | -5.9% | -5.1%
Oil | 182 | 208 | 170 | 143 | 111 | 81 | 58 | 1.3% | -2.0% | -1.7% | -2.5% | -3.1% | -3.3%
Gas | 15 | 23 | 35 | 31 | 39 | 43 | 41 | 4.2% | 4.1% | -1.0% | 2.2% | 1.1% | -0.5%
Electricity | 64 | 81 | 86 | 79 | 84 | 90 | 96 | 2.3% | 0.6% | -0.9% | 0.7% | 0.6% | 0.7%
Heat | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 6 | 0.4% | -2.9% | -0.8% | 3.3% | 8.4% | 6.2%
Biomass & Other | 3 | 3 | 3 | 7 | 19 | 27 | 31 | 0.2% | 0.3% | 9.9% | 10.3% | 3.9% | 1.2%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 5% | 4% | 5% | 9% | 20% | 38% | 52% | -1.2% | 1.7% | 6.1% | 8.8% | 6.4% | 3.2%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 153 | 158 | 147 | 137 | 127 | 113 | 105 | 0.3% | -0.7% | -0.7% | -0.7% | -1.1% | -0.8%
Coal | 49 | 45 | 47 | 49 | 35 | 19 | 11 | -0.7% | 0.4% | 0.3% | -3.2% | -5.8% | -5.1%
Oil | 69 | 74 | 61 | 52 | 41 | 32 | 27 | 0.7% | -1.9% | -1.6% | -2.4% | -2.5% | -1.7%
Gas | 4 | 5 | 8 | 9 | 18 | 26 | 26 | 2.9% | 4.5% | 1.2% | 6.7% | 3.7% | 0.0%
Electricity | 29 | 31 | 28 | 24 | 26 | 27 | 29 | 0.7% | -1.0% | -1.7% | 0.9% | 0.5% | 0.7%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 7 | 10 | 12 | 0.4% | 0.4% | 1.9% | 8.3% | 2.8% | 2.0%
Buildings | 83 | 110 | 113 | 101 | 99 | 97 | 96 | 2.8% | 0.3% | -1.1% | -0.2% | -0.2% | -0.1%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -4.4% | -1.6% | -1.6% | -9.4% | -17.2% | -17.5%
Oil | 36 | 42 | 29 | 22 | 15 | 10 | 7 | 1.6% | -3.6% | -2.9% | -3.5% | -4.0% | -4.0%
Gas | 11 | 18 | 26 | 22 | 18 | 13 | 10 | 4.7% | 4.0% | -1.9% | -1.6% | -3.1% | -3.0%
Electricity | 34 | 48 | 56 | 53 | 55 | 57 | 60 | 3.6% | 1.5% | -0.5% | 0.3% | 0.4% | 0.6%
Heat | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 6 | 0.4% | -2.9% | -0.8% | 3.3% | 8.4% | 6.2%
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 9 | 14 | 14 | -10.8% | -20.8% | n.s. | 11.1% | 3.8% | 0.0%
Agriculture | 7 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | -2.6% | -4.4% | -0.4% | 0.3% | 0.3% | 0.2%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 7 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1 | -2.6% | -4.3% | -0.4% | -2.1% | -4.7% | -4.6%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | -0.3% | -5.7% | 0.9% | 10.6% | 7.5% | 3.5%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 40.6% | 9.3% | 3.1%
Transport | 72 | 88 | 78 | 69 | 60 | 50 | 39 | 2.0% | -1.2% | -1.3% | -1.3% | -1.8% | -2.6%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | -0.4% | 0.1% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0%
Oil | 71 | 87 | 77 | 66 | 52 | 38 | 23 | 2.0% | -1.2% | -1.5% | -2.3% | -3.2% | -4.7%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 4 | 5 | n.s. | 15.1% | 16.4% | 19.6% | 4.6% | 2.3%
Electricity | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 1.0% | 0.2% | 0.3% | 7.4% | 3.9% | 1.8%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 12.7% | 6.7% | 3.1%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 15 | 20 | 16 | 12 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 3.2% | -2.1% | -2.5% | -0.9% | -0.4% | -0.5%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

