JRC Digital Economy Working Paper 2025-06
Click-and-collect (C&C) services have rapidly expanded in the grocery retail sector, reflecting the growing adoption of omnichannel formats that integrate online and offline operations. In France, the proliferation of C&C points raised concerns among policymakers, prompting the introduction of a new entry regulation in 2014. This article examines the impact of this regulation on the opening of C&C warehouses. Using a difference-in-differences approach, we find that the legislation significantly constrained warehouse openings for the two leading retail chains. While the regulation similarly reduced openings of both independent and adjacent warehouses, we show that independent warehouses are more likely to alleviate local market concentration than adjacent ones. As a result, the law may have inadvertently affected competition in digital and physical grocery markets.
BONNET Celine;
BOUAMRA Zohra;
CHAMBOLLE Claire;
FERNANDEZ MACHADO Roxana;
2026-08-07
European Commission
JRC145278
https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC145278,
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