Securing European democracies from within: two social-ecological pathways
JRC Working Paper Series For a Fair, Innovative and Sustainable Economy, 7/2025
This paper argues that while the issue of security is of primary importance and urgent concern for the viability of the European project, it should not be limited to defence and armament but also encompass social-ecological security. This notion is henceforth defined: first, it implies guaranteeing essential well-being for Europeans regarding housing, energy and food (i.e. safeguarding “essential democracy”); second, it means protecting this essential well-being from ecological shocks (i.e. building a social-ecological protection upgrading current welfare systems to mutualize new forms of risk, i.e. a “social-ecological state”). Empirical elements as well as policy recommendations are presented to support both suggested policy paths.
LAURENT Eloi;
2025-08-29
European Commission
JRC142618
https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC142618,
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