South Korea | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 43 | 46 | 49 | 51 | 53 | 52 | 51 | 0.7% | 0.6% | 0.4% | 0.2% | 0.0% | -0.3%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 11 | 19 | 27 | 34 | 44 | 51 | 57 | 5.3% | 3.5% | 2.5% | 2.4% | 1.5% | 1.1%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 9 | 15 | 22 | 29 | 36 | 42 | 47 | 5.8% | 3.8% | 2.5% | 2.4% | 1.5% | 1.1%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 8 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | -6.1% | -5.6% | -0.9% | -0.3% | -0.2% | -0.1%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 38 | 38 | 38 | 37 | 34 | 32 | 30 | 0.0% | 0.1% | -0.4% | -0.8% | -0.7% | -0.5%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 54 | 58 | 59 | 61 | 64 | 66 | 68 | 0.7% | 0.3% | 0.3% | 0.5% | 0.3% | 0.2%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 7 | 20 | 22 | 24 | 24 | 26 | -7.8% | 10.3% | 1.2% | 0.5% | 0.3% | 0.6%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 77 | 85 | 82 | 90 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.6% | 1.0% | -0.3% | 0.8%
Gas | 28 | 24 | 47 | 58 | 45 | 38 | 34 | -1.2% | 6.8% | 2.1% | -2.4% | -1.7% | -1.1%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 274 | 489 | 598 | 622 | 502 | 386 | 202 | 5.9% | 2.0% | 0.4% | -2.1% | -2.6% | -6.3%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 302 | 516 | 632 | 657 | 536 | 411 | 226 | 5.5% | 2.1% | 0.4% | -2.0% | -2.6% | -5.8%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 301 | 515 | 630 | 649 | 522 | 407 | 225 | 5.5% | 2.0% | 0.3% | -2.1% | -2.5% | -5.8%
CO₂ | 253 | 455 | 577 | 596 | 478 | 365 | 194 | 6.0% | 2.4% | 0.3% | -2.2% | -2.7% | -6.1%
CH₄ | 31 | 31 | 32 | 31 | 27 | 26 | 19 | -0.1% | 0.3% | -0.2% | -1.4% | -0.3% | -3.1%
N₂O | 11 | 16 | 13 | 14 | 12 | 11 | 9 | 4.3% | -2.0% | 0.7% | -1.6% | -0.5% | -2.0%
F gases | 6 | 13 | 8 | 7 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 7.5% | -4.7% | -1.4% | -4.5% | -1.9% | -6.0%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 281 | 498 | 610 | 625 | 500 | 384 | 207 | 5.9% | 2.1% | 0.3% | -2.2% | -2.6% | -6.0%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 230 | 413 | 540 | 556 | 443 | 332 | 168 | 6.1% | 2.7% | 0.3% | -2.3% | -2.8% | -6.6%
Power generation/District heating | 42 | 133 | 264 | 252 | 172 | 88 | - 24 | 12.1% | 7.1% | -0.5% | -3.8% | -6.5% | n.s.
Industry | 60 | 97 | 98 | 109 | 92 | 84 | 64 | 4.9% | 0.2% | 1.0% | -1.7% | -0.9% | -2.7%
Buildings | 69 | 65 | 55 | 51 | 46 | 40 | 29 | -0.6% | -1.7% | -0.6% | -1.2% | -1.3% | -3.0%
Agriculture | 5 | 10 | 7 | 7 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 7.5% | -3.7% | 0.4% | -3.8% | -4.3% | -4.5%
Transport | 44 | 80 | 91 | 108 | 104 | 95 | 79 | 6.2% | 1.2% | 1.8% | -0.4% | -0.9% | -1.9%
Other | 9 | 28 | 26 | 28 | 25 | 22 | 17 | 11.5% | -1.0% | 1.1% | -1.4% | -1.3% | -2.4%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 12 | 104 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 35.6% | 22.3% | 24.0%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 13 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 35.5% | 14.4% | 12.6%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 29 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 43.7% | 30.8% | 14.7%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 61 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 13.8% | 29.9% | 58.3%
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 24 | 37 | 49 | 67 | 117 | 163 | 173 | 4.2% | 2.8% | 3.3% | 5.7% | 3.3% | 0.6%
Coal | 7 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -6.1% | -12.2% | -4.2% | -6.3% | -6.0% | -2.7%
Oil | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3.6% | 0.4% | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Natural gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | -16.9% | 12.2% | 1.9% | 2.7%
Biomass | 3 | 3 | 7 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 19 | 2.2% | 7.5% | 3.8% | 0.2% | -0.4% | 7.1%
Nuclear¹ | 14 | 29 | 39 | 53 | 99 | 138 | 135 | 7.5% | 3.1% | 3.0% | 6.5% | 3.4% | -0.2%
Hydro | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -1.2% | 1.4% | 2.8% | 0.6% | 0.2% | 0.1%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 7 | 14 | 19 | 15.9% | 14.3% | 36.2% | 6.9% | 7.1% | 2.8%
Net Imports | 69 | 154 | 206 | 229 | 201 | 173 | 149 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 16 | 38 | 72 | 70 | 39 | 22 | 15 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | 50 | 98 | 94 | 107 | 92 | 77 | 60 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | 3 | 17 | 38 | 50 | 68 | 71 | 65 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 5 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 4 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 93 | 191 | 254 | 296 | 318 | 336 | 322 | 7.4% | 2.9% | 1.5% | 0.7% | 0.5% | -0.4%
Coal | 23 | 42 | 73 | 71 | 39 | 22 | 16 | 6.2% | 5.8% | -0.4% | -5.7% | -5.7% | -3.3%
Oil | 50 | 99 | 95 | 107 | 92 | 77 | 60 | 7.0% | -0.4% | 1.2% | -1.5% | -1.7% | -2.6%
Natural gas | 3 | 17 | 39 | 51 | 69 | 71 | 66 | 20.1% | 8.5% | 2.7% | 3.1% | 0.4% | -0.8%
Biomass | 3 | 3 | 7 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 23 | 2.5% | 7.9% | 4.2% | -0.4% | -0.6% | 9.3%
Nuclear¹ | 14 | 29 | 39 | 53 | 99 | 138 | 135 | 7.5% | 3.1% | 3.0% | 6.5% | 3.4% | -0.2%
Hydro | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -1.2% | 1.4% | 2.8% | 0.6% | 0.2% | 0.1%
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 7 | 14 | 19 | 15.9% | 14.3% | 36.2% | 6.9% | 7.1% | 2.8%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 93 | 191 | 254 | 296 | 318 | 336 | 322 | 7.4% | 2.9% | 1.5% | 0.7% | 0.5% | -0.4%
Energy for Power Generation | 27 | 67 | 115 | 132 | 164 | 190 | 200 | 9.5% | 5.6% | 1.4% | 2.2% | 1.5% | 0.5%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 4 | 15 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 15 | 15 | 15.4% | -1.3% | -0.2% | 0.1% | 1.4% | -0.2%
Final consumption | 71 | 135 | 169 | 204 | 207 | 211 | 196 | 6.7% | 2.3% | 1.9% | 0.1% | 0.2% | -0.7%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 13 | 25 | 32 | 37 | 31 | 30 | 26 | 6.5% | 2.7% | 1.2% | -1.6% | -0.4% | -1.4%
Other Industry | 11 | 21 | 24 | 30 | 34 | 37 | 35 | 7.2% | 1.1% | 2.4% | 1.2% | 0.8% | -0.4%
Non-Energy Use | 7 | 25 | 38 | 51 | 48 | 46 | 39 | 14.0% | 4.4% | 2.9% | -0.7% | -0.4% | -1.5%
Residential | 14 | 15 | 20 | 21 | 20 | 19 | 18 | 0.7% | 2.9% | 0.4% | -0.4% | -0.5% | -1.0%
Services | 10 | 18 | 21 | 25 | 32 | 36 | 38 | 6.4% | 1.6% | 1.7% | 2.5% | 1.3% | 0.4%
Agriculture | 2 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 8.1% | -1.8% | 2.0% | 1.5% | 1.1% | 0.9%
Road | 11 | 22 | 28 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 33 | 7.7% | 2.5% | 1.9% | 0.3% | 0.2% | -0.8%
Rail | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.9% | -2.7% | 0.1% | 1.4% | 0.8% | 0.2%
