Group delays (GDs) are errors affecting Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) due to non-idealities of the satellite or the receiver hardware and can compromise safety critical applications (eg, advanced receiver autonomous integrity monitoring [ARAIM]) when integrity requirements are at major or even hazardous safety level. The paper shows that GPS uses L1 and L2 signals in the generation of the navigation message, and as a consequence, an L1-L5 dual-frequency user must include the GD contribution in the integrity assess ment. For Galileo, whose navigation essage refers to the aviation frequencies (E1 andE5), the GDscanbemodeledseparately from the Signal In Space Accuracy (SISA), because they affect only single-frequency users. This model permits areductionofUserRangingAccuracy(URA)valueswithrespecttothoseofGPS, thus improving availability for dual-frequency users. Characterizing the GD of Galileo navigation messages, the paper describes a method to include the GD error model in ARAIM and its potential advantages.
MARTINI Ilaria;
SGAMMINI Matteo;
BOYERO Juan Pablo;
2026-07-10
WILEY-BLACKWELL
JRC119362
2161-4296 (online),
https://navi.ion.org/content/67/1/129,
https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC119362,
10.1002/navi.356 (online),
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