Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) are a prominent solution for reducing CO2 emissions from transport in Europe. They are equipped with at least two propulsion energy converters, an In-ternal Combustion Engine (ICE) and one or more Electric Machines (EMs), operated in a way to exploit synergies and achieve fuel efficiency. Because of the variety in configurations and strate-gies, the use of simulation is essential for vehicle development and characterisation of energy consumption. This paper introduces a novel simulation approach to estimate the CO2 emissions from different hybrid architectures (series, parallel, power-split) and electrification degrees (mild, full, plug-in and range extender) that is relatively simple, flexible and accurate. The ap-proach identifies the optimal power split between the energy converters for any given time in a driving cycle according to three evaluation levels: supervisor, ICE manager, optimiser. The lat-ter relies on the Equivalent Consumption Minimisation Strategy (ECMS) and the limitations imposed by the other two layers. Six light-duty HEVs with different hybrid architectures were tested to support the development of the approach. The results show an indicative accuracy of ±5 %, enabling to run assessments of hybrid powertrain solutions and supporting regulatory and consumer information initiatives.
TANSINI Alessandro;
FONTARAS Georgios;
MILLO Federico;
2023-04-06
MDPI
JRC132853
2073-4433 (online),
https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/14/3/587,
https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC132853,
10.3390/atmos14030587 (online),
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