Aviation | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3.9% | -11.6% | 6.2% | 0.6% | 0.9% | -0.9%
Other Transport | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -1.4% | -6.1% | -11.1% | -0.3% | -1.7% | -3.6%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 12 | 37 | 75 | 75 | 58 | 37 | 46 | 11.7% | 7.2% | 0.0% | -2.6% | -4.2% | 2.0%
Coal | 6 | 24 | 52 | 45 | 23 | 7 | 4 | 15.2% | 8.1% | -1.5% | -6.2% | -11.6% | -6.4%
Oil | 5 | 8 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 5.4% | -4.7% | 0.3% | -2.6% | -2.3% | -6.9%
Gas | 2 | 6 | 18 | 25 | 28 | 26 | 24 | 10.9% | 12.0% | 3.5% | 1.2% | -1.1% | -0.7%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 17 | n.s. | 34.9% | 2.5% | 13.4% | 0.8% | 23.4%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 105 | 290 | 499 | 622 | 772 | 915 | 986 | 10.7% | 5.6% | 2.2% | 2.2% | 1.7% | 0.8%
Coal | 18 | 111 | 219 | 189 | 101 | 31 | 17 | 20.2% | 7.0% | -1.5% | -6.1% | -11.1% | -5.6%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 15 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 19.1%
Oil | 19 | 35 | 19 | 22 | 17 | 13 | 7 | 6.3% | -5.8% | 1.3% | -2.6% | -2.3% | -6.8%
Gas | 10 | 29 | 103 | 157 | 173 | 152 | 146 | 11.9% | 13.4% | 4.3% | 1.0% | -1.3% | -0.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 18 | 75 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 15.6%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 6 | 8 | 84 | n.s. | 28.1% | 4.2% | 13.5% | 2.6% | 27.2%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 75 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 53 | 109 | 149 | 202 | 391 | 551 | 539 | 7.5% | 3.2% | 3.1% | 6.8% | 3.5% | -0.2%
Hydro | 6 | 6 | 6 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | -1.2% | 1.4% | 2.8% | 0.6% | 0.2% | 0.1%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 1 | 30 | 51 | 105 | 107 | n.s. | 47.3% | 43.2% | 5.7% | 7.4% | 0.1%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 1 | 12 | 25 | 45 | 75 | n.s. | n.s. | 31.5% | 7.5% | 6.2% | 5.1%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | 24.1% | 28.6% | 12.6% | 11.8%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 20 | 49 | 77 | 134 | 188 | 242 | 235 | 9.4% | 4.6% | 5.7% | 3.5% | 2.6% | -0.3%
Coal | 4 | 14 | 28 | 30 | 27 | 24 | 2 | 14.3% | 7.1% | 0.7% | -1.0% | -1.4% | -20.3%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 19.1%
Oil | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 2.1% | 0.0% | 0.0% | -1.1% | -0.2% | 1.1%
Gas | 3 | 13 | 20 | 39 | 53 | 54 | 43 | 17.5% | 4.6% | 6.8% | 3.2% | 0.2% | -2.3%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 12 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 17.4%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 12 | n.s. | -12.0% | 23.1% | -1.6% | 1.7% | 24.7%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Nuclear | 8 | 14 | 18 | 25 | 48 | 68 | 66 | 6.1% | 2.6% | 3.6% | 6.6% | 3.6% | -0.3%
Hydro | 2 | 3 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 3.0% | 5.8% | 2.3% | 0.5% | 0.2% | 0.1%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14 | 24 | 46 | 43 | n.s. | 40.3% | 43.7% | 5.3% | 6.6% | -0.6%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 1 | 13 | 23 | 37 | 56 | n.s. | n.s. | 34.5% | 6.1% | 4.8% | 4.4%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 27.9% | 12.1% | 11.3%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 71 | 135 | 169 | 204 | 207 | 211 | 196 | 6.7% | 2.3% | 1.9% | 0.1% | 0.2% | -0.7%
Coal | 16 | 15 | 18 | 21 | 11 | 10 | 8 | -0.5% | 1.9% | 1.5% | -6.1% | -0.8% | -2.8%
Oil | 44 | 80 | 82 | 96 | 83 | 70 | 55 | 6.2% | 0.2% | 1.6% | -1.4% | -1.7% | -2.4%
Gas | 1 | 11 | 21 | 25 | 39 | 45 | 40 | 32.1% | 6.5% | 1.9% | 4.7% | 1.3% | -1.1%
Electricity | 8 | 23 | 39 | 48 | 60 | 72 | 77 | 10.8% | 5.5% | 2.3% | 2.2% | 1.7% | 0.8%
Heat | 0 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 6 | n.s. | 2.8% | -1.1% | 0.5% | 0.9% | 3.3%
Biomass & Other | 3 | 3 | 6 | 10 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 2.1% | 6.4% | 5.6% | -1.0% | 1.2% | 0.0%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 5% | 3% | 5% | 9% | 11% | 17% | 25% | -3.2% | 3.9% | 5.9% | 2.0% | 4.3% | 4.1%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 31 | 71 | 94 | 118 | 113 | 112 | 100 | 8.8% | 2.9% | 2.2% | -0.4% | 0.0% | -1.1%
Coal | 7 | 14 | 17 | 20 | 11 | 10 | 8 | 8.1% | 1.7% | 1.8% | -6.0% | -0.8% | -2.8%
Oil | 18 | 36 | 44 | 53 | 44 | 36 | 29 | 7.4% | 2.0% | 1.8% | -1.8% | -1.9% | -2.3%
Gas | 0 | 3 | 7 | 11 | 24 | 30 | 27 | 44.4% | 9.4% | 4.4% | 8.4% | 2.1% | -0.8%
Electricity | 5 | 13 | 20 | 25 | 27 | 32 | 33 | 10.0% | 4.3% | 2.3% | 0.9% | 1.6% | 0.4%
Heat | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | n.s. | 1.0% | -2.0% | -0.2% | -0.3% | -0.2%
Biomass & Other | 1 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 8.2% | 5.1% | 4.7% | -4.6% | -5.2% | -3.2%
Buildings | 24 | 33 | 41 | 46 | 52 | 56 | 55 | 3.3% | 2.2% | 1.1% | 1.3% | 0.6% | 0.0%
Coal | 9 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -24.1% | 4.5% | -3.9% | -15.4% | -16.0% | -16.2%
Oil | 10 | 14 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 3.3% | -6.7% | -1.4% | -2.8% | -2.2% | -2.7%
Gas | 1 | 8 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 12 | 9 | 29.6% | 4.5% | 0.2% | 0.3% | -0.8% | -3.1%
Electricity | 3 | 9 | 18 | 22 | 30 | 35 | 37 | 11.9% | 7.1% | 2.1% | 3.0% | 1.5% | 0.7%
Heat | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | n.s. | 5.5% | -0.1% | 1.1% | 1.8% | 5.1%
Biomass & Other | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | -11.3% | 10.2% | 9.1% | -0.2% | 0.2% | -1.6%
Agriculture | 2 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 8.1% | -1.8% | 2.0% | 1.5% | 1.1% | 0.9%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 7.5% | -3.7% | 0.4% | -3.8% | -4.3% | -4.5%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | -9.6% | -1.5% | -2.5% | -2.9% | -3.2%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 13.8% | 6.6% | 4.6% | 5.2% | 3.0% | 2.0%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 18.6% | 4.5% | 1.9%
Transport | 15 | 27 | 30 | 36 | 38 | 39 | 36 | 6.3% | 1.2% | 1.8% | 0.3% | 0.3% | -0.8%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 14 | 27 | 29 | 35 | 33 | 29 | 23 | 6.3% | 0.7% | 1.8% | -0.6% | -1.1% | -2.3%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | 1.1% | 4.9% | 3.6% | 3.3%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 7.2% | 0.7% | 4.4% | 16.4% | 5.7% | 3.8%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 5 | 5 | n.s. | n.s. | 2.5% | 16.6% | 9.8% | 1.9%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 4 | 15 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 15 | 15 | 15.4% | -1.3% | -0.2% | 0.1% | 1.4% | -0.2%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

