European banks face significant vulnerability to ecosystem degradation and climate change

The economy and the financial system, through its exposures to companies, have a dual relationship with nature. They do not only depend on it, but they can also affect it and be affected. This can give rise to nature-related risks, driven by the nature degradation, encompassing the loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services. We demonstrate how the economy and banks in the euro area are critically dependent on ecosystem services and how they simultaneously contribute to biodiversity loss through their biodiversity footprint. In our sample, 72% of the analysed companies in the euro area exhibit a high dependency on at least one ecosystem service. Out of the 2500 banks analyzed, 100 are responsible, through their loans to companies, for 87% of the total biodiversity footprint of the euro area banking system. Degradation of ecosystems and biodiversity loss can pose risks to the financial system by affecting companies’ production processes and, consequently, impairing their ability to repay debt. Such nature-related risks can be exacerbated by climate change. Our analysis reveals that nearly 60% of loans in the euro area are exposed to companies facing unmet flood protection needs, highlighting the compound financial risks from multiple, interacting ecosystem and climate hazards.

CEGLAR Andrej;  MARQUES Alexandra;  BOLDRINI Simone;  LELLI Chiara;  TORETI Andrea;  PARISI Laura;  HEEMSKERK Irene; 

2025-10-10

SPRINGERNATURE

JRC136076

2662-4435 (online),   

https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02543-3,    https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC136076,   

10.1038/s43247-025-02543-3 (online),