Analyzing Changes in EU Social Inclusion Using the Global Malmquist Productivity Index

In this paper we use the global and the biennial Malmquist productivity indices for the Inverted Benefit-of-the-Doubt model to analyze changes in EU social inclusion using data for the period 2011-2020. Our empirical results indicate that relatively more progress took place in EU social inclusion during the period 2015-2020 compared to the period 2011-2015. In addition, in the period 2011-2015 these improvements were possible mainly through the effect of efficiency change while the period 2015-2020 the main source of progress was the effect of the best practice change. In addition, we found that the “older” Members States achieved slightly faster progress rates compared to the “new” Members States in the period 2011-2015 while the opposite was true for the period 2015-2020.

KARAGIANNIS Giannis;  RAVANOS Panagiotis; 

2025-05-02

WILEY

JRC137353

0969-6016 (online),   

https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC137353,   

10.1111/itor.13519 (online),