New Zealand | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 1.3% | 1.3% | 0.8% | 0.8% | 0.6% | 0.4%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 19 | 23 | 25 | 30 | 35 | 40 | 47 | 1.7% | 1.1% | 1.8% | 1.6% | 1.4% | 1.5%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 21 | 24 | 28 | 33 | 39 | 44 | 52 | 1.7% | 1.3% | 1.8% | 1.6% | 1.4% | 1.5%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 6 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 2.6% | -1.5% | -2.0% | -0.7% | -0.5% | -0.5%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 29 | 25 | 23 | 22 | 21 | 20 | 19 | -1.2% | -0.9% | -0.2% | -0.5% | -0.5% | -0.6%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 65 | 66 | 70 | 72 | 73 | 75 | 76 | 0.2% | 0.5% | 0.3% | 0.2% | 0.2% | 0.2%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 7 | 20 | 22 | 24 | 25 | 26 | -7.8% | 10.3% | 1.2% | 0.9% | 0.2% | 0.5%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 77 | 85 | 82 | 90 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.6% | 1.0% | -0.3% | 0.8%
Gas | 28 | 24 | 47 | 58 | 45 | 38 | 34 | -1.2% | 6.8% | 2.1% | -2.4% | -1.7% | -1.1%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 23 | 38 | 42 | 44 | 24 | 16 | 2 | 5.4% | 0.9% | 0.6% | -6.1% | -4.0% | -18.0%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 60 | 71 | 73 | 71 | 58 | 52 | 40 | 1.7% | 0.4% | -0.4% | -2.0% | -1.1% | -2.7%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 60 | 71 | 73 | 71 | 58 | 52 | 37 | 1.7% | 0.4% | -0.4% | -2.0% | -1.1% | -3.3%
CO₂ | 24 | 31 | 33 | 34 | 27 | 25 | 14 | 2.5% | 0.7% | 0.1% | -2.0% | -0.9% | -5.5%
CH₄ | 27 | 29 | 28 | 25 | 21 | 18 | 15 | 1.0% | -0.3% | -1.2% | -1.9% | -1.3% | -1.8%
N₂O | 8 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 1.7% | 0.6% | -0.1% | -1.3% | -0.9% | -0.9%
F gases | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -6.7% | 13.5% | 1.2% | -10.1% | -10.0% | -10.7%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 30 | 37 | 40 | 38 | 30 | 27 | 16 | 2.2% | 0.8% | -0.4% | -2.4% | -0.9% | -5.2%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 23 | 29 | 31 | 30 | 25 | 23 | 12 | 2.5% | 0.4% | -0.1% | -2.0% | -0.9% | -5.8%
Power generation/District heating | 4 | 6 | 6 | 2 | 1 | 1 | - 3 | 5.1% | 0.2% | -10.5% | -4.3% | -4.0% | n.s.
Industry | 7 | 7 | 6 | 9 | 7 | 7 | 4 | -0.1% | -0.7% | 3.6% | -2.1% | -0.1% | -4.7%
Buildings | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.7% | -0.2% | -1.4% | 0.8% | 0.5% | -3.0%
Agriculture | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2.2% | -0.6% | 1.6% | -4.0% | -4.3% | -4.2%
Transport | 9 | 12 | 14 | 14 | 12 | 11 | 9 | 3.4% | 1.3% | 0.5% | -1.7% | -0.9% | -2.7%
Other | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2.9% | 1.0% | 1.5% | -3.1% | -1.3% | -6.0%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 7 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 21.3% | 21.0% | 17.7%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 6.5% | 5.9% | 8.0%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 20.6% | 11.4%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 37.4% | 29.4% | 23.6%
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 13 | 15 | 18 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 1.8% | 1.8% | 2.8% | 0.6% | 0.4% | 0.4%
Coal | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4.9% | 2.8% | -1.6% | -1.0% | -0.6% | -0.9%
Oil | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | -2.7% | 3.2% | -0.8% | 3.2% | 1.9% | 0.1%
Natural gas | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2.5% | -2.6% | -0.1% | -2.1% | -1.9% | -2.5%
Biomass | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4.0% | 0.7% | 1.9% | 2.4% | 2.5% | 5.7%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 6.3% | 1.8%
Hydro | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0.5% | 0.1% | -0.8% | 0.2% | 0.0% | 0.3%
Other renewables | 2 | 3 | 5 | 11 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 3.2% | 7.5% | 8.2% | 1.0% | 0.4% | -0.1%
Net Imports | 1 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 0 | - 1 | - 1 | - 1 | - 2 | - 2 | - 2 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | 2 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | - 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 13 | 18 | 20 | 27 | 26 | 27 | 27 | 2.9% | 1.2% | 3.0% | -0.1% | 0.3% | -0.1%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | -0.3% | 1.7% | -1.0% | -7.9% | -3.2% | -5.1%
Oil | 4 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 2.7% | 0.8% | 0.7% | -2.1% | -1.0% | -2.5%
Natural gas | 3 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 5.0% | -3.0% | 1.1% | 0.5% | 1.1% | -1.2%
Biomass | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4.0% | 0.7% | 0.4% | 3.0% | 2.5% | 5.7%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 6.3% | 1.8%
Hydro | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0.5% | 0.1% | -0.8% | 0.2% | 0.0% | 0.3%
Other renewables | 2 | 3 | 5 | 11 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 3.2% | 7.5% | 8.2% | 1.0% | 0.4% | -0.1%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 13 | 18 | 20 | 27 | 26 | 27 | 27 | 2.9% | 1.2% | 3.0% | -0.1% | 0.3% | -0.1%
Energy for Power Generation | 6 | 7 | 10 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 2.8% | 3.4% | 4.1% | 0.6% | 0.5% | 0.7%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.2% | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Final consumption | 10 | 13 | 13 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 2.8% | 0.0% | 1.6% | -0.3% | 0.3% | -0.6%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.4% | -2.5% | 4.5% | -2.3% | -1.0% | -2.4%
Other Industry | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 2.1% | 0.5% | 1.7% | 0.3% | 0.9% | -0.3%
Non-Energy Use | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 10.3% | -5.2% | 5.9% | -1.3% | -0.3% | -1.3%
Residential | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1.1% | 0.7% | -0.5% | 0.4% | 0.8% | 0.4%
Services | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1.7% | 1.8% | 0.1% | 1.2% | 1.2% | 1.0%
Agriculture | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2.8% | 0.5% | 2.6% | 0.9% | 0.7% | 0.7%
Road | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3.0% | 1.7% | 0.7% | -1.0% | -0.2% | -1.5%
Rail | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10.4% | -4.8% | 0.6% | 0.1% | -0.1% | -0.4%
Aviation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.4% | -1.6% | -1.7% | 0.8% | 1.6% | 0.3%
Other Transport | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4.7% | -3.9% | 4.4% | -0.4% | -1.3% | -2.6%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4.4% | 0.9% | -4.3% | -0.9% | 1.9% | 4.9%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8.2% | 2.7% | -11.3% | -7.8% | -0.4% | -1.1%
Oil | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 7.3% | 3.8% | 2.2%
Gas | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4.3% | -0.7% | -10.3% | -3.2% | 3.9% | 4.9%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1.3% | 0.2% | -11.5% | 4.1% | 12.7% | 17.5%
Other | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3.2% | 7.2% | 8.0% | 0.5% | 0.0% | -0.2%
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 32 | 39 | 45 | 46 | 53 | 61 | 69 | 2.0% | 1.4% | 0.2% | 1.4% | 1.4% | 1.3%
Coal | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8.8% | 2.9% | -11.4% | -7.5% | -0.1% | -0.3%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 16.0%
Oil | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | 16.7% | 7.4% | 3.8% | 2.2%
Gas | 6 | 10 | 10 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 5.3% | 0.4% | -10.3% | -3.1% | 4.3% | 5.3%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 13.2%
Biomass & Waste | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 6 | 1.6% | 0.2% | -11.1% | 4.4% | 14.1% | 18.1%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 23.4%
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Hydro | 23 | 24 | 25 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 24 | 0.5% | 0.1% | -0.8% | 0.2% | 0.0% | 0.3%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 2 | 6 | 12 | 17 | 17 | n.s. | 29.8% | 13.5% | 7.6% | 3.7% | -0.3%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | 42.5% | 17.8% | 5.6% | 4.8%
Other | 2 | 3 | 6 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 3.2% | 7.2% | 8.0% | 0.5% | 0.0% | -0.1%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 7 | 8 | 11 | 13 | 16 | 19 | 20 | 1.1% | 2.9% | 1.5% | 2.2% | 1.7% | 0.7%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -1.0% | -4.8% | -4.7% | -10.1% | -1.8% | -0.9%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 16.1%
Oil | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | 1.2% | 1.3% | 0.6% | 0.7%
Gas | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2.7% | 4.4% | -0.3% | 2.1% | -1.4% | -1.2%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 14.5%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0.9% | 8.9% | 0.6% | 5.0% | 0.9% | 9.9%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 24.0%
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Hydro | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 0.9% | 0.1% | -0.3% | 0.2% | 0.0% | 0.3%
Wind | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 5 | n.s. | 30.8% | 12.4% | 7.3% | 3.4% | -0.5%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | 43.1% | 18.4% | 6.5% | 5.8%
Other | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 7.1% | 11.6% | 3.4% | -0.6% | 2.4% | -2.4%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 10 | 13 | 13 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 2.8% | 0.0% | 1.6% | -0.3% | 0.3% | -0.6%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -2.3% | 1.9% | 0.3% | -7.0% | -2.9% | -4.4%
Oil | 4 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 2.8% | 1.1% | 0.7% | -2.1% | -1.0% | -2.5%
Gas | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 5.3% | -5.4% | 6.8% | 0.9% | 0.6% | -3.0%
Electricity | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 2.0% | 1.3% | 0.3% | 1.5% | 1.5% | 1.3%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.4% | 1.6% | 2.1% | -0.3% | -0.2% | 1.9%
Biomass & Other | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4.5% | 0.7% | 1.2% | 2.6% | 1.7% | 3.1%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 29% | 28% | 30% | 32% | 43% | 50% | 63% | -0.4% | 0.7% | 0.9% | 2.9% | 1.4% | 2.4%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 4 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 3.2% | -1.4% | 3.1% | -0.6% | 0.3% | -0.8%
Coal | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -2.0% | 2.1% | 0.6% | -6.8% | -2.6% | -4.2%
Oil | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1.0% | 1.8% | 2.0% | -1.4% | 0.6% | 0.0%
Gas | 2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 5.8% | -6.1% | 7.7% | -0.1% | 0.2% | -3.7%
Electricity | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2.3% | 0.5% | 0.3% | 1.7% | 1.4% | 0.8%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.1% | 0.7% | 2.4% | -0.2% | -0.3% | -0.2%
Biomass & Other | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5.6% | 0.9% | 0.4% | -0.5% | -0.6% | 3.9%
Buildings | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1.4% | 1.2% | -0.2% | 0.8% | 1.0% | 0.7%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -5.8% | -4.0% | -5.2% | -15.9% | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.6% | 1.7% | -0.2% | -1.6% | -0.6% | -3.1%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5.6% | -0.5% | -1.8% | 4.3% | 1.3% | -3.0%
Electricity | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1.5% | 1.7% | -0.2% | 0.2% | 0.8% | 1.2%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.4% | 3.8% | 1.4% | -0.7% | 0.1% | 5.7%
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1% | -0.5% | 2.5% | 4.7% | 2.6% | 1.1%
Agriculture | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2.8% | 0.5% | 2.6% | 0.9% | 0.7% | 0.7%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4.6% | 12.4% | 1.0% | -7.0% | -7.5% | -7.5%
Oil | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.3% | -1.4% | 1.1% | -3.8% | -4.2% | -4.2%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.5% | -3.5% | 8.1% | -2.6% | -2.9% | -2.9%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 6.6% | 5.1% | 3.9% | 2.9% | 2.1% | 1.6%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 26.2% | 4.9% | 2.2%
Transport | 3 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3.1% | 1.2% | 0.7% | -0.8% | -0.1% | -1.4%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0% | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 3 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 3.3% | 1.2% | 0.4% | -2.2% | -1.2% | -3.1%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 18.2% | 3.6% | 0.9%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.8% | -0.8% | 15.7% | 24.1% | 5.6% | 3.6%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | 27.2% | 14.6% | 6.1% | 4.0%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.2% | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

Rest Pacific | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | '90-'00 | '00-'10 | '10-'20 | '20-'30 | '30-'40 | '40-'50
Main Economic Indicators |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Population (Million) | 6 | 8 | 9 | 11 | 13 | 15 | 17 | 2.3% | 2.0% | 1.8% | 1.6% | 1.4% | 1.1%
GDP per capita (ppp, k$'05) | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 9 | 1.2% | 1.1% | 3.1% | 2.7% | 3.9% | 4.3%
GDP per capita (mer, k$'05) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 1.0% | 1.0% | 3.1% | 2.7% | 3.9% | 4.3%
Share Value Added - Agriculture (%) | 27 | 28 | 29 | 9 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0.5% | 0.4% | -11.6% | -10.1% | -10.6% | -7.9%
Share Value Added - Industry (%) | 27 | 31 | 30 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 1.3% | -0.2% | -9.5% | 0.0% | -0.1% | -0.3%
Share Value Added - Services (%) | 46 | 41 | 40 | 80 | 86 | 88 | 89 | -1.2% | -0.1% | 7.1% | 0.7% | 0.2% | 0.1%
Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
International / Regional ($'05/boe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 17 | 7 | 20 | 22 | 24 | 25 | 26 | -7.8% | 10.3% | 1.2% | 0.9% | 0.2% | 0.5%
Oil | 33 | 32 | 72 | 77 | 85 | 82 | 90 | -0.2% | 8.4% | 0.6% | 1.0% | -0.3% | 0.8%
Gas | 28 | 24 | 47 | 58 | 45 | 38 | 34 | -1.2% | 6.8% | 2.1% | -2.4% | -1.7% | -1.1%
GHG emissions (Mt CO₂ eq.) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total GHG | 101 | 96 | 102 | 113 | 96 | 73 | 56 | -0.6% | 0.6% | 1.0% | -1.6% | -2.7% | -2.5%
Total GHG (excl. sinks) | 101 | 96 | 102 | 113 | 96 | 80 | 77 | -0.6% | 0.6% | 1.0% | -1.6% | -1.8% | -0.3%
Total GHG (energy, industry, agriculture) | 13 | 12 | 16 | 20 | 25 | 26 | 18 | -0.2% | 2.7% | 1.9% | 2.2% | 0.4% | -3.6%
CO₂ | 3 | 5 | 8 | 10 | 17 | 19 | 12 | 3.5% | 5.5% | 3.0% | 4.9% | 1.2% | -4.5%
CH₄ | 5 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | -0.7% | 0.6% | 0.5% | -2.2% | -2.5% | -1.8%
N₂O | 5 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 3 | -3.0% | 0.7% | 1.3% | -1.4% | -1.1% | -1.0%
F gases | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | -4.9% | 0.3% | -5.3% | -16.7%
Total GHG from Energy and Industry | 5 | 6 | 10 | 13 | 18 | 20 | 13 | 2.5% | 4.6% | 2.1% | 3.8% | 1.0% | -4.3%
CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Comb. | 3 | 4 | 7 | 10 | 16 | 18 | 11 | 2.9% | 5.0% | 3.7% | 4.8% | 1.4% | -4.7%
Power generation/District heating | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 4 | - 2 | 6.4% | 2.6% | 7.0% | 3.3% | -1.7% | n.s.
Industry | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 6.7% | 9.2% | -3.4% | 2.9% | 0.7% | -4.0%
Buildings | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | -4.1% | -0.3% | 5.6% | 3.9% | -0.2% | -3.5%
Agriculture | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Transport | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 2.1% | 2.5% | 3.0% | 1.0% | 1.6% | 1.2%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 1.4% | 36.1% | 14.9% | 12.5% | 3.7% | 0.0%
CO₂ captured (CCS) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 8 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 38.2% | 18.5%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 19.4% | 11.5%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 36.9% | 16.3%
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 6 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 48.1% | 19.9%
Energy Balance, by fuel (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Production | 6 | 6 | 3 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 13 | -1.2% | -7.3% | 8.1% | 1.6% | 2.3% | 4.2%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 4 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | -2.1% | -21.0% | 9.9% | 3.5% | 2.9% | 1.7%
Natural gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6.2% | 0.0% | -2.4% | 0.5% | 0.3% | 0.1%
Biomass | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 9 | 0.2% | -0.1% | 9.4% | -0.1% | 1.3% | 5.9%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Hydro | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.6% | 0.4% | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | 3.8% | 10.0% | 5.2% | 1.3%
Net Imports | - 3 | - 2 | 2 | - 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 |  |  |  |  |  |
Oil | - 3 | - 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Natural gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biomass | 0 | 0 | 0 | - 3 | - 2 | - 2 | - 4 |  |  |  |  |  |
Biofuels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand² | 3 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 7 | 10 | 12 | 1.5% | 2.9% | 0.7% | 4.4% | 3.1% | 2.0%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | 47.7% | 16.0% | 4.3% | 0.6%
Oil | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3.0% | 3.1% | 2.0% | 0.0% | -0.5% | -2.5%
Natural gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 30.1% | 16.9% | -10.3% | 21.6% | 4.7% | 2.1%
Biomass | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 0.2% | -0.1% | -0.6% | 0.9% | 3.5% | 5.9%
Nuclear¹ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Hydro | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.6% | 0.4% | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Other renewables | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | 3.8% | 10.0% | 5.2% | 1.3%
Primary Energy Demand, by sector (Mtoe) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary Energy Demand | 3 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 7 | 10 | 12 | 1.5% | 2.9% | 0.7% | 4.4% | 3.1% | 2.0%
Energy for Power Generation | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 4.7% | 6.1% | 4.8% | 6.0% | 4.3% | 2.7%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | n.s. | 7.7% | -14.5% | 40.2% | 5.8% | 2.4%
Final consumption | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 0.9% | 2.1% | -0.1% | 1.9% | 2.0% | 2.2%
Steel, Non-Met. Minerals and Chem. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | -5.1% | 4.3% | 0.4% | 1.1%
Other Industry | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3.2% | 2.2% | -5.0% | 3.1% | 3.5% | 3.4%
Non-Energy Use | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Residential | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | -0.1% | 0.2% | 0.7% | 0.4% | 0.0% | -0.3%
Services | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2.8% | 3.5% | 9.8% | 4.9% | 4.9% | 5.0%
Agriculture | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Road | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2.2% | 0.9% | 3.1% | 1.2% | 1.7% | 1.5%
Rail | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Aviation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1.4% | 2.9% | 4.1% | 4.1% | 4.5% | 3.7%
Other Transport | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 1.5% | 2.6% | 1.8% | 0.5%
Power Generation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fuel Inputs Therm. Power (Mtoe) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 6.3% | 3.0% | 7.3% | 4.1% | 3.7% | 3.7%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 23.0% | 5.6% | 2.0%
Oil | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 6.4% | 2.6% | 5.8% | 0.0% | -1.9% | -10.6%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6.2% | 0.0% | 31.4% | 14.3% | 4.8% | 3.5%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 5.4% | -0.1% | 11.8% | 5.6% | 20.8% | 12.2%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | 2.4% | 9.6% | 4.5% | -0.3%
Gross Elec. Generation (TWhe) | 2 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 9 | 14 | 23 | 3.8% | 3.2% | 2.3% | 4.9% | 4.8% | 5.0%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 23.6% | 6.0% | 2.2%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 14.6%
Oil | 1 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 6.0% | 4.3% | 5.6% | 0.0% | -1.8% | -10.6%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 7 | 41.5% | -1.1% | 13.1% | 12.5% | 5.2% | 4.7%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 17.0%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 9 | 1.7% | 1.3% | 9.7% | 10.0% | 23.8% | 12.8%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 7 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 18.4%
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Hydro | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.6% | 0.4% | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 21.1% | 12.1% | 9.0%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 9.7% | 3.8% | 4.6%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | n.s. | n.s. | 2.4% | 9.6% | 4.6% | 0.5%
Generation Capacity (GWe) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 0.7% | 4.9% | 2.4% | 5.8% | 5.5% | 5.7%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 23.8% | 6.0% | 2.4%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 14.7%
Oil | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | -0.3% | 4.5% | 1.0% | -0.1% | -0.8% | -2.4%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 7.4% | 0.0% | 3.5% | 13.0% | 5.5% | 4.8%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 17.2%
Biomass & Waste | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.0% | 9.4% | 0.0% | 7.2% | 23.6% | 13.0%
of which CCS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 18.6%
Nuclear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Hydro | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Wind | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | 10.2% | 20.1% | 11.5% | 8.3%
Solar | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 10.6% | 4.5% | 5.1%
Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0% | 28.4% | 0.0% | 9.0% | 4.2% | 0.2%
Total Final Consumption² (Mtoe) | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 0.9% | 2.1% | -0.1% | 1.9% | 2.0% | 2.2%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | 10.7% | 8.0% | 3.5% | -1.4%
Oil | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1.9% | 2.4% | 0.6% | 0.0% | 0.4% | 0.2%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | -1.6% | 9.4% | 2.9% | -0.6%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3.8% | 3.1% | 1.8% | 5.0% | 4.8% | 4.9%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 11.0% | 7.5% | 2.7%
Biomass & Other | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0.2% | -0.1% | -1.1% | 0.0% | 0.7% | 3.0%
Share of Renewables ³ (%) | 65% | 60% | 49% | 44% | 41% | 46% | 61% | -0.7% | -2.0% | -1.1% | -0.7% | 1.2% | 2.9%
Industry (incl. non-energy use) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3.2% | 5.1% | -5.0% | 3.4% | 2.7% | 3.0%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | 10.7% | 8.0% | 3.5% | -1.4%
Oil | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8.1% | 4.8% | -4.0% | -1.7% | -2.9% | -4.0%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | n.s. | n.s. | -3.0% | 7.9% | 2.7% | -0.9%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3.7% | 2.4% | -7.4% | 3.9% | 4.4% | 4.8%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.6% | -0.8% | -8.3% | 2.5% | 7.2% | 9.4%
Buildings | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 0.0% | 0.4% | 1.7% | 1.3% | 1.3% | 1.7%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -4.0% | -0.3% | 3.3% | -0.7% | -2.6% | -4.4%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 14.0% | 1.8% | -3.0%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4.0% | 4.4% | 8.6% | 4.7% | 4.7% | 4.9%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 11.0% | 7.5% | 2.7%
Biomass & Other | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.1% | -0.6% | -1.0% | -0.6%
Agriculture | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Transport | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2.1% | 1.2% | 3.2% | 1.8% | 2.3% | 2.1%
Coal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Oil | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2.1% | 1.2% | 2.9% | 0.6% | 1.4% | 1.0%
Gas | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 20.7% | 6.0% | 3.4%
Electricity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 29.7% | 7.8% | 5.4%
Heat | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s.
Biomass & Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 13.8% | 7.9% | 7.5%
Other Energy Transformation & Losses⁴ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | n.s. | 7.7% | -14.5% | 40.2% | 5.8% | 2.4%

¹ Primary energy from nuclear is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced with an average efficiency of 33%

² does not include international aviation and maritime bunkers; includes non-energy uses

³ ratio of renewable energy over final energy demand increased by distribution losses and self consumption of electricity and steam plants

⁴ includes statistical differences

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List of abbreviations and definitions

Country and regional codes

CIS: Commonwealth of Independent States

EU28: European Union with 28 Member States as of June 2017

Mediterranean Middle-East: Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria

Other Balkans: Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Kosovo, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia

Other CIS: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Rep., Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan

Rest Central America: Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bermuda, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Nicaragua, NL Antilles and Aruba, Panama, St Lucia, St Vincent and Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago

Rest Gulf: Bahrain, Iraq, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Yemen

Rest Pacific: Fiji Islands, Kiribati, Papua New Guinea, Samoa (Western), Solomon Islands, Tonga, Vanuatu

Rest South America: Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela

Rest South Asia: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka

Rest South-East Asia: Brunei, Cambodia, Hong-Kong, Lao PDR, Macau, Mongolia, Myanmar, Korea (PR), Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan

Rest Sub-Saharan Africa: Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Congo DR, Cote d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Seychelles, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe

Acronyms & Abbreviations

BGR: German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe)

CCS: Carbon Capture and Sequestration

DOE: US Department Of Energy

EC: European Commission

EIA: US Energy Information Administration

GDP: Gross Domestic Product

GECO: Global Energy & Climate Outlook

GHG: Greenhouse Gases

IEA: International Energy Agency

IIASA: International Institute for Applied Statistical Analysis

IMF: International Monetary Fund

INDC: Intended Nationally Determined Contribution

JRC: Joint Research Centre of the European Commission

LULUCF: Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry

NEA: Nuclear Energy Agency

OECD: Organisation of Economic Co-operation and Development

UN: United Nations

UNFCCC: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

USGS: US Geological Survey

Units

Energy

Mtoe
million tonnes of oil equivalent
1000 000 toe

Electricity

GW | gigawatts | 1000 000 000 W
TWh | terawatt-hours | 1000 000 000 000 Wh

Prices

$/boe
$ per barrel of oil equivalent

Emissions

MtCO₂e
million tonnes of CO₂ equivalent
1000 000 tCO₂e

Monetary units

k$
thousand dollars
1000 $

Values are given in US dollars of 2005.

Notes

¹ Primary energy from nuclear and geothermal is calculated considering the primary heat equivalent of the electricity produced: it considers an average efficiency of 33% for nuclear and of 10% for geothermal.

² Although calibrated on the EU "Trends to 2050 – Reference scenario 2016" (EC, 2016), the GECO2017 Reference results for EU28 should not be considered or used as an official European Commission projection of energy and GHG emissions for the European Union.